Relevant bibliographies by topics / Salinity tolerance

Academic literature on the topic 'Salinity tolerance'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Salinity tolerance"

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Farooq, S., and F. Azam. "Salinity tolerance in Triticeae." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 41, Special Issue (July 31, 2012): 252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6187-cjgpb.

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Yadav, Sheel, Amit Kumar Singh, Sundeep Kumar, and Rakesh Singh. "Salinity Tolerance in Plants." Biotech Today 3, no. 2 (2013): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0996.2014.00009.x.

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Flowers, Timothy J., and Timothy D. Colmer. "Salinity tolerance in halophytes*." New Phytologist 179, no. 4 (September 2008): 945–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02531.x.

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Munns, Rana, and Mark Tester. "Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance." Annual Review of Plant Biology 59, no. 1 (June 2008): 651–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911.

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NIEMAN, RICHARD H. "Salinity Tolerance in Plants." Soil Science 140, no. 3 (September 1985): 230–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198509000-00011.

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Chen, S., and A. Polle. "Salinity tolerance of Populus." Plant Biology 12, no. 2 (December 30, 2009): 317–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00301.x.

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Bolarín, M. C., F. G. Fernández, V. Cruz, and J. Cuartero. "Salinity Tolerance in Four Wild Tomato Species using Vegetative Yield-Salinity Response Curves." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 2 (March 1991): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.2.286.

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The salinity tolerances of 21 accessions belonging to four wild tomato species [Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill., L. peruvianum (Corr.) D'Arcy, L. hirsutum (L.) Mill., and L. pennellii Humb. Bonpl.) were evaluated using their vegetative yield-salinity response curves at the adult stage, determined by a piecewise-linear response model. The slope (yield decrease per unit salinity increase), salinity response threshold, maximum electrical conductivity without yield reduction (ECo), and salinity level for which yield would be zero (ECo) were determined by a nonlinear least-squares inversion method from curves based on the response of leaf and stem dry weights to substrate EC. The genotype PE-2 (L. pimpinellifolium) had the highest salt tolerance, followed by PE-45 (L. pennellii), PE-34, PE-43 (L. hirsutum), and PE-16 (L. peruvianum). The model also was tested replacing substrate salinity levels with leaf Cl- or Na+ concentrations. Concentrations of both ions for which vegetative yields were zero (Clo and Nao) were determined from the response curves. In general, the most tolerant genotypes were those with the highest Clo and Nao values, suggesting that the dominant salt-tolerance mechanism is ion accumulation, but there were cases in which salt tolerance was not related to Clo and Nao.
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Rahi, T. S., and Bajrang Singh. "Salinity tolerance in Chrysanthemum morifolium." Journal of Applied Horticulture 13, no. 01 (June 15, 2011): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37855/jah.2011.v13i01.07.

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Hasegawa, Paul M., Ray A. Bressan, and Avtar K. Handa. "Cellular Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance." HortScience 21, no. 6 (December 1986): 1317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.6.1317.

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Abstract Salinity is a significant limiting factor to agricultural productivity, impacting about 9 × 108 ha of the land surface on the earth, an area about 3 times greater than all of the land that is presently irrigated (17, 18). Reduced productivity occurs as a result of decreased yields on land that is presently cultivated [about one-third of all irrigated land is considered to be affected by salt (18, 45)], as well as due to the restriction of significant agricultural expansion into areas that presently are not cultivated. In the United States, salinity is a major limiting factor to agricultural productivity, and as the quality of irrigation water continues to decline this problem will become more acute (1, 56). About 1.8 million ha of land are salt-affected in California (56), the major agricultural state in the nation. Annual losses to crop production in the salt-affected areas, including the Imperial, Coachella, and San Joaquin valleys, are substantial and are increasing at a significant rate each year (56).
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GUCCI, R., G. ARONNE, L. LOMBARDINI, and M. TATTINI. "Salinity tolerance in Phillyrea species." New Phytologist 135, no. 2 (February 1997): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00644.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Salinity tolerance"

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Elmezoghi, Saleh Mohamed. "Physiology of salinity tolerance in maize." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433774.

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Babagolzadeh, Ali. "Salinity tolerance in seven Trifolium species." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367195.

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Hossain, Mohammad Rashed. "Salinity tolerance and transcriptomics in rice." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5092/.

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Morpho-physiological characterization and whole genome transcript profiling of rice genotypes that belongs to sub-species Indica, Japonica and wild relatives were carried out under salt stress. The existence of qualitatively different mechanisms of salt tolerance across the genotypes was identified. Multivariate analysis was applied to categorize the genotypes according to their level of tolerance. Modified SAM analysis elucidated the trait specific expression of genome wide transcripts. Gene ontology enrichment analysis identified the genes involved in different molecular functions such as signal transduction, transcription factor and ion homeostasis etc. Gene network analysis identified the regulatory network of genes that are active in different tissues. The differential expression of transcripts of four tolerant and two susceptible Indica genotypes under stress were further analysed. The candidate genes for different biological processes and molecular functions are identified and discussed. Highly induced stimulus responsive gene Os01g0159600 (OsLEA1a) and Os05g0382200 (Nhx) can be mentioned for instance. The differentially expressed genes that are located within the salt stress related QTLs were also identified. The transcriptomics data were also used to predict the salinity tolerance of genotypes using OSC-PLSDA model. The combined physiological and transcriptomic approach of this study gives a complementary whole organism assessment of plants responses to salt stress.
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Schuch, Ursula K., and Jack J. Kelly. "Salinity Tolerance of Cacti and Succulents." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216639.

