Academic literature on the topic 'Saline effluents'
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Journal articles on the topic "Saline effluents":
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Andrade, Marcelo da S., Josiani F. de Sousa, Marciana B. de Morais, and Cynthia C. de Albuquerque. "Saline pisciculture effluent as an alternative for irrigation of Croton blanchetianus (Euphorbiaceae)." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 27, no. 4 (April 2023): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v27n4p256-263.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT The use of saline effluents from fish farming in agricultural activities has been increasing, especially in semiarid regions. This study was to evaluate the use of saline effluents from fish farming for the irrigation of Croton blanchetianus and to analyze the physiological and biochemical responses. After the cuttings were planted, irrigation with the effluent began. Treatments included four salinity levels (control, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 dS m-1). The control treatment was the supply water (0.56 dS m-1). The evaluated variables were growth, relative water content, dry biomass, and levels of proteins, proline, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and photosynthetic pigments. Physiological and biochemical adjustments ensured the maintenance of relative water content and osmotic adjustment under saline conditions without increasing lipid peroxidation. The salinity levels did not affect C. blanchetianus, indicating the lack of saline stress. The fish farm effluents are rich in organic matter, from food, and excrement, which was beneficial for the development of C. blanchetianus. The reuse of saline effluents from fish farming for the irrigation of C. blanchetianus can be a viable environmental alternative, avoiding direct disposal into the environment.
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Rosa, M. F., R. T. Albuquerque, J. M. O. Fernandes, S. G. F. Leite, and R. A. Medronho. "NITRIFICATION OF SALINE EFFLUENTS." Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 14, no. 2 (June 1997): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-66321997000200007.
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Минулин, М. Ф., Н. П. Коновалов, and Н. А. Ищук. "CATALYTIC TREATMENT OF SALINE EFFLUENTS." Южно-Сибирский научный вестник, no. 4(38) (August 31, 2021): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25699/sssb.2021.38.4.003.
Abstract:
Процессы окисления органических и неорганических веществ занимают важное место в современной химии и технологии. Представляется естественным, что подобные процессы должны быть полифункциональными и высокоэффективными. Кроме того, весьма желательно, чтобы они происходили в достаточно мягких условиях – идеальными условиями (пока в большинстве случаев труднодостижимыми) являются атмосферное давление и комнатная температура. В настоящее время большинство процессов, используемых в промышленности, идут с достаточно высокой селективностью, и требуют для своего осуществления соответственно жестких условий (температура выше 100°С и повышенное давление). Более селективными и менее энергоемкими во многих случаях оказываются процессы, использующие в качестве окислителей связанный кислород (перманганаты, бихроматы, гипохлориты, различные пероксиды). Однако такие окислители находят применение только для малотоннажных продуктов, поскольку, как правило, достаточно дороги и дефицитны. Кроме того, их использование часто приводит к образованию не утилизируемых отходов. Поэтому реально в качестве окислителя для обезвреживания НДМГ, ДМА, метанола мы можем рассматривать только молекулярный кислород. Этот окислитель дешев, а единственными отходами процесса являются продукты окисления это вода, азот и СО2. Поэтому, поиск новых каталитических систем в этой области представляет собой важную и интересную задачу. Перспективным классом соединений, среди которых уже найдены подобные катализаторы, являются соединения переходных металлов, в частности, кобальта, никеля, меди, палладия и др. The processes of oxidation of organic and inorganic substances occupy an important place in modern chemistry and technology. It seems natural that such processes should be multifunctional and highly efficient. In addition, it is highly desirable that they occur in fairly mild conditions – the ideal conditions (while in most cases difficult to achieve) are atmospheric pressure and room temperature. Currently, most of the processes used in industry are carried out with a sufficiently high selectivity, and require correspondingly harsh conditions for their implementation (temperature above 100°C and increased pressure). In many cases, processes using bound oxygen as oxidants (permanganates, bichromates, hypochlorites, various peroxides) are more selective and less energy-intensive. However, such oxidizing agents are used only for low-tonnage products, since, as a rule, they are quite expensive and scarce. In addition, their use often leads to the formation of non-recyclable waste. Therefore, we can really consider only molecular oxygen as an oxidizer for the neutralization of NDMG, DMA, and methanol. This oxidizer is cheap, and the only waste products of the process are the oxidation products of water, nitrogen and CO2. Therefore, the search for new catalytic systems in this area is an important and interesting task. A promising class of compounds, among which similar catalysts have already been found, are compounds of transition metals, in particular, cobalt, nickel, copper, palladium, etc.
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Gómez, Silvia, Carlos Felipe Hurtado, Jaime Orellana, and José Andrés Gallardo. "Salinity reduction by Sarcocornia neei in hydroponics: implications in marine aquaculture wastewater remediation." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 51, no. 3 (July 2, 2023): 414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol51-issue3-fulltext-3031.
Abstract:
Salinization has become one of the main environmental problems affecting the worldwide ecological balance. The effluent discharge of saline industrial effluents, such as marine aquaculture, and its rapid increase in global production in the last decades has become an important part of this problem. The halophyte Sarcocornia neei (Lag.) has proven its ability to remove and assimilate nutrients from saline wastewater, making it a promising candidate for application in phytoremediation systems. In this study, its ability to reduce water salinity was evaluated. For this purpose, the plants were reared for 53 days in artificial effluents at four different salinities: A) 0, B) 10, C) 20, and D) 30 g L-1. A significant salt reduction was obtained in all treatments with NaCl addition. The maximum decrease was achieved in treatment C, reducing 6.91 ± 1.52 g L-1, approximately 35% of the total added at the beginning of the trials. Plants tolerated all salt content ranges; no mortality or salt stress symptoms were observed in any treatment. The results obtained are a first approach suggesting that S. neei could be used for bio-desalination of saline wastewater. Further studies are needed to evaluate its application in pilot systems integrated into saline industrial effluents.
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Figueroa, M., A. Mosquera-Corral, J. L. Campos, and R. Méndez. "Treatment of saline wastewater in SBR aerobic granular reactors." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 2 (August 1, 2008): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.406.
Abstract:
Fish canning effluents characterized by their salt content, up to 30 g NaCl/L, were treated, previously diluted to desired concentration, in a SBR where aerobic granular sludge was produced. The formation of mature aerobic granules occurred after 75 days of operation with 3.4 mm of diameter, SVI of 30 mL/g VSS and density around 60 g VSS/L-granule. Treated organic loading rates were up to 1.72 kg COD/(m3·d) with fully organic matter depletion. Ammonia nitrogen was removed via nitrification-denitrification up to 40% when nitrogen loading rates were of 0.18 kg N/(m3·d). The presence of salt in the treated effluent did not cause a detrimental effect on the operation of the reactor once the aerobic granules were formed.
