Relevant bibliographies by topics / Saline condition

Academic literature on the topic 'Saline condition'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Saline condition"

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Abedini, M., and B. Daie Hassani. "Salicylic acid affects wheat cultivars antioxidant system under saline and non-saline condition." Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 62, no. 5 (August 14, 2015): 604–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1021443715050027.

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Abedini, M., and B. Daie-Hassani. "Salicylic Acid Affects Wheat Cultivars Antioxidant System under Saline and Non-Saline Condition." Физиология растений 62, no. 5 (2015): 647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/s0015330315050024.

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Ray, Shuma Rani, Muhammad Javidul Haque Bhuiyan, Mohammad Anowar Hossain, Ahmed Khairul Hasan, and Shayla Sharmin. "Chitosan ameliorates growth and biochemical attributes in mungbean varieties under saline condition." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 3, no. 1 (May 26, 2016): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v3i1.27857.

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The pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of chitosan on the morphological, biochemical parameters of four Mungbean varieties (BARI Mung3, BARI Mung6, BINA Mung5 and BINA Mung8) under salinity condition. Each pot having eight kilograms of soil was prepared to grow three plants of each variety. The experiment comprised with four different conditions in triplicates viz. control, saline (40 mM NaCl, 25 days after sowing- DAS), saline plus chitosan (25 ppm chitosan, 30DAS on saline condition) and chitosan (25 ppm chitosan on control condition). Seed collections followed by data analysis were done. Proline content was measured accordingly. Salinity caused reduction in all growth and yield contributing attributes compared to control groups of all four varieties. Proline accumulation was enhanced due to saline condition, and this accumulation was not enhanced by application of chitosan. However, application of chitosan played as an outstanding stimulating role in all morphological parameters like number of flowers plant-1, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1 and thousand seeds weight under salinity stress.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.3(1): 45-51, April 2016
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Singh, V. P., and Y. K. Sharma. "Phosphorus and Zinc Requirement of Rice under Saline Condition." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 5, no. 3 (2014): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-4038.2014.00586.7.

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., G. G. Das, M. A. Quddus ., and M. E. Kabir . "Heterosis in Intervarietal Brassica Hybrids Grown under Saline Condition." Journal of Biological Sciences 4, no. 5 (August 15, 2004): 664–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2004.664.667.

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Moayedi, Asma, Bahman Yargholi, Ebrahim Pazira, and Hossein Babazadeh. "Investigated of Desalination of Saline Waters by Using Dunaliella Salina Algae and Its Effect on Water Ions." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 2450–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091423.

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Nowadays, due to augmentation of population and expansion of cities and the limitation of fresh water sources in the world, existing water resources cannot meet the human needs. Desalination or reduction of salinity of water through biological methods involves the use of plant species, microorganisms, algae or a combination of them, which can be effective in reducing water salinity. The objective of this study was to investigate the desalination of saline waters by using Dunaliella salina algae. For this purpose, the experiments were carried out as factorial based on completely randomized design. The expected tests were conducted in a laboratory controlled condition for humidity, light and temperature (90 days). During this research, the Electrical Conductivity (EC) was measured daily. The results showed that salt absorption in Dunaliella salina algae was significantly different. High salt absorption was observed in Dunaliella salina at a concentration of 130mS.cm-1. Due to the constant humidity, light and temperature, salt removal from saline water was observed in laboratory conditions. The results of this study indicate that significant reduction of chlorine, sodium and bicarbonate levels were observed using Dunaliella salina algae. According to the results of this study, it seems that reducing salt absorption in algae is due to the use of salt in the metabolism and the growth and proliferation of algae. The absorption process in this study showed that the catch of Dunaliella salina has a good ability to remove salt and can be used as an appropriate suggestion for salt removal from saline water.
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Pugazhendi, Arulazhagan, Ghada Ghazi Alreeshi, Mamdoh T. Jamal, Tamilarasan Karuppiah, and Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar. "Bioenergy production and treatment of aquaculture wastewater using saline anode microbial fuel cell under saline condition." Environmental Technology & Innovation 21 (February 2021): 101331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101331.

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Gandahi, N., A. W. Baloch, S. M. Sarki, M. M. Lund, and M. N. Kandhro. "CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND YIELD TRAITS UNDER SALINITY STRESS CONDITION IN WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) GENOTYPES." Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences 36, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47432/2020.36.2.6.

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Salinity is one of the key factors reducing the plant growth and productivity of major crops including wheat. However, identifying the multiple genetic parameters associated with salt tolerance during different growth stages is critical for the evaluation and enhancement of wheat genotypes. In this context, a field experiment in non-saline and saline soil was carried out for correlation analysis of 17 morphological, physiological and yield traits in 22 genotypes of wheat. The experiment was carried out at experimental field of NIA, Tandojam during 2018-2019 in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and two treatments (non-saline soil and salinity level of 12 dS m-1). The obtained mean squares showed significant differences among the tested genotypes for all the studied characters, reflecting that there are abundant genetic variations present in these wheat genetic resources for further utilization in wheat improvement programs. The correlation analysis demonstrated that a variety of characters, including spike length (non-saline r = 0.59**; salinity r = 0.37*), spikelets spike-1 (non-saline r = 0.49**; salinity r = 0.46**), grains spike-1 (non-saline r = 0.49**; salinity r = 0.43**), biological yield plot-1 (non-saline r = 0.56**; salinity r = 0.70**), harvest index (non-saline r = 0.24*; salinity r = 0.26*), relative water content (non-saline r = 0.53**; salinity r = 0.50**), seed index (non-saline r = 0.29*; salinity r = 0.52**) and K+ (non-saline r = 0.28*; salinity r = 0.32**) showed positive and significant associations with grain yield plot-1 in non-saline and salinity stress conditions. The results suggest that these above-mentioned characters may be set as selection criteria in breeding study to improve wheat genotypes for high yielding under saline filed conditions.
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Giri, Bhoopander. "Mycorrhizal dependency and growth response of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. under saline condition." Plant Science Today 4, no. 4 (October 7, 2017): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2017.4.4.348.

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In pursuit of salinity-mycorrhiza interaction, a pot experiment was conducted to determine the dependence of Gliricidia sepium on arbuscular mycorrhizal association under salinity stress, which was imposed using different concentrations of sodium chloride solutions. The present study revealed that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus; Rhizophagus fasciculatus significantly increased growth and biomass of G. sepium plants under saline condition. G. sepium showed a high degree of dependence on mycorrhizal symbiosis under saline as compared to non-saline condition. Under non-saline condition (SS0), G. sepium plants exhibited 23.9% dependence on R. fasciculatus, which increased with increase in the levels of salinity. At SS3 level, G. sepium plants showed 46.6% mycorrhizal dependency followed by SS2 and SS1 levels of salinity. However, there was no significant difference between mycorrhizal dependency of G. sepium at SS1 and SS2 levels of salinity. Improved growth of G. sepium under salinity stress revealed R. fasciculatus a promising inoculant for the reclamation of degraded saline soils.
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Euler, Gallego Cartagena, Castillo RamÍrez Margarita, and MartÍnez Burgos Walter. "COLOMBIAN STRAIN OF DUNALIELLA SALINA AS A SOURCE OF METABOLITES OF HIGH COMMERCIAL VALUES." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 4 (February 14, 2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i4.15876.

