Journal articles: 'Salience'

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Mevorach, Carmel, Lilach Shalev, Harriet A. Allen, and Glyn W. Humphreys. "The Left Intraparietal Sulcus Modulates the Selection of Low Salient Stimuli." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 2 (February 2009): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21044.

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Neuropsychological and functional imaging studies have suggested a general right hemisphere advantage for processing global visual information and a left hemisphere advantage for processing local information. In contrast, a recent transcranial magnetic stimulation study [Mevorach, C., Humphreys, G. W., & Shalev, L. Opposite biases in salience-based selection for the left and right posterior parietal cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 9, 740–742, 2006b] demonstrated that functional lateralization of selection in the parietal cortices on the basis of the relative salience of stimuli might provide an alternative explanation for previous results. In the present study, we applied a whole-brain analysis of the functional magnetic resonance signal when participants responded to either the local or the global levels of hierarchical figures. The task (respond to local or global) was crossed with the saliency of the target level (local salient, global salient) to provide, for the first time, a direct contrast between brain activation related to the stimulus level and that related to relative saliency. We found evidence for lateralization of salience-based selection but not for selection based on the level of processing. Activation along the left intraparietal sulcus (IPS) was found when a low saliency stimulus had to be selected irrespective of its level. A control task showed that this was not simply an effect of task difficulty. The data suggest a specific role for regions along the left IPS in salience-based selection, supporting the argument that previous reports of lateralized responses to local and global stimuli were contaminated by effects of saliency.

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Sipatchin, Alexandra, Miguel García García, and Siegfried Wahl. "Target Maintenance in Gaming via Saliency Augmentation: An Early-Stage Scotoma Simulation Study Using Virtual Reality (VR)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (August 3, 2021): 7164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11157164.

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This study addresses the importance of salience placement before or after scotoma development for an efficient target allocation in the visual field. Pre-allocation of attention is a mechanism known to induce a better gaze positioning towards the target. Three different conditions were tested: a simulated central scotoma, a salience augmentation surrounding the scotoma and a baseline condition without any simulation. All conditions were investigated within a virtual reality VR gaming environment. Participants were tested in two different orders, either the salient cue was applied together with the scotoma before being presented with the scotoma alone or the scotoma in the wild was presented before and, then, with the augmentation around it. Both groups showed a change in gaze behaviour when saliency was applied. However, in the second group, salient augmentation also induced changes in gaze behaviour for the scotoma condition without augmentation, gazing above and outside the scotoma following previous literature. These preliminary results indicate salience placement before developing an advanced stage of scotoma can induce effective and rapid training for efficient target maintenance during VR gaming. The study shows the potential of salience and VR gaming as therapy for early AMD patients.

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DELLIS, ARNAUD. "The Salient Issue of Issue Salience." Journal of Public Economic Theory 11, no. 2 (April 2009): 203–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9779.2009.01407.x.

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Lopes, Eduardo, and André Gonçalves. "A Quantification of The Rhythmic Qualities of Salience and Kinesis." CRIS - Bulletin of the Centre for Research and Interdisciplinary Study 2013, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cris-2013-0006.

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Abstract From a cognitive point of view, it is easily perceived that some music rhythmic structures are able to create saliences (i.e. pulses perceived as louder). Depending where in a metrical grid these salient pulses are located, a sense of stability or instability will arise. When instability is present in a rhythmic structure one will tend to psychological feel kinesis (i.e. a sense of motion). Salience and kinesis can then be identified as basic rhythmic qualities. Inspired by the theoretical construct Just in Time - an empirical based music theoretical construct for the analysis of rhythm - we decided to quantify some of its analytical output; more specifically the measure of salience and kinesis of a rhythmic sequence. We then developed a web-based tool that calculates the amount of salience and kinesis for a particular rhythmic sequence. We conclude this article pointing how this tool can be used in analysis and music education as well as other possible applications, and future research.

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Kiose, Maria. "The Interplay of Syntactic and Lexical Salience and its Effect on Default Figurative Responses." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2020-0004.

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AbstractThe aim of the paper is to determine how salient and non-salient figurative discourse nouns affect readers’ default response processing and oculo-graphic (eye-movement) reactions. Whereas the theories of the Graded Salience and the Defaultness Hypotheses, developed by R. Giora (Giora, 1999, 2003; Giora, Givoni, & Fein, 2015), have stimulated further research in the area of interpretive salience (Giora et al., 2015; Giora, Jaffe, Becker & Fein, 2018), the resonating influence of syntactic salience on default interpretations has been largely neglected. In this study we provide corpus-based evidence followed by eye-tracking experiment verification, supportive of the synchronized influence of syntactic and lexical salience. The results show that default figurative responses in lexically salient positions may require more cognitive effort (longer fixations) if they are syntactically less salient. Literal responses to figurative nouns may also result from either weak lexical or syntactic salience of nouns. Therefore, apart from exemplifying resonance with lexical salience (in terms of lexical frequency, familiarity, conventionality, and prototypicality), the default figurative interpretations are also syntactically dependent.

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Barcelona, Antonio. "Salience in Metonymy-motivated Constructional Abbreviated Form with Particular Attention to English Clippings." Cognitive Semantics 2, no. 1 (February 12, 2016): 30–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526416-00201003.