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Hills, Kasey A., Ross V. Hyne, and Ben J. Kefford. "Species of freshwater invertebrates that are sensitive to one saline water are mostly sensitive to another saline water but an exception exists." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1764 (December 3, 2018): 20180003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0003.
Abstract:
Coal mining and extraction of methane from coal beds generate effluent with elevated salinity or major ion concentrations. If discharged to freshwater systems, these effluents may have adverse environmental effects. There is a growing body of work on freshwater invertebrates that indicates variation in the proportion of major ions can be more important than salinity when determining toxicity. However, it is not known if saline toxicity in a subset of species is representative of toxicity across all freshwater invertebrates. If patterns derived from a subset of species are representative of all freshwater invertebrates, then we would expect a correlation in the relative sensitivity of these species to multiple saline waters. Here, we determine if there is a correlation between the acute (96 h) lethal toxicity in freshwater invertebrates to synthetic marine salts (SMS) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) added to dechlorinated Sydney tap water. NaHCO 3 is a major component of many coal bed effluents. However, most salinization in Australia exhibits ionic composition similar to seawater, which has very little HCO 3 − . Across all eight species tested, NaHCO 3 was 2–50 times more toxic than SMS. We also observed strong correlations in the acute toxicity of seven of the tested species to SMS and NaHCO 3 . The strongest relationship (LC50 r 2 = 0.906) was dependent on the exclusion of one species, Paratya australiensis (Decopoda: Atyidae), which was the most sensitive species tested to NaHCO 3 , but the second-most tolerant of SMS. We conclude that differences in the toxicity of different proportions of major ions can be similar across a wide range of species. Therefore, a small subset of the invertebrate community can be representative of the whole. However, there are some species, which based on the species tested in the current study appear to be a minority, that respond differently to saline effluent and need to be considered separately. We discuss the implications of this study for the management of saline coal bed waters. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects'.
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Diaz, Mónica R., Javier Araneda, Andrea Osses, Jaime Orellana, and José A. Gallardo. "Efficiency of Salicornia neei to Treat Aquaculture Effluent from a Hypersaline and Artificial Wetland." Agriculture 10, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120621.
Abstract:
In this study, we evaluated the potential of Salicornia neei, a halophyte plant native to South America, to treat saline effluents with simulated concentration of ammonium-N (Amm) and nitrate-N (Nit) in a similar manner to land-based marine aquaculture effluents. Plants were cultivated for 74 days in drainage lysimeters under three treatments of seawater fertilized with: (1) Nit + Amm, (2) Nit, or (3) without fertilizer (Control). Over five repetitions, nitrogen removal efficiency (RE) was high in both treatments (Nit + Amm = 89.6% ± 1.0%; Nit 88.8% ± 0.9%), whereas the nitrogen removal rate (RR) was nonlinear and concentration-dependent (RRday1–4: Nit + Amm = 2.9 ± 0.3 mg L−1 d−1, Nit = 2.4 ± 0.5 mg L−1 d−1; RRday5–8: Nit + Amm = 0.8 ± 0.2 mg L−1 d−1, Nit = 1.0 ± 0.2 mg L−1 d−1). Effluent salinity increased from 40.6 to 49.4 g L−1 during the experiment, with no observed detrimental effects on RE or RR. High nitrogen removal efficiency and significant biomass production were observed (Nit + Amm = 11.3 ± 2.0 kg m−2; Nit = 10.0 ± 0.8 kg m−2; Control = 4.6 ± 0.6 kg m−2) demonstrate that artificial wetlands of S. neei can be used for wastewater treatment in saline aquaculture in South America.
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Oliveira, Ana Soares de, Regina Celia Pereira Marques, and Wyllame Carlos Gondim Fernandes. "Evaluation of the phytoremediation potential of Moringa oleifera in the treatment of effluents from the petroleum industry." Concilium 24, no. 1 (January 12, 2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.53660/clm-2531-24a01.
Abstract:
Industrial growth generates waste, where produced water (PW) poses a challenge due to its chemical complexity. Concerns about potential health effects, including a link to Alzheimer's disease, arise with flocculants like aluminum sulfate. Studies indicate that Moringa oleifera seeds have coagulation activity. Thus, this study aimed to compare the oil/water removal efficiency of PW through flocculation between aluminum sulfate and M. oleifera seed-based coagulants in saline and aqueous media. The synthetic matrix was treated with these flocculants, revealing a notable reduction in oil and grease levels (TOG), especially with saline extracts showing removal above 69%, notably Moringa purified + NaCl exhibiting substantial potential, second only to aluminum sulfate. Additionally, in total solids analysis, the saline extract of purified seeds achieved 67% removal of T.S, while the commercial counterpart reached 72%. Toxicity analysis on Artemia salina indicates that M. oleifera treatments resulted in over 50% mortality, yet exhibited reduced toxicity compared to synthetic matrix (petroleum) and aluminum sulfate.
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Aina, Oluwajinmi Daniel, and Farrukh Ahmad. "Carcinogenic health risk from trihalomethanes during reuse of reclaimed water in coastal cities of the Arabian Gulf." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 3, no. 2 (February 27, 2013): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2013.062.
Abstract:
Trihalomethane (THM) occurrence in reclaimed water and its exposure risk to human health during non-potable reuse was evaluated for a coastal Arabian city. Recycled water was monitored at two representative wastewater treatment facilities: a city-wide activated sludge treatment (AST) plant and a neighborhood membrane bioreactor (MBR). Actual total THM concentrations in the post-chlorinated effluents varied with effluent temperature, peaking at 69.28 ± 2.54 μg/L and 41.15 ± 2.34 μg/L in AST and MBR effluents, respectively, in summer. Higher bromide concentration and favorable Br−/Cl2 ratio during disinfection in the AST resulted in stronger brominated THM speciation. Conversely, the MBR effluent was dominated by chloroform. Salinity fingerprinting indicated the presence of saline water in the AST effluent. Individual excess lifetime cancer risk (IELCR) was calculated using the outdoor box exposure model based on annual peak THM concentrations and peak THM formation potential (THMFP) for each species. Inhalation exposure to chloroform in the MBR effluent using peak THMFP values presented the highest cancer risks of 1.28 × 10−6 and 1.12 × 10−6 to residential adult and child receptors, respectively, exceeding the USEPA IELCR guidance threshold of 1 × 10−6 for carcinogens. Chlorinated THM species are important in determining the health risk from reclaimed water during non-potable water reuse.