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Objective: The objective was to evaluate the effect of stressful and non-stressful conditions on the growth and production of pigments in a strain of Dunaliella salina (D. salina) isolated from the artificial saline of Manaure municipality, department of La Guajira, Colombia in laboratory conditions.Methods: Two treatments were performed, one in non-stressful growing conditions with medium J/1 to 1 M NaCl, 190-µmol. m-2. s-1, 5.0 mmol KNO3, pH 8.2 and another in stressful conditions with medium J/1 to 4.0 M NaCl, 390 µmol. m-2. s-1, 0.50 mmol KNO3, each in triplicate. Population growth was assessed by cell count, and the pigment content was performed by spectrophotometric techniques.Results: It was found that the conditions of stressful influences in the growth and the production of carotenoids of D. salina in comparison with those cultures not stressed. There was a significant difference between the average values of total carotenoids in the experiment with stressful conditions with 9.67±0.19 µg/ml and the experiment with conditions not stressful with 1.54±0.08 µg/ml at the level of significance of p<0.05.Conclusion: It was demonstrated that the stressful condition in the culture is associated with an increase in the production of lipophilic antioxidants, among these carotenoids. The knowledge of the stressful conditions for the production of carotenoids from D. salina isolated from the saline of Manaure opens a field in the use of this biotic resource with biotechnological purposes, production of new antibiotics, nutraceuticals and/or production of biofuels.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Saline condition"

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Johnson, D. W., S. E. Smith, and A. K. Dobrenz. "Breeding Strategies for Alfalfa Grown Under Saline Conditions." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200809.

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Hofmann, W. C., and P. T. Else. "Selecting for Cotton Seedlings Under Cool and Saline Conditions." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204473.

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A breeding program aimed at increasing the ability of long and short staple cotton strains to emerge in saline soils under cool springtime soil conditions has now completed the second cycle of selection. Cycle II emergence results show evidence of progress.
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Iqbal, Rana Muhammad. "Growth and physiology of spring wheat under saline conditions." Thesis, Bangor University, 1992. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/growth-and-physiology-of-spring-wheat-under-saline-conditions(fadba57d-0627-4506-807a-e6c80792f57c).html.

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A series of experiments were carried out in solution culture in growt~ ~ooms and a glasshouse, to study the effects of sallnlty on leaf extension rate ion concentrations, sap osmotic pressure, net photosynthesis and related parameters, stom~tal frequency, specific leaf weight and a number of agronomlc parameters of spring wheat. Rate of net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and sub-stomatal carbon dioxide concentration per unit area of leaf were determined using an Infra-red Gas Analyser. Experiments 1 and 3 were conducted in growth rooms set at a temperature cycle of 24°Cj16°C day and night and photoperiod of 16 hours. The seedlings received light from a bank of 125W fluorescent 'warm white' lights which provided between 200-300 ~mol m- 2 s-l photosynthetically active radiation at initial plant level. Experiments 2, 4 and 5 were carried out in a glasshouse with no control of light and temperature. In Experiment 1 the salinity treatments tested were control (0 mol m- 3 NaCI), 'constant' and 'variable' salinity. In the constant salinity treatment plants were grown at 100 mol m- 3 NaCI all the time after initial salt stress. In the variable salinity treatment a 12 day cycle was repeated with daily increments of 10 mol m- 3 NaCI after initial salt stress of 50 mol m- 3 NaCI till it reached to 150 mol m- 3 NaCI. During the final two days of the cycle salinity was stepped down from 150 to 100 to 50 mol m- 3 NaCl. In Experiment 2 the salinity levels tested were 0, 50, 100 and 150 mol m- 3 NaCI. CaCI was added in this and later experiments at 20:1 (mol Na~:mol ca2+) ratio. The results of the both Experiments 1 and 2 suggested that salinity had no effect on leaf appearance stage but tiller production was decreased. Salinity decreased leaf extension rate and final leaf length but leaf extension duration was not affected. Although leaf extension rate was the main factor influencing final leaf length, there were no consistent quantitative relationships between these parameters in different leaves and at different salinity levels. Plants in variable salinity performed better than those in constant salinity but these treatments were not significantly different and gave similar results. The results of Experiment 2 showed that a gradient of Na+ and Cl- concentrations was found in different leaves. Higher Na+ and Cl- concentrations were found in lower leaves than in expanding leaves. Calculated Na+ and CI- contents (ion concentrations x dry weight) suggested that these ions were mainly located in roots, stem and tillers irrespective of salinity levels. The effect of salinity was to increase concentrations of leaf Na+, Cl- and sap osmotic pressure in the youngest fully expanded leaves whereas K+ concentration was inconsistently affected. When gas exchange measurements were made in situ on leaves, light intensity showed wide i variation due to movement of clouds. Variations in light intensity and absence of any equilibration prior to measurements made it difficult to detect any effects of salinity on gas exchange. Therefore to determine the effects of salinity on gas exchange in expanding and senescing leaves, in Experiments 3, 4 and 5, a strong light source capable of providing photon flux densities at or near light saturation for gas exchange was used. In Experiments 3 and 4 light response curves were produced using neutral density filters. Using an exponential model, maximum net photosynthesis photosynthetic efficiency, photon flux compensation point and dark respiration for salinities and leaf insertions were calculated. In Exper~~ent 3 the .s~linity levels tested were 0, 100 and 200 mol m NaCI. Sa11n1ty decreased green lamina area, maximum and net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, leaf productivity but increased dark respiration and photon flux compensation point. Photosynthetic efficiency and transpiration efficiency were inconsistently affected. In Experiment 3 at 200 mol m- 3 NaCI leaf 6 senesced rapidly. Therefore in Experiment 4 the salinity levels tested were 0, 75 and 150 mol m- 3 NaCI. In Experiment 4 the parameters studied were identical to those in Experiment 3 except that the measurements were performed on leaf 5 and the flag leaf. In Experiment 4 a similar trend for gas exchange parameters was noted at 0 and 150 mol m- 3 NaCl but at 75 mol m- 3 NaCI Pn was higher than in the control due to delayed senescence. In both Experiments 3 and 4 leaf sap Na+, CI- and osmotic pressure increased and Pn decreased during senescence but there were no consistent relationships between these parameters for different leaves and salinity treatments. Experiments 2, 3 and 4 suggested that salinity increased stomatal frequency per unit leaf area but stomatal frequency per leaf and specific leaf weight were inconsistently affected. Experiment 5 was conducted to examine the effects of salinity on changes in gas exchange in the flag leaf and two penultimate leaves simultaneously. The salinity levels tested were 0, 75 and 150 mol m- 3 NaCI. The leaf x salinity interaction showed that salinity had larger effects on the flag leaf than leaves 2 and 3. The leaf x salinity interaction was significant for leaf temperature, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and transpiration efficiency but not for sUb-stomatal carbon dioxide concentration. Salinity significantly decreased all the yield components and grain yield. The results of these experiments suggest that salinity had large effects on photosynthesis, dry matter production and grain yield and that ion concentrations do not determine the observed changes in net photosynthesis with leaf age in salt stressed plants.
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Massey, Katherine. "The interactions between plants and invertebrate herbivores under saline conditions." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441628.