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I have claimed in some of my earlier publications that abbreviated constructional forms (at any level from lexemes upwards) are motivated by a part-for-whole metonymy (salient part of form for whole form). But what exactly is meant by “salient part of form”? In this paper I report on unpublished research on the topic, with particular attention to clipped lexical forms. In that research, I propose a salience factor grid determining the saliency of a “natural” segment in a lexical form and showing that salience is relative, scalar, and multi-factorial.The paper illustrates how the application of the factor grid to two clippings (gas for gasoline and prof for professor) and other non-conventional segments of the same words (e.g. -line, -soline, and -essor) explains the motivated nature of the conventional clippings. Five tables sum up the application of the grid to these and other examples.

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Stilwell, Brad T., Howard Egeth, and Nicholas Gaspelin. "Electrophysiological Evidence for the Suppression of Highly Salient Distractors." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 34, no. 5 (March 31, 2022): 787–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01827.

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Abstract There has been a longstanding debate as to whether salient stimuli have the power to involuntarily capture attention. As a potential resolution to this debate, the signal suppression hypothesis proposes that salient items generate a bottom–up signal that automatically attracts attention, but that salient items can be suppressed by top–down mechanisms to prevent attentional capture. Despite much support, the signal suppression hypothesis has been challenged on the grounds that many prior studies may have used color singletons with relatively low salience that are too weak to capture attention. The current study addressed this by using previous methods to study suppression but increased the set size to improve the relative salience of the color singletons. To assess whether salient distractors captured attention, electrophysiological markers of attentional allocation (the N2pc component) and suppression (the PD component) were measured. The results provided no evidence of attentional capture, but instead indicated suppression of the highly salient singleton distractors, as indexed by the PD component. This suppression occurred even though a computational model of saliency confirmed that the color singleton was highly salient. Altogether, this supports the signal suppression hypothesis and is inconsistent with stimulus-driven models of attentional capture.

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Soeta, Yoshiharu, and Ayaka Ariki. "Subjective Salience of Birdsong and Insect Song with Equal Sound Pressure Level and Loudness." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (November 28, 2020): 8858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238858.

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Birdsong is used to communicate the position of stairwells to visually impaired people in train stations in Japan. However, more than 40% of visually impaired people reported that such sounds were difficult to identify. Train companies seek to present the sounds at a sound pressure level that is loud enough to be detected, but not so loud as to be annoying. Therefore, salient birdsongs with relatively low sound pressure levels are required. In the current study, we examined the salience of different types of birdsong and insect song, and determined the dominant physical parameters related to salience. We considered insect songs because both birdsongs and insect songs have been found to have positive effects on soundscapes. We evaluated subjective saliences of birdsongs and insect songs using paired comparison methods, and examined the relationships between subjective salience and physical parameters. In total, 62 participants evaluated 18 types of bird songs and 16 types of insect sounds. The results indicated that the following features significantly influenced subjective salience: the maximum peak amplitude of the autocorrelation function, which signifies pitch strength; the interaural cross-correlation coefficient, which signifies apparent source width; the amplitude fluctuation component; and spectral content, such as flux and skewness.

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Yang, Chengzhi. "An Image Multi-scale Feature Recognition Method Based on Image Saliency." International Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing 15 (April 8, 2021): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9106.2021.15.32.

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Image recognition refers to the technology which processes, analyzes and understands images with computer so as to recognize various targets and objects of different patterns. To effectively combine image recognition and intelligent algorithm can enhance the efficiency of image feature analysis, improve the detection accuracy and guarantee real-time detection. In image feature recognition, the following problems exist: the description of accurate object features, object blockage, complex and changeable scenes. Whether these problems can be effectively solved has great significance in improving the stability and robustness of object recognition algorithm. This paper takes image salience as the fundamental framework, and makes in-depth study of the problems of effective object appearance description, multi-feature fusion and multi-feature adaptive combination. Then it proposes an image multi-scale feature recognition method based on image salience and it can better locate the saliency object in the image, and more evenly highlight the salient object and significantly suppress background noises. The experiment results prove that salient region detection algorithm can better stress the entire salient image.

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Cui, Yongbin. "Application of cultural elements of dunhuang murals in landscape design based on mean shift algorithm extraction." Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering 24, no. 1 (March 14, 2024): 473–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcm-237014.

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Although picture extraction is challenging, the murals at Dunhuang are historically significant and offer rich content. The work suggests an image segmentation model based on the Mean Shift algorithm and an area salience prioritisation model to extract the cultural aspects in the Dunhuang murals for landscape design. First, an image segmentation model based on the Mean Shift algorithm is established, and then a region salience value calculation method and a region prioritisation method are designed to establish a region salience prioritisation model. The outcomes showed that a segmentation model built using the Mean Shift algorithm in the study processed a 405175 image with a processing time of 3.18 seconds, an edge integrity rate of 88.9%, an accuracy rate of 87.4%, an F-value of 88.7%, and a total of 302 regions. The segmented Dunhuang image featured few noise points and a distinct shape. Salient region transfer path is more regular and more in line with the human visual transfer mechanism thanks to the research design of the region saliency value calculation method, which also improves saliency detection performance. The highest correct rate when dividing the image is 0.97, the highest check rate is 0.8, and the highest F1 value is 1. In conclusion, the study’s methodology has some favourable implications for landscape design and may be effectively used to extract cultural components from photographs.