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Simões, Welson Lima, Miguel Julio Machado Guimarães, Gherman Garcia Leal de Araújo, Alexandre Fernandes Perazzo, and Leticia Dos Santos Belfort Prates. "Chemical-bromatological characteristics of forage sorghum varieties irrigated with saline effluents from fish farming." Comunicata Scientiae 10, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v10i1.1943.
Abstract:
The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical and bromatological characteristics of forage sorghum varieties subjected to different leaching fractions of saline effluents from fish farming in the Semiarid region of Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in a 3×4 factorial arrangement with four replications, consisting of three forage sorghum varieties (Volumax, F305, and Sudão) and four leaching fractions (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) of saline (electrical conductivity of 2.5 dS m-1) effluent from fish farming. The organic matter, dry matter, mineral matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber, lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose contents of the plants were evaluated. The crude protein contents of the plant components, and mineral matter content of leaves and panicles increased, and the NDF of leaves decreased in treatments with the highest leaching fractions. The F305 variety presented better chemical-bromatological characteristics compared to the other sorghum varieties evaluated.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Saline effluents":
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Nyamhingura, Amon. "Characterization and chemical speciation modelling of saline effluents at Sasol Synthetic Fuels Complex-Secunda and Tukuta power station." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7974_1297940655.
Abstract:
The study shows conclusively that brine composition and concentration is highly variable at these South African power utilities and processes such as RO, contact with ash and CO2 ingress can have an impact upon the overall brine quality. Aq.QA was found to be a more accurate tool for classifying waters according to dominant ions than Stiff diagrams but Stiff diagrams still have the superior advantage of being a mapping tool to easily identify samples of similar composition as well as quickly identify what has been added or what has been removed from a water stream. Chemical speciation could identify effluent streams where CO2 dissolution had taken place.
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Capar, Goksen. "Development Of A Membrane Based Treatment Scheme For Water Recovery From Textile Effluents." Phd thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605839/index.pdf.
Abstract:
A membrane based treatment scheme was developed for the recovery of the print dyeing wastewaters (PDWs) and the acid dye bath wastewaters (ADBWs) of carpet manufacturing industry. The treatment schemes were developed by selecting the best pre-treatment and treatment processes among the alternatives of chemical precipitation (CP), microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF). The best process train for PDW was CP+NF, where organic matter, color, turbidity and total hardness were removed at >95%. The alternative process train CP+UF also removed color and turbidity almost completely, however organic matter rejection was low, being 25% at highest. The quality of NF permeates were suitable for dyeing of light colors whereas UF permeates were suggested for washing of the printed carpets or dyeing of the dark colors. The best process train for ADBW was MF (1.0 mm)+NF, where organic matter rejection increased from 65% to 97% due to pH neutralization. Alternatively, sequential NF was required up to three stages in order to achieve similarly high rejections at the acidic pH of ADBW. Therefore, pH neutralization was realized to be a very important operational parameter affecting the treatment scheme. Although pH neutralization increased the flux declines by almost 5%, chemical cleaning was very effective to restore the original fluxes. Finally, ADBW was mixed with PDW, which already had a pH around neutral, so that the pH of ADBW would rise towards neutral without chemical consumption. The results suggested that these wastewaters could be treated together as long as they were mixed up to equal volumes at pH around neutral. Therefore, a final treatment scheme, which involved single NF for the mixture of PDW and ADBW, following their individual pre-treatment stages, was proposed as the most efficient process train.
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Saadaoui, Sirine. "Valorisation des extrêmophiles dans le traitement des effluents salins et la production d'énergie par des systèmes bioélectrochimiques microbiens." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP008.
Abstract:
L’industrie textile génère de grandes quantités d'eaux usées contenant jusqu'à 80 g/L de NaCl et de fortes concentrations de colorants synthétiques. Les colorants azoïques, qui sont des produits chimiques toxiques et persistants, sont les plus largement utilisés dans la fabrication des textiles. Lorsqu'ils sont déversés dans les plans d'eau, ces colorants peuvent poser une menace significative pour les écosystèmes aquatiques, pouvant également avoir des répercussions sur la santé humaine. Pour remédier à cette problématique, plusieurs méthodes physico-chimiques conventionnelles ont été mises en œuvre. Ces méthodes ne sont pas largement adoptées principalement en raison de leur coût élevé, de la pollution secondaire qu’ils génèrent et de leur forte consommation d'énergie. D'autres traitements biologiques anaérobies ont été également explorées. Ces méthodes prennent de longues périodes de décomposition avec une dégradation souvent incomplète. De plus, si les cellules des microorganismes sont exposées à une solution très concentrée en sel, le phénomène d’osmose peut entraîner une perte d'eau intracellulaire significative, conduisant à la déshydratation et éventuellement à la mort cellulaire.L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de coupler deux méthodes biologique et électrochimique au sein d'une seule unité appelée système bioélectrochimique (SBE) en vue de traiter des eaux usées textiles salines chargées en colorants azoïques récalcitrants, tout en générant de l'énergie sous forme d'électricité. Ce SBE se distingue par l'utilisation de bactéries électroactives halothermophiles provenant des environnements extrêmes tunisiens, lesquelles forment des bioanodes capables de tolérer le stress salin. Les paramètres impactant les performances du SBE ont été optimisés, notamment la source d'inoculum, la présence d’un co-substrat et sa concentration, le matériau de l'électrode ainsi que sa surface et le potentiel appliqué à l'électrode de travail. Ces optimisations ont été réalisées initialement à partir d’eaux usées synthétiques avant d'être validées avec des eaux usées industrielles réelles. Les bioanodes obtenues ont fait l'objet d'une analyse comparative à l'aide d'outils électrochimiques, microscopiques, analytiques et moléculaires. En complément, les milieux réactionnels ont également été examinés à l'aide d'outils analytiques et moléculaires.Avec des eaux usées synthétiques, une densité de courant maximale de 5,2 A/m2, un taux de décoloration de 100 % et un taux d’élimination de la DCO de 96 % ont été obtenus. Par ailleurs, avec les eaux usées réelles, la même densité de courant maximal 5,2 A/m2 a été observée simultanément avec un taux de décoloration de 93 % et un taux d’abattement de la DCO de 70 %. Ainsi, pour la première fois, l’espèce bactérienne Orenia metallireducens a été identifiée dans les différentes matrices du SBE alimenté avec des eaux usées synthétiques. Cette découverte suggère des perspectives prometteuses pour la dégradation des colorants azoïquesThe textile industry generates large amounts of wastewater containing up to 80 g/L of NaCl and high concentrations of synthetic dyes. Azo dyes, which are toxic and persistent chemicals, are widely used in textile manufacturing. When discharged into water bodies, these dyes pose a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems and can also have implications for human health. To address this issue, several conventional physico-chemical methods have been implemented. However, these methods are not widely adopted primarily due to their high cost, the secondary pollution they generate, and their high energy consumption. Other anaerobic biological treatments have also been explored, but they often involve long decomposition periods with incomplete degradation. Additionally, exposure of microorganism cells to highly concentrated salt solutions can lead to significant water loss through osmosis, resulting in dehydration and potential cell death.The main objective of this thesis is to combine two methods, biological and electrochemical, within a single unit called a bioelectrochemical system (BES) to treat saline textile wastewater loaded with refractory azo dyes while generating energy in the form of electricity. This BES is distinguished by the use of halothermophilic electroactive bacteria from extreme Tunisian environments, which form bioanodes capable of tolerating saline stress. Parameters affecting the performance of the BES have been optimized, including the inoculum source, the presence of a co-substrate and its concentration, the electrode material and surface, and the applied potential to the working electrode. These optimizations were initially carried out using synthetic wastewater before being validated with real industrial wastewater. The obtained bioanodes were subject to comparative analysis using electrochemical, microscopic, analytical, and molecular tools. Additionally, reaction media were also examined using analytical and molecular tools.With synthetic wastewater, a maximum current density of 5.2 A/m2, a decolorization rate of 100 %, and a COD removal rate of 96 % were achieved. Moreover, with real wastewater, a maximum current density of 5.2 A/m2 was observed simultaneously with a decolorization rate of 93 % and a COD removal rate of 70 %. Thus, for the first time, the bacterial species Orenia metallireducens was identified in different matrices of the BES fueled with synthetic wastewater. This discovery suggests promising prospects for the degradation of azo dyes
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Zokufa, T. S. "Tolerance of selected riverine indigenous macroinvertebrates from the Sabie River (Mpumalanga), and Buffalo River (Eastern Cape) to complex saline kraft and textile effluents." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005475.
