Journal articles: 'Saliva tests'

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Queiroz, Gláucia Maria Oliveira de, Leandro Freitas Silva, José Tarcísio Lima Ferreira, José Antônio da Cunha P. Gomes, and Lúcio Sathler. "Electrochemical behavior and pH stability of artificial salivas for corrosion tests." Brazilian Oral Research 21, no. 3 (September 2007): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242007000300004.

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It is assumed that the compositions of artificial salivas are similar to that of human saliva. However, the use of solutions with different compositions in in vitro corrosion studies can lead dissimilar electrolytes to exhibit dissimilar corrosivity and electrochemical stability. This study evaluated four artificial salivas as regards pH stability with time, redox potentials and the polarization response of an inert platinum electrode. The tested solutions were: SAGF medium, Mondelli artificial saliva, UFRJ artificial saliva (prepared at the School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil) and USP-RP artificial saliva (prepared at the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil). It was observed that pH variations were less than 1 unit during a 50-hour test. The SAGF medium, and the UFRJ and USP-RP solutions exhibited more oxidizing characteristics, whereas the Mondelli solution presented reducing properties. Anodic polarization revealed oxidation of the evaluated electrolytes at potentials below +600 mV SCE. It was observed that the UFRJ and USP-RP solutions presented more intense oxidation and reduction processes as compared to the Mondelli and SAGF solutions.

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Hagen, Jolena, Nicolette Gott, and Donald R. Miller. "Reliability of Saliva Hormone Tests." Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 43, no. 6 (November 2003): 724–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1331/154434503322642660.

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Qin, Wenlong, Ming Cong, Dong Liu, and Xiang Ren. "A robotic chewing simulator supplying six-axis mandibular motion, high occlusal force, and a saliva environment for denture tests." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 235, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 751–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544119211005601.

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Six-axis motion is essential for the evaluation of the wear failure modes of dental prostheses with complete teeth morphologies, and a high occlusal force capacity is vital for static clenching and dynamic bruxism. Additionally, the saliva environment influences abrasive particles and crack growth. The present research was aimed at the development of a six-axis masticatory and saliva simulator with these capacities. The masticatory simulator was designed based on a six-axis parallel mechanism, and the saliva simulator consisted of a saliva circuit and a temperature control loop. A control system of the masticatory and saliva simulators was constructed. The operating interface includes a centric occlusal position search, a static test, a dynamic test, a saliva supply, and data reporting. The motion and force performances of the masticatory simulator were evaluated. The flow rate and temperature change of the saliva simulator were calculated. For the occlusal position-searching, the driving amplitude is linear with the moving variables during minor one-axis motion. For the static tests, the force capacity of the driving chain is 3540 N, while for the dynamic tests, the force capacity is 1390 N. The flow rate of the saliva is 0.18–51.84 mL/min, and the saliva can effectively wet the prosthesis without the risk of overflow. Moreover, the saliva temperature can increase from room temperature (23°C) to body temperature (37°C) in about 6 min. The proposed DUT-2 simulator with six-axis motion, high force, and a salvia environment provides an in vitro testing approach to validate numerical simulation results and explain the clinical failure modes of prostheses. The centric occlusal position-searching, static tests, and dynamic tests could therefore be executed using a single testing machine. Moreover, the proposed device is more compact than previously reported six-axis masticatory simulators, including the Bristol simulator and DUT-1 simulator.

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Rahiotis, Chris, Panagiotis Mitropoulos, and Afrodite Kakaboura. "Comparative Evaluation of Chair-Side Saliva Tests According to Current Dental Status in Adult Patient." Dentistry Journal 9, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj9010010.

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Background: this cross-sectional study evaluated the correlation of commercial chair-side saliva tests with caries status in adults. Methods: teeth in 87 adults (20–40 years old) were clinically examined for carious lesions according to International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) criteria. The Decayed-Missing-Filling-Tooth (DMFT) and Decayed-Missing-Filling-Surface (DMFS) indexes at D1 (lesions 1–6 according to ICDAS criteria) and D3 (lesions 4–6 according to ICDAS criteria threshold and the number of active lesions, according to the Lesion Activity Assessment (LAA)) criteria were measured. The saliva parameters measured by chair-side tests were stimulated and non-stimulated saliva flow rate, saliva consistency, saliva pH, saliva buffer capacity, and lactic acid production. The statistical analyses performed were Student t-test and Mann–Whitney U test at a = 0.05 significant level. Results: the low resting saliva pH was related to a high value of DMFT (D1) index (p = 0.007). Conclusions: among the saliva parameters measured, the values of low resting pH are associated with increased DMFT at threshold D1. None of the chair-side available saliva tests evaluated can accurately underline the tooth carious status.

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Ren, Annie, Dorsa Sohaei, Antigona Ulndreaj, Oscar D. Pons-Belda, Amaia Fernandez-Uriarte, Ioannis Zacharioudakis, George B. Sigal, et al. "Ultrasensitive assay for saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 60, no. 5 (February 16, 2022): 771–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2021-1142.

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Abstract Objectives Widespread SARS-CoV-2 testing is invaluable for identifying asymptomatic/pre-symptomatic individuals. There remains a technological gap for highly reliable, easy, and quick SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic tests suitable for frequent mass testing. Compared to nasopharyngeal (NP) swab-based tests, saliva-based methods are attractive due to easier and safer sampling. Current saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests (RATs) are hindered by limited analytical sensitivity. Here, we report one of the first ultrasensitive, saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 antigen assays with an analytical sensitivity of <0.32 pg/mL, corresponding to four viral RNA copies/µL, which is comparable to that of PCR-based tests. Methods Using the novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-based immunoassay, we measured the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) antigen concentration in 105 salivas, obtained from non-COVID-19 and COVID-19 patients. We then verified the results with a second, independent cohort of 689 patients (3.8% SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate). We also compared our method with a widely used point-of-care rapid test. Results In the first cohort, at 100% specificity, the sensitivity was 92%. Our assay correctly identified samples with viral loads up to 35 CT cycles by saliva-based PCR. Paired NP swab-based PCR results were obtained for 86 cases. Our assay showed high concordance with saliva-based and NP swab-based PCR in samples with negative (<0.32 pg/mL) and strongly positive (>2 pg/mL) N antigen concentrations. In the second cohort, at 100% specificity, sensitivity was also 92%. Our assay is about 700-fold more sensitive than the Abbott Panbio Rapid Test. Conclusions We demonstrated the ultrasensitivity and specificity assay and its concordance with PCR. This novel assay is especially valuable when compliance to frequent swabbing may be problematic.

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De Giovanni, Nadia, Nadia Fucci, Marcello Chiarotti, and Salvatore Scarlata. "Cozart Rapiscan System: our experience with saliva tests." Journal of Chromatography B 773, no. 1 (June 2002): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00522-9.

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Takeuchi, Yoshimasa, Mika Furuchi, Atsushi Kamimoto, Kazuya Honda, Hideo Matsumura, and Ryutaro Kobayashi. "Saliva-based PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 detection." Journal of Oral Science 62, no. 3 (2020): 350–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.20-0267.

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DAWES, C. "Considerations in the Development of Diagnostic Tests on Saliva." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 694, no. 1 Saliva as a D (September 1993): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18359.x.

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Maragou, M., E. Vaikousis, A. Ntre, N. Koronis, P. Georgiou, E. Hatzidimitriou, F. Sotsiou, and P. Dantis. "Tear and saliva ferning tests in Sjögren's Syndrome (SS)." Clinical Rheumatology 15, no. 2 (March 1996): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02230328.