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Ali, Rao Sajjad. "The potential for breeding Zea mays (L.) for saline conditions." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387451.

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Ahmad, Manzoor. "Growth and gas exchange of wheat under saline and sodic conditions." Thesis, Bangor University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245308.

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Kenny, Lahcen. "Physiological studies on the propagation of Atriplex spp for saline conditions." Thesis, Bangor University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357358.

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Nasim, Muhammad. "Response of rice plants to plant growth regulators under saline conditions." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2003. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU164162.

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Responses of rice to plant growth regulators on germination and seedling growth under NaCl salinity were studied to identify possible means of increasing salinity tolerance. Gibberellic acid (GA) promoted germination processes and a-amylase activity and increased plumule but reduced radicle growth after emergence. GA partitioned more metabolites towards the plumule than the radicle. Chlormequat (CCC) showed no beneficial effects and abscisic acid (ABA) inhibited germination under saline conditions. Overall there was no large difference in the performance of three rice varieties, BR29, IR8 and Pokkali in germination. Artificially aged seeds showed increased sensitivity to salinity and GA produced similar effects on germination of artificially aged rice seeds as on unaged seeds. Seed pre-treatment with GA was as effective in promoting germination under saline conditions as applying GA in the germination media. GA with low Ca promoted germination and plumule growth as well as radicle growth. GA increased plant height and fresh weight of seedlings under saline conditions, however it did not show a large positive effect on rice seedlings. CCC had no beneficial effects on rice seedlings. ABA showed possible beneficial effects on rice seedlings as it reduced Na+ uptake and increased K+ and Ca2+ uptake. GA in combination with ABA appeared to adapt rice plants better to saline conditions. GA in combination with low Ca also promoted rice growth under saline conditions.
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Al-Rawahy, Salim Ali. "Nitrogen uptake, growth rate and yield of tomatoes under saline conditions." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184894.

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Results of two studies are reported here, a greenhouse study and a field study. In the greenhouse study, dry matter yield and nitrogen (total and 15N) uptake of leaves, stems and roots of tomato plants (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill., cv. Columbia) subjected to saline stress by NaCl were studied. The integrated effects of responses of these tissues to salinity on the whole plant basis and levels of Na⁺, Cl⁻ and K⁺ accumulation in these tissues were also studied. The treatments consisted of low (control, 0.3 bar), medium (4.3 bars), and high (8.3 bars) salinity. The saline treatments were prepared by adding NaCl to nutrient solution in sand culture. The plants were 80 days old at the start of the treatments and each was in a pot containing 1.8 kg of quartz sand. The ¹⁵N was provided to plants by adding K¹⁵NO₃ to the pots and the 15N treatment continued with the saline treatments up to 30 days. The plants were harvested at each 5-day interval during the treatment period. Dry matter production and nitrogen (total and ¹⁵N) uptake were significantly lower for saline treatments as compared with the control. Differences in dry matter production and ¹⁵N uptake on whole plant basis appeared in the latter part of the treatment period between the two saline treatments. For most of the parameters studied, the leaves were found to be affected most by salinity, the roots were intermediate in their response and the stems were the least affected by salinity. The effect of salinity on the studied parameters were attributed to osmotic effects and specific ion effects of Na⁺ and/or Cl⁻. A field study with two cultivars--Columbia and Pearson was conducted at the Safford Agricultural Center. Three N treatments were used: 0 kg N/ha, 84 kg N/ha and 168 kg N/ha and two treatments consisting of two water sources--river water with an EC of 1.15 dS/m and more saline well water of EC of 2.21 dS/m. Columbia had a significantly higher yield of tomatoes than Pearson for both water types. The N treatments had no effect on tomato yield apparently due to high residual N remaining in the field from the previous crop. Commercially acceptable fresh market yields were approached with both varieties and waters in spite of moderate salinity and sodium under heavy textural soil conditions, high temperatures and the presence of certain diseases in the area.
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Johnson, David Wayne. "Stress productivity in alfalfa: Selection under saline and nonsaline environmental conditions." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185176.

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Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) forage yield may be reduced by moderate levels of salinity. Increasing forage yield in saline environments through plant breeding could ameliorate this problem. Selection for increased salt tolerance in alfalfa in cell culture, at germination, or during seedling growth with high NaCl levels has not resulted in agronomically relevant levels of salt tolerance. Different selection schemes were examined to identify alfalfa plants with the ability to germinate, establish, and regrow at salinity levels common in agricultural areas. Data from 'Sonora' and its parental ecotype African grown in a greenhouse and irrigated with 0, 30, 60, or 80 mM NaCl were used to simulate selection for increased forage yield in each NaCl environment through five harvests. Predicted gains in forage yield were highest in non-saline conditions and gains decreased as the NaCl level increased in the selection environment. Selection based on plant yield from regrowth harvests was predicted to be more efficient than that based on seedling harvest. Genetic and phenotypic relationships between plant performance at seed germination, seedling development, and post-harvest regrowth at 0 or 80 mM NaCl were also determined. The effect of NaCl on forage yield of alfalfa regenerated from non-saline callus cultures was examined. This research showed that selection for increased forage yield can be made at moderate NaCl levels in germplasm with ample variation for yield when grown in saline environments. Selection for increased forage yield in non-saline conditions may eliminate potentially salt tolerant plants from a population. Selection for increased alfalfa forage yield in saline environments at early stages of development is not necessarily optimum. Selection methods that include each critical growth stage may be required to develop alfalfa cultivars with increased forage yield in saline environments. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)
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Books on the topic "Saline condition"

1

Dincolo, Faith. Saline County. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2014.

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J, Fitzpatrick Daniel. Hydrogeologic conditions and saline-water intrusion, Cape Coral, Florida, 1978-81. Tallahassee, Fla: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1986.

