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Journal articles on the topic 'Saline water conversion'
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1
Birkett, James. "Kicking off Saline Water Conversion: An Important Early Meeting." IDA Journal of Desalination and Water Reuse 1, no. 1 (January 2009): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/ida.2009.1.1.26.
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Dara, Saad, Arman Bonakdarpour, Meghan Ho, Rubenthran Govindarajan, and David P. Wilkinson. "Conversion of saline waste-water and gaseous carbon dioxide to (bi)carbonate salts, hydrochloric acid and desalinated water for on-site industrial utilization." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 4, no. 1 (2019): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8re00259b.
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Elsayad, OsamaA, and Ayman Khater. "Prevalence of unified airway disease in Saline Water Conversion Corporation Society." Pan Arab Journal of Rhinology 11, no. 2 (2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/pajr.pajr_34_20.
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Yu, Hai Tian, Fu Li Tian, Hong Yu Wang, Ying Hui Hu, and Wan Li Sheng. "An Application of Dunaliella Salina Algae: Biodiesel." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.281.
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Biodiesel has been receiving increasing attention as a potential sustainable fuel. It is used for diesel engines and is becoming well-known as an environmentally friendly fuel due to its non-toxic and biodegradable characteristics. As biodiesel production, Dunaliella salina algae could be an alternative raw material. Due to their high biomass productivity, rapid lipid accumulation, and ability to survive in saline water, algae has been identified as promising feedstocks for industrial-scale production of biodiesel [1]. The oil content of Dunaliella salina algae may exceed to 35%. Using two-step catalytic conversion, algae oil with high free fatty acid and triglyceride content was converted to biodiesel by esterification and transesterification. The conversion rate reached 98% under the ratio of 10:1 at 65°C for 2h,using catalysis with 2% solid superacid.
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Sang, Honghui, Weihua Guo, Yun Gao, Xiyun Jiao, and Xiaobao Pan. "Effects of Alternating Fresh and Saline Water Irrigation on Soil Salinity and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Summer Maize." Water 12, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 3054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113054.
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Saline groundwater irrigation is an important way to alleviate the shortage of fresh water resources. In order to find a reasonable saline irrigation method for farmland, an irrigation experiment was conducted with fresh water and saline water at the seedling, jointing, heading, and filling stages. The soil salinity, growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, and yield of summer maize were measured. The results showed that alternating fresh and saline water irrigation led to a smaller increase in soil salinity relative to that irrigation with saline water alone. In addition, different sequences of alternating irrigation also significantly affected the accumulation of soil salinity. The maximum quantum yield, effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion, photochemical quenching, and non-photochemical quenching varied greatly at the jointing stage and heading stage. Furthermore, the yield of maize that was irrigated with fresh water at the heading stage (8.53 t ha−1) was greater than that at the jointing (7.69 t ha−1) and filling stages (7.45 t ha−1). Therefore, these findings indicate that in areas where fresh water is scarce, priority should be given to the application of fresh water at the heading stages for summer maize irrigation.
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Goyal, Ashish, and Pawan Sharma. "A model on the biological treatment of saline wastewater." International Journal of Biomathematics 10, no. 02 (January 18, 2017): 1750021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524517500218.
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Water scarcity is not a new issue, neither is water pollution. While 70% of the earth’s surface is covered with water, only 3% of it is available as fresh water. Moreover the pollution of water resources has dramatically increased the problem of water scarcity over the last century. Bioremediation presents a cheap and effective solution of this problem. In particular, halophiles have been found to be effective in hypersaline wastewater treatment. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a nonlinear mathematical model to study the removal of a pollutant using halophiles in the hypersaline environment. The analysis of the model is being carried out using stability theory of differential equations. The results indicate that halophiles not only help in removing the organic pollutant, but also help in conversion of saline water into fresh water. The numerical simulations along with sensitivity analysis are performed to support the analytical results.
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Anuwongpinit, Thanavit, Sakditat Sutthinoon, Pinit Tanachaichoksirikun, and Boonchana Purahong. "Development of IoT portable device for saline water monitoring in Bang Kachao Area of Thailand." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2559, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2559/1/012005.
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Abstract This research developed a portable water salinity measurement device using internet of things technology to support farmers in Bang Kachao area in Samut Prakan province, Thailand, to select quality water for cultivation and consumption. The system hardware consists of a microcontroller ESP32 with a GPS module and an electrical conductivity sensor with an analog-to-digital conversion module for saline water measurement. This device can connect to an internet system via a Wi-Fi network and MQTT protocol to transmit the data of saline water value and measuring location to the cloud system. In the cloud system, the node-red system software is installed as a data gateway for device interfacing. In addition, a node-red dashboard is used to collect data from a portable device and previously installed water quality monitoring station for visualizing a portable device location and saline water data. This dashboard is a web page that allows people to monitor the water situation in the area that is suitable to use.
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Fellows, Christopher M., Ali A. Al Hamzah, and Seungwon Ihm. "Pathways to magnesium supplementation of drinking water: An overview of the saline water conversion corporation experience." Chemical Engineering Journal Advances 16 (November 2023): 100574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2023.100574.
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Peng, Shuquan, Fan Wang, and Ling Fan. "Experimental Study on Influence of Vaporous Water on Salt Expansion of Sulfate Saline Soil." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (July 31, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6819460.
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The harm of salt expansion of saline soil in arid areas has always been a major problem to be solved urgently. According to the conversion rule between sodium sulfate and sodium sulfate decahydrate, sodium sulfate decahydrate crystals can be precipitated from sodium sulfate solution by cooling. Besides, when the relative humidity (RH) exceeds the critical relative humidity (CRH), sodium sulfate decahydrate can be formed by the combination of sodium sulfate and vaporous water, resulting in the salt volume expansion. However, at present, in the salt expansion mechanism of sulfate saline soil, only the influence of liquid water is considered while vaporous water is not involved. To study the effects of temperature, salinity, and ARH on salt expansion, the salt expansion test of dry sulfate saline soil under the action of vaporous water was conducted, and its composition was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technology. Experimental results showed that sodium sulfate decahydrate crystals were produced in the sulfate saline soil if the relative humidity (RH) of pore gas exceeded the critical one so that salt expansion occurred. Salt expansion and salt expansion rate of sulfate saline soil increased with the increase of RH and salinity but decreased with the increase of temperature. Therefore, the new salt expansion mechanism of sulfate saline soil under vaporous water is verified. The experimental results further perfected the original salt expansion mechanism of sulfate saline soil under the action of liquid water and guided the study of new treatment methods of sulfate saline soil.
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Heberle, J. R., and C. F. Edwards. "Coal energy conversion with carbon sequestration via combustion in supercritical saline aquifer water." Energy Procedia 1, no. 1 (February 2009): 4055–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2009.02.212.
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Heberle, J. R., and C. F. Edwards. "Coal energy conversion with carbon sequestration via combustion in supercritical saline aquifer water." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 3, no. 5 (September 2009): 568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2009.05.001.
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Dara, Saad, Michael Lindstrom, Joseph English, Arman Bonakdarpour, Brian Wetton, and David P. Wilkinson. "Conversion of saline water and dissolved carbon dioxide into value-added chemicals by electrodialysis." Journal of CO2 Utilization 19 (May 2017): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2017.03.013.
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Yu, Xiangxiang, Zhengzhong Jin, and Haifeng Wang. "Effect of Saline Water for Drip Irrigation on Microbial Diversity and on Fertility of Aeolian Sandy Soils." Diversity 13, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13080379.