Abstract:
Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) testing has been identified as one of the tools in the management of complex effluents in aquatic ecosystems. In South Africa, toxicity testing has not been required for regulatory purposes. Recently, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry has adopted WET testing as a tool to evaluate the suitability of hazardous effluent for discharge into receiving environments. This has necessitated suitable procedures to be established for use in the South African situation. With the implementation of the new National Water Act (No 36 of 1998), industries have to comply with set standards to protect the aquatic environment. However, the South African Water Quality Guidelines for Aquatic Ecosystems have been set using international toxicity data, and it is not known if they are comparable with South African conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the tolerances of selected indigenous riverine invertebrates to complex saline effluents. The study investigated the effects of kraft mill effluent to Tricorythus tinctus, a tricorythid mayfly from the Sabie River, Mpumalanga, and the effects of a textile effluent to baetid mayflies of the Buffalo River, Eastern Cape. Indigenous riverine invertebrates were chosen as test organisms, as there is no toxicity data in South Africa which could be used to evaluate the level of protection afforded by the South African Water Quality Guidelines for Aquatic Ecosystems. The use of indigenous riverine invertebrates added the challenge of variability of a wild population, and the use of a complex effluent as toxicant added the variability of effluent composition. In this study, WET testing was used to determine the dilution of whole effluents required for discharge. Hazard-based guidelines were developed for the disposal of kraft and textile effluents. The level of environmental hazard posed by different effluent concentrations was ranked, and was related to the River Health Class. This indicated effluent concentrations that may be allowed to enter the aquatic environment, e.g. 3% effluent concentration guideline for both general kraft effluent and general textile effluent for the protection of a Class A river. This approach could contribute to the use of an Environmental Risk Assessment, approach for the management of complex effluents. A number of acute 96 hour toxicity tests were conducted following an unreplicated regression design, using kraft and textile effluents as toxicants, mayfly nymphs as test organisms, and river water as diluent and control. Test organisms were sampled from unimpacted, flowing-water riffle areas, and were exposed in recirculating artificial streams (or channels) to a range of effluent concentrations. Mortality was selected as end-point and observed twice daily. The experimental results showed the variability and acute toxicity of both kraft and textile mill effluents. Baetids were more sensitive (mean LC50=16% effluent concentration) to General Textile Effluent (GTE), but less sensitive to Post Irrigation Textile Effluent (PITE). Textile effluent (PITE) held in a holding dam were therefore less variable and less toxic; suggesting that stabilization of the effluent could have contributed to reduced toxicity. Effluent composition, e.g. higher calcium levels, may also have contributed to lowering toxicity. T. tinctus was sensitive to kraft effluents, but showed less variable responses to Irrigation Kraft Effluent than General Kraft Effluent. Toxicity test data indicated that GKE, IKE and GTE should not enter the aquatic environment without treatment, as they can cause adverse effects to aquatic biota. Both kraft and textile effluents must therefore be treated before discharge. Different responses to different effluent batches were probably due to effluent variability. The use of indigenous organisms, and not a standard laboratory organism, could also have contributed to variability. A hazard-based approach could be useful, as it will provide a consistent basis for deciding on the acceptability of impacts, while allowing natural site-specific differences to be taken into account.
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Brown, Jonathan Jed 1964. "Halophytes for the treatment of saline aquaculture effluent." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282715.
Abstract:
The discharge of untreated aquaculture effluent can pollute receiving water bodies. I tested the feasibility of using salt-tolerant plants (halophytes) with potential as forage and oilseed crops, as biofilters to treat saline aquaculture effluent. Plants were grown in draining lysimeters in greenhouses and irrigated with effluent salinized with NaCl. Irrigation water came from a recirculating tilapia culture system. I measured yield potential, water use and capacity for nitrogen and phosphorus uptake. In Experiment 1, Suaeda esteroa, Salicornia bigelovii and Atriplex barclayana (Chenopodiaceae) were grown in sand in 0.02 m³ lysimeters. Plants were irrigated with effluent of 0.5 ppt, 10 ppt and 35 ppt salinity, to meet evapotranspiration demand and to allow 30% of the applied water to leach past the plant root zone. Despite the high leaching fraction and short residence time of water in the pots, the plant-soil system removed 98% and 94% of the applied total and inorganic nitrogen, respectively, and 99% and 97% of the applied total and soluble reactive phosphorus respectively. For all species, salt inhibited (P ≤ 0.05) the growth rate, nutrient removal, and volume of water the plants could process. The salt marsh species S. esteroa and S. bigelovii performed better than the desert saltbush, A. barclayana, at 35 ppt. In Experiment 2, Suaeda esteroa, was grown in lysimeters containing approximately 0.8 m³ sandy loam soil and irrigated three times per week with 31 ppt NaCl effluent. I used five irrigation treatments, ranging in volume from 50 to 250% of the potential evaporation rate. Plant biomass and water consumption increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing irrigation volume. Nitrate concentrations in water draining from the lysimeters decreased during the experiment, and were significantly lower in the high-volume treatments than in the low-volume treatments. Phosphorus concentrations in the leachate water increased during the experiment as a function of increasing irrigation volume. Irrigating halophyte crops with aquaculture wastewater of seawater-salinity may be a viable strategy for disposal of effluent.