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La jeune fille au piano: Dans l'univers de La Saline. Montréal (Québec): Libre expression, Une société de Québecor Média, 2015.

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Bakker, C. Phytoplankton - and nutrient dynamics in saline Lake Grevelingen (SW Netherlands) under different hydrodynamical conditions in 1978-1980. Delft: Delft Hydraulics Laboratory, 1985.

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Durousseau, Thierry. Une cité industrielle en Camargue: Salin-de-Giraud. [Marseille]: Parenthèses, 2011.

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Une cité industrielle en Camargue: Salin-de-Giraud. [Marseille]: Parenthèses, 2011.

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Jiménez, Gonzalo Piñón. Diferenciación social de los campesinos de boca del río, Salina Cruz, Oaxaca. Oaxaca, Oax: Instituto de Investigaciones Sociológicas, Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca, 1987.

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Škornik, Iztok. Favnistični in ekološki pregled ptic sečoveljskih solin: Faunistic and ecological survey of birds in the Sečovlje Salina. Seča: Soline Pridelava soli, 2012.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Advancing Desalination Technology. and National Academies Press (U.S.), eds. Desalination: A national perspective. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2008.

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National Long-Term Perspectives Studies (Program), ed. Sierra Leone vision 2025: "sweet-salone" : united people, progressive nation, attractive country : strategies for national transformation. [Sierra Leone: s.n., 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Saline condition"

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Lombardi, Tiziana, and Stefano Bedini. "Seed Germination Strategies of Mediterranean Halophytes Under Saline Condition." In Handbook of Halophytes, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17854-3_119-1.

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Lombardi, Tiziana, and Stefano Bedini. "Seed Germination Strategies of Mediterranean Halophytes Under Saline Condition." In Handbook of Halophytes, 1685–703. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57635-6_119.

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Misak, Raafat, and Wafaa Hussain. "Groundwater in Kuwait." In The Geology of Kuwait, 199–214. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16727-0_9.

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AbstractThe fresh and brackish groundwater resources in the State of Kuwait are restricted to two main water-bearing formations (aquifers). These are the Dammam Formation and Kuwait Group. The Kuwait Group aquifer is generally unconfined, i.e., water table condition, whereas the Dammam fractured limestone Formation is a confined-semi confined aquifer. The quality of groundwater in Kuwait varies from brackish in the southwest to brine in the northeast of Kuwait. Fresh groundwater bodies of TDS less than 1000 mg/l occur on saline groundwater of TDS 100,000 mg/l in the north and the northeast, e.g. Raudhatain and Umm Al-Aish water fields. Generally, the water table varies from zero at the Arabian Gulf Coast to about 90 m below the surface in the southwest. Significant ongoing and future groundwater projects include monitoring groundwater level and water quality, establishing hydrological, geological and hydrochemical databases, reducing groundwater levels, long-term monitoring for groundwater quality e.g. Raudhtain and Um-Al Aish freshwater reservoirs and environment treatment of groundwater reservoirs. The current study discusses the following parts: groundwater quality, groundwater geology, aquifer systems, Al-Raudhatain freshwater field, groundwater misuse and consequences (case of Wafra Agricultural Area), and Monitoring water ponds and saline soils, Al Wafra Agricultural Area (2008–2011).
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Sharma, Priyanka, Hemesh Joshi, Amit C. Kharkwal, Narendra Tuteja, and Ajit Varma. "Promotion and Value Addition to Some Important Medicinal Plants Under Saline Condition by Intervention of a Novel Mycorrhizal Formulation." In Mycorrhiza - Eco-Physiology, Secondary Metabolites, Nanomaterials, 247–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57849-1_14.

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Bosque, Hugo, and Juan Pablo Rodríguez. "Physiology of Quinoa in Saline Conditions." In Biology and Biotechnology of Quinoa, 195–220. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3832-9_10.

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Meiri, A., and Z. Plaut. "Crop production and management under saline conditions." In Biosalinity in Action: Bioproduction with Saline Water, 253–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5111-2_17.

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Jafri, Ali Zafar, and Rafiq Ahmad. "Reproductive physiology of cotton under saline conditions." In Tasks for vegetation science, 209–14. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0067-2_23.

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Shainberg, I., and M. J. Singer. "Soil Response to Saline and Sodic Conditions." In Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management, 139–67. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784411698.ch05.

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Läuchli, André, and Stephen R. Grattan. "Plant Responses to Saline and Sodic Conditions." In Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management, 169–205. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784411698.ch06.

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Arif, Hamayun, and A. Deri Tomos. "Control of wheat leaf growth under saline conditions." In Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants, 45–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1860-6_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Saline condition"

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Natsheh, Basel. "Barley green fodder production and effect of different saline water levels under hydroponic condition." In International Conference on Agriculture. The International Institute of Knowledge Management, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/26827018.2019.6102.

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Kovbasiuk, I. M., O. B. Martsynkiv, Y. M. Femiak, I. I. Vytvytskyi, and Y. D. Zhdanov. "Research of the stressed state of saline rocks of Prykarpattia deposits under the influence of thermobaric conditions." In XIV International Scientific Conference “Monitoring of Geological Processes and Ecological Condition of the Environment”. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202056048.

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Sanchez, M. A., W. Sutton, W. Rizk, and J. Tompkins. "Thermal Curing and Strength of PMMA Bone Cement." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47067.

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Many current bone cements have proprietary minor ingredients that affect the chemical kinetics and heat transfer modeling of the exothermic reaction during bone cement polymerization. In addition, the geometry and the method of cooling/curing the bone cement can vary by application. A method for modeling energy generation, based on temperature measurement of various geometries and conditions, expresses the exothermic reaction and the duration with respect to time. Reaction from the bone cement can yield temperatures above 110°C for the air convective cooling boundary condition. Experiments show that by using cold irrigation cooling (saline) with an initial temperature of 1.5°C, the maximum reaction temperature of the PMMA cement approaches 40°C depending upon the thickness of the cement. For bone cement cooled in air and saline at room temperature, the exothermic reaction begins around 400 seconds (8 min) after the compounds are mixed. When cold saline is applied, the time-delay of the reaction is approximately 300 additional seconds compared to the two room temperature cases. Finally, based on compression testing, the structural behavior of the PMMA cement is improved when the material is cured in a slower and wet environment.
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Cao, Yinglan, Menggui Jin, and Yanfeng Liu. "Experiment on Nitrate Nitrogen Transport and Transformation in Saline Soil under the Irrigation-Drainage Condition in Arid Inland Basin." In 2008 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2008.376.

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Zheng, Yanjie, Kelsey B. Hatzell, Rodrigo Caceres Gonzalez, and Marta C. Hatzell. "Theoretical Analysis of Solar Thermal Desalination Performance Limitation." In ASME 2020 Power Conference collocated with the 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2020-16577.