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The salinity tolerance of golden barrel cactus (Echinocactus grusonii), ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea), and Gentry’s agave (Agave parryi truncata) was tested. Plants were irrigated with a solution of EC 0.6, 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0 dS/m. Duration of treatments were 18 weeks for saguaro and 26 weeks for the other three species. In general, fresh weight, dry weight, and moisture content decreased with increasing salinity levels, with the exception of saguaro dry weight which was not affected by the treatments, and ocotillo moisture content which increased with increasing salinity. Runoff was collected three times during the experiment and indicated that ion uptake was higher for barrel cactus than the other three species. EC of runoff averaged for all dates and species showed an increase of 17%, 54%, 46%, and 64% over the salinity treatment solutions of 0.6, 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0 dS/m, respectively.
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Hendawy, Salah El-Sayed el. "Salinity tolerance in Egyptian spring wheat genotypes." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972317627.

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Kwon, Taek-Ryoun. "Physiological studies of salinity tolerance in Brassica species." Thesis, Coventry University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361653.

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Buya, J. K. "The genetics of salinity tolerance in Tilapia species." Thesis, Swansea University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636193.

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Path coefficients were applied to estimate the amount of variation each physiological factor determines in the serum water content (SEWCON) or time-to-succumb (TS). Each estimate was used to reconstitute its own mean. In all cases, the re-constructed variables exhibited a higher value of VG/VP than in the original. This infers the expression of genetic variability masked by the composite action of many gene differences on the trait (Mather and Harrison 1949). VG/VP was related to neither the correlation or regression between groups. Correlation estimates differed from their intra-class correlations (rI). ANOVA values of VG/VP were similar to those of rI, which estimates the amount of genetic variability in the trait (Falconer 1981). VG/VP estimates from repeatability are not about how "repeatable" measures are (Falconer 1981), but rather the degree to which individuals differ from each other, the individuality (I). Both being standardized values (Bentsen 1994), the individuality readily translates into the heredity (h), the degree to which an individual's phenotype is determined by additive genetic factors. This idea was developed by Wright (1911) to define the heritability (h2); where hPPx ½hOP = ½h2 and hPP, the covariance between additive genetic and phenotypic values (COV (Ai, Pj)) which is also the covariance between parents and their respective family genotypic values (CO (giP, gjF)) (Mather and Harrison 1949). This is the additive degree of divergence (d), between parents (Bentsen 1994). When this quantity is estimated from half-siblings it has a magnitude of ¼h. The offspring-parent path (hOP), is the correlation of parent additive and offspring phenotypic values, (COV(AiP, PjO)). Its value is ½h. A domestication selection programme for tilapia species is proposed, where several lines of known genetic differences are generated to aid improvement programs through reciprocal recurrent selection (RRS).
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Møller, Inge Skrumsager. "Na⁺ exclusion and salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612521.

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Schrader, Stephanie EllaJean, and Stephanie EllaJean Schrader. "Salinity Tolerance of Lettuce Cultivars in Controlled Environment." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624098.

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The specific objectives of this study were to determine the effects of increasing salinity on growth, crop quality, and physiological parameters of different lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars grown either in a hydroponic system or in soil and subjected to irrigation water of varying salinity levels. Two trials were conducted in winter 2016 and summer 2016 in a greenhouse using a hydroponic system for the cultivation of three lettuce cultivars. 'Romaine del Sol', Leaf Lettuce 'Bergams Green' and 'Green Leaf Lettuce' were exposed to irrigation water with increasing salinity (2.1, 3.6, 5.1, and 6.6 dS/m) by supplementing the nutrient solution (2.1 dS/m) with a combination of 2:1 NaCl and CaCl2. Lettuce head height, diameter, leaf number, shoot and root dry weight were not impacted by increasing salinity. Similarly, osmotic potential, transpiration and leaf temperature were not affected. However, head fresh weight and water content were reduced at the higher salinity levels compared to the control in the second trial. A third greenhouse trial was conducted in winter 2017 with 'Romaine del Sol' and 'Green Leaf Lettuce' cultivars grown in a hydroponics system or in containers with soil to determine tolerance to increasing salinity in different substrates. Head height, diameter, and shoot dry mass decreased at the two highest salinity levels at the final harvest. When plants were smaller, salinity had no effect on these variables. Fresh weight, water content, and leaf number decreased with increasing salinity at final harvest for both cultivars however, osmotic potential of both cultivars was not affected by salinity or substrate throughout the study. An informal taste test found that the leaves from the two highest levels of salinity from both cultivars were inedible because of a salty and bitter taste. Mineral concentration of sodium and chloride in ‘Romaine’ and 'Green Leaf Lettuce' increased as salinity levels increased, and plants of both cultivars grown in soil had greater concentrations of both elements when compared to hydroponics. 'Romaine' and 'Green Leaf Lettuce' are more tolerant to salinity than previously reported in other lettuce cultivars, and the physiological variables measured showed little changes in response to increasing salinity. Although lettuce grown at 5.1 dS/m and 6.6 dS/m was marginally acceptable by size standards, the lack of head formation in ‘Romaine del Sol’, and the unfavorable taste of both cultivars would render them unmarketable.
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Hawks, Austin McCoy. "Salinity Inventory and Tolerance Screening in Utah Agriculture." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/546.