6
Rose, P. D. (Peter Dale). "Algal biotechnology and the beneficiation of saline effluent wastes." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015967.
Abstract:
Saline deterioration in the South African public water system has been documented and disposal of brine wastes has been identified as part of the problem. The broad aim of this research programme was to undertake an initial technical study to evaluate the feasibility of integrating algal biotechnology into a disposal function for these wastes. A demonstration of utility in the form of products and waste treatment could produce a beneficiation of saline effluents and provide incentives necessary to deal with the disposal issue. The study attempted to demonstrate a synthesis between the two main thrusts in algal biotechnology that have produced large-scale practical applications - stable, predictable algal production in saline media and the cost effective High Rate Oxidation Ponding (HROP) process for incorporating algal production into a waste treatment function. Tannery organic saline effluents and the biotechnology of Dunaliella salina culture producing β- carotene were chosen as paradigms for the study. 1. The alga was shown to grow in certain tannery effluents producing enhanced biomass yields compared to defined inorganic medium cultivation. The potential for amino acid or protein supplementation of defmed culture media was noted. 2. A reduction in organic load simultaneous with the growth of D.salina was recorded in laboratory-scale simulations of the HROP process. Rates similar to the fresh water HROP equivalent were demonstrated. 3. These results suggested the uptake and storage of organic nitrogen by D.salina. The consequent inhibition of β-carotene accumulation by the organism presented a potentially insurmountable obstacle to the feasibility of β-carotene production in this medium. Uptake and release of organic compounds, previously demonstrated in phytoplankton and other micro-algae, was confirmed in this study for D.salina. The evidence acquired indicated the internalization of both glycine and bovine serum albumin. An ultrastructural study demonstrated mechanisms by which this process might occur. 4. The release of substantial quantities of glycerol was shown. A mechanism whereby D. salina may use this to regulate ammonia availability via control of its associated bacterial population was observed. Glycerol release was identified as presenting an application in treating refractory organic wastes, such as secondary sewage sludges, by elevating C:N ratios. This could demonstrate a significant utility for brine waste impoundments. 5. A multistage production process was proposed to deal with the problem of β-carotene inhibition by separation of the growth and metabolite accumulation functions into separate unit operations. It was shown in this study that the stress of nitrogen deficiency combined with high salinity provides for effectiveβ-carotene accumulation under the conditions of low illumination that pertain in dense cultures. Subjected to these conditions effluent-grown cells show delayed but unimpaired {j-carotene accumulation. 6. A role for the plant hormone abscisic acid in mediating the stress response was demonstrated in D.salina. Fluorescence induction studies suggested the presence of a signalling process forming part of a sensitivity control mechanism. Stress induction of β-carotene accumulation could occur through four clearly defined stages. Potential was identified for using this response as a physiological probe for monitoring and regulating the stress induction process. 7. The multistage processing concept requires effective algal cell separation technology. The use of cross-flow ultrafiltration and diafiltration with a polyethersulfone tubular membrane system was demonstrated as an effective process for the recovery and washing of D. salina. Cell concentrates were produced in a viable form. 8. Process designs incorporating the findings of the research programme are presented demonstrating how effluent and organic waste treatment functions may be combined with the production of D.salina and its products. Application of the multi-stage processing concept to β-carotene production in a defined medium process was identified as offering a potential four-fold yield enhancement. This could have a significant impact on a high cost, marginal algal biotechnology process. Aspects of novelty have been claimed in provisional patents applications. A provisional demonstration of the feasibility of D.salina production in tannery effluent indicates that algal biotechnology may provide a utility for, and hence the beneficiation of saline effluent wastes.
7
Liamini, Djazia. "Élimination du méthanol dans des effluents salins par biofiltration aérobie." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6871.
Abstract:
La recherche sur le traitement des eaux usées industrielles prend de plus en plus d’importance à cause de la complexité des effluents que les industries rejettent. Parmi ces effluents, 5% (v/v) ont une salinité variant entre 3 et 350 g/L en chlorure de sodium (NaCl), la salinité étant la quantité de sels minéraux dissous dans l'eau. Les réglementations environnementales sont de plus en plus strictes de sorte que les procédés de traitement utilisés pourraient devenir inappropriés. Les effluents salins en particulier sont souvent incapables de satisfaire les réglementations de rejet des eaux usées, à cause de leur difficulté de traitement dûe au mélange complexe de matière organique et de sel. Le bon fonctionnement des procédés biologiques conventionnels est souvent négativement affecté par la présence de ce dernier. C’est donc vers les procédés physico-chimiques que les industries se sont tournées pour traiter les effluents salins. Mais ceux-ci étant très coûteux en termes d’opération et de maintenance, la recherche s’est concentrée sur la faisabilité du traitement d’effluents salins par procédés biologiques, plus économiques. Les nouvelles recherches sur des bactéries résistantes au sel (halophiles et halotolérantes) appliquées aux traitements biologiques, bien que peu nombreuses encore, sur la sélection bactérienne et la bioaugmentation ouvrent de nouvelles possibilités quant au traitement biologique de la matière organique présente dans les effluents salins. Cette étude a donc pour objectif principal de valider la biofiltration aérobie pour le traitement du méthanol à l’état liquide en milieu salin. Pour cela, on a réalisé le suivi de divers paramètres opératoires (concentration du méthanol à l’entrée du réacteur, charge organique, teneurs en sel). Le développement de cette technologie serait une innovation dans le traitement des effluents industriels, puisque l’application de la biofiltration au traitement de ce type d’effluent n’a jamais été étudiée. La biofiltration présente des avantages économiques comparativement aux technologies utilisées jusqu’à présent. Cette étude a permis d’obtenir une efficacité d’élimination du méthanol satisfaisante (de l’ordre de 54%) pour un effluent contenant des concentrations élevées en sel (30 g/L) sous forme de NaCl, et en méthanol 5 (g/L) pour un débit d’alimentation liquide de 5 L/j.
8
Boedec, Arthur. "Traitement d'effluents polysiloxaniques dans des matrices aqueuses salines : potentiel de la nanofiltration et de l'oxydation biologique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30040/document.