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De Meyer, Julie, Hanne Goris, Olivier Mortelé, An Spiessens, Guy Hans, Hilde Jansens, Herman Goossens, Veerle Matheeussen, and Sarah Vandamme. "Evaluation of Saliva as a Matrix for RT-PCR Analysis and Two Rapid Antigen Tests for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2." Viruses 14, no. 9 (August 30, 2022): 1931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14091931.

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The use of saliva for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sparks debate due to presumed lower sensitivity and lack of standardization. Our aim was to evaluate the performance characteristics of (i) saliva collected by the ORAcollectTM device as a matrix for SARS-CoV-2 reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and (ii) 2 saliva rapid antigen tests (AgRDT). From 342 ambulatory individuals, both a nasopharyngeal swab and saliva sample via ORAcollectTM were obtained for a SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test. Furthermore, 54 and 123 additionally performed the V-ChekTM or WhistlingTM saliva AgRDT. In total, 35% of individuals screened positive for SARS-CoV-2 via nasopharyngeal swab. Saliva, as a matrix for the RT-PCR, had a specificity of 96.5% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 91.3%. Interestingly, 6 out of 8 patients thought to be false positive in saliva re-tested positive by nasopharyngeal sampling after 2 to 9 days. Both V-ChekTM and WhistlingTM AgRDT had a lack of sensitivity, resulting in an NPV of 66.9 and 67.3%, respectively. Saliva proved to be a sensitive and specific matrix for SARS-CoV-2 detection by the RT-PCR. In this setting, saliva might have an earlier window of detection than the nasopharyngeal swab. By contrast, both AgRDT showed an unacceptably low sensitivity and NPV.

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Bulfoni, Michela, Emanuela Sozio, Barbara Marcon, Maria De Martino, Daniela Cesselli, Chiara De Carlo, Romina Martinella, et al. "Validation of a Saliva-Based Test for the Molecular Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection." Disease Markers 2022 (January 7, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6478434.

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Background. Since the beginning of the pandemic, clinicians and researchers have been searching for alternative tests to improve the screening and diagnosis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Currently, the gold standard for virus identification is the nasopharyngeal (NP) swab. Saliva samples, however, offer clear, practical, and logistical advantages but due to a lack of collection, transport, and storage solutions, high-throughput saliva-based laboratory tests are difficult to scale up as a screening or diagnostic tool. With this study, we aimed to validate an intralaboratory molecular detection method for SARS-CoV-2 on saliva samples collected in a new storage saline solution, comparing the results to NP swabs to determine the difference in sensitivity between the two tests. Methods. In this study, 156 patients (cases) and 1005 asymptomatic subjects (controls) were enrolled and tested simultaneously for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome by RT-PCR on both NP swab and saliva samples. Saliva samples were collected in a preservative and inhibiting saline solution (Biofarma Srl). Internal method validation was performed to standardize the entire workflow for saliva samples. Results. The identification of SARS-CoV-2 conducted on saliva samples showed a clinical sensitivity of 95.1% and specificity of 97.8% compared to NP swabs. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 81% while the negative predictive value (NPV) was 99.5%. Test concordance was 97.6% (Cohen’s Kappa = 0.86 ; 95% CI 0.81-0.91). The LoD of the test was 5 viral copies for both samples. Conclusions. RT-PCR assays conducted on a stored saliva sample achieved similar performance to those on NP swabs, and this may provide a very effective tool for population screening and diagnosis. Collection of saliva in a stabilizing solution makes the test more convenient and widely available; furthermore, the denaturing properties of the solution reduce the infective risks belonging to sample manipulation.

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Minami, Kana, Teruko Yuhi, Haruhiro Higashida, Shigeru Yokoyama, Takahiro Tsuji, and Chiharu Tsuji. "Infant Stimulation Induced a Rapid Increase in Maternal Salivary Oxytocin." Brain Sciences 12, no. 9 (September 15, 2022): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12091246.

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Oxytocin (OT) is a neuropeptide involved in human social behaviors and reproduction. Non-invasive OT levels in saliva have recently roused interest as it does not require a specialized medical setting. Here, we observed one woman’s basal serum and saliva OT from pregnancy to 1 year postpartum to track OT concentration changes over this period. We examined the changes in salivary OT levels over time in response to maternal physiological and behavioral responses. The fluctuation of saliva OT levels is well correlated with serum OT during pregnancy and breastfeeding. However, while salivary OT increased rapidly during direct interaction (social interaction tests) with the infant and/or when the mother was watching her own infant’s video (video tests), no increase was observed in serum. We used social interaction and video tests on a group of mothers (nine mothers for social interaction and six for the video test) to clarify these single-subject results. In both tests, the mothers had increased OT in their saliva but not serum. Our study may suggest that salivary samples reflect not only the physical but also the emotional state and that saliva samples may be useful for monitoring women’s OT levels during pre- and postpartum periods. Further studies with larger sample numbers are necessary to confirm the rapid changes in salivary OT levels in response to maternal physiological and behavioral responses.

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Yokota, Isao, Takayo Sakurazawa, Junichi Sugita, Sumio Iwasaki, Keiko Yasuda, Naoki Yamashita, Shinichi Fujisawa, Mutsumi Nishida, Satoshi Konno, and Takanori Teshima. "Performance of Qualitative and Quantitative Antigen Tests for SARS-CoV-2 Using Saliva." Infectious Disease Reports 13, no. 3 (August 24, 2021): 742–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/idr13030069.

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The rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 is critical for the prevention of disease outbreaks. Antigen tests such as immunochromatographic assay (ICA) and chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) can yield results more quickly than PCR. We evaluated the performance of ICA and CLEIA using 34 frozen PCR-positive (17 saliva samples and 17 nasopharyngeal swabs [NPS]) and 309 PCR-negative samples. ICA detected SARS-CoV-2 in only 14 (41%) samples, with positivity rates of 24% in saliva and 59% in NPS. Notably, ICA detected SARS-CoV-2 in 5 of 6 samples collected within 4 days after symptom onset. CLEIA detected SARS-CoV-2 in 31 (91%) samples, with a positivity of 82% in saliva and 100% in NPS. These results suggest that the use of ICA should be limited to an earlier time after symptom onset and CLEIA is more sensitive and can be used in situations where quick results are required.

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Mystkowska, Joanna, Marek Jałbrzykowski, and Jan Ryszard Dąbrowski. "Tribological Properties of Selected Self-Made Solutions of Synthetic Saliva." Solid State Phenomena 199 (March 2013): 567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.199.567.

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The present paper describes the results of tests on the influence of selected self-made solutions of synthetic saliva on tribological characteristics of implant materials on the example of the Co-Cr-Mo alloy. The used saliva substitutes were prepared on the basis of gums (xanthan, guar, arabic and carob bean) dissolved in saline buffer. Analysis of the values of the coefficient of friction and the wear of the tested dental alloy in tested solutions was performed. Different values of the coefficient of friction were observed for friction pairs tested in individual solutions. Its lowest values were achieved during tests using xanthan gum with SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) addition, and the highest values were achieved for xanthan gum. As regards wear analysis, its lowest value was registered during lubrication with natural saliva. Among saliva substitutes, the lowest value of mass wear of dental alloy was observed in solution of xanthan gum, and the highest value was registered for carob bean gum. After friction tests, elements of the friction pair were subjected to microscope analysis using the Olympus BX61 optical microscope.