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Soil salinity, a yield-limiting condition, has plagued crop production for centuries by reducing crop productivity. Research has introduced methods for successfully managing soil salinity. This research discusses the adaptation of established management methods to create new soil salinity management techniques. One adapted technique is an automated crop screening apparatus. A new design was created and successfully used in rapidly screening two strawberry cultivars to determine their tolerance to salinity. Screening crops and determining their tolerance to yield-limiting conditions are essential in managing soil salinity. Another salinity management tool used in this research was electromagnetic induction (EMI). EMI was used to complete a basin-scale inventory over an 18,000 ha study area in Cache County, Utah. The data obtained during the inventory were used to create EMI calibration models and a basin-scale map showing the spatial distribution of apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa). These new methods for crop tolerance screenings and basin-scale salinity inventories will assist in successfully managing soil salinity and decrease its effect on the global food supply.
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Books on the topic "Salinity tolerance"

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Abdelly, Chedly, Münir Öztürk, Muhammad Ashraf, and Claude Grignon, eds. Biosaline Agriculture and High Salinity Tolerance. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8554-5.

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C, Abdelly, ed. Biosaline agriculture and high salinity tolerance. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2008.

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Öztürk, Münir, Yoav Waisel, M. Ajmal Khan, and Güven Görk, eds. Biosaline Agriculture and Salinity Tolerance in Plants. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-7643-7610-4.

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K, Garg B. Salinity tolerance in plants: Methods, mechanisms, and management. Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers (India), 2011.

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Kumar, Vinay, Shabir Hussain Wani, Penna Suprasanna, and Lam-Son Phan Tran, eds. Salinity Responses and Tolerance in Plants, Volume 2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90318-7.

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Kumar, Vinay, Shabir Hussain Wani, Penna Suprasanna, and Lam-Son Phan Tran, eds. Salinity Responses and Tolerance in Plants, Volume 1. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75671-4.

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M, Hasegawa Paul, Jain S. Mohan, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Advances in Molecular Breeding Towards Salinity and Drought Tolerance. Dordrecht: Springer, 2007.

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Branson, Farrel Allen. Tolerances of plants to drought and salinity in the western United States. Sacramento, Calif: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1988.

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Watanabe, Wade O. Salinity tolerance of the tilapias Oreochromis aureus, O. niloticus and an O. mossambicus X O. niloticus hybrid. Taipei, Taiwan: Council for Agricultural Planning and Development, 1985.

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Karsten, Ulf. hOkophysiologische Untersuchungen zur Salinithats- und Temperaturtoleranz antarktischer Grhunalgen unter besonderer Berhucksichtigung des [beta]-Dimethylsulfoniumpropionat (DMSP)--Stoffwechsels =: Ecophysiological investigation on the salinity and temperature tolerance of Antarctic green algae with an emphasis on [beta]-dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) metabolism. Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institut fhur Polar- und Meeresforschung, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Salinity tolerance"

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Tilbrook, Joanne, and Stuart Roy. "Salinity tolerance." In Plant Abiotic Stress, 133–78. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118764374.ch6.

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Hardie, Marcus, and Richard Doyle. "Measuring Soil Salinity." In Plant Salt Tolerance, 415–25. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-986-0_28.

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Arora, Sanjay, and J. C. Dagar. "Salinity Tolerance Indicators." In Research Developments in Saline Agriculture, 155–201. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5832-6_5.

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Roessner, Ute, and Diane M. Beckles. "Metabolomics for Salinity Research." In Plant Salt Tolerance, 203–15. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-986-0_13.

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Gucci, R., and M. Tattini. "Salinity Tolerance in Olive." In Horticultural Reviews, 177–214. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470650660.ch6.

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Fageria, Nand Kumar, Luís Fernando Stone, and Alberto Baêta dos Santos. "Breeding for Salinity Tolerance." In Plant Breeding for Abiotic Stress Tolerance, 103–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30553-5_7.

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Ahmed, Niaz, Usman Khalid Chaudhry, Muhammad Arif Ali, Fiaz Ahmad, Muhammad Sarfraz, and Sajjad Hussain. "Salinity Tolerance in Cotton." In Cotton Production and Uses, 367–91. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1472-2_19.

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Chaudhry, Usman Khalid, Niaz Ahmed, Muhammad Daniyal Junaid, Muhammad Arif Ali, Abdul Saboor, Subhan Danish, Sajjad Hussain, and Shakeel Ahmad. "Salinity Tolerance in Rice." In Modern Techniques of Rice Crop Production, 275–93. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4955-4_16.

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Grieve, Catherine M., Stephen R. Grattan, and Eugene V. Maas. "Plant Salt Tolerance." In Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management, 405–59. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784411698.ch13.

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Roy, Stuart J., and Mark Tester. "Increasing Salinity Tolerance crop/cropping salinity tolerance of Crops crop/cropping." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 5315–31. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_429.

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Conference papers on the topic "Salinity tolerance"

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N. Ragus, Lolita, and Werfina Sonis. "FSM GIANT SWAMP TARO SALINITY TOLERANCE EVALUATION." In International Conference on Fisheries and Aquaculture. TIIKM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/icoaf.2016.2109.

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ARAÚJO, G. S., S. O. PAULA, C. G. GADELHA, R. S. MIRANDA, E. GOMES FILHO, and J. T. PRISCO. "SELECTION OF SUNFLOWER GENOTYPES WITH TOLERANCE TO SALINITY." In IV Inovagri International Meeting. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil: INOVAGRI/ESALQ-USP/ABID/UFRB/INCT-EI/INCTSal/INSTITUTO FUTURE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7127/iv-inovagri-meeting-2017-res5130894.