Abstract:
La production industrielle des silicones génère des effluents aqueux contenant des siloxanes et polysiloxanes, chargés en sels à divers stades de la filière. Dans une perspective de développement durable et pour tenir compte des préoccupations grandissantes autour de l'impact environnemental des rejets industriels, des procédés d'épuration sont recherchés. L'objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer les performances de deux procédés, nanofiltration et oxydation biologique, pour le traitement des effluents aqueux polysiloxaniques. Des expériences de nanofiltration frontale ont été réalisées. Les essais préliminaires avec des solutions synthétiques, mélange d'eau et des siloxanes, ont montré une rétention quasi-totale des siloxanes dans tous les cas testés. Des expériences ont ensuite été menées avec des effluents représentatifs des effluents usines de différentes compositions pour évaluer la robustesse du procédé. Nous avons montré que la nanofiltration réduit efficacement la charge organique globale de l'effluent et réduit significativement la concentration en siloxane. La dilution provoque une diminution de l'abattement du COT et de la rétention des siloxanes mais la qualité du perméat est améliorée. L'augmentation de la salinité réduit la qualité du filtrat. Des essais de micro et ultrafiltration des mêmes effluents ont montré que seule la NF permet d'atteindre un niveau de rétention important des siloxanes. Des essais de nanofiltration tangentielle ont ensuite été réalisés afin de préparer une étude plus complète nécessaire en vue d'une éventuelle l'industrialisation du procédé. La biodégradabilité des siloxanes a été explorée par la méthode Oxitop. Aucune activité biologique provoquée par les siloxanes n'a été enregistrée lors de tests Oxitop réalisés avec des boues activées de stations d'épuration, mais aucun effets toxique ou inhibiteur n'ont été observés non plus. Un bioréacteur à membrane pilote a été alimenté pendant 5 mois au laboratoire avec une solution contenant des siloxanes pour tenter d'acclimater les boues activées aux siloxanes. Les tests Oxitop effectués avec des boues issues du pilote n'ont pas mis en évidence d'acclimatation des micro-organismes aux siloxanesIndustrial production of silicones generates liquid streams containing siloxanes with high salinity. In a perspective of sustainable development and to consider the growing concern about the environmental impact of industrial residues, we are looking for treatment processes to remove siloxanes in wastewater. This study aims to evaluate the performance of two processes for the treatment of effluents containing siloxanes: nanofiltration and biological oxidation, Frontal nanofiltration experiments were carried out. Firstly, experiments with synthetic solutions (mix of water and siloxanes) have shown almost total siloxane retention in all conditions investigated. Then, experiments were performed with effluents of different compositions representative of industrial ones in order to evaluate the process robustness. It was concluded that nanofiltration is efficient to reduce the total organic content of the effluent and significantly reduces siloxanes concentration. Dilution of the effluent causes a decrease in TOC reduction and siloxanes retention, but the permeate quality is improved. Increasing salinity reduces the filtrate quality. Micro and ultrafiltration of identical effluents confirmed that only NF can reach a high level of siloxane retention. Tangential nanofiltration experiences were performed in order to prepare a more complete study which is necessary to anticipate industrialization of the process. Siloxanes biodegradability was explored by Oxitop method. No biological activity induced by siloxanes was recorded in Oxitop tests with activated sludge from wastewater treatment plant, but no toxic or inhibitory effects were observed. A pilot membrane bioreactor was fed in the laboratory for 6 months with a solution containing siloxanes to try to acclimate activated sludge to siloxane. Oxitop tests performed with sludge taken from the pilot did not show acclimation of microorganisms to siloxanes
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Shannon, Naomi Ruth. "Development and validation of a two-dimensional CFD model of the saline intrusion in a long sea outfall." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343162.
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Laubscher, Richard Keith. "The culture of Dunaliella salina and the production of β-carotene in tannery effluents." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004116.
Abstract:
The problems of waste disposal in the tanning industry are unique in that the effluents are highly saline, have a high organic loading and contain heavy metals. Methods are available for the safe treatment and disposal of the latter two components, but the saline component requires the expensive outlay of evaporation ponds. This study has identified a possible use for the saline effluents, turning a problematic waste product into a potentially valuable by-product. A range of tannery effluents were identified and tested for their suitability for the mass cultivation of Dunaliella salina (bardawil strain). The bardawil strain was preferred over a local isolate because of its higher production of β-carotene. Ponded tannery effluents and combined processes effluent proved unsuitable for realistic propagation of the alga. Anaerobic digestion of combined processes effluent did not improve its suitability significantly. Anaerobic digestion of hide-soak effluent may remove persistent antimicrobial agents which influence algal growth, but its contribution to enhancing algal growth is equivocal. Undigested hide-soak effluent lacking in persistent antimicrobial agents was found to be an ideal culture medium, as no additional nutrients needed to be added. Significantly higher biomass was obtained in this effluent compared to chemically defined media. Induction of β-carotene was achieved in nitrogen-deficient defined media after culture in tannery effluent. This suggests that a two-stage system using hide-soak effluent for cell propagation and nitrogen deficient media for β-carotene induction, could be possible for the mass cultivation of D. salina for β-carotene production.
Books on the topic "Saline effluents":
1
Yobbi, D. K. Simulation of subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent injected in a saline aquifer, St. Petersburg, Florida. Tallahassee, Fla: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.
2
Yobbi, D. K. Simulation of subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent injected in a saline aquifer, St. Petersburg, Florida. Tallahassee, Fla: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.
3
Yobbi, D. K. Simulation of subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent injected in a saline aquifer, St. Petersburg, Florida. Tallahassee, Fla: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.
4
Humphreys, John, and Sally Little, eds. Challenges in Estuarine and Coastal Science. Pelagic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53061/bdix4458.
Abstract:
Estuarine and coastal waters are acknowledged centres for anthropogenic impacts. Superimposed on the complex natural interactions between land, rivers and sea are the myriad consequences of human activity – a spectrum ranging from locally polluting effluents to some of the severest consequences of global climate change. For practitioners, academics and students in the field of coastal science and policy, this book examines and exemplifies current and future challenges: from upper estuaries to open coasts and adjacent seas; from tropical to temperate latitudes; from Europe to Australia. This authoritative volume marks the 50th anniversary of the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association, and contains a prologue by founding member Professor Richard Barnes and a short history of the Association. Individual chapters then address coastal erosion and deposition; open shores to estuaries and deltas; marine plastics; coastal squeeze and habitat loss; tidal freshwaters – saline incursion and estuarine squeeze; restoration management using remote data collection; carbon storage; species distribution and non-natives; shorebirds; Modelling environmental change; physical processes such as sediments and modelling; sea level rise and estuarine tidal dynamics; estuaries as fish nurseries; policy versus reality in coastal conservation; developments in Estuarine, coastal and marine management.