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Saline water is widely distributed in the arid environment and sometimes represents the only source of irrigation water to restore and reconstruct vegetation. However, the effects of saline water on the bacterial diversity and fertility level of aeolian sandy soil are not well understood. In this study, we investigated a vegetation belt along the Tarim Desert Highway that has been constructed as a windbreak and consists of desert shrubs and was irrigated with saline water at six levels of salinity along the Tarim Desert Highway. The bacterial diversity was studied using Biolog Eco, a phospholipid fatty acid analysis, and a polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and the soil fertility was calculated and expressed as the integrated fertility index. The soil bacterial diversity (in terms of carbon metabolism, genes, and fatty acid species) was significantly affected by the level of salinity, and the microbial activity was low under high salinity. Fertility was also markedly affected by the degree of salinity and by the depth of soil, being lower at higher salinity levels and in the top layer (0–5 cm), and was also correlated to both the metabolic diversity index of soil microorganisms and the diversity index of fatty acids of soil microorganisms. The genetic diversity index of soil microorganisms shared a polynomial relation with fertility and contributed to it positively and significantly. Therefore, using less saline water for drip irrigation could avoid salt accumulation in soil and arrest its compaction, promote the formation of soil aggregates and the build-up of nutrients, and increase microbial activity, thus playing a crucial role in promoting the circulation, conversion, and utilization of nutrients in aeolian sandy soils and improving the soil quality. The judicious use of saline water, therefore, deserves serious consideration in irrigation practices.
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Basak, Nirmalendu, Arvind Kumar Rai, Parul Sundha, Sandeep Bedwal, Pooja Gupta Soni, Subedar Patel, Bhaskar Narjary, Gajender Yadav, Satyendra Kumar, and Rajender Kumar Yadav. "Conversion of barren saline soil to cultivation changes soil enzymes activities: Effects of irrigation water quality." Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 70, no. 3 (2022): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0228.2022.00028.7.
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Ariyanto, Didik, and Muslikhin Muslikhin. "PERFORMANCE OF RED TILAPIA IN THREE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SALINITY." Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2011): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/iaj.6.2.2011.123-129.
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Tilapias are indigeneous species to Africa, but interest in their aquaculture potential has led to nearly worldwide distribution of the species within the past fifty years. The most popular species of tilapias cultured in the world is Oreochromis niloticus. Red tilapia, one of tilapia varieties, is a highly valued commodity in global market. Based on this reason, red tilapia culture should be developed to supply the market demand. Tilapias can be culturred in brackishwater ponds due to its tolerant ability to saline water. This study was carried out to know the potential of tilapia especially the NIFI red tilapia cultured in saline water. The seeds of NIFI red tilapia were reared in three levels of salinity, i.e. 10, 20, and 30 ppt with 0 ppt as the control population. The experiment was conducted in wet laboratory for 56 days. The results showed that the difference of salinity level did not affect the performance of NIFI red tilapia, including specific growth rate, survival rate, total biomass, and food conversion ratios. Based on these results, it is suggested that NIFI red tilapia can be cultured in saline waters.
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Agrawal, Dharmesh. "Review on Desalination of Water using Different Solar Still Techniques." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 4198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35854.
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Solar still (SS) technology is one of the economic technologies for the conversion of saline or impure water to pure form. It is proven technique for the removal of hazardous chemicals such as arsenic, fluoride etc. Solar still can become very useful and eco-friendly process in rural and remote areas suffering from acute water crisis due to contamination of ground water and other manmade problems. In this work, we have studied different methods of desalination of water using solar still. The work discusses modifications in solar still, heat absorbing factors, reflectors, use of solar panel, trays, solar collector, nanofluid, condenser. This paper presents a mini review on single slope solar distiller by incorporating various different methods. Based on study, sensible conclusion is drawn and reported.
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Ramesh, T., S. Rathika, Geetha S, Sabarinathan R, and S. Vijayakumar. "Improving yield and water productivity of rice in sodic soil with saline water through drip irrigation." Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 61, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2024.61.1.8.
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A field experiment was conducted at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tiruchirappalli, to determine suitable rice varieties and lateral spacing for drip irrigation in sodic soil with saline water. The experiment involved four short duration rice varieties ('ADT 36', 'ADT 45', 'TRY (R) 2', and 'Anna (R) 4' ) and four pre-release rice cultures ('TR13-069', 'TR13-083', 'TR09-27', and 'TR09-30'). Drip systems were installed with lateral spacing of 45 cm and 90 cm, and emitter/dripper spacing of 30 cm. Drippers had a discharge rate of 2.0 liters per hour, and irrigation was scheduled at 100% pan evaporation rate, applied every alternate day. The variety, ''TRY (R) 2'' produced a greater number of panicles (365/m2) and a higher percentage of tillers to panicles conversion (77%) while ''ADT 36'' exhibited a higher number of filled grains (99.5/panicle) and total grains per panicle (117.4). With respect to yield, ''TRY (R) 2'' achieved the highest grain yield of 2991 kg/ha, followed by ''ADT 36'' and ''Anna (R) 4 ''. The drip lateral spacing of 90 cm exhibited significantly higher yield compared to a spacing of 45 cm. The varieties ''ADT 36'' and ''ADT 45'' utilized 550.3 mm of irrigation water and received 283.5 mm of rainfall, while ''Anna (R) 4 '' and ''TRY (R) 2'' used a total of 871.9 mm of water, including 575.2 mm of irrigation water and 296.7 mm of rainfall. Variety ''TRY (R) 2'' demonstrated a higher water productivity of 3.58 kg/ha/mm, followed by ''ADT 36''. Based on these findings, it is recommended to grow the ''TRY (R) 2'' rice variety under drip irrigation with a lateral spacing of 90 cm in sodic soil with saline water conditions, as it showed superior performance in terms of grain yield and water productivity.
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Weyand, Torben, Holger Seher, and Guido Bracke. "Geochemical benchmark tests to validate the conversion of thermodynamic data for TOUGHREACT." Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal 1 (November 10, 2021): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-161-2021.
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Abstract. According to the ongoing site selection process for a repository for high-level radioactive waste in Germany, rock salt, clay and crystalline rock are possible host rocks. The pore water of these rocks contains saline solutions with high ionic strengths. To model the speciation and/or migration of radionuclides in long-term safety analyses for nuclear waste disposal, a geochemical code that includes thermodynamic data suitable for saline solutions is needed. Thermodynamic equilibrium in saline solutions with high ionic strengths is usually modelled using the Pitzer approach (Pitzer, 1991). Within the context of nuclear waste disposal, the THEREDA project (Moog et al., 2015) provides thermodynamic data for some widely used geochemical codes (PHREEQC, Geochemist's Workbench, ChemApp, and EQ 3/6) using the Pitzer approach; however, for modelling in long-term safety analyses for nuclear waste disposal, another geochemical code, TOUGHREACT, is used. Therefore, scripts were developed to convert thermodynamic data of the THEREDA project to be applicable in TOUGHREACT. The scripts were validated by benchmark tests and by comparing calculations using PHREEQC and TOUGHREACT (Weyand et al., 2021). In total, 50 different benchmark tests were performed considering 3 specific geochemical systems, which are relevant to long-term safety analyses: (1) oceanic salt system, polythermal: K, Mg, Ca, Cl, SO4, H2O(l), (2) actinide system, isothermal: Am(III), Cm(III), Nd(III), Na, Mg, Ca, Cl, OH, H2O(l) and (3) carbonate system, isothermal: Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl, SO4, HCO3/CO2(g), H2O(l). Each benchmark test considered specific ion concentrations in solution and in gaseous phases in the presence of specific minerals. The benchmark tests derived the geochemical equilibria and the results of both codes were compared to each other and to experimental data. The results of the calculations using both codes showed a good correlation. Remaining deviations can be explained by technical differences of the codes.
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Solanki, Sonia, Narinder K. Chadha, Paramita B. Sawant, Harikrishna Vungurala, and Arun Sudhagar. "Effect of Pulsed Feeding of GIFT Strain of Tilapia in Biofloc System Using Inland Saline Water." Aquaculture Research 2023 (April 6, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6079177.