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HADJ BRAHIM, Adel, Jlidi Mouna, Hmani Houda, Daoued Lobna, Ben Ali Manel, Akremi Asmahen, Naser FETO, Samir BEJR, and Mamdouh BEN ALI. "Halotolerant PGPB Seed biopriming Induces wheat salinity tolerance." In MOL2NET 2018, International Conference on Multidisciplinary Sciences, 4th edition. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mol2net-04-06127.

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Flávio Favaro Blanco and Marcos Vinícius Folegatti. "Nitrogen and Potassium Effects on Tomato Salinity Tolerance in Greenhouse." In 2002 Chicago, IL July 28-31, 2002. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.10297.

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Nguyen, Ha Thi Thuy. "Investigation of Salinity Stress Tolerance in Wild rice Oryza australiensis." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1053090.

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Norboeva, U. T. "SOIL SALINITY AND SALINE TOLERANCE OF THE SORTS OF COTTON." In The All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation and Schools of Young Scientists "Mechanisms of resistance of plants and microorganisms to unfavorable environmental". SIPPB SB RAS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31255/978-5-94797-319-8-567-570.

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Sadana, Anil K., Greg Badke, Christopher Cook, and Xiao Wang. "Water Swell Packers with High Salinity Tolerance and Increased Performance Envelope." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/183834-ms.

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Mondal, Sejuti. "Hasawi: A potential dor for salinity tolerance at reproductive stage in rice." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1053066.

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Agarwal, Aakrati, Dhirendra Fartyal, Yashwanti Mudgil, and Malireddy K. Reddy. "Genetically Engineered Indica Rice for Drought and Salinity Tolerance and Weed Management." In The 4th World Congress on New Technologies. Avestia Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/icbb18.106.

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Somasundaram, Rajeswari, Neeru Sood, Khaled Masmoudi, and Henda Mahmoudi. "Gene Expression Analysis of Barley Genotypes Contrasting for their Tolerance to Salinity Stress." In Annual International Conference on Advances in Biotechnology. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-2489_biotech14.44.

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Reports on the topic "Salinity tolerance"

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Fromm, A., Avihai Danon, and Jian-Kang Zhu. Genes Controlling Calcium-Enhanced Tolerance to Salinity in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7585201.bard.

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The specific objectives of the proposed research were to identify, clone and characterize downstream cellular target(s) of SOS3 in Arabidopsis thaliana, to analyze the Ca2+-binding characteristics of SOS3 and the sos3-1 mutant and their interactions with SOS3 cellular targets to analyze the SOS3 cell-specific expression patterns, and its subcellular localization, and to assess the in vivo role of SOS3 target protein(s) in plant tolerance to salinity stress. In the course of the study, in view of recent opportunities in identifying Ca2+ - responsive genes using microarrays, the group at Weizmann has moved into identifying Ca2+-responsive stress genes by using a combination of aqeuorin-based measurements of cytosolic Ca and analysis by DNA microarrays of early Ca-responsive genes at the whole genome level. Analysis of SOS3 (University of Arizona) revealed its expression in both roots and shoots. However, the expression of this gene is not induced by stress. This is reminiscent of other stress proteins that are regulated by post-transcriptional mechanisms such as the activation by second messengers like Ca. Further analysis of the expression of the gene using promoter - GUS fusions revealed expression in lateral root primordial. Studies at the Weizmann Institute identified a large number of genes whose expression is up-regulated by a specific cytosolic Ca burst evoked by CaM antagonists. Fewer genes were found to be down-regulated by the Ca burst. Among the up-regulated genes many are associated with early stress responses. Moreover, this study revealed a large number of newly identified Ca-responsive genes. These genes could be useful to investigate yet unknown Ca-responsive gene networks involved in plant response to stress.
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Freeman, Stanley, Russell Rodriguez, Adel Al-Abed, Roni Cohen, David Ezra, and Regina Redman. Use of fungal endophytes to increase cucurbit plant performance by conferring abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7613893.bard.

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Major threats to agricultural sustainability in the 21st century are drought, increasing temperatures, soil salinity and soilborne pathogens, all of which are being exacerbated by climate change and pesticide abolition and are burning issues related to agriculture in the Middle East. We have found that Class 2 fungal endophytes adapt native plants to environmental stresses (drought, heat and salt) in a habitat-specific manner, and that these endophytes can confer stress tolerance to genetically distant monocot and eudicot hosts. In the past, we generated a uv non-pathogenic endophytic mutant of Colletotrichum magna (path-1) that colonized cucurbits, induced drought tolerance and enhanced growth, and protected 85% - 100% against disease caused by certain pathogenic fungi. We propose: 1) utilizing path-1 and additional endophtyic microorganisms to be isolated from stress-tolerant local, wild cucurbit watermelon, Citrulluscolocynthis, growing in the Dead Sea and Arava desert areas, 2) generate abiotic and biotic tolerant melon crop plants, colonized by the isolated endophytes, to increase crop yields under extreme environmental conditions such as salinity, heat and drought stress, 3) manage soilborne fungal pathogens affecting curubit crop species growing in the desert areas. This is a unique and novel "systems" approach that has the potential to utilize natural plant adaptation for agricultural development. We envisage that endophyte-colonized melons will eventually be used to overcome damages caused by soilborne diseases and also for cultivation of this crop, under stress conditions, utilizing treated waste water, thus dealing with the limited resource of fresh water.
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3

Hulata, Gideon, and Graham A. E. Gall. Breed Improvement of Tilapia: Selective Breeding for Cold Tolerance and for Growth Rate in Fresh and Saline Water. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586478.bard.