Book chapters on the topic "Saline effluents":
1
Gururaja Rao, G., Sanjay Arora, and Anil R. Chinchmalatpure. "Use of Saline Water/Industrial Effluents in Diverse Crop Interventions in Vertisols." In Innovative Saline Agriculture, 277–302. New Delhi: Springer India, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2770-0_13.
2
Igwegbe, Chinenye Adaobi, Joshua O. Ighalo, Okechukwu Dominic Onukwuli, and Shahin Ahmadi. "Bio-coagulation-Flocculation of Land-Based Saline Aquaculture Effluent Using Parkia biglobosa Seeds." In Removal of Pollutants from Saline Water, 315–34. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003185437-20.
3
Aldabagh, A. S., and S. I. Alkadhi. "Effect of Saline Water on the Effluent from Gypsiferous Soils." In Hydraulic Design in Water Resources Engineering: Land Drainage, 507–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-22014-6_48.
4
"Case study: Treatment of fish-canning effluents." In Treatment and Valorisation of Saline Wastewater: Principles and Practice, 123–49. IWA Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789060645_0123.
5
"Calculations case study: Treatment of fish-canning effluents." In Treatment and Valorisation of Saline Wastewater: Principles and Practice, 173–77. IWA Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789060645_0173.
6
Suárez Álvarez, Gerardo, and Teresita de Jesús Romero López. "Mixotrophyc Culture of Dunaliella salina in Cuban Fishing Wastewaters." In Progress in Microalgae Research - A Path for Shaping Sustainable Futures. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104803.
Abstract:
This report presented all the referring information about the organic culture of microalgae Dunaliella salina, Teodorescu, 1905, produced in organic effluents of Cuban Fishing Industry, and in a synthetic organic medium (MIP-1) and in control (Johnson medium). Here were studied the possibilities possessed by its algae as high-added value, in food industry and pharmaceutical products. A comparative study is offered on 69 bullfights (57 at laboratory scale and 8 in pilot plant), with different combinations and offered an economic valuation on the production of the algal bulk in form of paste in a pilot plant and to industrial scale as well as some possibilities for its use. This report suggest that the culture medium MIP-1 resulted advantageous, which is capable of achieving algae concentrations about 500,000 to 870,000 cell/mL during 15 days of be inoculated, represented a yield between 1,7 and 2,2 g/L on the dry weight base. According to the result data from the culture of this microalgae, to produce 1 kg of wet bulk was calculated a cost that fluctuates between $6.40 and 6.50, where the culture means in the case of the MIP-1 alone represents $0.09/m3 of culture medium.
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Bazargan Harandi, Hesam, and Anahita Asadi. "Transport Mechanisms in Membranes Used for Desalination Applications." In Transport Perspectives for Porous Medium Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1002959.
Abstract:
Membranes have been widely utilized for different applications in various fields such as desalination and separation processes. The membrane-based desalination technologies, accounting for over 65% of desalination plants, share the common objective of extracting freshwater from various feed sources including seawater, high total dissolved solids brine extracted from deep saline aquifers, brackish water, and industrial effluent. However, the transport mechanisms within the membranes of these aforementioned techniques are significantly different in nature. These differences arise from the distinct specifications of membranes used in each technique, as well as the driving forces applied in their respective processes. Therefore, this chapter focuses on analyzing the transport mechanisms involved in the membranes of three common membrane-based desalination processes: reverse osmosis (RO), membrane distillation (MD), and electrodialysis (ED). In addition to the transport mechanisms occurring within the membranes, this chapter examines the driving forces, the required specifications of the membranes, and the performance parameters and energy consumption associated with the processes mentioned above.
Conference papers on the topic "Saline effluents":
1
Yusuf, Muhammad, and Djarot Sulistio Wisnubroto. "The effect of saline water intrusion to cesium effluent processing." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND APPLICATIONS – ICONSTA 2022. AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0192876.
2
Rajamani, Sengoda Gounder, and Arnold Mulder. "Ecological Friendly Production Process and Waste Treatment for Circular Economy in Leather Tanning Industries." In The 9th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2022.iv.11.
Abstract:
Ecological friendly processes with recovery of salt, chemicals and water for reuse in the tanning process as well as from liquid and solid waste are necessary for the promotion of circular economy.Recent developments in cleaner production and treatment process by reducing volume of effluent and pollution discharges, recovery of quality salt in the segregated streams such as saline soak liquor, spent chrome liquor and adoption of advanced aerobic oxidation process in the treatment system resulted in the recovery of purified salt, quality chromium and water for reuse. The achievements of innovative cleaner production and effluent treatment for promotion of circular economy are: Reduction in water usage in soaking process from 6000-8000 liters to less than 3000 liters/ ton of hides, Separate treatment of saline streams and recovery of quality salt, chromium in the form of cake / powder and Replacement of physiochemical treatment into biological treatment reduction in chemical usage and sludge generation by more than 60%. Viable cleaner production and sustainable treatment technologies had been engineered and are being implemented in many major leather clusters and Common Effluent Treatment Plants.
3
Yu, Yan, Zhimei Liu, Ying Miao, Ye Yuan, Chunmeng Liu, and Zhaohua Lu. "Biological Properties and Enzymatic Activities of Saline Soil Irrigated with Treated Papermaking Effluent." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5516595.
4
Zhai, L. M., J. Yin, and J. C. Huang. "Notice of Retraction: E. coli response on chlorine dose in saline CEPT effluent." In 2010 2nd Conference on Environmental Science and Information Application Technology (ESIAT 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esiat.2010.5568318.
5
Rajamani, Sengoda Gounder. "Innovative ecological processes with recovery of chemicals and water for reuse in leather sector - an economical and sustainable approach." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.iii.15.
Abstract:
The effluent discharged from conventional process in textile dyeing and tanneries are unable to meet some of the discharge parameters such as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in the existing physiochemical & biological treatment units. In addition to TDS management the control of volatile solids in hazardous category sludge is also becoming a necessity. To overcome these challenges faced by tanneries in the world leather, improved cleaner production, segregation of saline soak liquor and separate treatment, modified chrome recovery system and recovery of chromium & sodium chloride salt in the form of powder and quality water with TDS less than 500mg/l for reuse by tanneries have been developed for field application. Physiochemical treatment is converted into total biological treatment with sulphide oxidation using enzyme and biomass which resulted in 50% reduction in sludge generation. The secondary treated effluent and supernatant from chrome recovery system are processed with membrane units for recovery of high saline stream and quality salt for reuse in pickling process and other industrial requirement. These developments are being implemented at field level for cluster of nearly 400 tanneries in India which is first of its kind in the world.