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Feed is one of the major inputs in aquaculture system and constitutes 60%–80% of total production costs of tilapia. Inappropriate selection of feed quality and the feeding strategy affects the feed utilization resulting in high food conversion ratio (FCR). A 60 days experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and immuno-physiological responses of GIFT tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus) by pulsed feeding under biofloc culture system in inland saline water. For the experiment, feeding pattern in pulsed was followed viz., in situ biofloc with daily feeding (T1), in situ biofloc with alternate day feeding (T2), in situ biofloc with every third day feeding (T3), in situ biofloc with no feeding (T4), and clear water control with daily feeding (C) each in triplicates. Biofloc based treatment receiving daily feeding (T1) resulted in significantly ( P < 0.05 ) higher average body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate (SGR) compared to control. T1 and C showed a significantly similar feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). Fish maintained in T4 grew the least and survival was lowest (85%). The immunological parameters showed a significant difference ( P < 0.05 ) for nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and myeloperoxidase content whereas no significant difference ( P > 0.05 ) for lysozyme activity was observed. Higher NBT activity was observed in biofloc based treatments compared to control. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were considerably higher ( P < 0.05 ) in biofloc based treatments than control. Among biofloc based treatments the antioxidant activities were lower in T1. The carbohydrate metabolism enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were lower in T1, T2, and T3 compared to control and T4. In conclusion, in-situ biofloc with daily feeding is found to be effective in growth improvement and to elicit immune-physiological responses in GIFT tilapia under pulsed feeding using biofloc based system.
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Andersen, Allan R., Hans Friberg, Niels A. Lassen, K. Kristensen, and Rudi D. Neirinckx. "Assessment of the Arterial Input Curve for [99mTc]-d,l-HM-PAO by Rapid Octanol Extraction." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 8, no. 1_suppl (December 1988): S23—S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1988.29.
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The in vitro conversion of the lipophilic molecule [99mTc]– d,l-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime ([99mTc]– d,l-HM-PAO) to a hydrophilic form was studied in saline, plasma, and blood at 37°C by paper chromatography and by octanol extraction. The octanol:saline ratio was 79.9. From this value and the corresponding octanol: plasma and octanol:blood partitioning values, an estimate of the transport of the lipophilic compound by various components of blood was made: 20% is carried in hemoglobin, 53% by the plasma proteins and 27% by the water phases of the red blood cell and plasma. Octanol extraction provided a rapid method for measuring the radiochemical purity (RCP) of lipophilic [99mTc]– d,l-HM-PAO. In saline, the RCP declined with a half-life of more than 1 h. In human plasma and whole blood, the conversion of [99mTc]– d,l-HM-PAO was biexponential due to the differences in the conversion rates of the d and l isomeric forms. The initial half-life representing the conversion rate of the l form was 1.7 min in blood and 1.4 min in plasma, while the conversion half-life of the d form was 7.4 and 24.4 min, respectively. In vivo, the RCP of arterial blood sampled after an i.v. bolus injection showed an initial peak value of 75% (68–79%) during the initial, first passage of the bolus. It declined to approximately 35% (29–40%) after 1.5 min and reached very low levels (about 1%) at 6 to 10 min. Quantitative measurements of cerebral blood flow using [99mTc]– d,l-HM-PAO necessitates a rapid method for RCP determination in arterial blood such as the one described here.
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Mibarki, Nawel, Zakaria Triki, Abd-Elmouneïm Belhadj, Hichem Tahraoui, Meriem Zamouche, Mohammed Kebir, Abdeltif Amrane, Jie Zhang, and Lotfi Mouni. "An Effective Standalone Solar Air Gap Membrane Distillation Plant for Saline Water Desalination: Mathematical Model, Optimization." Water 15, no. 6 (March 15, 2023): 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15061141.
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Several drinking water production techniques are being established to respond immediately to the growing needs of the population. The system of air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) is the best attractive option for the process of water desalination. This thermal process is characterized by its potential to provide drinking water at low energy costs when combined with solar energy. In this paper, the AGMD brackish water desalination unit potentialities coupled with solar energy were investigated. Ghardaïa of the south region has been considered as the field of our study. Mathematical modeling is investigated by employing MATLAB software to develop the prediction of the permeate flux related to the phenomena of heat and mass transfer. Herein, flat plate solar collectors (SFPC) were exploited as a source for heating saline water through free solar energy conversion. The further model validation of a flat solar collector made it possible for following the instantaneous evolution of the collector outlet temperature depending on the feed water temperature and the flow rate. Furthermore, it is interesting to note that the results prove the possibility to produce water by the solar AGMD process with a maximum permeate flux of 8 kg·m−2·h−1 achieved at 68 °C, a feed temperature. Moreover, gained output ratio (GOR) of the unit of thermal solar desalination was estimated to be about 4.6, which decreases with increasing hot water flow and temperature.
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Zhao, Haogeng, Ju Zhao, Lijun Li, Chunyan Yin, Qiang Chen, Xiaoxue Nie, Jiahe Pang, Lixia Wang, and Erzhen Li. "Effect of Nitrogen Application and Microbial Fertilizer on Nitrogen Conversion Processes in Saline Farmland." Water 15, no. 15 (July 29, 2023): 2748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15152748.
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The nutrient utilization rate of salinized farmland soils is low, the nitrogen loss is high, and soil salinity inhibits the hydrolysis of urea and the release of nutrients. In this work, the effect of microbial fertilizer on the nitrogen transformation characteristics and nitrogen morphology of salinized soils was studied using indoor constant temperature incubation tests with different nitrogen application rates—without (A0) and with microbial fertilizer application (A1 (15 t/ha)) or nitrogen application (N) of 0 kg/ha (N0), 97.5 kg/ha (N1), or 195 kg/ha (N2). The results show the following: (i) When no microbial fertilizer was applied, an increased nitrogen application promoted nitrogen fertilizer’s ammonification and nitrification reactions. Furthermore, the maximum net nitrification rate with the high nitrogen fertilizer application decreased; the apparent ammonification rate and net ammonification rate A0N2 increased by 26.1% and 24.6%, respectively, compared with A0N1 on the first day of incubation; the maximum net nitrification rate of A0N1 was more than that of A0N2; and A0N1 > A0N2 on day 3, while A0N2 > A0N1 on days 3 to 15. At 3 d, the nitrogen conversion process of A0N1 was dominated by the nitrification reaction, while the ammonification reaction dominated in A0N2. (ii) Microbial fertilizers significantly increased the ammonification and nitrification rates under the low N fertilizer application. The intensity of ammonification and nitrification under the low N fertilizer application was greater than that under the high N fertilizer application. The apparent ammonification rate and net ammonification rate of A1N1 increased by 60.9% and 52.6% compared with A0N1 and 21.9% and 21.7% compared with A1N2 on the first day of incubation, and the peak net nitrification rates of A1N1 and A1N2 (28.19 mg/kg d and 11.02 mg/kg d, respectively) and net nitrification rates of A1N1 and A1N2 were 113.7% higher than those of A0N1. The net nitrification rates of A1N1 and A1N2 were 82.3% and 58.6% lower than the maximum net nitrification rates on the 15th day of incubation, respectively. (iii) In saline soils, low-nitrogen microbial fertilizers led to more ammonium nitrogen in the soil, and the high-nitrogen fertilizer application resulted in higher nitrate nitrogen in the soil, leading to nitrogen leaching. Therefore, when applying microbial fertilizer, choosing the most suitable period for reduced chasing is important for the efficient use of fertilizers, the alternative role of biofertilizers, and the study of environmental pollution.
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Antia, David D. J. "Conversion of Waste Synthesis Gas to Desalination Catalyst at Ambient Temperatures." Waste 1, no. 2 (May 1, 2023): 426–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/waste1020026.
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In this study, a continuous flow of a synthetic, dry, and acidic waste synthesis gas (WSG) (containing N2, H2, CO, CH4, and CO2) at ambient temperatures was first passed through a fixed bed reactor (FBR) containing halite + m-Fe0 and then a saline bubble column diffusion reactor (BCDR) containing m-Fe0. The FBR converted 47.5% of the CO + CH4 + CO2 into n-C0. Passage of the n-C0 into the BCDR resulted in the formation of the desalination catalyst (Fe0:Fe(a,b,c)@C0) + CH4 + CO + CO2 + CxHy, where 64% of the feed n-C0 was converted to gaseous products. The desalination pellets can remove >60% of the water salinity without producing a reject brine or requiring an external energy source. The gaseous products from the BCDR included: CxHy (where x < 6), CO, CO2, and H2.
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Yang, Qiaonan, Can Hu, Jie Li, Xiaokang Yi, Jie Zhang, and Zhilin Sun. "Research Status of Brackish Water Desalination Technology." E3S Web of Conferences 329 (2021): 01039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132901039.