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Yang, Jianing, Mark Kidd, Alan R. Nordquist, Stanley D. Smith, Cedric Hurth, Irvin M. Modlin, and Frederic Zenhausern. "A Sensitive, Portable Microfluidic Device for SARS-CoV-2 Detection from Self-Collected Saliva." Infectious Disease Reports 13, no. 4 (December 14, 2021): 1061–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/idr13040097.

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Since the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in December 2019, the spread of SARS-CoV2 infection has been escalating rapidly around the world. In order to provide more timely access to medical intervention, including diagnostic tests and medical treatment, the FDA authorized multiple test protocols for diagnostic tests from nasopharyngeal swab, saliva, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage and fecal samples. The traditional diagnostic tests for this novel coronavirus 2019 require standard processes of viral RNA isolation, reverse transcription of RNA to cDNA, then real-time quantitative PCR with the RNA templates extracted from the patient samples. Recently, many reports have demonstrated a direct detection of SARS-Co-V2 genomic material from saliva samples without any RNA isolation step. To make the rapid detection of SARS-Co-V2 infection more accessible, a point-of-care type device was developed for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Herein, we report a portable microfluidic-based integrated detection-analysis system for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acids detection directly from saliva samples. The saliva cartridge is self-contained and capable of microfluidic evaluation of saliva, from heating, mixing with the primers to multiplex real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, detecting SARS-CoV-2 with different primer sets and internal control. The approach has a detection sensitivity of 1000 copies/mL of SARS-CoV-2 RNA or virus, with consistency and automation, from saliva sample-in to result-out.

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Morou-Bermudez, E., M. A. Loza-Herrero, V. Garcia-Rivas, E. Suarez-Perez, and R. J. Billings. "Oral Bacterial Acid–Base Metabolism in Caries Screening: A Proof-Of-Concept Study." JDR Clinical & Translational Research 2, no. 2 (October 11, 2016): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2380084416673049.

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The objective of this cross-sectional study was to clinically validate an array of biochemical tests as caries screening tools for oral acid–alkali generation. Adult subjects ( n = 185; mean 33.6 ± 10.6 y) were examined clinically for dental caries using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) criteria. Bitewing radiographs were used to confirm the interproximal surfaces of posterior teeth. For the purposes of this study, subjects were classified as “caries-active” if they had at least one untreated caries lesion with ICDAS 4 or higher. Pooled supragingival plaque and unstimulated saliva samples were collected and assayed for pH changes from sucrose and urea metabolism using colorimetric tests. The validity of each test to discriminate between “caries-inactive” and “caries-active” subjects was assessed and compared with a commercial bacteriological caries-screening test using roc regression and logistic regression models. The areas under the curve (AUCs) (95% CI) of the plaque-urea (PU, 0.59 (0.51 to 0.67)), plaque-urea-glucose (PUG: 0.59 (0.51 to 0.67)) and saliva-urea-glucose (SUG, 0.59 (0.51 to 0.67)) tests did not differ significantly from the bacteriological tests (CRT-mutans, 0.62 (0.54, 0.70); CRT-lactobacillus, 0.63 (0.56 to 0.71) ( P > 0.05), but the plaque-glucose (PG), saliva-glucose (SG), saliva-urea (SU) and saliva-plaque-glucose (SPG) tests had significantly smaller AUCs ( P < 0.05). The AUCs for PU, PUG, SUG, and the CRT-mutans tests were larger in subjects who had no existing dental restorations (PU, 0.90 (0.77 to 1.04); PUG, 0.90 (0.79 to 1.01); SUG, 0.89 (0.69 to 1.08); CRT-mutans, 0.90 (0.73 to 1.08)). The incorporation of the biochemical tests into a multidimensional bacteriological/psychosocial caries screening model significantly increased the diagnostic value (sensitivity and specificity, 160.6; AUC, 0.846). In conclusion, as a proof-of-concept, the results of this study indicate that measuring urea metabolism together with sugar metabolism by dental plaque and saliva may have a promising role in caries screening either independently or as part of a multidimensional biological test. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The results of this study indicate that assessment of the oral acid/base balance may have a promising role in caries screening either independently, or as part of a multidimensional test.

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Hu, S., Y. Li, J. Wang, Y. Xie, K. Tjon, L. Wolinsky, R. R. O. Loo, J. A. Loo, and D. T. Wong. "Human Saliva Proteome and Transcriptome." Journal of Dental Research 85, no. 12 (December 2006): 1129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910608501212.

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This paper tests the hypothesis that salivary proteins and their counterpart mRNAs co-exist in human whole saliva. Global profiling of human saliva proteomes and transcriptomes by mass spectrometry (MS) and expression microarray technologies, respectively, revealed many similarities between saliva proteins and mRNAs. Of the function-known proteins identified in saliva, from 61 to 70% were also found present as mRNA transcripts. For genes not detected at both protein and mRNA levels, we made further efforts to determine if the counterpart is present. Of 19 selected genes detected only at the protein level, the mRNAs of 13 (68%) genes were found in saliva by RT-PCR. In contrast, of many mRNAs detected only by microarrays, their protein products were found in saliva, as reported previously by other investigators. The saliva transcriptome may provide preliminary insights into the boundary of the saliva proteome.

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Ichim, Daniela Luminita, Liliana Sachelarie, and Alexandra Burlui. "Are Saliva Tests Important in the Prediction of Carious Disease?" Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 5932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135932.

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(1) Background: The appearance and progression of carious lesions represent a complex phenomenon of interactions of microbial factors (the action of bacteria on the tooth), of the factors related to the host, to the diet, and to the time factor. Which hasan influence on the rate of microbismof the oral cavity on the installation of carious disease? (2) Methods: In order to correctly assess the cariogenic risk of an individual, it is recommended to perform twoor more tests based on different principles (microbiological, clinical, epidemiological). The representative data series for the investigation were analyzed statistically and by applying the Pearson correlation test considering the coefficient of determination R for all pairs of data series. (3) Results: Salivary tests played animportant role in establishing control sessions, in carrying out prophylactic caries therapy, and establishing prognosis. The existence of a statistical associationwas confirmed between the prevalence of dental caries and the results of salivary tests for the study group. (4) Conclusions: The results of the saliva tests can be used in oral health promotion.

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Ivanov, Alexander, Eugenia Dragunsky, Olga Ivanova, Gennady Rezapkin, Svetlana Potapova, and Konstantin Chumakov. "Determination of poliovirus-specific IgA in saliva by ELISA tests." Journal of Virological Methods 126, no. 1-2 (June 2005): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.030.

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Homza, Miroslav, Hana Zelena, Jaroslav Janosek, Hana Tomaskova, Eduard Jezo, Alena Kloudova, Jakub Mrazek, Vera Murinova, and Rastislav Madar. "Performance of Seven SARS-CoV-2 Self-Tests Based on Saliva, Anterior Nasal and Nasopharyngeal Swabs Corrected for Infectiousness in Real-Life Conditions: A Cross-Sectional Test Accuracy Study." Diagnostics 11, no. 9 (August 28, 2021): 1567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11091567.