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Nothdurft, Hans-Christoph. "Salience from feature contrast: temporal properties of saliency mechanisms." Vision Research 40, no. 18 (August 2000): 2421–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(00)00112-7.

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Wong, Bang. "Salience." Nature Methods 7, no. 10 (September 29, 2010): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth1010-773.

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Culbreth, Adam J., Zuzana Kasanova, Thomas J. Ross, Betty J. Salmeron, James M. Gold, Elliot A. Stein, and James A. Waltz. "Schizophrenia Patients Show Largely Similar Salience Signaling Compared to Healthy Controls in an Observational Task Environment." Brain Sciences 11, no. 12 (December 6, 2021): 1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121610.

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Recent evidence suggests that the aberrant signaling of salience is associated with psychotic illness. Salience, however, can take many forms in task environments. For example, salience may refer to any of the following: (1) the valence of an outcome, (2) outcomes that are unexpected, called reward prediction errors (PEs), or (3) cues associated with uncertain outcomes. Here, we measure brain responses to different forms of salience in the context of a passive PE-signaling task, testing whether patients with schizophrenia (SZ) showed aberrant signaling of particular types of salience. We acquired event-related MRI data from 29 SZ patients and 23 controls during the performance of a passive outcome prediction task. Across groups, we found that the anterior insula and posterior parietal cortices were activated to multiple different types of salience, including PE magnitude and heightened levels of uncertainty. However, BOLD activation to salient events was not significantly different between patients and controls in many regions, including the insula, posterior parietal cortices, and default mode network nodes. Such results suggest that deficiencies in salience processing in SZ may not result from an impaired ability to signal salience per se, but instead the ability to use such signals to guide future actions. Notably, no between-group differences were observed in BOLD signal changes associated with PE-signaling in the striatum. However, positive symptom severity was found to significantly correlate with the magnitudes of salience contrasts in default mode network nodes. Our results suggest that, in an observational environment, SZ patients may show an intact ability to activate striatal and cortical regions to rewarding and non-rewarding salient events. Furthermore, reduced deactivation of a hypothesized default mode network node for SZ participants with high levels of positive symptoms, following salient events, point to abnormalities in interactions of the salience network with other brain networks, and their potential importance to positive symptoms.

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Fulay, Suyash, Nabeel Gillani, and Deb Roy. "Divergences in Following Patterns between Influential Twitter Users and Their Audiences across Dimensions of Identity." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 17 (June 2, 2023): 1123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v17i1.22220.

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Identity spans multiple dimensions; however, the relative salience of a dimension of identity can vary markedly from person to person. Furthermore, there is often a difference between one’s internal identity (how salient different aspects of one's identity are to oneself) and external identity (how salient different aspects are to the external world). We attempt to capture the internal and external saliences of different dimensions of identity for influential users (“influencers”) on Twitter using the follow graph. We consider an influencer’s “ego-centric” profile, which is determined by their personal following patterns and is largely in their direct control, and their “audience-centric” profile, which is determined by the following patterns of their audience and is outside of their direct control. Using these following patterns we calculate a corresponding salience metric that quantifies how important a certain dimension of identity is to an individual. We find that relative to their audiences, influencers exhibit more salience in race in their ego-centric profiles and less in religion and politics. One practical application of these findings is to identify "bridging" influencers that can connect their sizeable audiences to people from traditionally underheard communities. This could potentially increase the diversity of views audiences are exposed to through a trusted conduit (i.e. an influencer they already follow) and may lead to a greater voice for influencers from communities of color or women.

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Poltoratski, Sonia, Sam Ling, Devin McCormack, and Frank Tong. "Characterizing the effects of feature salience and top-down attention in the early visual system." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 564–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00924.2016.

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The visual system employs a sophisticated balance of attentional mechanisms: salient stimuli are prioritized for visual processing, yet observers can also ignore such stimuli when their goals require directing attention elsewhere. A powerful determinant of visual salience is local feature contrast: if a local region differs from its immediate surround along one or more feature dimensions, it will appear more salient. We used high-resolution functional MRI (fMRI) at 7T to characterize the modulatory effects of bottom-up salience and top-down voluntary attention within multiple sites along the early visual pathway, including visual areas V1–V4 and the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Observers viewed arrays of spatially distributed gratings, where one of the gratings immediately to the left or right of fixation differed from all other items in orientation or motion direction, making it salient. To investigate the effects of directed attention, observers were cued to attend to the grating to the left or right of fixation, which was either salient or nonsalient. Results revealed reliable additive effects of top-down attention and stimulus-driven salience throughout visual areas V1–hV4. In comparison, the LGN exhibited significant attentional enhancement but was not reliably modulated by orientation- or motion-defined salience. Our findings indicate that top-down effects of spatial attention can influence visual processing at the earliest possible site along the visual pathway, including the LGN, whereas the processing of orientation- and motion-driven salience primarily involves feature-selective interactions that take place in early cortical visual areas. NEW & NOTEWORTHY While spatial attention allows for specific, goal-driven enhancement of stimuli, salient items outside of the current focus of attention must also be prioritized. We used 7T fMRI to compare salience and spatial attentional enhancement along the early visual hierarchy. We report additive effects of attention and bottom-up salience in early visual areas, suggesting that salience enhancement is not contingent on the observer’s attentional state.