6
Almeida, Ekmagage Don N., Leela Rakesh, Stanley Hirschi, and Anja Mueller. "Solution Rheology of Saline and Polysaccharide Systems." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15906.
Abstract:
The problem of the characterization of the solution properties of water soluble polymers is long-standing. These polymers tend to form aggregated supramolecular gels that are resistant to molecular dispersion. These materials are being widely used in a variety of industrial applications. Their principle functions are as rheological modifiers, where they thicken or gel solutions in products such as hair-care, detergents, air fresheners and foods; as flocculants for particle separation as applied to water clarification, sewage, and effluent treatment, and as stabilizers to control the properties of concentrated suspension and emulsions, for example in paints, pesticides, dyes, and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore it is important to understand their rheological properties under various operating conditions such as stress, strain, temperature etc, which will induce gelation. The rheological properties of starch gels of high concentration (up to 86% starch) have been investigated before [1]. In this paper we have investigated experimentally the shear viscosity and viscoelasticity properties of saline and polysaccharide suspensions at various low concentrations and pH at different temperatures using controlled stress and strain rheometers (Vilastic-3 and AR 2000). The data were then fitted with the power law and Cross model for low and higher concentrations respectively. The present results show that the viscosity/elasticity does not significantly change for low concentrations at different pH values. The maximum viscosity/elasticity was obtained around pH 5-7.4 at higher concentrations.
7
Kou, Zuhao. "Impacts of Carbonated Brine-Rock Reactions on Multiphase Flow Properties in Upper Minnelusa Sandstone: Implication for CO2 Storage." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212389-stu.
Abstract:
Abstract The impact of carbonated brine-rock geochemical reactions on porosity, permeability, and multiphase flow responses is relevant to the determination of CO2 storage capacity of deep saline aquifers. In this research, carbonated brine flooding experiments were performed on core samples consisting of poorly sorted, quartz-rich sand with laminated bedding from a target CO2 storage formation in Wyoming. Complementary pre- and post-injection lab measurements were performed. Results showed that both core porosity and permeability increased after a seven-day carbonated brine injection, from 6.2% to 8.4% and 1.6mD to 3.7mD, respectively. These changes were attributed to carbonate mineral dissolution, which was evidenced by the effluent brine geochemistry, pore-throat size distribution and surface area. To be more specific, within the more permeable section of core samples, containing larger pore size, the permeability increment is apparent due to dolomite mineral grains and cements dissolution. However, for the lower permeability section, corresponding to the smaller pore size, mineral precipitation possibly lessened dissolution effects, leading to insignificant petrophysical properties changes. Consequently, the observed heterogeneous carbonated brine-rock interactions resulted in changes of CO2/brine relative permeability. This research provides a fundamental understanding regarding impacts of fluid-rock reactions on changes in multiphase flow properties of eolian sandstones, which lays the foundation for more accurate prediction/simulation of CO2 injection into deep saline aquifers.
8
Mobley, Paul D., Rebecca Z. Pass, and Chris F. Edwards. "Exergy Analysis of Coal Energy Conversion With Carbon Sequestration Via Combustion in Supercritical Saline Aquifer Water." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54458.
Abstract:
Decarbonization of electricity production is a vital component in meeting stringent emissions targets aimed at curbing the effects of global climate change. Most projected pathways toward meeting those targets include a large contribution from carbon capture and storage. Many capture technologies impose a large energy penalty to separate and compress carbon dioxide (CO2). Also, injected neat CO2 in a deep saline aquifer is buoyant compared to the aquifer brine and requires an impermeable seal to prevent it from escaping the aquifer. An alternative technology was recently proposed by Heberle and Edwards [1] that burns coal in supercritical water pumped from a saline aquifer. The entire effluent stream is sequestered, capturing all carbon and non-mineral coal combustion products in the process. This stream is denser than the aquifer brine and therefore offers a higher level of storage security, and can utilize aquifers without suitable structural trapping. This technology also increases energy security in the U.S., allowing for the use of its coal resources while avoiding atmospheric pollution. In this paper, a complete architecture employing supercritical water oxidation is proposed, including a liquid-oxygen-pumped air separation unit and regenerator system that heats and desalinates the incoming brine. A thermodynamic model calculates the overall thermal efficiency of the plant, including all separation and storage energy penalties. In addition, an exergy analysis gives insights into the least efficient parts of the proposed system. The details and assumptions of the model are discussed. Insights from the model and these analyses elucidate how the proposed system may be operated as a zero-emission electricity source and the technical challenges that must be addressed for deployment.
9
Dalal, Mitul, Jorge Penso, Jordan Barrass, and Oluwaseun Idowu. "New Learnings and Trends on Duplex Stainless Steel 2205 Reactor Effluent Air Coolers." In ASME 2023 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2023-107488.
Abstract:
Abstract The reactor effluent air cooler system includes the equipment and piping subject to ammonium salting, NH4HS corrosion, and associated fouling. The system typically includes air coolers. Duplex stainless steel (DSS) is one material choice to fabricate the reactor effluent air cooler (REAC) of hydrotreater units. Unfortunately, several failures from around the world have been reported in REAC units constructed of DSS, some within five years of service and others just during initial startup. Based on failure analysis reports, the failures were generally associated with welded joints. Given the condition of hydrogen-rich environment, high-pressure process fluid, and service temperature, this type of cracking is most likely a form of hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC) i.e., in-service sulfide stress cracking (SSC) at weldments or hydrogen environment assisted cracking (HEAC) occurring during tightness testing in high-pressure hydrogen. The failures are highly influenced by phase balance (ferrite/austenite) after welding, with high levels of ferrite in the weld metal or HAZ increasing the susceptibility to cracking. In this paper, a summary of considerations to weight in the design, material selection, operations and inspection approach are proposed. Focus is on material selection, inspection access, hydrogen embrittlement, full penetration welds and operation scenarios. The paper also refers to recently published technical report API 932-C. This technical report covers results of a survey of the petroleum refining industry concerning the use of duplex stainless steel (DSS) in Hydroprocessing reactor effluent air cooler (REAC) systems.
10
Mengjing Xia, Zhaohua Lu, Wendong Tao, Zhimei Liu, Ying Miao, and Dingyu Pei. "Effects of paper mill effluent, sludge and wheat straw residue on remediation of heavily degraded coastal saline wetlands in Yellow River Delta, China." In 2011 5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2011.5781544.
Reports on the topic "Saline effluents":
1
Simulation of subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent injected in a saline aquifer, St. Petersburg, Florida. US Geological Survey, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri954271.