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Many studies reported good performance of nasopharyngeal swab-based antigen tests for detecting SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals; however, studies independently evaluating the quality of antigen tests utilizing anterior nasal swabs or saliva swabs are still rare, although such tests are widely used for mass testing. In our study, sensitivities, specificities and predictive values of seven antigen tests for detection of SARS-CoV-2 (one using nasopharyngeal swabs, two using anterior nasal swabs and four using saliva) were evaluated. In a setting of a high-capacity testing center, nasopharyngeal swabs for quantitative PCR (qPCR) were taken and, at the same time, antigen testing was performed in accordance with manufacturers’ instructions for the respective tests. In samples where qPCR and antigen tests yielded different results, virus culture was performed to evaluate the presence of the viable virus. Sensitivities and specificities of individual tests were calculated using both qPCR and qPCR corrected for viability as the reference. In addition, calculations were also performed for data categorized according to the cycle threshold and symptomatic status. The test using nasopharyngeal swabs yielded the best results (sensitivity of 80.6% relative to PCR and 91.2% when corrected for viability) while none of the remaining tests (anterior nasal swab or saliva-based tests) came even close to the WHO criteria for overall sensitivity. Hence, we advise caution when using antigen tests with alternative sampling methods without independent validation.

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Gonçalves, Tatiana Siqueira, Luciane Macedo de Menezes, Luciele Gonzaga Ribeiro, Catieli Gobetti Lindholz, and Renata Medina-Silva. "Differences of Cytotoxicity of Orthodontic Bands Assessed by Survival Tests inSaccharomyces cerevisiae." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/143283.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity induced by orthodontic bands through survival tests onSaccharomyces cerevisiae,a microorganism that presents several genetic and biochemical characteristics similar to human cells. Three groups of bands were evaluated: silver soldered (SSB), laser soldered (LSB), and bands without any solder (WSB). Yeast cells were directly exposed to the bands and indirectly, when a previous elution of the metals in artificial saliva was performed. The negative control was composed of yeast cells or artificial saliva not exposed to any kind of metal. In the direct exposure experiments, all tested groups of bands induced a slight reduction in yeast viability compared to the control. This effect was more intense for the SSB, although not statistically significant. For the indirect exposure experiments, the SSB induced a statistically significant decrease in cell viability compared to the LSB. There were no significant differences between the survival rates of the negative control and the LSB group in both direct and saliva tests. SSBs were cytotoxic, whilst LSBs were not, confirming that laser soldering may be a more biocompatible alternative for use in connecting wires to orthodontic appliances.

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Audigé, Annette, Jürg Böni, Peter W. Schreiber, Thomas Scheier, Roberto Buonomano, Alain Rudiger, Dominique L. Braun, et al. "Reduced Relative Sensitivity of the Elecsys SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Assay in Saliva Compared to Nasopharyngeal Swabs." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 1700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081700.

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Early identification and isolation of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals is central to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. Nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) serve as a specimen for detection by RT-PCR and rapid antigen screening tests. Saliva has been confirmed as a reliable alternative specimen for RT-PCR and has been shown to be valuable for diagnosing children and in repetitive mass testing due to its non-invasive collection. Combining the advantages of saliva with those of antigen tests would be highly attractive to further increase test capacities. Here, we evaluated the performance of the Elecsys SARS-CoV-2 Antigen assay (Roche) in RT-PCR-positive paired NPS and saliva samples (N = 87) and unpaired NPS (N = 100) with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (Roche cobas SARS-CoV-2 IVD test). We observed a high positive percent agreement (PPA) of the antigen assay with RT-PCR in NPS, reaching 87.2% across the entire cohort, whereas the overall PPA for saliva was insufficient (40.2%). At Ct values ≤ 28, PPA were 100% and 91.2% for NPS and saliva, respectively. At lower viral loads, the sensitivity loss of the antigen assay in saliva was striking. At Ct values ≤ 35, the PPA for NPS remained satisfactory (91.5%), whereas the PPA for saliva dropped to 46.6%. In conclusion, saliva cannot be recommended as a reliable alternative to NPS for testing with the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antigen assay. As saliva is successfully used broadly in combination with RT-PCR testing, it is critical to create awareness that suitability for RT-PCR cannot be translated to implementation in antigen assays without thorough evaluation of each individual test system.

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Balan, Daniela G., Dan Piperea Sianu, Iulia I. Stanescu, Dorin Ionescu, Andra Elena Stroescu Balcangiu, Laura Raducu, Silvia Maria Stoicescu, et al. "A Comparative Evaluation of Serum and Salivary Total Proteins and Immunoglobulins in Patients with Hepatitis A and Healthy Subjects." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 5 (June 15, 2018): 1125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.5.6273.

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Assessment of changes in total proteins level, serum and saliva IgG and IgA levels, serum IgM level, serum and saliva IgA/IgG ratio. The study was conducted on a group of 40 subjects, divided into 2 lots: the first lot consisting of 20 healthy individuals and the second consisting of 20 patients with hepatitis with hepatitis A virus (HAV). The levels of total proteins, serum and saliva IgG and IgA, serum IgM and serum and saliva IgA/IgG ratio have higher values in patients with hepatitis A, in comparison to healthy subjects, without necessarily exceeding the maximum admitted value. The results are significant from a statistical point of view. Due to the sensitivity and specificity of salivary anti-HAV IgM and IgG in patients with acute hepatitis A, compared with healthy subjects, there is a possibility of using salivary immunological tests instead of serum tests for the diagnosis and epidemiological study of HAV infection.

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Lopes, Josiane Iole França, Carlos Alexandre da Costa Silva, Rodrigo Guimarães Cunha, Alexandra Martins Soares, Maria Esther Duarte Lopes, Orlando Carlos da Conceição Neto, Arthur Daniel Rocha Alves, Wagner Luis da Costa Nunes Pimentel Coelho, Luiz Amorim Filho, and Luciane Almeida Amado Leon. "A Large Cohort Study of SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Saliva: A Non-Invasive Alternative Diagnostic Test for Patients with Bleeding Disorders." Viruses 13, no. 12 (November 25, 2021): 2361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13122361.

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Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections is mostly based on the nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS). However, this collection is invasive and uncomfortable, especially for children and patients with coagulopathies, whose NPS collection often causes bleeding. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness and accuracy of saliva for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in patients presenting bleeding disorders. Samples of NPS, oropharyngeal swabs (OPS), and saliva were collected simultaneously from 1159 hospitalized patients with hematological diseases and from 524 healthcare workers, both symptomatic and asymptomatic for SARS-CoV-2. All samples were evaluated for SARS-CoV-2 by qRT-PCR. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in NPS, OPS and saliva from 16.9%, 14.4% and 15.6% individuals, respectively. Tests in saliva showed sensitivity, specificity, and overall agreement of 73.3%, 96.9% and 92.7% (=0.74), respectively. Salivary tests had good accuracy (AUC = 0.7) for discriminating negative and positive qRT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Higher sensitivity was observed in symptomatic than in non-symptomatic patients, as well as in healthy subjects than in patients with hematological disease, in both OPS and saliva. The mean viral load in NPS was significantly higher than in OPS and in saliva samples (p < 0.001). Saliva is a good diagnostic tool to detect SARS-CoV-2, especially among patients symptomatic for COVID-19, and is a valuable specimen for mass screening of hospitalized patients with hematological diseases, especially for those that with bleeding disorders.

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Derevtsova, Svetlana Nikolaevna, A. A. Romanenko, O. A. Kolenchukova, L. V. Stepanova, V. G. Nikolaev, L. V. Sindeeva, V. A. Kratasyuk, and N. N. Medvedeva. "Indicators of chemiluminescent and bioluminescent tests of biological liquids in the assessment of physical health." Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 65, no. 9 (September 16, 2020): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-9-541-546.