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Raelin, Jonathan D., and Jonathan P. Doh. "Free-Floating Salience: Governments as Salience Investors." Academy of Management Proceedings 2012, no. 1 (July 2012): 10334. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2012.10334abstract.

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Wolff, Irenaeus. "Elicited salience and salience-based level-k." Economics Letters 141 (April 2016): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2016.02.011.

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Veale, Richard, Ziad M. Hafed, and Masatoshi Yoshida. "How is visual salience computed in the brain? Insights from behaviour, neurobiology and modelling." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1714 (February 19, 2017): 20160113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0113.

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Inherent in visual scene analysis is a bottleneck associated with the need to sequentially sample locations with foveating eye movements. The concept of a ‘saliency map’ topographically encoding stimulus conspicuity over the visual scene has proven to be an efficient predictor of eye movements. Our work reviews insights into the neurobiological implementation of visual salience computation. We start by summarizing the role that different visual brain areas play in salience computation, whether at the level of feature analysis for bottom-up salience or at the level of goal-directed priority maps for output behaviour. We then delve into how a subcortical structure, the superior colliculus (SC), participates in salience computation. The SC represents a visual saliency map via a centre-surround inhibition mechanism in the superficial layers, which feeds into priority selection mechanisms in the deeper layers, thereby affecting saccadic and microsaccadic eye movements. Lateral interactions in the local SC circuit are particularly important for controlling active populations of neurons. This, in turn, might help explain long-range effects, such as those of peripheral cues on tiny microsaccades. Finally, we show how a combination of in vitro neurophysiology and large-scale computational modelling is able to clarify how salience computation is implemented in the local circuit of the SC. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Auditory and visual scene analysis’.

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Morrow, J. "Primary and Secondary Deviational Salience: Predictors, Consequences, Symptoms and Strategies." Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, no. 1 (February 1987): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.64.1.47.

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In this article, the model of deviational salience [italics added], which explains the relationship between self-perceptions and perceptions in general is extended. Original analysis indicated that when individuals evaluate themselves as deviating negatively from their perception of the norm of a salient environmental stimulus, that stimulus becomes mote meaningful. Reexamination of the original data indicates that this outcome also occurs when an individual's self-perceptions are incongruent with quantifiable objective norms. Furthermore, interaction between the two sufficient antecedent conditions of primary deviational salience, negative self-perceptions and incongruence, produces secondary deviational salience. The major dysfunctional consequences of both primary and secondary classifications have been examined. Those most debilitating involve misattribution based on the salient feature and obsessive concern over the feature. Finally, several rational-emotive approaches aimed at reducing deviational salience along with the maladaptive behavioral symptoms have been proposed.

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Wahid, Maria, Asim Waris, Syed Omer Gilani, and Ramanathan Subramanian. "The Effect of Eye Movements in Response to Different Types of Scenes Using a Graph-Based Visual Saliency Algorithm." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24 (December 9, 2019): 5378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9245378.

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Saliency is the quality of an object that makes it stands out from neighbouring items and grabs viewer attention. Regarding image processing, it refers to the pixel or group of pixels that stand out in an image or a video clip and capture the attention of the viewer. Our eye movements are usually guided by saliency while inspecting a scene. Rapid detection of emotive stimuli an ability possessed by humans. Visual objects in a scene are also emotionally salient. As different images and clips can elicit different emotional responses in a viewer such as happiness or sadness, there is a need to measure these emotions along with visual saliency. This study was conducted to determine whether the existing available visual saliency models can also measure emotional saliency. A classical Graph-Based Visual Saliency (GBVS) model is used in the study. Results show that there is low saliency or salient features in sad movies with at least a significant difference of 0.05 between happy and sad videos as well as a large mean difference of 76.57 and 57.0, hence making these videos less emotionally salient. However, overall visual content does not capture emotional salience. The applied Graph-Based Visual Saliency model notably identified happy emotions but could not analyze sad emotions.

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Xu, Qinghui, and Xiangfeng Ji. "User Equilibrium Analysis Considering Travelers’ Context-Dependent Route Choice Behavior on the Risky Traffic Network." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 6706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176706.