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The main objective of this project was to initiate a breeding program to produce cold-tolerant and salinity-tolerant synthetic breeds of tilapia, from a base population consisting of a four-species hybrid population created under an earlier BARD project. A secondary objective was to estimate genetic parameters for the traits growth rate under fresh- and salt-water and for cold tolerance. A third objective was to place quantitative trait loci that affect these traits of interest (e.g., growth rate in fresh-water, salt-water and cold tolerance) on the growing linkage map of primarily microsatellite loci. We have encountered fertility problems that were apparently the result of the complex genetic structure of this base population. The failure in producing the first generation of the breeding program has forced us to stop the intended breeding program. Thus, upon approval of BARD office, this objective was dropped and during the last year we have focused on the secondary objective of the original project during the third year of the project, but failed to perform the intended analysis to estimate genetic parameters for the traits of interest. We have succeeded, however, to strengthen the earlier identification of a QTL for cold tolerance by analyzing further segregating families. The results support the existence of a QTL for cold tolerance on linkage group 15, corresponding to UNH linkage group 23. The results also indicate a QTL for the same trait on linkage group 12, corresponding to UNH linkage group 4.
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Guy, Charles, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Gloria Moore, Doron Holland, and Yuval Eshdat. Common Mechanisms of Response to the Stresses of High Salinity and Low Temperature and Genetic Mapping of Stress Tolerance Loci in Citrus. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613013.bard.

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The objectives that were outlined in our original proposal have largely been achieved or will be so by the end of the project in February 1995 with one exception; that of mapping cold tolerance loci based on the segregation of tolerance in the BC1 progeny population. Briefly, our goals were to 1) construct a densely populated linkage map of the citrus genome: 2) map loci important in cold and/or salt stress tolerance; and 3) characterize the expression of genes responsive to cold land salt stress. As can be seen by the preceding listing of accomplishments, our original objectives A and B have been realized, objective C has been partially tested, objective D has been completed, and work on objectives E and F will be completed by the end of 1995. Although we have yet to map any loci that contribute to an ability of citrus to maintain growth when irrigated with saline water, our very encouraging results from the 1993 experiment provides us with considerable hope that 1994's much more comprehensive and better controlled experiment will yield the desired results once the data has been fully analyzed. Part of our optimism derives from the findings that loci for growth are closely linked with loci associated with foliar Cl- and Na+ accumulation patterns under non-salinization conditions. In the 1994 experiment, if ion exclusion or sequestration traits are segregating in the population, the experimental design will permit their resolution. Our fortunes with respect to cold tolerance is another situation. In three attempts to quantitatively characterize cold tolerance as an LT50, the results have been too variable and the incremental differences between sensitive and tolerant too small to use for mapping. To adequately determine the LT50 requires many plants, many more than we have been able to generate in the time and space available by making cuttings from small greenhouse-grown stock plants. As it has turned out, with citrus, to prepare enough plants needed to be successful in this objective would have required extensive facilities for both growing and testing hardiness which simply were not available at University of Florida. The large populations necessary to overcome the variability we encountered was unanticipated and unforeseeable at the project's outset. In spite of the setbacks, this project, when it is finally complete will be exceedingly successful. Listing of Accomplishments During the funded interval we have accomplished the following objectives: Developed a reasonably high density linkage map for citrus - mapped the loci for two cold responsive genes that were cloned from Poncirus - mapped the loci for csa, the salt responsive gene for glutathione peroxidase, and ccr a circadian rhythm gene from citrus - identified loci that confer parental derived specific DNA methylation patterns in the Citrus X Poncirus cross - mapped 5 loci that determine shoot vigor - mapped 2 loci that influence leaf Na+ accumulation patterns under non-saline conditions in the BC1 population - mapped 3 loci that influence leaf Na+ accumulation paterns during salt sress - mapped 2 loci that control leaf Cl- accumulation patterns under non-saline conditions - mapped a locus that controls leaf Cl- accumulation patterns during salt stress Screened the BC1 population for growth reduction during salinization (controls and salinized), and cold tolerance - determined population variation for shoot/root ratio of Na+ and Cl- - determined levels for 12 inorganic nutrient elements in an effort to examine the influence of salinization on ion content with emphasis on foliar responses - collected data on ion distribution to reveal patterns of exclusion/sequestration/ accumulation - analyzed relationships between ion content and growth Characterization of gene expression in response to salt or cold stress - cloned the gene for the salt responsive protein csa, identified it as glutathione peroxidase, determined the potential target substrate from enzymatic studies - cloned two other genes responsive to salt stress, one for the citrus homologue of a Lea5, and the other for an "oleosin" like gene - cold regulated (cor) genes belonging to five hybridization classes were isolated from Poncirus, two belonged to the group 2 Lea superfamily of stress proteins, the others show no significant homology to other known sequences - the expression of csa during cold acclimation was examined, and the expression of some of the cor genes were examined in response to salt stress - the influence of salinization on cold tolerance has been examined with seedling populations - conducted protein blot studies for expression of cold stress proteins during salt stress and vice versa
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Bray, Elizabeth, Zvi Lerner, and Alexander Poljakoff-Mayber. The Role of Phytohormones in the Response of Plants to Salinity Stress. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7613007.bard.