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The study includes anthropometry of 172 young male, obtained data on the length and body mass, measured the transverse diameters of the shoulders and pelvis, various body types was identified by the J.M. Tanner sexual dimorphism index (andromorphic, mesomorphic, gynecomorphic). The chemiluminescent and bioluminescent study of saliva and blood was conducted in the examined young male. We studied the indicators of the antioxidant defense system under the influence of stress. The antioxidant status of saliva was determined using the H2O2-luminol-dependent chemiluminescence method. Data on the activity of NAD (P) -dependent dehydrogenases in blood lymphocytes was obtained from a bioluminescent method of research. Young male of andromorphic body type had large overall and transverse body sizes. Indicators of antioxidant protection of saliva and blood in men of adolescence, the body type of the sexual dimorphism index J.M. Tanner was different. The persons of the andromorphic body type differed in terms of chemiluminescence in comparison with the young male of gynecomorphic body type. The results of bioluminescent blood tests suggest a violation of the catabolic and anabolic processes of carbohydrate and fat metabolism in young men of mesomorphic and gynecomorphic body types. Indicators of the system of antioxidant protection of saliva and blood reflect the sexual characteristics of the body of young male and can be used as additional criteria for diagnosing sex inversion and assessing the risk of developing socially attributed diseases.

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Schwartsmann, Gilberto, Maria Alice B. Franzoi, Gustavo Vasconcelos Alves, Marina Venzon Antunes, Olavo Neto, Andiara Artmann, Suziane Raymundo, et al. "Predicting 5-Fluorouracil related severe toxicity with DPD functional tests in plasma, fresh saliva and dried saliva samples." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2018): e14563-e14563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.15_suppl.e14563.

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Ibrahimi, Nusaïbah, Agnès Delaunay-Moisan, Catherine Hill, Gwénaël Le Teuff, Jean-François Rupprecht, Jean-Yves Thuret, Dan Chaltiel, and Marie-Claude Potier. "Screening for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR: Saliva or nasopharyngeal swab? Rapid review and meta-analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): e0253007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253007.

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Background Diagnosis of COVID-19 in symptomatic patients and screening of populations for SARS-CoV-2 infection require access to straightforward, low-cost and high-throughput testing. The recommended nasopharyngeal swab tests are limited by the need of trained professionals and specific consumables and this procedure is poorly accepted as a screening method In contrast, saliva sampling can be self-administered. Methods In order to compare saliva and nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, we designed a meta-analysis searching in PubMed up to December 29th, 2020 with the key words “(SARS-CoV-2 OR COVID-19 OR COVID19) AND (salivary OR saliva OR oral fluid)) NOT (review[Publication Type]) NOT (PrePrint[Publication Type])” applying the following criteria: records published in peer reviewed scientific journals, in English, with at least 15 nasopharyngeal/orapharyngeal swabs and saliva paired samples tested by RT-PCR, studies with available raw data including numbers of positive and negative tests with the two sampling methods. For all studies, concordance and sensitivity were calculated and then pooled in a random-effects model. Findings A total of 377 studies were retrieved, of which 50 were eligible, reporting on 16,473 pairs of nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal and saliva samples. Meta-analysis showed high concordance, 92.5% (95%CI: 89.5–94.7), across studies and pooled sensitivities of 86.5% (95%CI: 83.4–89.1) and 92.0% (95%CI: 89.1–94.2) from saliva and nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs respectively. Heterogeneity across studies was 72.0% for saliva and 85.0% for nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs. Interpretation Our meta-analysis strongly suggests that saliva could be used for frequent testing of COVID-19 patients and “en masse” screening of populations.

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Taylor, John J. "Protein Biomarkers of Periodontitis in Saliva." ISRN Inflammation 2014 (April 22, 2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/593151.

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Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the tissues that surround and support the teeth and is initiated by inappropriate and excessive immune responses to bacteria in subgingival dental plaque leading to loss of the integrity of the periodontium, compromised tooth function, and eventually tooth loss. Periodontitis is an economically important disease as it is time-consuming and expensive to treat. Periodontitis has a worldwide prevalence of 5–15% and the prevalence of severe disease in western populations has increased in recent decades. Furthermore, periodontitis is more common in smokers, in obesity, in people with diabetes, and in heart disease patients although the pathogenic processes underpinning these links are, as yet, poorly understood. Diagnosis and monitoring of periodontitis rely on traditional clinical examinations which are inadequate to predict patient susceptibility, disease activity, and response to treatment. Studies of the immunopathogenesis of periodontitis and analysis of mediators in saliva have allowed the identification of many potentially useful biomarkers. Convenient measurement of these biomarkers using chairside analytical devices could form the basis for diagnostic tests which will aid the clinician and the patient in periodontitis management; this review will summarise this field and will identify the experimental, technical, and clinical issues that remain to be addressed before such tests can be implemented.

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Pimentel, Roberta Ferreira, Roberto Sotto Maior Fortes de Oliveira, Maria das Graças Afonso Miranda Chaves, Carlos Nelson Elias, and Marco Abdo Gravina. "Evaluation of the friction force generated by monocristalyne and policristalyne ceramic brackets in sliding mechanics." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 18, no. 1 (February 2013): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2176-94512013000100023.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare "in vitro" the maximum friction force generated by three types of esthetic brackets, two types of polycrystalline conventional ceramic brackets (20/40 and InVu) and one type of sapphire monocrystalline bracket (Radiance) in dry and artificial saliva wet settings. Also, to evaluate the influence exerted by artificial saliva on the friction forces of those brackets. METHODS: Tests were performed in dry and artificial saliva wet setting (Oral Balance) by using an EMIC DL 10000 testing machine, simulating a 2 mm slide of 0.019 x 0.025-in rectangular stainless steel wires over the pre-angulated and pre-torqued (right superior canine, Roth prescription, slot 0.022 x 0.030-in) brackets (n = 18 for each bracket). In order to compare groups in dry and wet settings, the ANOVA was used. For comparisons related to the dry versus wet setting, the student t test was used for each group. RESULTS: The results showed that in the absence of saliva the Radiance monocrystalline brackets showed the highest friction coefficients, followed by the 20/40 and the InVu polycrystalline brackets. In tests with artificial saliva, the Radiance and the 20/40 brackets had statistically similar friction coefficients and both were greater than that presented by the InVu brackets. The artificial saliva did not change the maximum friction force of the Radiance brackets, but, for the others (20/40 and InVu), an increase of friction was observed in its presence. CONCLUSION: The InVu brackets showed, in the absence and in the presence of saliva, the lowest friction coefficient.

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Miranda-Ortiz, Haydee, Edith A. Fernández-Figueroa, Erika B. Ruíz-García, Anallely Muñoz-Rivas, Alejandra Méndez-Pérez, Jorge Méndez-Galván, Horacio Astudillo-de la Vega, et al. "Development of an alternative saliva test for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 using TRIzol: Adapting to countries with lower incomes looking for a large-scale detection program." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): e0255807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255807.

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The use of saliva for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 has shown to be a good alternative to nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS), since it permits self-collection, avoids the exposure of healthy persons to infected patients, reduces waiting times, eliminates the need of personal protective equipment and is non-invasive. Yet current saliva testing is still expensive due to the need of specialized tubes containing buffers to stabilize the RNA of SARS-CoV-2 and inactivate the virus. These tubes are expensive and not always accessible in sufficient quantities. We now developed an alternative saliva testing method, using TRIzol for extraction, viral inactivation, and storage of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, combined with RT-qPCR, which was comparable in its performance to NPS. Paired saliva samples and NPS were taken from 15 asymptomatic healthcare workers and one patient with SARS-CoV-2. Further 13 patients with SARS-CoV-2 were only saliva-tested. All the tests were performed according to CDC 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel. Saliva (4 mL) was taken in sterile 50 mL tubes, 1.5 mL TRIzol were added and mixed. Our results show that 5 μL of saliva RNA extracted with TRIzol allow for an adequate detection of the virus in patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 and was equally sensitive to NPS in TRIzol. We conclude that saliva testing using TRIzol is a recommendable method for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 since it has several advantages over currently used saliva tests: it can be done with normal sterile tubes, does not need cold-chain handling, is stable at room temperature, is non-invasive and less costly, making it more accessible for low-income countries. Cheaper saliva testing using TRIzol is especially relevant for low-income countries to optimize diagnosis and help define quarantine durations for families, healthcare workers, schools, and other public workplaces, thus decreasing infections and mortality caused by SARS-CoV-2.