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This paper studies travelers’ context-dependent route choice behavior in a risky trafficnetwork from a long-term perspective, focusing on the effect of travelers’ salience characteristics. In particular, a flow-dependent salience theory is proposed for this analysis, where the flow denotes the traffic flow on the risky route. In the proposed model, travelers’ attention is drawn to the salient travel utility, and the objective probabilities of the state of the world are replaced by the decision weights distorted in favor of this salient travel utility. A long-run user equilibrium will be achieved when no traveler can improve his or her salient travel utility by unilaterally changing routes, termed salient user equilibrium, which extends the scope of the Wardropian user equilibrium. Furthermore, we prove the existence and uniqueness of this salient user equilibrium. Finally, numerical studies demonstrate our theoretical findings. The equilibrium results show non-intuitive insights into travelers’ route choice behavior. (1) Travelers can be risk-seeking (the travel utility of a risky route is small with a relatively high probability), risk-neutral (in special situations), or risk-averse (the travel utility of a risky route is large with a relatively high probability), which depends on the salient state. (2) The extent of travelers’ risk-seeking or risk-averse behavior depends on their extent of salience bias, while the risk-neutral behavior is irrelative to this salience bias.

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Henderson, John M., Taylor R. Hayes, Candace E. Peacock, and Gwendolyn Rehrig. "Meaning and Attentional Guidance in Scenes: A Review of the Meaning Map Approach." Vision 3, no. 2 (May 10, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision3020019.

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Perception of a complex visual scene requires that important regions be prioritized and attentionally selected for processing. What is the basis for this selection? Although much research has focused on image salience as an important factor guiding attention, relatively little work has focused on semantic salience. To address this imbalance, we have recently developed a new method for measuring, representing, and evaluating the role of meaning in scenes. In this method, the spatial distribution of semantic features in a scene is represented as a meaning map. Meaning maps are generated from crowd-sourced responses given by naïve subjects who rate the meaningfulness of a large number of scene patches drawn from each scene. Meaning maps are coded in the same format as traditional image saliency maps, and therefore both types of maps can be directly evaluated against each other and against maps of the spatial distribution of attention derived from viewers’ eye fixations. In this review we describe our work focusing on comparing the influences of meaning and image salience on attentional guidance in real-world scenes across a variety of viewing tasks that we have investigated, including memorization, aesthetic judgment, scene description, and saliency search and judgment. Overall, we have found that both meaning and salience predict the spatial distribution of attention in a scene, but that when the correlation between meaning and salience is statistically controlled, only meaning uniquely accounts for variance in attention.

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Wong, Bang. "Erratum: Salience." Nature Methods 8, no. 2 (January 28, 2011): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth0211-184c.

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Smith, Martin. "Mortality Salience." Film International 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/fiin.15.3.13_1.

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Bosque, Elena. "Toward Salience." Advances in Neonatal Care 12, no. 5 (October 2012): 292–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/anc.0b013e318262499b.

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Postema, Gerald J. "Salience Reasoning." Topoi 27, no. 1-2 (July 2008): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11245-008-9031-6.

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Itti, Laurent. "Visual salience." Scholarpedia 2, no. 9 (2007): 3327. http://dx.doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.3327.

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Cunningham, William A., and Tobias Brosch. "Motivational Salience." Current Directions in Psychological Science 21, no. 1 (January 31, 2012): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721411430832.

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Waistell, Jeff. "The salience of silence: the silence of salience." Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion 15, no. 3 (March 12, 2018): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2018.1449136.

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Zheng, Yuqing, Edward W. McLaughlin, and Harry M. Kaiser. "Salience and taxation: salience effect versus information effect." Applied Economics Letters 20, no. 5 (March 2013): 508–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2012.718050.

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Gailliot, Matthew T., Tyler F. Stillman, Brandon J. Schmeichel, Jon K. Maner, and E. Ashby Plant. "Mortality Salience Increases Adherence to Salient Norms and Values." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34, no. 7 (May 9, 2008): 993–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167208316791.

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Kirton, Fiona, Simon Kirby, Kenny Smith, Jennifer Culbertson, and Marieke Schouwstra. "Constituent order in silent gesture reflects the perspective of the producer." Journal of Language Evolution 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 54–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jole/lzaa010.

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Abstract Understanding the relationship between human cognition and linguistic structure is a central theme in language evolution research. Numerous studies have investigated this question using the silent gesture paradigm in which participants describe events using only gesture and no speech. Research using this paradigm has found that Agent–Patient–Action (APV) is the most commonly produced gesture order, regardless of the producer’s native language. However, studies have uncovered a range of factors that influence ordering preferences. One such factor is salience, which has been suggested as a key determiner of word order. Specifically, humans, who are typically agents, are more salient than inanimate objects, so tend to be mentioned first. In this study, we investigated the role of salience in more detail and asked whether manipulating the salience of a human agent would modulate the tendency to express humans before objects. We found, first, that APV was less common than expected based on previous literature. Secondly, salience influenced the relative ordering of the patient and action, but not the agent and patient. For events involving a non-salient agent, participants typically expressed the patient before the action and vice versa for salient agents. Thirdly, participants typically omitted non-salient agents from their descriptions. We present details of a novel computational solution that infers the orders participants would have produced had they expressed all three constituents on every trial. Our analysis showed that events involving salient agents tended to elicit AVP; those involving a non-salient agent were typically described with APV, modulated by a strong tendency to omit the agent. We argue that these findings provide evidence that the effect of salience is realized through its effect on the perspective from which a producer frames an event.

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Wolf, Christian, and Markus Lappe. "Top-down control of saccades requires inhibition of suddenly appearing stimuli." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 82, no. 8 (August 16, 2020): 3863–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-020-02101-3.