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Salinity is an increasing problem in many irrigated areas of crop production and is a significant factor in reducing crop productivity. Developmental, physiological, and molecular responses to salinity were studied in order to improve our understanding of these responses. Improvements in our understanding of plant responses to salinity are necessary in order to develop crops with improved salt tolerance. Previously, in Israel, it was shown that Sorghum biccolor can adapt to an otherwise lethal concentration of NaCl. These experiments were refined and it was shown that there is a specific window of development in which this adaption can occur. Past the window of development, Sorghum plants can not be adapted. In addition, the ability to adapt is not present in all genotypes of Sorghum. Cultivars that adapt have an increased coefficient of variation for many of the physiological parameters measured during the mid-phase of adaptation. Therefore, it is possible that the adaptation process does not occur identically in the entire population. A novel gene was identified, isolated and characterized from Sorghum that is induced in roots in response to salinity. This gene is expressed in roots in response to salt treatments, but it is not salt-induced in leaves. In leaves, the gene is expressed without a salt treatment. The gene encodes a proline-rich protein with a novel proline repeat, PEPK, repeated more than 50 times. An antibody produced to the PEPK repeat was used to show that the PEPK protein is present in the endodermal cell wall of the root during salt treatments. In the leaves, the protein is also found predominantly in the cell wall and is present mainly in the mesophyll cells. It is proposed that this protein is involved in the maintenance of solute concentration.
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Moore, Gloria A., Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Charles L. Guy, and Doron Holland. Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci in the Woody Perennial Plant Genus Citrus. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570565.bard.

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As is true for all crops, production of Citrus fruit is limited by traits whose characteristics are the products of many genes (i.e. cold hardiness). In order to modify these traits by marker aided selection or molecular genetic techniques, it is first necessary to map the relevant genes. Mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in perennial plants has been extremely difficult, requiring large numbers of mature plants. Production of suitable mapping populations has been inhibited by aspects of reproductive biology (e.g. incompatibility, apomixis) and delayed by juvenility. New approaches promise to overcome some of these obstacles. The overall objective of this project was to determine whether QTLs for environmental stress tolerance could be effectively mapped in the perennial crop Citrus, using an extensive linkage map consisting of various types of molecular markers. Specific objectives were to: 1) Produce a highly saturated genetic linkage map of Citrus by continuing to place molecular markers of several types on the map. 2) Exploiting recently developed technology and already characterized parental types, determine whether QTLs governing cold acclimation can be mapped using very young seedling populations. 3) Determine whether the same strategy can be transferred to a different situation by mapping QTLs influencing Na+ and C1- exclusion (likely components of salinity tolerance) in the already characterized cross and in new alternative crosses. 4) Construct a YAC library of the citrus genome for future mapping and cloning.
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Crowley, David E., Dror Minz, and Yitzhak Hadar. Shaping Plant Beneficial Rhizosphere Communities. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594387.bard.

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PGPR bacteria include taxonomically diverse bacterial species that function for improving plant mineral nutrition, stress tolerance, and disease suppression. A number of PGPR are being developed and commercialized as soil and seed inoculants, but to date, their interactions with resident bacterial populations are still poorly understood, and-almost nothing is known about the effects of soil management practices on their population size and activities. To this end, the original objectives of this research project were: 1) To examine microbial community interactions with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their plant hosts. 2) To explore the factors that affect PGPR population size and activity on plant root surfaces. In our original proposal, we initially prqposed the use oflow-resolution methods mainly involving the use of PCR-DGGE and PLFA profiles of community structure. However, early in the project we recognized that the methods for studying soil microbial communities were undergoing an exponential leap forward to much more high resolution methods using high-throughput sequencing. The application of these methods for studies on rhizosphere ecology thus became a central theme in these research project. Other related research by the US team focused on identifying PGPR bacterial strains and examining their effective population si~es that are required to enhance plant growth and on developing a simulation model that examines the process of root colonization. As summarized in the following report, we characterized the rhizosphere microbiome of four host plant species to determine the impact of the host (host signature effect) on resident versus active communities. Results of our studies showed a distinct plant host specific signature among wheat, maize, tomato and cucumber, based on the following three parameters: (I) each plant promoted the activity of a unique suite of soil bacterial populations; (2) significant variations were observed in the number and the degree of dominance of active populations; and (3)the level of contribution of active (rRNA-based) populations to the resident (DNA-based) community profiles. In the rhizoplane of all four plants a significant reduction of diversity was observed, relative to the bulk soil. Moreover, an increase in DNA-RNA correspondence indicated higher representation of active bacterial populations in the residing rhizoplane community. This research demonstrates that the host plant determines the bacterial community composition in its immediate vicinity, especially with respect to the active populations. Based on the studies from the US team, we suggest that the effective population size PGPR should be maintained at approximately 105 cells per gram of rhizosphere soil in the zone of elongation to obtain plant growth promotion effects, but emphasize that it is critical to also consider differences in the activity based on DNA-RNA correspondence. The results ofthis research provide fundamental new insight into the composition ofthe bacterial communities associated with plant roots, and the factors that affect their abundance and activity on root surfaces. Virtually all PGPR are multifunctional and may be expected to have diverse levels of activity with respect to production of plant growth hormones (regulation of root growth and architecture), suppression of stress ethylene (increased tolerance to drought and salinity), production of siderophores and antibiotics (disease suppression), and solubilization of phosphorus. The application of transcriptome methods pioneered in our research will ultimately lead to better understanding of how management practices such as use of compost and soil inoculants can be used to improve plant yields, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. As we look to the future, the use of metagenomic techniques combined with quantitative methods including microarrays, and quantitative peR methods that target specific genes should allow us to better classify, monitor, and manage the plant rhizosphere to improve crop yields in agricultural ecosystems. In addition, expression of several genes in rhizospheres of both cucumber and whet roots were identified, including mostly housekeeping genes. Denitrification, chemotaxis and motility genes were preferentially expressed in wheat while in cucumber roots bacterial genes involved in catalase, a large set of polysaccharide degradation and assimilatory sulfate reduction genes were preferentially expressed.
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8