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Todorovic, Tatjana, Ivan Dozic, Dusan Pavlica, Dejan Markovic, Mirjana Ivanovic, Gavrilo Brajovic, Gordana Stefanovic, Silvija Mirkovic, and Biljana Andjelski. "Use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid in dentistry." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 133, no. 7-8 (2005): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh0508372t.

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Saliva is a secretion of the salivary and mucous glands and is of major importance in the maintainance of oral health. Over the last few decades, saliva has been evaluated as a diagnostic fluid in medicine for determining systemic disease markers as well as for monitoring numerous drugs, narcotics, and hormones. The biochemical analysis of saliva is particularly important in dentistry. The estimation of the risk of appearance and diagnosis of disease, monitoring of disease progression, evaluation of therapy efficacy for caries, periodontitis, premalignant and malignant oral lesions, as well as infectious diseases of the oral cavity, can be assessed by analyzing different constituent: of saliva, individuals at risk of caries can be identified using test: that determine saliva flow rate, saliva buffer capacity, and colonization of the oral cavity by cariogenic bacteria. Today, these rapid and simple diagnostic tests are used routinely in caries risk determination. The study and use of saliva-based diagnostics have increased over the last few decades. Clinical testing of saliva shows much promise. However, there is a need for much additional research in this area, before the true clinical value of saliva as a diagnostic fluid in dentistry can be determined.

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Akutsu, Tomoko, and Ken Watanabe. "A Proposed Procedure for Discriminating between Nasal Secretion and Saliva by RT-qPCR." Diagnostics 10, no. 8 (July 26, 2020): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10080519.

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In forensic casework, nasal secretion can be a good source of DNA. Moreover, saliva can prove useful in cases of sexual assault. However, discriminating between these body fluids is often difficult because of cross-reactivity between them on presumptive and confirmatory tests. Therefore, an RT-qPCR procedure was developed to discriminate between nasal secretion and saliva. Characteristic genes in nasal secretion and/or saliva (BPIFA1, STATH, HTN3, and PRH2) were selected as candidates. Discrimination criteria were established based on the expression levels of these markers in various body fluids. In addition, a flowchart was proposed and used to discriminate among nasal secretion, saliva, and other body fluids in various forensic samples. BPIFA1 was highly expressed in nasal secretion but was also expressed in saliva, semen, and vaginal fluid at trace levels. STATH was expressed in nasal secretion and saliva but not in other body fluids. HTN3 was specifically expressed in most of the saliva samples, as reported previously. Unexpectedly, PRH2 was expressed in only a few saliva samples. Using the proposed criteria and flowchart, nasal secretion and saliva were successfully discriminated among the various body fluids tested. The developed procedure could be useful in forensic casework.

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Touyz, Louis Z. G., and Sarah J. J. Touyz. "Kissing, Saliva and Human Papilloma Virus: Principles, Practices, and Prophylaxis." Journal of Medical Research and Health Sciences 3, no. 9 (September 3, 2020): 1078–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/jmrhs.v3i9.245.

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Introduction: Kissing is a globally practiced form of communication, yet saliva is often deemed a harmless bodily fluid. Many viruses thrive in salivary and oro-pharyngeal lymphoid cells. These viruses include Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Human Herpes Viruses, Epstein –Barr, HIV, Polio and others, and are transmitted between people when kissing. Aim: This appraisal (1)assesses socially sanctioned kissing habits, (2) examines the presence of Human Papilloma Virus [HPV] in saliva and salivary tests for HPV, (3) reviews protection from HPV vaccines, (4)deconstructs attitudes and behavior, and critiques the oncogenic potential of HPV morbidity from peri-osculation practices. Materials and Methods: Clinical- tests for putative HPV viruses in oro-pharyngeal cancers use saliva to detect HPV oncogenic types; these re-affirm presence of HPV’s in saliva, and their causal relationship to the majority of head and neck cancers. Conclusion: Although frequency of new infections from kissing is unknown, this critique suggests caution against random kissing, encourages use of HPV vaccination for prophylaxis, and indicates that this may moderate HPV and viral transmission, with consequent reduction of HPV morbidity and mortality.

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Li, Y., X. Zhou, M. A. R. St. John, and D. T. W. Wong. "RNA Profiling of Cell-free Saliva Using Microarray Technology." Journal of Dental Research 83, no. 3 (March 2004): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910408300303.

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Saliva, like other bodily fluids, has been used to monitor human health and disease. This study tests the hypothesis that informative human mRNA exists in cell-free saliva. If present, salivary mRNA may provide potential biomarkers to identify populations and patients at high risk for oral and systemic diseases. Unstimulated saliva was collected from ten normal subjects. RNA was isolated from the cell-free saliva supernatant and linearly amplified. High-density oligonucleotide microarrays were used to profile salivary mRNA. The results demonstrated that there are thousands of human mRNAs in cell-free saliva. Quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) analysis confirmed the present of mRNA identified by our microarray study. A reference database was generated based on the mRNA profiles in normal saliva. Our finding proposes a novel clinical approach to salivary diagnostics, Salivary Transcriptome Diagnostics (STD), for potential applications in disease diagnostics as well as normal health surveillance.

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Chahed Bel-Ochi, Nouha, Aïda Bouratbine, and Mohamed Mousli. "Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Using Recombinant SAG1 Antigen To Detect Toxoplasma gondii-Specific Immunoglobulin G Antibodies in Human Sera and Saliva." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 4 (January 23, 2013): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00512-12.

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ABSTRACTSerologic detection ofToxoplasma gondiiIgG antibodies is widely accepted as a means to determine immune status and susceptibility toToxoplasmainfection during pregnancy. However, current commercial kits present some drawbacks, such as a requirement for whole-parasite antigen preparation or interassay variability. To address these problems, the purpose of this study was to produce a whole sequence of the recombinantT. gondiiSAG1 antigen (rSAG1) to assess its diagnostic performance inToxoplasmaIgG screening and to explore a saliva-based method as a noninvasive alternative to serum-based testing. rSAG1 was expressed in recombinant bacteria as inclusion bodies, purified through one-step affinity chromatography, and refolded in native form by dialysis. A large amount was obtained, and the specific antigen immunoreactivity was confirmed by immunoblotting. Two rSAG1-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) applied to paired serum and saliva samples were designed. The rSAG1-based ELISA evaluation consisted of testing intrinsic sensitivity and specificity of 49 serum samples from patients immune to toxoplasmosis and 42 serum samples from nonimmune controls identified by routinely used kits. To assess agreement between serum-based and saliva-based tests, the positive percent agreement (PPA) and negative percent agreement (NPA) between the 2 tests were estimated. The rSAG1 serum-based ELISA detected specific IgG with 100% sensitivity and specificity. The PPA and NPA between the serum-based and saliva-based tests varied according to the selected optical density threshold in saliva. Thus, for a selected cutoff of 0.14, the PPA was 100% and the NPA was 88.1%, whereas for a selected cutoff of 0.29, the PPA was 67.3% and the NPA was 100%.