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Abstract Humans scan their visual environment using saccade eye movements. Where we look is influenced by bottom-up salience and top-down factors, like value. For reactive saccades in response to suddenly appearing stimuli, it has been shown that short-latency saccades are biased towards salience, and that top-down control increases with increasing latency. Here, we show, in a series of six experiments, that this transition towards top-down control is not determined by the time it takes to integrate value information into the saccade plan, but by the time it takes to inhibit suddenly appearing salient stimuli. Participants made consecutive saccades to three fixation crosses and a vertical bar consisting of a high-salient and a rewarded low-salient region. Endpoints on the bar were biased towards salience whenever it appeared or reappeared shortly before the last saccade was initiated. This was also true when the eye movement was already planned. When the location of the suddenly appearing salient region was predictable, saccades were aimed in the opposite direction to nullify this sudden onset effect. Successfully inhibiting salience, however, could only be achieved by previewing the target. These findings highlight the importance of inhibition for top-down eye-movement control.

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Freeman, T. P., C. J. A. Morgan, T. Beesley, and H. V. Curran. "Drug cue induced overshadowing: selective disruption of natural reward processing by cigarette cues amongst abstinent but not satiated smokers." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 1 (July 7, 2011): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711001139.

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BackgroundAddicts show both reward processing deficits and increased salience attribution to drug cues. However, no study to date has demonstrated that salience attribution to drug cues can directly modulate inferences of reward value to non-drug cues. Associative learning depends on salience: a more salient predictor of an outcome will ‘overshadow’ a less salient predictor of the same outcome. Similarly, blocking, a demonstration that learning depends on prediction error, can be influenced by the salience of the cues employed.MethodThis study investigated whether salient drug cues might interact with neutral cues predicting financial reward in an associative learning task indexing blocking and overshadowing in satiated smokers (n=24), abstaining smokers (n=24) and non-smoking controls (n=24). Attentional bias towards drug cues, craving and expired CO were also indexed.ResultsAbstaining smokers showed drug cue induced overshadowing, attributing higher reward value to drug cues than to neutral cues that were equally predictive of reward. Overshadowing was positively correlated with expired CO levels, which, in turn, were correlated with craving in abstainers. An automatic attentional bias towards cigarette cues was found in abstainers only.ConclusionsThese findings provide the first evidence that drug cues interact with reward processing in a drug dependent population.

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Lacey, Robert J. "The Electoral Allure of Direct Democracy: The Effect of Initiative Salience on Voting, 1990-96." State Politics & Policy Quarterly 5, no. 2 (June 2005): 168–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153244000500500204.

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Do salient ballot initiatives stimulate voting? Recent studies have shown that initiatives increase voter turnout, but some methodological concerns still linger. These studies have either relied solely on aggregate data to make inferences about individual-level behavior or used a flawed measure of initiative salience. Using individual-level data from the National Election Studies, I find that ballot question salience indeed stimulated voting in the midterm elections of 1990 and 1994. In an election with moderately salient ballot questions, a person's likelihood of voting can increase by as much as 30 percent in a midterm election. On the other hand, consistent with most prior research, I find no statistically significant relationship between ballot question salience and voting in presidential elections.

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Consigny, Antoine. "Salience and lexical semantics." Recherches anglaises et nord-américaines 44, no. 1 (2011): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ranam.2011.1405.

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The paper investigates the concept of salience as applied to lexical semantics. More precisely, it looks at whether one can speak of salience in the semantic features of a given meaning. A pilot study is conducted, in which the different meanings of a polysemous phrasal verb, take off, are described in terms of semantic features. Those features are then compared to each other so as to find out if some can be said to be more salient than others. They are given gradients of salience, making it possible to represent graphically this salience in each meaning. Tentative conclusions are then drawn. It is claimed that it is possible to reintroduce semantic features into the analysis of meaning, though not of the same type as in Componential Analysis (Nida, 1975). Also, different degrees of salience for semantic features might explain some different aspects of a given meaning, as described by Cruse (2001) in terms of facets.

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Sun, Rongxiao. "Pricing Considering Salient Thinking." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 9, no. 2 (June 5, 2023): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v9i2.9142.

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Empirical studies have proved the significant impact of consumers’ salient thinking on their purchasing decisions, especially when there is more than one product in the market. This study establishes a pricing model to study the corresponding pricing strategies when consumers’ purchasing decisions are influenced by salient thinking. Our analysis finds that price salience is optimal when the cost of the high-quality product is low; quality salience is optimal when the cost of the high-quality product is high.

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Ryu, Dohyung. "A Study on EFL Learners’ Preferred Types of Salience and Categories in Movie English." STEM Journal 22, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.16875/stem.2021.22.3.15.

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The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to observe EFL learners’ preferred types of salience in Movie English and (2) to examine which language categories are mainly salient. The types of salience are based on Schmid and Günther’s (2016) 4 types of salience, with categories of grammar, individual words, chunks, and messages. This is a case study of five college students majoring in English all with TOEIC scores higher than 800. The study was divided into a self-heuristic group of three students and a category-presented group of two students. The self-heuristic group was instructed to find out what they found salient and noticeable in a movie, without the terms salience and category being mentioned. The category-presented group was directed to find out what they found salient and noticeable in the movie, based on given categories. The results showed that the two groups preferred surprise and novelty. Both groups preferred different categories, however. The self-heuristic group mostly focused on chunks, with a preferred order of chunks, grammar, words, and messages. The category-presented group mainly focused on words, with a preferred order of words, chunks, messages, and grammar. Pedagogical implications will be discussed in more detail in this paper.