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Abstract Solar thermal desalination systems utilize concentrated or non-concentrated sunlight to produce heat to drive a phase change separation process and produce freshwater. It could be an effective solution for increasingly scarce freshwater resources and energy shortages across the globe. In order to explore the performance limits and operating parameters that affect specific water production (SWP), this paper proposes a thermodynamic model of the ideal solar-driven thermal desalination process. The model compares two different heating configurations of solar collector system and considers surface temperature of solar collector, concentration ratio, recovery ratio and inlet saline water salinity to find maximum specific water production. The results show that under reversible condition, a flat plate collector with inlet saline water salinity of 35 g/kg will experience an increase in SWP from 29.9 gs−1m−2 to 52.7 gs−1m−2 if the recovery ratio decrease from 70% to 10%. For a system with concentration ratio of 10, when the surface temperature of solar collector is 507K, the maximum specific water production can reach 166.3 gs−1m−2 as the recovery ratio approaches zero. Reduction in incoming fluid salinity can further increase these performance limitations. The work fundamentally demonstrates the thermodynamic process of solar thermal desalination, and proposes a method to evaluate the performance limitation.
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Xu, Songbo, Aydar Akchurin, X. W. Tangpong, Iskander S. Akhatov, Tian Liu, Weston Wood, and Wei-Hong Zhong. "Tribological Behavior of High Density Polyethylene Nanocomposites With Silane Treated Carbon Nanofibers." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62701.

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New applications of carbon-based materials have been continuously developed in recent years. Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs) with silane coatings were added into high density polyethylene (HDPE) to improve the tribological properties of the nanocomposite material for biomedical applications. The nanocomposites were fabricated with various weight percentages of carbon nanofibers (0.5%, 1%, 3%) that were treated with different silane coating thicknesses (2.8nm, 46nm) through melt-mixing and compressive processing. The wear and friction tests were performed on a pin-on-disc tribometer under phosphate buffered saline lubricated condition. Compared with the pure HDPE, the friction coefficients of the nanocomposites were reduced dramatically and their wear resistance properties were also improved. Micro-hardness measurements of the nanocomposites were carried out and CNFs were found to be capable of improving the material’s micro-hardness effectively. The effects of concentration and silane coating thickness of CNFs on the tribological properties of the resulting nanocomposites were analyzed and the wear mechanism of the CNF/HDPE nanocomposites was discussed.
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Hendraningrat, Luky, Norzafira Razali, and Chee Sheau Chien. "Nanofluids Development to Improve Oil Recovery: A Synergistic Effect Investigation." In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31625-ms.

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Abstract Various type of nanoparticles has been studied in last decade for improve oil recovery purpose and observed its mechanisms of displacing oil concluded as disjoining pressure that involved wettability alteration, log-jamming, and viscosity effect. This paper focus on the investigation of new potential mechanism of nanoparticles to improve oil recovery with study case in an offshore Malaysian oilfield. The silica-based nanoparticles were used in this study, and additives of polymer and surfactant were involved to improve stability of fluid and observe any potential of novel mechanism. The nanoparticles were characterized under electron microscope, dispersed, and sonicated in saline water as replicated of injected water to be nanofluids for particular concentrations. A degassed crude oil from Malaysian field was used with viscosity of 3 cP. All fluids measured their rheology and fluid properties. A polymer additive was used to improve particles stability dispersed in saline water. Meanwhile, a surfactant additive was added into the formulation to observe any synergetic effect of displacing oil. The interfacial tension (IFT), optical contact angle (OCA), and relative permeability measurement using native cores at reservoir condition to observe potential novel mechanism. The additive showed better performance in term of stability and wettability alteration through IFT reduction and reducing contact angle to render more water-wet through dynamic OCA measurement. The synergistic effect was observed when surfactant added into the nanofluids, and classified as fragmentation. The IFT reduced significantly when nanofluids contact with crude oil from field after 10-20 minutes and oil drop started disintegration. This phenomenon was identified consistently through OCA measurement. It altered surface of rock from medium water-wet to strong water-wet. The relative permeability measurement showed consistent wettability alteration that the curve shifted from water-wet to be stronger water-wet. This observation not only showcases the great potential of nanoparticles but also providing a new reference for synthesizing and formulating nanoparticles as a technique to improve oil recovery.
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PITTMAN, EMILY, STYLIANOS KOUMLIS, and LESLIE LAMBERSON. "DYNAMIC FACTURE OF HYDROTHERMALLY DEGRADED CARBON-EPOXY COMPOSITES." In Thirty-sixth Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc36/35805.

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Structures used in naval applications are often subjected to marine or other aqueous environments during their work-life. It has been observed that many composites absorb moisture when exposed to such environments, which can lead to material damage and degradation of mechanical properties. The addition of salt to the water solution may have additional impacts on the material degradation over time. Furthermore, many of these applications require that the material be subject to stresswave loading environments like impact that may cause dynamic fracture. In this experimental study, the effect of water absorption on the Mode-I dynamic fracture behavior of carbon-epoxy composites is investigated. Specifically, the effects of moisture uptake and the role of saline on the critical dynamic SIF are investigated. Samples were hygrothermally soaked in an elevated temperature bath (70 °C) of either ASTM standard sea water or distilled water. The elevated temperature accelerates mass absorption, making experimental observation possible on a more reasonable timeline than natural aging. Soaking durations varied between 3.5 hours to excess of 4 months to explore the role of soak time on dynamic fracture behavior. Pre-cracked specimens were impacted using a unique long-bar striker device at 4 m/s, and the resulting Mode-I (opening mode) fracture behavior investigated. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used in conjunction with ultra-high-speed imaging to track the crack tip surface displacements, and an elastodynamic solution was leveraged to extract the stress intensity factors (SIF) at fracture initiation. The dynamic fracture toughness of the soaked samples was compared with results from a group of unsoaked, ambient condition samples. The results indicated that the ambient condition samples had a consistently higher Mode-I SIF than any of the soaked conditions. The difference between the ambient condition SIF and the soaked conditions was observed to be approximately 60% for the 3.5 hour soaks, 40% for the 2 day soaks, 50% for the 2 week soaks, and 80% for the samples soaked for longer than 4 months. The SIF reduction is thought to be due primarily to matrix and interface degradation. No statistically significant difference in the SIF was observed between samples soaked in DI water versus salt water.
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Emerson, T. E., and T. B. Redens. "SYNERGISTIC EFFICACY OF COMBINING ANTITHROMBIN-III AND ALPHA 1-PROTEINASE INHIBITOR PROPHYLAXIS IN THE ENDOTOXEMIC SHEEP PULMONARY DYSFUNCTION MODEL." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644891.