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Ramenzoni, Liza L., Marc P. Lehner, Manuela E. Kaufmann, Daniel Wiedemeier, Thomas Attin, and Patrick R. Schmidlin. "Oral Diagnostic Methods for the Detection of Periodontal Disease." Diagnostics 11, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11030571.

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Periodontitis is a common immune-inflammatory oral disease. Early detection plays an important role in its prevention and progression. Saliva is a reliable medium that mirrors periodontal health and is easily obtainable for identifying periodontal biomarkers in point-of-care diagnostics. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of diagnostic salivary tests to determine periodontal status. Whole saliva (stimulated/unstimulated) from twenty healthy and twenty stage III grade B generalized periodontitis patients was tested for lactoferrin, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, density, osmolarity, pH, phosphate, buffer capacity, salivary flow rate and dynamic viscosity. A semi-quantitative urinary strip test was used to evaluate markers of inflammation in saliva (erythrocytes, leukocytes, urobilinogen, nitrite, glucose, bilirubin, and ketones), clinical periodontal parameters and pathogenic bacteria. Concentrations of lactoferrin, hemoglobin, and leukocytes were found to be significantly higher in the stimulated and unstimulated saliva in periodontitis patients compared to healthy patients, whereas alkaline phosphatase levels were higher in unstimulated saliva of periodontitis patients (p < 0.05). Periodontal biomarker analysis using test strips may be considered rapid and easy tool for distinguishing between periodontitis and healthy patients. The increase in lactoferrin, hemoglobin, and leucocytes—determined by strip tests—may provide a non-invasive method of periodontal diagnosis.

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Abbasi, Jennifer. "Saliva Tests Comparable With Nasal Swabs for SARS-CoV-2 Detection." JAMA 325, no. 10 (March 9, 2021): 924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.1780.

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Lee, Jung-Rok, Joohong Choi, Tyler O. Shultz, and Shan X. Wang. "Small Molecule Detection in Saliva Facilitates Portable Tests of Marijuana Abuse." Analytical Chemistry 88, no. 15 (July 21, 2016): 7457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01688.

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Andries, Anne-Claire, Veasna Duong, Sowath Ly, Julien Cappelle, Kim Srorn Kim, Patrich Lorn Try, Sopheaktra Ros, et al. "Value of Routine Dengue Diagnostic Tests in Urine and Saliva Specimens." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 9, no. 9 (September 25, 2015): e0004100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004100.

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Špiljak, B., L. Šimunović, I. Lapić, D. Rogić, S. Špalj, and L. Vuletić. "Influence of saliva on the results of global laboratory coagulation tests." Australian Dental Journal 65, no. 3 (March 27, 2020): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/adj.12753.

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Vennemann, Marielle, Georgina Scott, Lynn Curran, Felix Bittner, and Shanan S. Tobe. "Sensitivity and specificity of presumptive tests for blood, saliva and semen." Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology 10, no. 1 (January 18, 2014): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-013-9515-6.

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Chicharro, J. L., F. Calvo, J. Alvarez, A. F. Vaquero, F. Bandr�s, and J. C. Legido. "Anaerobic threshold in children: determination from saliva analysis in field tests." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 70, no. 6 (1995): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00634384.

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Snyder, John D., and Sander Veldhuyzen van Zanten. "Novel Diagnostic Tests to DetectHelicobacter pyloriInfection: A Pediatric Perspective." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 13, no. 7 (1999): 585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/304679.

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Because of the widespread problem ofHelicobacter pyloriinfections, there is an increased need for rapid, reliable and inexpensive diagnostic tests. Five recently developed tests that offer potential advantages because they are less invasive or permit easier acquisition of samples than available tests are assessed. The tests assessed are whole blood, saliva and urine assays that measure systemic antibody response toH pylori, stool tests that measureH pyloriantigens and string tests that recoverH pyloriorganisms.

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Floriano, Pierre N., Nicolaos Christodoulides, Craig S. Miller, Jeffrey L. Ebersole, John Spertus, Beate G. Rose, Denis F. Kinane, et al. "Use of Saliva-Based Nano-Biochip Tests for Acute Myocardial Infarction at the Point of Care: A Feasibility Study." Clinical Chemistry 55, no. 8 (August 1, 2009): 1530–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.117713.

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Abstract Background: For adults with chest pain, the electrocardiogram (ECG) and measures of serum biomarkers are used to screen and diagnose myocardial necrosis. These measurements require time that can delay therapy and affect prognosis. Our objective was to investigate the feasibility and utility of saliva as an alternative diagnostic fluid for identifying biomarkers of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods: We used Luminex and lab-on-a-chip methods to assay 21 proteins in serum and unstimulated whole saliva procured from 41 AMI patients within 48 h of chest pain onset and from 43 apparently healthy controls. Data were analyzed by use of logistic regression and area under curve (AUC) for ROC analysis to evaluate the diagnostic utility of each biomarker, or combinations of biomarkers, in screening for AMI. Results: Both established and novel cardiac biomarkers demonstrated significant differences in concentrations between patients with AMI and controls without AMI. The saliva-based biomarker panel of C-reactive protein, myoglobin, and myeloperoxidase exhibited significant diagnostic capability (AUC = 0.85, P < 0.0001) and in conjunction with ECG yielded strong screening capacity for AMI (AUC = 0.96) comparable to that of the panel (brain natriuretic peptide, troponin-I, creatine kinase-MB, myoglobin; AUC = 0.98) and far exceeded the screening capacity of ECG alone (AUC approximately 0.6). En route to translating these findings to clinical practice, we adapted these unstimulated whole saliva tests to a novel lab-on-a-chip platform for proof-of-principle screens for AMI. Conclusions: Complementary to ECG, saliva-based tests within lab-on-a-chip systems may provide a convenient and rapid screening method for cardiac events in prehospital stages for AMI patients.

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RYNIEWICZ, Anna M., Wojciech RYNIEWICZ, Łukasz BOJKO, and Paweł PAŁKA. "TRIBOLOGICAL TESTS AND IMPACT TESTS OF ACRYLIC POLYMERS FOR DENTAL PROSTHETICS." Tribologia 280, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7539.

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The clinical functionality of the prosthesis structure consists of creating the most convenient conditions without any traumatic effects of chewing forces on the substrate and adapting it to the individual biomechanical exclusions of the stomatognathic system (SS). When transferring functional loads, the optimization of tribological features and the ability to absorb energy is an important design and material parameter. The aim is to evaluate acrylic plastics intended for prostheses in terms of resistance to wear and resistance to movement in sliding contact within the environment of artificial saliva and their ability to absorb energy. Based on the analysis of the test results, it can be pointed out that Vertex is a good material for partial and complete dentures. Villacryl demonstrated similar properties, with Probase and Probase O being slightly worse. The appropriate mechanical parameters of the materials used in the prosthesis allow the production of thin plates that accurately reproduce the prosthetic substrate and improve the patient’s comfort of use through such a fit.

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Rainey, Amanda, Austin Pierce, Xiaoyun Deng, Luis A. Actis, Philip Smith, Andor J. Kiss, and Timothy J. Wilson. "Validation and deployment of a direct saliva real-time RT-PCR test on pooled samples for COVID-19 surveillance testing." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 30, 2021): e0261956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261956.