Cohen, Roni, Kevin Crosby, Menahem Edelstein, John Jifon, Beny Aloni, Nurit Katzir, Haim Nerson, and Daniel Leskovar. Grafting as a strategy for disease and stress management in muskmelon production. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7613874.bard.

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The overall objective of this research was to elucidate the horticultural, pathological, physiological and molecular factors impacting melon varieties (scion) grafted onto M. cannonballus resistant melon and squash rootstocks. Specific objectives were- to compare the performance of resistant melon germplasm (grafted and non-grafted) when exposed to M. cannoballus in the Lower Rio Grande valley and the Wintergarden, Texas, and in the Arava valley, Israel; to address inter-species relationships between a Monosporascus resistant melon rootstock and susceptible melon scions in terms of fruit-set, fruit quality and yield; to study the factors which determine the compatibility between the rootstock and the scion in melon; to compare the responses of graft unions of differing compatibilities under disease stress, high temperatures, deficit irrigation, and salinity stress; and to investigate the effect of rootstock on stress related gene expression in the scion. Some revisions were- to include watermelon in the Texas investigations since it is much more economically important to the state, and also to evaluate additional vine decline pathogens Didymella bryoniae and Macrophomina phaseolina. Current strategies for managing vine decline rely heavily on soil fumigation with methyl bromide, but restrictions on its use have increased the need for alternative management strategies. Grafting of commercial melon varieties onto resistant rootstocks with vigorous root systems is an alternative to methyl bromide for Monosporascus root rot/vine decline (MRR/VD) management in melon production. Extensive selection and breeding has already produced potential melon rootstock lines with vigorous root systems and disease resistance. Melons can also be grafted onto Cucurbita spp., providing nonspecific but efficient protection from a wide range of soil-borne diseases and against some abiotic stresses, but compatibility between the scion and the rootstock can be problematic. During the first year experiments to evaluate resistance to the vine decline pathogens Monosporascus cannonballus, Didymella bryoniae, and Macrophomina phaseolina in melon and squash rootstocks proved the efficacy of these grafted plants in improving yield and quality. Sugars and fruit size were better in grafted versus non-grafted plants in both Texas and Israel. Two melons (1207 and 124104) and one pumpkin, Tetsukabuto, were identified as the best candidate rootstocks in Texas field trials, while in Israel, the pumpkin rootstock RS59 performed best. Additionally, three hybrid melon rootstocks demonstrated excellent resistance to both M. cannonballus and D. bryoniae in inoculated tests, suggesting that further screening for fruit quality and yield should be conducted. Experiments with ABA in Uvalde demonstrated a significant increase in drought stress tolerance and concurrent reduction in transplant shock due to reduced transpiration for ‘Caravelle’ plants. In Israel, auxin was implicated in reducing root development and contributing to increased hydrogen peroxide, which may explain incompatibility reactions with some squash rootstocks. However, trellised plants responded favorably to auxin (NAA) application at the time of fruit development. Gene expression analyses in Israel identified several cDNAs which may code for phloem related proteins, cyclins or other factors which impact the graft compatibility. Manipulation of these genes by transformation or traditional breeding may lead to improved rootstock cultivars. Commercial applications of the new melon rootstocks as well as the ABA and TIBA growth regulators have potential to improve the success of grafted melons in both Israel and Texas. The disease resistance, fruit quality and yield data generated by the field trials will help producers in both locations to decide what rootstock/scion combinations will be best.
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Miyamoto, Seiichi, and Rami Keren. Improving Efficiency of Reclamation of Sodium-Affected Soils. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570569.bard.