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The serious salinization of farmland soil and the shortage of water resources in arid areas are becoming more and more serious; In order to solve the problem of shortage of fresh water resources, find a resource that can be converted into fresh water; Brackish water is derived from farmland saline alkali land. Brackish water desalination technology has increased interest in scientists' research. However, brackish water can be used as an effective substitute for freshwater conversion because of its low salt concentration and can also be widely used in many water deficient countries. However, partial or total desalting of brackish water is essential to meet the water quality requirements of production and life. The selection of appropriate water resources desalination technology needs to understand the operation methods and technical means of the existing brackish water desalination process. Proper combination of desalination technologies can improve the efficiency of brackish water desalination. This review provides the latest advances in data, materials and categories that can help select and design requirements for specific applications.
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Sandoval-Yugar, Edgar Wilfredo, Lírio Luiz Dal Vesco, Douglas André Steinmacher, Elaine Cristina Stolf, and Miguel Pedro Guerra. "Microshoots encapsulation and plant conversion of Musa sp. cv. 'Grand Naine'." Ciência Rural 39, no. 4 (February 20, 2009): 998–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782009005000024.
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Synthetic seed technologies are useful tools for the field delivery of in vitro derived plantlets. In the present study, different encapsulation procedures and their efficacy in the plantlet regeneration using microshoots of banana cv. 'Grand Naine' were evaluated. Two encapsulation systems were evaluated: i) single encapsulation in beads or droplet hardening method; and ii) double layer or hollow beads. The use of different compounds to enhance the capsule conservation and the conversion to plantlets was also evaluated. The conversion capacity was assessed in vitro on water-agar culture medium or in ex vitro conditions with Gerbox® boxes. The single encapsulation system showed 80% conversion. The capsules with MS saline formulation treated with 100mM KNO3 showed 76% conversion. Capsules with 1.5g L-1 activated charcoal, and 0.5g L-1 benomyl sucrose-free capsules showed 75% conversion. The encapsulated and non-encapsulated microshoots exhibited 100% germination in response to MS culture medium, and polyethylene glycol after 10 days of storage at 4°C. Sucrose-free capsules showed significantly higher germination (83.3%) than those sucrose-enriched capsules (56.7%). The ex vitro conversion of encapsulated microshoots was 20% in the Gerbox™. These results indicate the feasibility using synthetic seeds in the large-scale micropropagation of banana cv. 'Grand Naine'.
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Chittur K, Subramaniam, Aishwarya Chandran, Ashwini Khandelwal, and Sivakumar A. "Energy Conversion using electrolytic concentration gradients." MRS Proceedings 1774 (2015): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.758.
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ABSTRACTSalinity gradient is an enormous source of clean energy. A process for potential generation from an ionic concentration gradient produced in single and multicell assembly is presented. The ionic gradient is created using a fuel cell type cell with a micro-porous ion exchange membrane, both anionic (AEM) and cationic (CEM). Various salinity gradients, Salt : Fresh, from 100 : 0 to 16000 : 0 was established using NaCl solution, in the electrode chambers. A potential of 20 mV/cm to 25 mV/cm can be realized at ambient temperatures and pressures for a bipolar AEM/CEM cell. The performance was optimized for various static and dynamic flow rates of the saline and fresh water. The cell performance can further be optimized for Membrane Electrode System (MES) morphology. A multicell unit was assembled and the results presented for various conditions like concentration gradients, flow rates and pressure. The thermodynamic and electrical efficiency needs to be evaluated for various gradients and flow rates. The relation with number of valance electrons/ ion and the potential generated changes for various dynamic condition of salinity. The higher the salinity gradient the larger is the potential generated. This is limited by the membrane characteristics. There exists a monotonic relation between the number of valence electron/ion/unit time and the potential generated up to about 16000 concentration. The membrane characteristics have been studied for optimal ion crossover for various gradients and flow. The graph between ln (gradient) versus Voltage provides insights into this process. This presents a very cost effective and clean process of energy conversion.
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Lepry, William C., Ehsan Rezabeigi, Sophia Smith, and Showan N. Nazhat. "Dissolution and bioactivity of a sol-gel derived borate glass in six different solution media." Biomedical Glasses 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bglass-2019-0009.
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Abstract Sol-gel derived bioactive borate glasses (SGBGs) rapidly convert to hydroxycarbonated apatite (HCA) in simulated body fluid (SBF), in vitro. While previous studies have examined the influence of processing and composition on bioactivity, the effect of the in vitro dissolution media has not been well examined for these glasses. In this study, the mineral conversion of a SGBG substituted 45S5 Bioglass® formulation (“B46”, (46.1)B2O3-(26.9)CaO-(24.4)Na2O-(2.6)P2O5, mol%), was examined in six different dissolution media: SBF, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS, pH 7.4) buffer, Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (PBS, 1X), Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, 1X), 0.9% Saline (SAL), and deionized water (DIW) at 1.5 mg/mL for 10 min, 2h, and 1d. All media underwent a rapid increase in pH as a result of glass dissolution and ion release. B46 in SBF, TRIS, and PBS converted to HCA while B46 in DMEM, SAL, and DIW converted to calcite according to attenuated total reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The ratio of B46 to SBF was also examined at 3, 6, 12, and 24 mg/mL for 1d. These results help elucidate the dissolution and mineral conversion of borate glasses and help provide insights into optimizing pre-conditioning treatments for both in vitro and in vivo analyses.
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Alhamzah, Ali A., Abdulrahman S. Alofi, Abdulrahman A. Abid, and Christopher M. Fellows. "Control of Bromate Formation in Desalinated Seawater Production and Transmission with Ammoniation." Water 15, no. 21 (November 6, 2023): 3858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15213858.
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Bromate is a potentially carcinogenic disinfection by-product of potential concern in desalinated waters, where bromide derived from seawater can be converted to bromate by the oxidising species used for disinfection. Historically, it has been difficult to maintain complete adherence to national standards of no more than 10 ppb for bromate at all locations served with desalinated seawater by the Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In this full-scale study, the addition of 100–200 ppb of ammonia to the produced water of a Multi-Stage Flash Desalination plant effectively controlled the formation of bromate in the transmission system supplying inland centres in the Makkah Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Arafa, Taif) on a time scale sufficient for the distribution of water to the consumer, even when the bromide content of the produced water was artificially enhanced (up to 132 ppb) via the addition of seawater.
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Sasilatha, T., Elavarasi R, and V. Karthikeyan. "Influence of Nano Phase Change Materials on the Desalination Performance of Double Slope Solar Still." European Journal of Formal Sciences and Engineering 4, no. 2 (October 15, 2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/959iso21t.
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Solar still is the ancient low cost device to distillate the saline water. Paraffin is a kind of phase change material which has a thermal storage characteristic and it can absorb and release a large amount of latent heat during the phase transition process. Ethylene Glycol was used as a PCM to study the thermal characteristics of water and absorption rate. A Nano phase change material plays a vital role in solar energy conversion and is used to enhance the thermal conductivity behavior on thermal energy storage systems. Materials at the nanoscale have a larger surface area and it has higher thermal properties than the macro particles. Incorporating NPCM into basin material helps to improve the productivity and the evaporation rate. The performance of the single basin double slope solar still was higher than the single slope solar still. Despite significant efforts, there are some challenges, such as the thermo physical properties of basin material, flow rate, insulation material and thickness that must be overcome in order for this technique to be useful in practice. In this paper, a detailed comparison of the various solar stills, designs, fabrications and water production analyses are discussed. Hence it is confirmed that NPCM has a higher potential than PCM for saline water desalination processes. This study confirmed that the Paraffin composites are stable up to 160°C and it increases the efficiency due to increased thermal properties of NPCM.
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Saleh, Bahaa, Fadl A. Essa, Zakaria M. Omara, Mohamed H. Ahmed, Mahmoud S. El-Sebaey, Mogaji Taye Stephen, Lingala Syam Sundar, et al. "Using Direct Solar Energy Conversion in Distillation via Evacuated Solar Tube with and without Nanomaterials." Processes 11, no. 6 (June 6, 2023): 1734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11061734.