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Schmalbrock, Philip, Ruth Laub, and Christian Frings. "Integrating salience and action – Increased integration strength through salience." Visual Cognition 29, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2020.1871455.

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Chen, Xiaomo, Marc Zirnsak, Gabriel M. Vega, Eshan Govil, Stephen G. Lomber, and Tirin Moore. "Parietal Cortex Regulates Visual Salience and Salience-Driven Behavior." Neuron 106, no. 1 (April 2020): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.01.016.

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Giora, Rachel, Moshe Raphaely, Ofer Fein, and Elad Livnat. "Resonating with contextually inappropriate interpretations in production: The case of irony." Cognitive Linguistics 25, no. 3 (August 1, 2014): 443–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2014-0026.

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AbstractAccording to the graded salience hypothesis, salient meanings and salience-based interpretations are not only involved in language comprehension but also in language production (Giora 2003, 2011a; Giora and Gur 2003). This should be true of irony production as well. If, as predicted by the graded salience hypothesis, the ironist herself indeed activates utterance interpretations on account of their salience-based accessibility rather than solely on account of their contextual fit, this might be reflected in the ironies' environment. Given the crucial role of the salience-based interpretation of “what is said” in deriving and supporting the ironic interpretation, this interpretation should not be suppressed (Giora 1995). Such a view of irony production predicts that its environment will demonstrate dialogic resonance (à la Du Bois, this volume) with ironies' salience-based, but incompatible interpretations. To test this prediction, we studied a written Hebrew corpus including over 1600 ironies. Our findings show that 46% of the ironies, 10% of which are extended ironies, are addressed via reference to their salience-based contextually incompatible interpretations; resonance with the context-based , ironic interpretation occurred in only 8% of the cases; the environment of the rest either did not resonate with any of their interpretations (43%), or resonated with both their compatible and incompatible interpretations (3%). These results support the view that, like comprehenders (Giora et al. 2007), irony producers too activate and retain salience-based albeit inappropriate interpretations.

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Schindler, Simon, Marc-André Reinhard, and Dagmar Stahlberg. "Mortality Salience Increases Personal Relevance of the Norm of Reciprocity." Psychological Reports 111, no. 2 (October 2012): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/20.02.21.pr0.111.5.565-574.

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Research on terror management theory found evidence that people under mortality salience strive to live up to salient cultural norms and values, like egalitarianism, pacifism, or helpfulness. A basic, strongly internalized norm in most human societies is the norm of reciprocity: people should support those who supported them (i.e., positive reciprocity), and people should injure those who injured them (i.e., negative reciprocity), respectively. In an experiment ( N = 98; 47 women, 51 men), mortality salience overall significantly increased personal relevance of the norm of reciprocity ( M = 4.45, SD = 0.65) compared to a control condition ( M = 4.19, SD = 0.59). Specifically, under mortality salience there was higher motivation to punish those who treated them unfavourably (negative norm of reciprocity). Unexpectedly, relevance of the norm of positive reciprocity remained unaffected by mortality salience. Implications and limitations are discussed.

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Zhao, Yue, and Jianbo Su. "New Sparse Facial Feature Description Model Based on Salience Evaluation of Regions and Features." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 29, no. 05 (July 9, 2015): 1556007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001415560078.

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Some regions (or blocks) and their affiliated features of face images are normally of more importance for face recognition. However, the variety of feature contributions, which exerts different saliency on recognition, is usually ignored. This paper proposes a new sparse facial feature description model based on salience evaluation of regions and features, which not only considers the contributions of different face regions, but also distinguishes that of different features in the same region. Specifically, the structured sparse learning scheme is employed as the salience evaluation method to encourage sparsity at both the group and individual levels for balancing regions and features. Therefore, the new facial feature description model is obtained by combining the salience evaluation method with region-based features. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieves better performance with much lower feature dimensionality.

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Haddock, Gillian, Melanie Wolfenden, Ian Lowens, Nicholas Tarrier, and Richard P. Bentall. "Effect of Emotional Salience on Thought Disorder in Patients with Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 167, no. 5 (November 1995): 618–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.167.5.618.

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BackgroundThis study examined the effect of emotional salience on the severity of thought disorder in schizophrenic patients.MethodTen thought disordered and ten non-thought disordered schizophrenic patients were interviewed under two conditions: a personal interview involving material which was emotionally salient and an impersonal interview involving material which was not emotionally salient.ResultsBoth groups exhibited some thought disorder during both interviews. The thought disordered patients exhibited significantly more thought disorder during the emotionally salient interview.ConclusionsThought disorder in schizophrenic patients is affected by the emotional salience of the material being discussed. Clinical implications are discussed.