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Sodium affected soils, along with salt-affected soils, are distributed widely in irrigated areas of the arid and semi-arid region of the world. Some of these soils can and must be reclaimed to meet the increasing demand for food, and existing irrigated lands must be managed to reduce salinization and alkalization associated with deteriorating irrigation water quality. This project was conducted for examining ways to reduce the use of chemical amendments and large quantities of leaching water for reclaiming sodic soils or for preventing soil sodification, We hypothesized that sodicity of calcareous soils irrigated with moderately sodic irrigation water can be controlled by maximizing dissolution of soil CaCO3. The work performed in Israel has shown that dissolution of CaCO3 can be enhanced by elevating the CO2 partial pressure in soils, and by increasing pore water velocity. The concentration of Ca in pore water was at an order of 1.5 mmolc L-1 at a CO2 partial pressure of 5 kPa, which is sufficient to maintain SAR below 4 at salinity of irrigation water of 0.5 dS m-1 or less. Incorporation of crop residue at a flesh weight of 100 Mg ha-1 reduced the exchangeable Na percentage from 19 to 5%, while it remained 14% without crop residue application These findings indicate a possibility of preventing soil sodification with appropriate crop rotation and residue management without chemical amendments, provided that soils remain permeable. In the case of highly sodic soils, dissolution of CaCO3 alone is usually insufficient to maintain soil permeability during initial leaching. We examined the effect of salinity and sodicity on water infiltration, then developed a way to estimate the amendments required on the basis of water infiltration and drainage characteristics, rather than the traditional idea of reducing the exchangeable Na percentage to a pre-fixed value. Initial indications from soil column and lysimeter study are that the proposed method provides realistic estimates of amendment requirements. We further hypothesized that cultivation of salt-tolerant plants with water of elevated salinity can enhance reclamation of severely Na-affected soils primarily through improved water infiltration and increased dissolution of CaCO3 through respiration. An outdoor lysimeter experiment using two saline sodic Entisols sodded with saltgrass for two seasons did not necessarily support this hypothesis. While there was an evidence of increased removal of the exchangeable Na originally present in the soils, the final salinity and sodicity measured were lowest without sod, and highest when sodded. High transpiration rates, coupled with low permeability and/or inadequate leaching seemed to have offset the potential benefits of increased CaCO3 dissolution and subsequent removal of exchangeable Na. Although vegetative means of reclaiming sodic soils had been reported to be effective in sandy soils with sufficient permeability, additional study is needed for its use in saline sodic soils under the high evaporative demand. The use of cool season grass after initial salt leaching with CaCl2 should be explored. Results obtained from this project have several potential applications, which include the use of crop residues for maintaining sodium balance, the use of CaCl2 for initial leaching of poorly permeable clayey sodic soils, and appraisal of sodicity effects, and appropriate rates and types of amendments required for reclamation
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10

Shani, Uri, Lynn Dudley, Alon Ben-Gal, Menachem Moshelion, and Yajun Wu. Root Conductance, Root-soil Interface Water Potential, Water and Ion Channel Function, and Tissue Expression Profile as Affected by Environmental Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592119.bard.

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Constraints on water resources and the environment necessitate more efficient use of water. The key to efficient management is an understanding of the physical and physiological processes occurring in the soil-root hydraulic continuum.While both soil and plant leaf water potentials are well understood, modeled and measured, the root-soil interface where actual uptake processes occur has not been sufficiently studied. The water potential at the root-soil interface (yᵣₒₒₜ), determined by environmental conditions and by soil and plant hydraulic properties, serves as a boundary value in soil and plant uptake equations. In this work, we propose to 1) refine and implement a method for measuring yᵣₒₒₜ; 2) measure yᵣₒₒₜ, water uptake and root hydraulic conductivity for wild type tomato and Arabidopsis under varied q, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels in the root zone; 3) verify the role of MIPs and ion channels response to q, K⁺ and Na⁺ levels in Arabidopsis and tomato; 4) study the relationships between yᵣₒₒₜ and root hydraulic conductivity for various crops representing important botanical and agricultural species, under conditions of varying soil types, water contents and salinity; and 5) integrate the above to water uptake term(s) to be implemented in models. We have made significant progress toward establishing the efficacy of the emittensiometer and on the molecular biology studies. We have added an additional method for measuring ψᵣₒₒₜ. High-frequency water application through the water source while the plant emerges and becomes established encourages roots to develop towards and into the water source itself. The yᵣₒₒₜ and yₛₒᵢₗ values reflected wetting and drying processes in the rhizosphere and in the bulk soil. Thus, yᵣₒₒₜ can be manipulated by changing irrigation level and frequency. An important and surprising finding resulting from the current research is the obtained yᵣₒₒₜ value. The yᵣₒₒₜ measured using the three different methods: emittensiometer, micro-tensiometer and MRI imaging in both sunflower, tomato and corn plants fell in the same range and were higher by one to three orders of magnitude from the values of -600 to -15,000 cm suggested in the literature. We have added additional information on the regulation of aquaporins and transporters at the transcript and protein levels, particularly under stress. Our preliminary results show that overexpression of one aquaporin gene in tomato dramatically increases its transpiration level (unpublished results). Based on this information, we started screening mutants for other aquaporin genes. During the feasibility testing year, we identified homozygous mutants for eight aquaporin genes, including six mutants for five of the PIP2 genes. Including the homozygous mutants directly available at the ABRC seed stock center, we now have mutants for 11 of the 19 aquaporin genes of interest. Currently, we are screening mutants for other aquaporin genes and ion transporter genes. Understanding plant water uptake under stress is essential for the further advancement of molecular plant stress tolerance work as well as for efficient use of water in agriculture. Virtually all of Israel’s agriculture and about 40% of US agriculture is made possible by irrigation. Both countries face increasing risk of water shortages as urban requirements grow. Both countries will have to find methods of protecting the soil resource while conserving water resources—goals that appear to be in direct conflict. The climate-plant-soil-water system is nonlinear with many feedback mechanisms. Conceptual plant uptake and growth models and mechanism-based computer-simulation models will be valuable tools in developing irrigation regimes and methods that maximize the efficiency of agricultural water. This proposal will contribute to the development of these models by providing critical information on water extraction by the plant that will result in improved predictions of both water requirements and crop yields. Plant water use and plant response to environmental conditions cannot possibly be understood by using the tools and language of a single scientific discipline. This proposal links the disciplines of soil physics and soil physical chemistry with plant physiology and molecular biology in order to correctly treat and understand the soil-plant interface in terms of integrated comprehension. Results from the project will contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the SPAC and will inspire continued multidisciplinary research.
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