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As is widely known, the issue of freshwater scarcity affects practically all people, and all are looking for innovative and workable ways to attempt to solve this issue. In this work, a novel method of desalination is proposed. The proposed system consists of a solar collector (PTSC), evacuated pipe (EP), condenser (CU), and separation unit (SU). The working principle of the system is heating the feed saline water using the PTSC and EP and controlling the water flow rate to control the output conditions of the EP. The produced vapor is therefore separated from salty water using the SU. In addition, the generated steam is condensed into the CU to produce a freshwater distillate. Consequently, the effect of solar radiation on the affecting temperatures was tested. In addition, the effect of using different water flow rates (6, 7.5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 L/h) inside the EP on the system productivity was investigated. The primary findings of this work may be highlighted in relation to the experiments conducted. At midday, when ultraviolet irradiance reached its highest, the EP’s water flow entrance and outflow had the largest temperature differential. In addition, the lower the water flow rate inside the EP, the higher the water temperature, the higher the evaporation rate of the system, and the greater the freshwater productivity of the system. At 6 L/h, the water’s highest temperature was 92 °C. Moreover, the best performance of the system was obtained at 7.5 L/h, where the freshwater production and average daily effectiveness of the distillate process were 44.7 L/daytime and 59.6%, respectively. As well, the productivity of EP was augmented by around 11.86% when using graphite nanoparticles. Additionally, the distilled freshwater from the system operating at the flow rate of 7.5 L/h costs 0.0085 $/L.
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SINGH, SHASHANK, A. K. REDDY, V. HARIKRISHNA, P. P. SRIVASTAVA, and W. S. LAKRA. "Growth and osmoregulatory response of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus (Amur carp) reared in inland saline water." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 90, no. 1 (February 18, 2020): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v90i1.98245.
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A 90 days experiment was designed to assess the growth and osmoregulatory response of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus (Amur carp) in inland saline water of sub-humid and semi-arid/ arid zones of Haryana, India. Two hundred forty fingerlings (avg. wt. 3.48±0.272 g) were equally distributed in 4 treatment groups (salinities; control C, 0 ppt; T1, 5 ppt; T2, 10 ppt and T3, 15 ppt) with 3 replicates in 500 L tanks followed by complete randomized design (CRD). There were no significant differences observed in physico-chemical parameters of water among different treatments and found in optimum range throughout the experimental period. The parameters, viz. total alkalinity, hardness (total, calcium and magnesium) and concentration of ions were varying with the salinity and displayed increasing trend with increase in salinity. At the end of experiment, 100% survival was obtained upto 5 ppt whereas decreasing trend was found with increasing salinity (T2 and T3). There was highest% weight gain obtained in control group followed by T1, T2 and T3 groups. The highest specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) along with lowest food conversion ratio (FCR) was reported in control group followed by T1 and T2 groups, while lowest SGR, PER and highest FCR were reported in T3 group. Serum and water osmolality showed significant increasing trend with increasing salinity, while osmoregulatory capacity was decreasing with increase in salinity. Based on the findings, it is suggested that Amur carp can be cultured with 100% survival up to 5 ppt with slightly lower production rate.
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Wang, Zhihui, Hongyi Wang, Changjiang Zhao, Kejun Yang, Zuotong Li, and Kuide Yin. "Effects of Biochar on the Microenvironment of Saline-Sodic Soil and Maize Growth." Agronomy 12, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): 2859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112859.
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Biochar is a valuable soil amendment substance. However, no systematic study has investigated the effects of biochar on the microenvironment of saline-sodic soils and maize yield in cold areas of Heilongjiang Province. We investigated variations in soil physicochemical properties, soil bacterial and fungal community structure, maize root formation, plant dry matter accumulation, grain filling rate, and maize yield in saline soils treated with biochar (0, 20, 40, and 80 t/ha). Biochar improved saline soil properties and structure, slightly decreasing bulk density and pH and increasing the water-stable aggregate stabilization rate. Furthermore, the relative abundances of Sphingomonas, Lysobacter, Nitrospira, and Gemmatimonas and the fungal genus Guehomyces were increased, promoting the conversion of soil organic carbon and available nitrogen and phosphorus. Moreover, biochar reduced the relative abundance of some fungal pathogenic genera, including Fusarium, Gibberella, Cladosporium, Alternaria, and Epicoccum. However, shifts in soil bacterial and fungal community structure were indirectly driven by biochar-induced changes in soil physicochemical properties, with organic carbon as the most critical. Biochar promoted maize growth, development, and yield (root length, surface area, volume, dry matter accumulation, grain filling rate, and final weight). Biochar application at 40 t/ha had the greatest effect on soil microenvironment improvement, with the highest maize yield.
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Gopinath, Shilpa, Kalyana C. Janga, Sheldon Greenberg, and Shree K. Sharma. "Tolvaptan in the Treatment of Acute Hyponatremia Associated with Acute Kidney Injury." Case Reports in Nephrology 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/801575.
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Hyponatremia defined as a plasma sodium concentration of less than 135 mmol/L is a very common disorder, occurring in hospitalized patients. Hyponatremia often results from an increase in circulating arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels and/or increased renal sensitivity to AVP, combined with an increased intake of free water. Hyponatremia is subdivided into three groups, depending on clinical history and volume status: hypovolemic, euvolemic, and hypervolemic. Acute symptomatic hyponatremia is usually treated with hypertonic (3%) saline. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone hypersecretion (SIADH) and hypervolemic hyponatremia caused by heart failure or cirrhosis are treated with vasopressin antagonists (vaptans) since they increase plasma sodium (Na2+) concentration via their aquaretic effects (augmentation of free-water clearance). The role of tolvaptan in the treatment of acute hyponatremia and conversion of oliguric to nonoliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis has not been previously described.
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Hamzaçebi, Sevim, and Ramazan Serezli. "Comparison of growth performance of European catfish (Silurus glanis L) rearing in freshwater and 5 ‰ salinity in recirculating system." Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 36, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.36.4.08.
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European catfish (Silurus glanis L.) is a fish that has a high economic value due to its rapid growth and delicious flesh. In this study, the growth performance of European catfish was investigated in freshwater and 5‰ salinity in recirculating system. The study was carried out using fish with an average weight of 507±13.02 g and an average total length of 42.85±0.45 cm in freshwater (Y1, Y2, Y3) and 5‰ salinity of ground water (T1, T2, T3) designed as three replications for three months. Fish were fed with 3% of the total weight two meals a day. The mean body weight gain, total lenght increase, amount and percentage of feed consumption, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion rate (FCR) were higher in group Y (P<0.05). No statistical difference was observed between the survival rates of the groups (P>0.05). As a result, it is concluded that this species can be reared in both fresh water and 5‰ saline water.
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Rauch, Matthias, and Herbert A. Schmid. "Functional evidence for subfornical organ-intrinsic conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 276, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): R1630—R1638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.276.6.r1630.
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Using extracellular electrophysiological recording in an in vitro slice preparation, we investigated whether ANG I can be locally converted to the functionally active ANG II within the rat subfornical organ (SFO). ANG I and ANG II (10−8–10−7M) excited ∼75% of all neurons tested with both peptides ( n = 25); the remainder were insensitive. The increase in firing rate and the duration and the latency of the responses of identical neurons, superfused with equimolar concentrations of ANG I and ANG II, were not different. The threshold concentrations of the ANG I- and ANG II-induced excitations were both 10−9M. Inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme by captopril (10−4M; n = 8) completely blocked the ANG I-induced excitation, a 10-fold lower dose was only effective in two of four neurons. The AT1-receptor antagonist losartan (10−5M; n = 6) abolished the excitation caused by ANG I and ANG II. Subcutaneous injections of equimolar doses of ANG I and ANG II (200 μl; 2 × 10−4M) in water-sated rats similarly increased water intake by 2.4 ± 0.5 ( n = 16) and 2.7 ± 0.4 ml ( n = 20) after 1 h, respectively. Control rats receiving saline drank 0.07 ± 0.06 ml under these conditions. Pretreatment with a low dose of captopril (2.3 × 10−3M) 10 min before the injection of ANG I caused a water intake of 2.8 ± 0.5 ml ( n = 10), whereas a high dose of captopril (4.6 × 10−1M) suppressed the dipsogenic response of ANG I entirely ( n = 11). These data provide direct functional evidence for an SFO-intrinsic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and underline the importance of the SFO as a central nervous interface connecting the peripheral with the central RAS.