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The adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) isa serious, often fatal condition associated with septicemia/endotoxemia and Other inflammatory disease states. It is characterized by increased microvascular permeability to protein and pulmonary edema, amongother pathologies. Neutrophil elastase, thrombin andfibrin induced pulmonary microemboli are possible mediators of this pathology. The present study was to determine the effect of pretreatment with large doses of anti thrombin-111 (AT-III), a major inhibitor of coagulation and alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (al-PI), a major inhibitor of neutrophil elastase, alone and in combination, on selected indices of ARDS in the sheep lung lymph fistula model. Range sheep weighing 35-45 kg were maintained under Halothane anesthesia and surgically prepared the day of the experiment. The sheep were randomized and given iv infusions of 250 U/kg purified human AT-III alone (n=7), 100 mg/kg purified human al-PI alone (n=6), AT-III/al-PI combined (n=5), or an equal volume of normal saline (n=6). Measurements were taken before and hourly after iv challenge with 2 ug/kg E. coli endotoxin. Lunglymph flow increased between 220% - 2802Tof control in the AT-III only, al-PI only, and saline control groups (P<0.05), but did not increase in the AT-III/al-PI combined group (P>0.05). The lymph to plasma protein concentration ratio increased significantly in all groups (P<0.05). Transvascular protein flow and clearance increased, but the increases were significantly greater in the AT-III alone, al-PI alone andsaline control groups compared to the AT-III/al-PI combined group. Pulmonary artery pressure increased initially in all groups (PC0.05) but returned to a level near baseline by 2 hours. Pulmonary artery wedgepressure did not change significantly in any group (P>0.05). This study shows that combined AT-III and al-PI prophylaxis prevented or significantly attenuated indices of ARDS, while neither AT-III alone nor al-PI alone did during 5 hours of endotoxemia. The data suggest that AT-III/al-PI combined protects against ARDS in this model and that the protective effectis synergistic.
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Uemura, Suguru, Ryoto Kataoka, Shohji Tsushima, and Shuichiro Hirai. "X-Ray Computed Tomography of CO2 Behavior in Water Saturated Sandstone for Geological Storage." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-23132.

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The CO2 Geological storage is considered as an effective technology for reducing the emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere. CO2 storage is a technically feasible and effective method for CO2 mitigation because it is based on enhanced oil recovery technology, and storage sites hold significant potential. Currently, field tests for CO2 geological storage are proceeding in many parts of the world. However, the behavior of injected CO2 is still not completely understood. The CO2 storage potential and risk of leakage from reservoirs must be accurately estimated to realize practicable CO2 storage. For this reason, laboratory-scale experimental analysis of the behavior of CO2 injected in sandstone are an important issues. In this study, CO2 distribution and its behavior in sandstone were observed by micro-focus X-ray computed tomography (CT). The X-ray CT can fluoroscope the CO2 in the porous media and reconstruct a three-dimensional CO2 distribution image. A sample was kept under high pressure conditions in a cylindrical pressure vessel and filled with CO2 saturated water. Pressure in the vessel was kept at 7.5 MPa, which is the same condition as a saline aquifer at 750 m depth. Liquid or supercritical CO2 was injected from the end face of water saturated samples. Temperature conditions were set to 20 or 40°C according to the experimental objectives of the CO2 phase. In the experimental results, CO2 distribution in the silica-packed bed and sandstone was clearly visualized with high spatial resolution compared to its diameter. The possibility of improvement in storage technology discussed.
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Reports on the topic "Saline condition"

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Nam, Jae Hyun, Hee Jin Kwack, Woo Seob Ha, and Jee-Eun Chung. Resuscitation fluids for patients with risk factors of multiple organ failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.7.0091.

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Review question / Objective: P: patients with risk factors of multiple organ failure I: balanced crystalloids C: normal saline O: mortality, in-hospital mortality, renal failure, length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay. Condition being studied: In clinical field, aggressive fluid resuscitation therapy is administered to prevent the progression of multiple organ failures by maintaining tissue and organ perfusion. Normal saline is frequently used, but it has been some concerns. Although large-scale studies with balanced crystalloids have been conducted, they couldn’t reach significant conclusions due to the diversity of disease severity. Therefore, we aims to evaluate and identify the best fluid for patients at high risk of multiple organ failure by comparing the effects of normal saline and balanced crystalloids.
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Allen, Kathy, Andy Nadeau, and Andy Robertston. Natural resource condition assessment: Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument. National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293613.

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The Natural Resource Condition Assessment (NRCA) Program aims to provide documentation about the current conditions of important park natural resources through a spatially explicit, multi-disciplinary synthesis of existing scientific data and knowledge. Findings from the NRCA will help Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument (SAPU) managers to develop near-term management priorities, engage in watershed or landscape scale partnership and education efforts, conduct park planning, and report program performance (e.g., Department of the Interior’s Strategic Plan “land health” goals, Government Performance and Results Act). The objectives of this assessment are to evaluate and report on current conditions of key park resources, to evaluate critical data and knowledge gaps, and to highlight selected existing stressors and emerging threats to resources or processes. For the purpose of this NRCA, staff from the National Park Service (NPS) and Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota – GeoSpatial Services (SMUMN GSS) identified key resources, referred to as “components” in the project. The selected components include natural resources and processes that are currently of the greatest concern to park management at SAPU. The final project framework contains nine resource components, each featuring discussions of measures, stressors, and reference conditions. This study involved reviewing existing literature and, where appropriate, analyzing data for each natural resource component in the framework to provide summaries of current condition and trends in selected resources. When possible, existing data for the established measures of each component were analyzed and compared to designated reference conditions. A weighted scoring system was applied to calculate the current condition of each component. Weighted Condition Scores, ranging from zero to one, were divided into three categories of condition: low concern, moderate concern, and significant concern. These scores help to determine the current overall condition of each resource. The discussions for each component, found in Chapter 4 of this report, represent a comprehensive summary of current available data and information for these resources, including unpublished park information and perspectives of park resource managers, and present a current condition designation when appropriate. Each component assessment was reviewed by SAPU resource managers, NPS Southern Colorado Plateau Network (SCPN) staff, or outside experts. Existing literature, short- and long-term datasets, and input from NPS and other outside agency scientists support condition designations for components in this assessment. However, in some cases, data were unavailable or insufficient for several of the measures of the featured components. In other instances, data establishing reference condition were limited or unavailable for components, making comparisons with current information inappropriate or invalid. In these cases, it was not possible to assign condition for the components. Current condition was not able to be determined for six of the ten components due to these data gaps. For those components with sufficient available data, the overall condition varied. Two components were determined to be in good condition: dark night skies and paleontological resources. However, both were at the edge of the good condition range, and any small decline in conditions could shift them into the moderate concern range. Of the components in good condition, a trend could not be assigned for paleontological resources and dark night skies is considered stable. Two components (wetland and riparian communities and viewshed) were of moderate concern, with no trend assigned for wetland and riparian communities and a stable trend for viewshed. Detailed discussion of these designations is presented in Chapters 4 and 5 of this report. Several park-wide threats and stressors influence the condition of priority resources in SAPU...
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Huq, Aurin. The Impact of Covid-19 on Labour Rights and Working Conditions in Four Selected Sectors. Institute of Development Studies, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clear.2022.006.