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A direct, real-time reverse transcriptase PCR test on pooled saliva was validated in 2,786 participants against oropharyngeal swabs. Among asymptomatic/pre-symptomatic participants, the test was found to be in 99.21% agreement and 45% more sensitive than contemporaneous oropharyngeal swabs. The test was then used for surveillance testing on 44,242 saliva samples from asymptomatic participants. Those whose saliva showed evidence of SARS-CoV-2 within 50 cycles of amplification were referred for confirmatory testing, with 87% of those tested by nasal swab within 72 hours receiving a positive diagnostic result on Abbott ID NOW or real-time PCR platforms. Median Ct values on the saliva PCR for those with a positive and negative confirmatory tests was 30.67 and 35.92 respectively, however, binary logistic regression analysis of the saliva Ct values indicates that Ct thresholds as high as 47 may be useful in a surveillance setting. Overall, data indicate that direct RT-PCR testing of pooled saliva samples is an effective method of SARS-CoV-2 surveillance.

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Biria, Mina, Sajedeh Namaei Ghasemi, Seyedeh Mahsa Sheikh-Al-Eslamian, and Narges Panahandeh. "Effect of topical fluoride on microshear bond strength of primary enamel to composite, microhardness of enamel and its surface morphology: An in vitro study." Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects 13, no. 4 (December 23, 2019): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/joddd.2019.046.

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Background. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the microshear bond strength (μSBS), microhardness and morphological characteristics of primary enamel after treating with sodium fluoride (NaF) and acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF). Methods. Forty-eight primary canines were cut into mesial and distal sections and assigned to five groups randomly: group 1 (immersed in saliva as a control), group 2 (treated with NAF and immersed in saliva for 30 minutes), group 3 (treated with APF and immersed in saliva for 30 minutes), group 4 (treated with NAF and immersed in saliva for 10 days), and group 5 (treated with APF and immersed in saliva for 10 days). Composite resin (Filtek Z250) was bonded on the specimens (n=15) for measuring the μSBS. After storage in 37°C artificial saliva for 24 hours, µSBS and Vickers hardness tests (10 readings) were performed. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene’s and Tukey HSD tests (P<0.05). Morphological analysis of enamel and modes of failure were carried out under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) on two remaining specimens. Results. Significant differences in μSBS were only noted between groups 2 and 4 (P=0.024). Group 3 showed a significant decrease in hardness after storage in artificial saliva (P<0.001), with a significantly lower hardness than the other groups (P<0.001). The SEM observations showed irregular particles in groups 3 and 5; uniform, smooth and thin coats were seen in groups 2 and 4. Conclusion. Fluoride therapy with NaF and APF gels prior to restorative treatments had no adverse effects on the microshear bond strength.

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Mystkowska, Joanna, Dawid Łysik, and Marcin Klekotka. "Effect of Saliva and Mucin-Based Saliva Substitutes on Fretting Processes of 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel." Metals 9, no. 2 (February 2, 2019): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9020178.

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The paper presents the results of research of the fretting process of 316 austenitic stainless steel in the environment of natural saliva and mucin-based saliva preparations. The aim of the work was the evaluation of synthetic saliva preparations on biomaterial wear during fretting and fretting-corrosion. The fretting process, in the oscillatory micro-movements conditions, occurs in the joints of removable dentures, especially during the chewing phase. Fretting usually leads to the intensification of fatigue damage processes of materials. Experimental research, through rheological, fretting, fretting-corrosion, and microscopic analysis were performed. Tests indicate that natural saliva and saliva preparations are similar in terms of viscoelastic properties. The statistically significant proposed saliva solutions reduced the material wear in comparison to dry sliding, which is important in the case of people with saliva secretion problem. The addition of xanthan gum to the artificial saliva composition improved rheological characteristics, but on the other hand, led to an increase of secondary wear. It was confirmed by the volumetric wear of the samples and evaluation of energy dissipated during friction. Fretting-corrosion processes were explained by a mechanism related to crevice corrosion supported by friction.

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Hamilton, Jennifer R., Elizabeth C. Stahl, Connor A. Tsuchida, Enrique Lin-Shiao, C. Kimberly Tsui, Kathleen Pestal, Holly K. Gildea, et al. "Robotic RNA extraction for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance using saliva samples." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): e0255690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255690.

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Saliva is an attractive specimen type for asymptomatic surveillance of COVID-19 in large populations due to its ease of collection and its demonstrated utility for detecting RNA from SARS-CoV-2. Multiple saliva-based viral detection protocols use a direct-to-RT-qPCR approach that eliminates nucleic acid extraction but can reduce viral RNA detection sensitivity. To improve test sensitivity while maintaining speed, we developed a robotic nucleic acid extraction method for detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA in saliva samples with high throughput. Using this assay, the Free Asymptomatic Saliva Testing (IGI FAST) research study on the UC Berkeley campus conducted 11,971 tests on supervised self-collected saliva samples and identified rare positive specimens containing SARS-CoV-2 RNA during a time of low infection prevalence. In an attempt to increase testing capacity, we further adapted our robotic extraction assay to process pooled saliva samples. We also benchmarked our assay against nasopharyngeal swab specimens and found saliva methods require further optimization to match this gold standard. Finally, we designed and validated a RT-qPCR test suitable for saliva self-collection. These results establish a robotic extraction-based procedure for rapid PCR-based saliva testing that is suitable for samples from both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals.

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Cardenas, Analyssa, Cindy Bruce-Barrett, Aaron Campigotto, Blossom Dharmaraj, Christine McGovern, Michelle Science, and Julia Orkin. "59 Understanding asymptomatic testing uptake amongst school aged children and staff for SARS-CoV-2 testing in elementary and secondary schools." Paediatrics & Child Health 27, Supplement_3 (October 1, 2022): e28-e29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxac100.058.

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Abstract Background Enhanced health and safety measures, such as symptom screening, physical distancing, cohorting, masking, and asymptomatic testing for children have been introduced into schools to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Although asymptomatic testing has been considered a measure to reduce in-school transmission, it has not been broadly implemented or evaluated. To address this, a pilot project with public health, school boards, and hospital-based testing partners was established to assess the feasibility of offering on-site and low barrier SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing across schools in the Toronto region. Objectives The primary objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of offering on-site and low barrier PCR asymptomatic testing across schools in the Toronto region. Design/Methods A six-week testing pilot across the Greater Toronto Area took place. Schools were selected to participate in expanded testing to determine case prevalence in high-risk settings of school-based SARS-CoV-2. Students and staff were excluded if they had tested positive for COVID-19 in the last 3 months. Different testing opportunities were offered based on the testing partner and school preference including location and modality. Descriptive methods were used to assess the uptake of testing and case positivity by individuals recommended to be tested. Results Eighteen schools participated in the pilot testing. All students and staff were invited to participate in asymptomatic testing. Testing was offered to 9282 students and 1000 staff, and testing uptake was 29% (2729 students) and 54% (544 staff), respectively. Forty-eight percent of tests (1645) were oral nasal tests, 18% (622) were NP swab tests and 33% (1120) were saliva tests. Of the saliva tests, 52% (590) were on-site saliva tests and 48% (530) were take-home saliva kits. The staff and student positivity rate for on-site testing was 1.9% and 4.9% for tests completed at the COVID-19 Assessment Center at SickKids. Conclusion Results from this pilot project demonstrate that on-site PCR testing uptake remained low despite offering in-school testing, specialized support, and reduced barriers by using non-invasive testing with the use of saliva/oral nasal/PCR testing kits. Results highlight the challenges of asymptomatic testing and the balance of resource utilization for low case counts. Future studies should examine alternate means of symptomatic testing.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Saliva tests'

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