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Rahmawati, Novi, and M. A. Marfai. "Salinity Pattern in Semarang Coastal City: An Overview." Indonesian Journal on Geoscience 8, no. 2 (June 28, 2013): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17014/ijog.8.2.107-118.
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DOI: 10.17014/ijog.v8i2.160Semarang Coastal City is one of cities in Indonesia which has experienced a long-term salt intrusion. Land subsidence and groundwater exploitation were identified as main factors accelerated salt intrusion in this area. Extended salt intrusion into the land from year to year cannot be neglected. Salinity pattern and land use affected by this intrusion must be identified. Salinity pattern could be identified by electrical conductance content. The purposes of this research are: a) to define spatial electrical conductance map from 1995 to 2008 and b) to identify salinity pattern in each land use. Primary data set of electrical conductance measurement in 2004 and 2008 was performed. Secondary data set of electrical conductance was collected in 1995 and 2000. Electrical conductance mapping was assigned by point interpolation using GIS Environment. Land use classification was interpreted from topographical map and IKONOS using GIS Environment. Field check of land use was also done in the study area. Geologically, the area setting consists of Damar, Kalibiuk, and Breccias Formations, where the Damar Formation is the recharge source for groundwater in Semarang City. Based on the result, it can be concluded that the salinity content in groundwater increased from 1995-2008. In 1995, there was only 2.4% of brackish groundwater in Semarang Coastal City, but in 2008, most of area in that region was classified as saline. Land use conversion into built up area increased from 1998 to 2008. The area intruded by salt water increased within 1995, 2004, and 2008 periods. About 68 % of the area contained brackish water and most of the area were built up area in 1995. In 2004, no fresh groundwater found in Semarang Coastal City and the area of brackish groundwater reached 77% and about 23% was saline groundwater which 82% of the built up area included brackish groundwater. In 2008, approximately 55% of Semarang Coastal City was occupied by saline groundwater. About 51% of groundwater built up area was saline.
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El-Kholy, Mohamed Soliman, Zenat Abd El-Gawad Ibrahim, Mohamed Mamdoh El-Mekkawy, and Mahmoud Alagawany. "Influence of in Ovo Administration of Some Water-Soluble Vitamins on Hatchability Traits, Growth, Carcass Traits and Blood Chemistry of Japanese Quails." Annals of Animal Science 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2018-0041.
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AbstractA total of 450 fertile Japanese quail eggs were used to determine the impacts of in ovo administration of water-soluble vitamins (C, B6 and B12) on the growth performance, carcass traits, hematological and biochemical blood parameters as well as the immune response of Japanese quails. On the 7th day of incubation, the eggs were allocated to five groups: un-injected, 0.1 ml/egg saline, 1 mg/egg vitamin C, 150 µg/egg vitamin B6 and 20 µg/egg vitamin B12. The percentage of early embryonic mortality was increased (P≤0.001) in all treated groups versus the control group. Chicks that hatched from eggs injected with 1 mg/egg vitamin C exhibited a significantly greater (P≤0.05) live body weight (LBW) than those from the control and saline groups. During 0–2 weeks of age, the chicks hatched from eggs injected with vitamins displayed better feed conversion than the positive or negative controls. In ovo injection of vitamins had no significant effect on all carcass traits. In ovo injection with vitamins C, B6 and B12 increased plasma total protein and its fractions compared with the control. Plasma levels of total lipids and cholesterol were decreased in chicks hatched from eggs injected with 1 mg/egg vitamin C, 150 µg/egg vitamin B6 or 20 µg/egg vitamin B12 compared with those hatched from control eggs. Plasma T3 and T4 were increased in chicks hatched from eggs injected with vitamin C, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12. The relative weights of the bursa of Fabricius and thymus were significantly (P=0.002 or 0.003) increased in the birds hatched from eggs injected with vitamins compared with those in the control or saline group. Thus, in ovo injection of vitamins C, B6 and B12 improved the blood profile and immune response of Japanese quail.
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Hassan, W. H., and I. T. Tayeb. "EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ADMINISTRATION METHODS OF VITAMIN AD3E TO HATCHING EGGS AND SUPPLEMENT IT WITH DRINKING WATER ON HATCHABILITY TRAITS AND POST HATCH PERFORMANCE AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETER OF BROILER." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 52, no. 2 (April 19, 2021): 322–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v52i2.1294.
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This study was conducted at the Badi Hatchery and poultry house / department of animal production / College of Agriculture engineering science/ University of Duhok. The aim of study was to investigate the effect of different administration methods of vitamin AD3E to hatching eggs on hatchability and post hatch productive performance and some physiological parameter of broiler. A total of one thousand and two hundred fifty (1250) hatched eggs were distributed into five groups each groups 250 eggs. The experimental treatments were as the follow: T1 (Control), T2 (sham control)(injected with 0.1 ml normal saline), T3 (injected with 0.1 ml of vitamin AD3E dissolved in 5 ml of vitamin in 1 ml of water) T4 (Spraying vitamin AD3E 1 ml /L water), T5 (Dipping vitamin AD3E 1 ml /L water). During the rearing period, each treatment divided into 2 group of replications, (5 replication) for each group that is from one treatment exactly. First 5 five replications (R1-R5) for each treatment given different doses of vitamin at different rearing age via drinking water and other 5 five replications (R6-R10) were drink normal water throughout the rearing period which is at least 5 weeks. Weekly Live body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, mortality percentage, Production index were recorded, (Total protein, glucose and cholesterol), blood serum titer for testing the immunity of chicken against diseases Newcastle (ND) and Gumboro, infectious bronchitis (IB). The overall data shows the following results: - In hatching stage there were significant affect in chick weight and chick to egg ratio and in rearing stage live body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, production index, serum glucose, Newcastle Gambaro and infectious bronchitis disease.
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Hussain, Natasha, Hina Khalid, Yara Khalid AlMaimouni, Samman Ikram, Maria Khan, Shahab Ud Din, Ahmed Talal, and Abdul Samad Khan. "Microwave assisted urethane grafted nano-apatites for dental adhesives." Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 35, no. 6 (September 10, 2020): 479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883911520956263.
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The objectives were to synthesize urethane grafted nano-apatite in shortest possible time duration using the microwave irradiation method and to utilize them for synthesis of experimental dental adhesives. The structural, morphological, thermal, and mechanical behavior of synthesized grafted nano-apatite were investigated. Then, these grafted nano-apatite particles were incorporated in various concentrations that is, 5wt.%, 10wt.%, and 15wt.% into dimethacrylate resins to develop bioactive adhesives. The weight measurement analysis in deionized water and phosphate buffer saline, Knoop micro-hardness, and degree of conversion were evaluated. The bacterial adhesion was investigated with Streptococcus mutans at 6h, 24h, and 48h. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA. The urethane dimethacrylate was successfully grafted on the nano-apatite surface and spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of urethane and phosphate peaks. An inverse relationship was found in both media between the concentration of grafted fillers and weight loss. No significant difference was observed in the micro-hardness and degree of conversion among the groups, whereby the degree of conversion for all groups was in the range of 83% to 86%. The mean number of bacterial colonies was significantly lower in the 15wt.% group compared to 5wt.% and 10wt.%. The grafted nano-apatite presented favorable results for adhesive resin incorporation, where 15wt.% group comparatively showed superior results than other groups.
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Saeed, Mohamed O., Ghazzai F. Al-Otaibi, and M. I. Mohamed Ershath. "Fungal and marine shell fouling in desalination plant equipment." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 9, no. 4 (August 13, 2019): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2019.026.
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Abstract The Saudi Arabian Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) aims to maintain an uninterrupted desalinated water output and has tasked its Desalination Technologies Research Institute (DTRI) with trouble-shooting operational problems and unusual events faced by its desalination plants. Three events were reported and investigated by DTRI. Two were found to involve fungal fouling, and one was found to involve fouling by marine shells. One case of fungal fouling involved a new seawater reverse osmosis membrane and the plant was advised to review the handling and storage practice of membranes. The other case involved product water hoses and manifested itself in the form of black slimy deposits arising from dense fungal growth. The fungus originated from new product hoses and was eliminated by shock-dosing replacement hoses with chlorine. The marine shell fouling involved a feed water line of a combined power/desalination plant. Chlorine, hydrochloric acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and fresh water were used to assess their ability to control marine shell fouling in laboratory experiments, with varying results. Since high doses of chlorine were not effective in controlling marine shell fouling, the practice of continuous chlorination should be abandoned in favor of an alternative chlorination regimen, e.g., pulse chlorination.