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This research briefing summarises priority areas for future research as well as key stakeholders with whom to engage, as identified in the scoping paper "Impact of Covid-19 on Labour Rights and Working Conditions in Four Selected Sectors" by Mirza M. Hassan, Syeda Salina Aziz, Raeesa Rahemin, Insiya Khan and Rafsanul Hoque from the BRAC Institute of Governance and Development (BIGD). The scoping paper and this briefing were commissioned for the Covid-19 Learning, Evidence and Research Programme in Bangladesh (CLEAR). CLEAR aims to build a consortium of research partners to deliver policy-relevant research and evidence for Bangladesh to support the Covid-19 response and inform preparation for future shocks.
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SAPOZHNIKOVA, S. M., and N. V. REICHERT. CONDITIONS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTION IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2070-7568-2022-11-2-3-27-37.

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The article discusses different modern points of view on the problem of import substitution in the domestic agro-industrial complex. The authors outlined the necessary conditions for the implementation of import substitution in the seed sector: the creation of specialized companies for the selection of seed varieties necessary for agribusiness and a special agrarian zone, where a complete production chain will be organized from seed selection to their sale, as well as support and assistance in the form of subsidies from the state.
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Ajzenman, Nicolás, Gregory Elacqua, Diana Hincapié, Analia Jaimovich, Florencia López Bóo, Diana Paredes, and Alonso Román. Do You Want to Become a Teacher?: Career Choice Motivation Using Behavioral Strategies. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003325.

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Qualified teachers are a fundamental input for any education system. Yet, many countries struggle to attract highly skilled applicants to the teaching profession. This paper presents the results of a large-scale intervention to attract high performing high-school students into the teaching profession in Chile. The intervention was a three-arm email campaign which made salient three types of motivations typically associated with the teaching profession: intrinsic/altruistic, extrinsic, and prestige-related. The objective was to identify which type of message better appealed to high performing students to nudge them to choose a teaching major. The “intrinsic” and “prestige” arms reduced applications to teaching majors among high performers, while the “extrinsic” arm increased applications among low performers. A plausible interpretation could be that the “intrinsic” and “prestige” messages made more salient an issue that could otherwise be overlooked by high performing students (typically from more advantaged households), negatively impacting their program choice: that while the social value of the teaching profession has improved, it still lags behind other professions that are valued more by their families and social circles. In turn, the “extrinsic” arm made salient the recent improvements in the economic conditions of the teaching profession in Chile, thus appealing to low performing students who in general come from disadvantaged families and for whom monetary incentives are potentially more relevant. These results emphasize the importance of having a clear picture of the inherent motivations that could influence individuals career choice. Making salient certain types of motivations to the wrong target group could lead to undesired results.
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Jagniecki, Elliot, Andrew Rupke, Stefan Kirby, and Paul I. nkenbrandt. Salt Crust, Brine, and Marginal Groundwater of Great Salt Lake's North Arm (2019 To 2021). Utah Geological Survey, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ri-283.

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Following the construction of the railroad causeway in 1959, a perennial halite (NaCl) bottom crust has been known to exist in the north arm (Gunnison Bay) of Great Salt Lake, Utah, but the lake conditions controlling accumulation or dissolution of the crust are not well defined, including how depth-controlled chemodynamic and hydrodynamic factors influence the degree of the halite saturation. Immediately prior to the opening of a new bridge in the causeway in early December 2016 when north arm lake elevation was at a historical low (just above 4189 feet), the north arm lake brine was at halite saturation. After the opening, inflow of less saline south arm water mixed with north arm water, raised lake elevation, and diluted the north arm lake brine to undersaturation with respect to halite. The following five years have resulted in annual and seasonal fluctuations of halite saturation states. Beginning in mid-2019, the Utah Geological Survey began a study of the north arm to better understand and document the transitions of halite saturation state following the bridge opening using newly collected data as well as reviewing available past data.
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Dudley, Lynn M., Uri Shani, and Moshe Shenker. Modeling Plant Response to Deficit Irrigation with Saline Water: Separating the Effects of Water and Salt Stress in the Root Uptake Function. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586468.bard.

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Standard salinity management theory, derived from blending thermodynamic and semi- empirical considerations leads to an erroneous perception regarding compensative interaction among salinity stress factors. The current approach treats matric and osmotic components of soil water potential separately and then combines their effects to compute overall response. With deficit water a severe yield decrease is expected under high salinity, yet little or no reduction is predicted for excess irrigation, irrespective of salinity level. Similarly, considerations of competition between chloride and nitrate ions have lead to compensation hypothesis and to application of excess nitrate under saline conditions. The premise of compensative interaction of growth factors behind present practices (that an increase in water application alleviates salinity stress) may result in collateral environmental damage. Over-irrigation resulting in salinization and elevated ground water threatens productivity on a global scale. Other repercussions include excessive application of nitrate to compensate for salinity, unwillingness to practice deficit irrigation with saline water, and under-utilization of marginal water. The objectives for the project were as follows: 1) To develop a database for model parameterization and validation by studying yield and transpiration response to water availability, excessive salinity and salt composition. 2) To modify the root sink terms of an existing mechanism-based model(s) of water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, and salt chemistry. 3) To develop conceptual and quantitative models of ion uptake that considers the soil solution concentration and composition. 4) To develop a conceptual and quantitative models of effects of NaCl and boron accumulation on yield and transpiration. 5) To add a user interface to the water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, chemistry model to make it easy for others to use. We conducted experiments in field plots and lysimeters to study biomass production and transpiration of com (Zeamays cv. Jubilee), melon (Cucumismelo subsp. melo cv. Galia), tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill. cv. 5656), onion (Alliumcepa L. cv. HA 944), and date palms (Phoenix Dactylifera L. cv. Medjool) under salinity combined with water or with nitrate (growth promoters) or with boron (growth inhibitor). All factors ranged from levels not limiting to plant function to severe inhibition. For cases of combined salinity with water stress, or excess boron, we observed neither additive nor compensative effects on plant yield and transpiration. In fact, yield and transpiration at each combination of the various factors were primarily controlled by one of them, the most limiting factor to plant activity. We proposed a crop production model of the form Yr = min{gi(xi), where Yr = Yi ym-1 is relative yield,Ym is the maximum yield obtained in each experiment, Xi is an environmental factor, gi is a piecewise-linear response function, Yi is yield of a particular treatment. We selected a piecewise-linear approach because it highlights the irrigation level where the response to one factor ceases and a second factor begins. The production functions generate response "envelopes" containing possible yields with diagonal lines represent response to Xi alone and the lines parallel to the X-axis represent response to salinity alone. A multiplicative model was also derived approximating the limiting behaviour for incorporation in a hydrochemical model. The multiplicative model was selected because the response function was required to be continuous. The hydrochemical model was a better predictor of field-measured water content and salt profiles than models based on an additive and compensative model of crop response to salinity and water stress.
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Guy, Charles, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Gloria Moore, Doron Holland, and Yuval Eshdat. Common Mechanisms of Response to the Stresses of High Salinity and Low Temperature and Genetic Mapping of Stress Tolerance Loci in Citrus. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613013.bard.