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Al-Khshali, Mohammad Shaker, O. M. Abdulmajeed, and Ahmed S. Naser. "Effect of High Salt Concentrations on some Growth Characteristics and Feed Intake Rate of Ctenopharyngodon idella." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1213, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 012081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1213/1/012081.
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Abstract Grass carp at a weight of 34.68 + 2 g were gradually exposed to four saline concentrations: tap water (0.1), 3, 6, 9, and 12 gm/litter, and the first concentration represented a control treatment. Fish were fed on a diet with a protein content of 30% for ten weeks. Results of the growth experiment showed that the feed conversion rate was 2.46, 3.58, 4.84, 6.77, and -8.56 in the first to fifth treatments, respectively, and the rate feed conversion efficiency was 40.65, 27. 93, 20.66, 14.77 and 11.68 %, while the protein intake was 22.38, 20.44, 18.86, 17.47 and 16.56 g in salt concentrations of 0.1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 g/L, respectively. In another experiment to study the effect of salt acclimatization on the rate of feed intake, grass carp with an average weight of 25.66 + 2 gm were exposed to the previous salt concentrations and fed on the same ratio in the growth experiment. Feed intake as a percentage of body weight amounted to 4.62, 4.12, 3.78, 3.24, and 2.48% respectively. It was concluded from the current study that the growth characteristics of grass carp were negatively affected by high salt concentrations.
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Ramírez-Jiménez, Montoya-Villegas, Licea-Claverie, and Gónzalez-Ayón. "Tunable Thermo-Responsive Copolymers from DEGMA and OEGMA Synthesized by RAFT Polymerization and the Effect of the Concentration and Saline Phosphate Buffer on its Phase Transition." Polymers 11, no. 10 (October 11, 2019): 1657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101657.
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Thermo-responsive polymers and copolymers derivatives of oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (Mn = 300 g mol−1) (OEGMA) and di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (DEGMA) have been synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) using 5-amino-4-methyl-4-(propylthiocarbonothioylthio)-5-oxopentanoic acid (APP) as chain transfer agent (CTA). The monomer conversion was evaluated by hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR); number average molecular weights (Mn), weight average molecular weight (Mw), and dispersity (Đ) were obtained by gel permeation chromatography (GPC); glass transition temperature (Tg) was evaluated by modulated differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), cloud point temperature (Tcp) was measured and compared by turbidimetry and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The effect of polymer composition and concentration on the Tcp, either in water or in phosphate buffer saline (PBS), was studied. The values of Tcp using PBS were between 3 and 4 °C lower than using water. Results showed an ideal copolymerization behavior; therefore, the Tcp could be tuned by an adequate monomers feed ratio obtaining polymers which may be used in drug delivery and other applications.
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Bjorkman, O., B. Demmig, and TJ Andrews. "Mangrove Photosynthesis: Response to High-Irradiance Stress." Functional Plant Biology 15, no. 2 (1988): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9880043.
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Efficiencies of photosynthetic energy conversion were determined in sun and shade leaves of several mangrove species, growing in an open intertidal habitat in North Queensland, by measuring the maximum photon yield of O2 evolution and 77K chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics. Preliminary meas- urements confirmed that mangrove leaves have low water potentials, low stomatal conductances and low light-saturated CO2 exchange rates. Mangrove sun leaves therefore received a very large excess of excitation energy. Mangrove shade leaves had as high a photon yield of O2 evolution as non-mangrove leaves and their fluorescence characteristics were normal, showing that the energy conversion efficiency was unaffected by the high salinity. Mangrove sun leaves had markedly depressed photon yields and fluorescence was severely quenched showing that the efficiency of the photochemistry of photosystem II was reduced. The efficiency of energy conversion decreased with an increased radiation receipt. No such depression was detected in sun leaves of non-mangrove species growing in adjacent non-saline sites. Shading of man- grove sun leaves resulted in an increase in the efficiency of energy conversion but, in most species, more than 1 week was required for these leaves to reach the efficiency of shade leaves. Leaves exposed to direct sunlight had somewhat higher efficiencies in mangrove plants cultivated in 10% seawater as compared with full-strength seawater but the salinity of the culture solution had little effect on the increase in the efficiency upon shading. Field and laboratory fluorescence measurements indicated that the reduced efficiency of energy conversion in mangrove sun leaves resulted from a large increase in the rate constant for radiationless energy dissipation in the antenna chlorophyll rather than from damage to the photosystem II reaction centres. We propose that this increase in radiationless energy dissipation serves to protect the reaction centres against damage by excessive excitation.
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Santos, Viviane Severiano, Maria Célia Villac, Denise Rivera Tenenbaum, and Rodolfo Paranhos. "Auto- and heterotrophic nanoplankton and filamentous bacteria of Guanabara Bay (RJ, Brazil): estimates of cell/filament numbers versus carbon content." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 55, no. 2 (June 2007): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592007000200006.
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Variations of nanoplankton (2-20 µm) and filamentous bacteria (diameter: 0.5-2.0 µm) of Guanabara Bay (RJ, Brazil) are presented, considering cell density and carbon content of auto- and heterotrophs. Our goal is to contribute to future modeling of local trophic dynamics. Subsurface water samples were taken weekly during the year 2000 at two sites: Urca (close to the entrance, more saline, eutrophic) and Ramos (inner area, less saline, hypertrophic). Microscopic analysis was done by epifluorescence and cell density was converted to biomass through cell biovolume. Total nanoplankton was about 10(8) cells.l-1 in most samples (>57%), and total filamentous bacteria densities varied from 10(5) to 10(8) fil.l-1. Autotroph density was one order of magnitude higher at Ramos, both for nanoplankton (Md: 10(8)cells.l-1 at Ramos and 10(7)cells.l-1 at Urca) and for filamentous bacteria (Md: 10(6) fil.l-1 at Ramos and 10(5) fil.l-1 at Urca). The same was observed for autotrophic biomass (Md: 10³µgC.l-1 at Ramos and 10¹µgC.l-1 at Urca for nanoplankton; Md: 28µgC.l-1 at Ramos and 1.4µgC.l-1 at Urca for filamentous bacteria). The relative contribution of autotrophs increased after conversion to biomass. Seasonal variation was conspicuous for filamentous bacteria at both sites and for nanoplankton only at Ramos, with maximum autotrophic abundances during the rainy period (spring-summer).
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Torbay, N., E. F. Bracco, A. Geliebter, I. M. Stewart, and S. A. Hashim. "Insulin increases body fat despite control of food intake and physical activity." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 248, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): R120—R124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1985.248.1.r120.
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The effect of experimentally induced hyperinsulinemia on body composition was studied in rats with food intakes precisely controlled by intragastric feeding and physical activity manipulated by sedation with chlordiazepoxide (CDP). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 38) were fitted surgically with gastrostomy tubes. After 8 days the animals were divided into four groups. Group 1 received daily injections of protamine-zinc insulin; group 2 received daily injections of saline; group 3 received the same insulin doses as group 1 plus daily administration of CDP mixed with the diet; group 4 received daily injections of saline plus CDP in the diet. All groups were tubefed identical amounts of semiliquid diet via gastrostomy. Physical activity was measured by electronic monitor. After 4 wk the rats were killed. The insulin-treated groups (1 and 3) had significantly larger fat depots and larger mean fat cell size than the noninsulin-treated groups (2 and 4). This increase in fat occurred concurrently with a decrease in carcass protein and water. Physical activity, as measured, was unaltered by insulin but was significantly reduced by CDP. Treatment with CDP only increased the dorsal fat depot and liver weight but had no significant effect on total dissected fat depots and had a reductive effect on carcass protein. In conclusion insulin treatment enhanced the efficiency of conversion of energy intake into fat energy stores.