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The objectives that were outlined in our original proposal have largely been achieved or will be so by the end of the project in February 1995 with one exception; that of mapping cold tolerance loci based on the segregation of tolerance in the BC1 progeny population. Briefly, our goals were to 1) construct a densely populated linkage map of the citrus genome: 2) map loci important in cold and/or salt stress tolerance; and 3) characterize the expression of genes responsive to cold land salt stress. As can be seen by the preceding listing of accomplishments, our original objectives A and B have been realized, objective C has been partially tested, objective D has been completed, and work on objectives E and F will be completed by the end of 1995. Although we have yet to map any loci that contribute to an ability of citrus to maintain growth when irrigated with saline water, our very encouraging results from the 1993 experiment provides us with considerable hope that 1994's much more comprehensive and better controlled experiment will yield the desired results once the data has been fully analyzed. Part of our optimism derives from the findings that loci for growth are closely linked with loci associated with foliar Cl- and Na+ accumulation patterns under non-salinization conditions. In the 1994 experiment, if ion exclusion or sequestration traits are segregating in the population, the experimental design will permit their resolution. Our fortunes with respect to cold tolerance is another situation. In three attempts to quantitatively characterize cold tolerance as an LT50, the results have been too variable and the incremental differences between sensitive and tolerant too small to use for mapping. To adequately determine the LT50 requires many plants, many more than we have been able to generate in the time and space available by making cuttings from small greenhouse-grown stock plants. As it has turned out, with citrus, to prepare enough plants needed to be successful in this objective would have required extensive facilities for both growing and testing hardiness which simply were not available at University of Florida. The large populations necessary to overcome the variability we encountered was unanticipated and unforeseeable at the project's outset. In spite of the setbacks, this project, when it is finally complete will be exceedingly successful. Listing of Accomplishments During the funded interval we have accomplished the following objectives: Developed a reasonably high density linkage map for citrus - mapped the loci for two cold responsive genes that were cloned from Poncirus - mapped the loci for csa, the salt responsive gene for glutathione peroxidase, and ccr a circadian rhythm gene from citrus - identified loci that confer parental derived specific DNA methylation patterns in the Citrus X Poncirus cross - mapped 5 loci that determine shoot vigor - mapped 2 loci that influence leaf Na+ accumulation patterns under non-saline conditions in the BC1 population - mapped 3 loci that influence leaf Na+ accumulation paterns during salt sress - mapped 2 loci that control leaf Cl- accumulation patterns under non-saline conditions - mapped a locus that controls leaf Cl- accumulation patterns during salt stress Screened the BC1 population for growth reduction during salinization (controls and salinized), and cold tolerance - determined population variation for shoot/root ratio of Na+ and Cl- - determined levels for 12 inorganic nutrient elements in an effort to examine the influence of salinization on ion content with emphasis on foliar responses - collected data on ion distribution to reveal patterns of exclusion/sequestration/ accumulation - analyzed relationships between ion content and growth Characterization of gene expression in response to salt or cold stress - cloned the gene for the salt responsive protein csa, identified it as glutathione peroxidase, determined the potential target substrate from enzymatic studies - cloned two other genes responsive to salt stress, one for the citrus homologue of a Lea5, and the other for an "oleosin" like gene - cold regulated (cor) genes belonging to five hybridization classes were isolated from Poncirus, two belonged to the group 2 Lea superfamily of stress proteins, the others show no significant homology to other known sequences - the expression of csa during cold acclimation was examined, and the expression of some of the cor genes were examined in response to salt stress - the influence of salinization on cold tolerance has been examined with seedling populations - conducted protein blot studies for expression of cold stress proteins during salt stress and vice versa
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Gupta, Aditya, Tong Wang, Shruthi Ravi, Mesbah Talukder, Jessie Carviel, and Mary Bamimore. Relative efficacy of microneedling in the treatment of pattern hair loss: a protocol for a systematic review with network meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0042.

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Abstract:
Review question / Objective: The objective of the proposed study is to determine the relative efficacy of microneedling and combination of it and other agents for androgenetic alopecia (AGA)—a condition that is also referred to as pattern hair loss. Rationale: Pattern hair loss is one of the most common forms of hair loss in men and women; the condition is associated with decreased quality of life. Oral finasteride and topical minoxidil are treatments currently approved, by the United States Food and Drug Administration, for AGA. However, finasteride has been associated with significant side effects in men, and is not appropriate for women of childbearing potential. Furthermore, topical minoxidil requires daily prolonged use which is time-consuming for patients and requires high compliance to maintain efficacy. Due to these drawbacks, new treatments, such as microneedling, have been investigated. Microneedling involves the creation of small wounds on the scalp that prompt growth factor release and neovascularization—which, in turn, may promote hair growth. Microneedling has been used as a monotherapy—or in combination with other standard therapies—for the treatment of AGA. Further investigation through meta-analysis is salient as this quantitative technique can estimate the relative success of mono- and poly-therapy with microneedling; therefore, findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis on the comparative effectiveness can enable clinicians, patients, and researchers to make more informed decisions.
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Martínez, Déborah, Cristina Parilli, Carlos Scartascini, and Alberto Simpser. Let's (Not) Get Together!: The Role of Social Norms in Social Distancing during COVID-19. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003044.

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While effective preventive measures against COVID-19 are now widely known, many individuals fail to adopt them. This paper provides experimental evidence about one potentially important driver of compliance with social distancing: social norms. We asked each of 23,000 survey respondents in Mexico to predict how a fictional person would behave when faced with the choice about whether or not to attend a friend's birthday gathering. Every respondent was randomly assigned to one of four social norms conditions. Expecting that other people would attend the gathering and/or believing that other people approved of attending the gathering both increased the predicted probability that the fictional character would attend the gathering by 25% in comparison with a scenario where other people were not expected to attend nor to approve of attending. Our results speak to the potential effects of communication campaigns and media coverage of, compliance with, and normative views about COVID-19 preventive measures. They also suggest that policies aimed at modifying social norms or making existing ones salient could impact compliance.
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