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Döös, Kristofer, Joakim Kjellsson, Jan Zika, Frédéric Laliberté, Laurent Brodeau, and Aitor Aldama Campino. "The Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Hydrothermohaline Circulation." Journal of Climate 30, no. 2 (January 2017): 631–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0759.1.
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The thermohaline circulation of the ocean is compared to the hydrothermal circulation of the atmosphere. The oceanic thermohaline circulation is expressed in potential temperature–absolute salinity space and comprises a tropical cell, a conveyor belt cell, and a polar cell, whereas the atmospheric hydrothermal circulation is expressed in potential temperature–specific humidity space and unifies the tropical Hadley and Walker cells as well as the midlatitude eddies into a single, global circulation. The oceanic thermohaline streamfunction makes it possible to analyze and quantify the entire World Ocean conversion rate between cold–warm and fresh–saline waters in one single representation. Its atmospheric analog, the hydrothermal streamfunction, instead captures the conversion rate between cold–warm and dry–humid air in one single representation. It is shown that the ocean thermohaline and the atmospheric hydrothermal cells are connected by the exchange of heat and freshwater through the sea surface. The two circulations are compared on the same diagram by scaling the axes such that the latent heat energy required to move an air parcel on the moisture axis is equivalent to that needed to move a water parcel on the salinity axis. Such a comparison leads the authors to propose that the Clausius–Clapeyron relationship guides both the moist branch of the atmospheric hydrothermal circulation and the warming branches of the tropical and conveyor belt cells of the oceanic thermohaline circulation.
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Lu, Yuzheng, Naila Arshad, Muhammad Sultan Irshad, Iftikhar Ahmed, Shafiq Ahmad, Lina Abdullah Alshahrani, Muhammad Yousaf, Abdelaty Edrees Sayed, and Muhammad Nauman. "Fe2O3 Nanoparticles Deposited over Self-Floating Facial Sponge for Facile Interfacial Seawater Solar Desalination." Crystals 11, no. 12 (December 3, 2021): 1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11121509.
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A facile approach for developing an interfacial solar evaporator by heat localization of solar-thermal energy conversion at water-air liquid composed by in-situ polymerization of Fe2O3 nanoparticles (Fe2O3@PPy) deposited over a facial sponge is proposed. The demonstrated system consists of a floating solar receiver having a vertically cross-linked microchannel for wicking up saline water. The in situ polymerized Fe2O3@PPy interfacial layer promotes diffuse reflection and its rough black surface allows Omni-directional solar absorption (94%) and facilitates efficient thermal localization at the water/air interface and offers a defect-rich surface to promote heat localization (41.9 °C) and excellent thermal management due to cellulosic content. The self-floating composite foam reveals continuous vapors generation at a rate of 1.52 kg m−2 h−1 under one 1 kW m−2 and profound evaporating efficiency (95%) without heat losses that dissipates in its surroundings. Indeed, long-term evaporation experiments reveal the negligible disparity in continuous evaporation rate (33.84 kg m−2/8.3 h) receiving two sun solar intensity, and ensures the stability of the device under intense seawater conditions synchronized with excellent salt rejection potential. More importantly, Raman spectroscopy investigation validates the orange dye rejection via Fe2O3@PPy solar evaporator. The combined advantages of high efficiency, self-floating capability, multimedia rejection, low cost, and this configuration are promising for producing large-scale solar steam generating systems appropriate for commercial clean water yield due to their scalable fabrication.
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Halfacre, John W., Paul B. Shepson, and Kerri A. Pratt. "pH-dependent production of molecular chlorine, bromine, and iodine from frozen saline surfaces." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 7 (April 11, 2019): 4917–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4917-2019.
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Abstract. The mechanisms of molecular halogen production from frozen saline surfaces remain incompletely understood, limiting our ability to predict atmospheric oxidation and composition in polar regions. In this laboratory study, condensed-phase hydroxyl radicals (OH) were photochemically generated in frozen saltwater solutions that mimicked the ionic composition of ocean water. These hydroxyl radicals were found to oxidize Cl−, Br−, and I−, leading to the release of Cl2, Br2, I2, and IBr. At moderately acidic pH (buffered between 4.5 and 4.8), irradiation of ice containing OH precursors (either of hydrogen peroxide or nitrite ion) produced elevated amounts of I2. Subsequent addition of O3 produced additional I2, as well as small amounts of Br2. At lower pH (1.7–2.2) and in the presence of an OH precursor, rapid dark conversion of I− to I2 occurred from reactions with hydrogen peroxide or nitrite, followed by substantial photochemical production of Br2 upon irradiation. Exposure to O3 under these low pH conditions also increased production of Br2 and I2; this likely results from direct O3 reactions with halides, as well as the production of gas-phase HOBr and HOI that subsequently diffuse to frozen solution to react with Br− and I−. Photochemical production of Cl2 was only observed when the irradiated sample was composed of high-purity NaCl and hydrogen peroxide (acting as the OH precursor) at pH = 1.8. Though condensed-phase OH was shown to produce Cl2 in this study, kinetics calculations suggest that heterogeneous recycling chemistry may be equally or more important for Cl2 production in the Arctic atmosphere. The condensed-phase OH-mediated halogen production mechanisms demonstrated here are consistent with those proposed from recent Arctic field observations of molecular halogen production from snowpacks. These reactions, even if slow, may be important for providing seed halogens to the Arctic atmosphere. Our results suggest the observed molecular halogen products are dependent on the relative concentrations of halides at the ice surface, as we only observe what diffuses to the air–surface interface.
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Tikhonowski, G. V., A. A. Popov, E. A. Popova-Kuznetsova, S. M. Klimentov, P. N. Prasad, and A. V. Kabashin. "Laser-ablative synthesis of stable size-tunable Bi nanoparticles and their functionalization for radiotherapy applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2058, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2058/1/012010.
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Abstract Nanoformulations of high-Z elements can improve therapeutic outcome in radiotherapy-based treatment of tumors, but current nanomedicine implementations in radiotherapy still need biocompatible, non-toxic nano-agents exhibiting low polydispersity and high colloidal stability. Here, we elaborate methods of femtosecond (fs) laser ablation in water and organic solvents to fabricate stable aqueous colloidal solutions of ultrapure elemental Bi nanoparticles (NPs) and characterize them. We show that fs laser ablation of Bi target leads to the formation of spherical elemental Bi NPs having 25 nm mean size and wide size-dispersion. NPs prepared in water undergo fast conversion into 400-500 nm flake-like nanosheets, while NPs prepared in acetone demonstrate a high colloidal stability. We then employ methods of fs laser fragmentation to control mean size and size dispersion of Bi NPs. Stable aqueous solution of Bi NPs suitable for biomedical applications can be obtained by coating with Pluronic® F-127. We finally show that surface modification of Bi NPs increases its colloidal stability in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution by more than 6 fold. Exempt of any toxic synthetic by-products, laser-ablated Bi NPs present a novel appealing nanoplatform for image-guided combination photo- and radiotherapy.
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Pettit, N. E., P. Bayliss, and R. Bartolo. "Dynamics of plant communities and the impact of saltwater intrusion on the floodplains of Kakadu National Park." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 7 (2018): 1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16148.
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The distribution of vegetation communities on floodplains within Kakadu National Park, in tropical northern Australia, is related to micro-topography and, therefore, water depth and duration of flooding. Floodplains of the Kakadu Region, because of their proximity to the coast, are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, with saltwater intrusion, as a result of sea-level rise, being a serious risk. Our main objectives were to determine the variability of the distribution of plant communities on the floodplains and understand the potential risk of increased saltwater intrusion to these communities. We present data on the natural salinity-tolerance range of selected floodplain plants and discuss the likely effects of saltwater intrusion on floodplain plant distributions and productivity. The results of change analysis using high spatial-resolution satellite data showed the importance of the variation of water availability in determining patterns of plant communities. Hydrodynamic modelling suggests that sea level rises will result in 40% of the floodplain transformed into saline habitats by 2070. The most obvious effect of this would be the conversion of the freshwater vegetation to salt-tolerant mangroves and other salt-marsh plants, with a concomitant change in animals and their use of these areas.