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Lybaert, Chloé. "Perceptie van tussentaal in het gesproken Nederlands in Vlaanderen." Nederlandse Taalkunde 19, no. 2 (September 1, 2014): 185–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/nedtaa2014.2.lyba.

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Abstract In this paper, the results of a salience experiment in Flanders are reported. 80 informants were subjected to a qualitative interview in which they were asked to evaluate seven audio recordings, spoken in several regional versions of tussentaal (literally ‘in-between-language’) or in Standard Dutch. The informants had to judge which language variety was spoken in the recordings and they had to motivate on which features they based their judgment of the language used. This paper aims to show that research on salience has almost exclusively focused on whether a linguistic item is salient or not and that not enough attention has been paid to interpersonal variation in salience.

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Alajmi, Nasser Mohammed, and Abdullah Ghannam Alghannam. "The Sociolinguistic Salience of Linguistic Variables in Najdi Arabic." World Journal of English Language 12, no. 6 (July 12, 2022): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n6p114.

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This study examines the relative sociolinguistic salience of three linguistic variables in two Najdi dialects, the bedouin and sedentary dialects. The quantitative data elicited from sociolinguistic interviews in Alajmi (2019) shows that bedouins are converging on the sedentary dialect, to varying degrees across the variables. The aim of this study is to test whether the sociolinguistic salience of the variables is the reason why there is variation in the level of convergence. Three methods have been used to measure the relative salience of the variables, the Social Category Association Test (SCAT), dialect identification task and multiple interviewers. The data from all three methods agree with the level of convergence in the production data (Alajmi, 2019). The variable that shows high level of convergence to the sedentary variant was found to be salient, while the other variables which show low levels of convergence were not salient.

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Hadi, Syamsul, Heru Kurnianto Tjahjono, Zainal Mustafa El Qadri, and Wisnu Prajogo. "The Influence of Organizational Justice and Positive Organizational Behavior: Systematic Review and Call for Future Research." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 61 (January 5, 2020): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.61.67.84.

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This paper aims to focus on research configuration and to create a conceptual framework on the influence of salience oforganizational justice (OJ) dimension and salience of positive organizational behavior (POB) based on 5.530 articles from the Digital library. The method used in this study is a systematic review covering OJ and POB publications from the 2011up to 2019. This is the first paper to jointly analyze the influence of OJ and POB using systematic review method, which may enrich academic discussion. Findings: Distributive and procedural justice has the most weighted of evidence in influencing the salience of positive organizational behavior, followed by interpersonal and informational justice. While the highest sequences of salient outcome include organizational commitment, OCB, job satisfaction, organizational trust, job performance, and pay satisfaction. Interpersonal justice does not affect pay satisfaction, and informational justice only has salient outcome towards OCB, job performance, and pay satisfaction.

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Atewologun, Doyin. "Sites of intersectional identity salience." Gender in Management: An International Journal 29, no. 5 (July 1, 2014): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-12-2013-0140.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore experiences relating to and the nature of the episodes that raise individuals’ salience of their intersecting gender, ethnic and senior organizational identities. This paper is based on a presentation given at a British Academy of Management Joint Gender in Management and Identity Special Interest Groups Research Seminar entitled “Exploring Intersectionality of Gender and Identity”. Design/methodology/approach – Based on identity-heightening incidents elicited through diaries and interviews from minority ethnic women and men in middle- and senior-management positions, the paper adopts a multilevel, intersectional framework to present “sites” of intersectional identity salience. Identity-salient sites were analysed from accounts of episodes that raised the salience of gender, ethnic and senior identities for respondents. Researcher reflections on identity salience are also analysed. Findings – This paper draws on subjective accounts of identity salience from researcher and respondent experiences on pre-defined identity dimensions. Research limitations/implications – This paper uses rich, in-depth accounts of everyday experiences to reveal the dynamics of intersectional identity salience. Gender, ethnic and senior identities infuse each other with significance and meaning simultaneously and consecutively in everyday experiences. Originality/value – This paper’s originality is drawn from the advancement of intersectionality studies through empirical research based on collecting identity-heightening qualitative data.

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King, Donald L. "Sentences and Rehearsals Increase Rated Similarity: Support for Assimilation-in-Salience Theory." Psychological Reports 84, no. 3_suppl (June 1999): 1253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3c.1253.

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The present study concerns how organization produces good retention. Exp. 1 indicated that college students rated two words in sentences as more similar than the same two words alone. In Exp. 2 they rated the two words of old presumably rehearsed pairs as more similar than the two words of new pairs. A sentence is a type of organization, and words that are rehearsed together are frequently subjectively organized. Therefore, the two experiments suggest that organized stimuli also assimilate among themselves (and evidence in the literature concurs). Organized stimuli also produce a highly salient (activated) single memorial group (unit) such as the meaning that a simple sentence comes to have according to evidence in the literature. So, the two experiments support the hypothesis that organized stimuli produce good retention, assimilation among themselves, and a highly salient group. Consequently, organized stimuli may also assimilate to the highly salient group and thereby increase in salience, with this increase enabling the good retention. This assimilation-in-salience theory of how organization produces good retention accords with perceptual evidence suggesting that a target increases in salience through its assimilation to a more salient simultaneously present context.

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Sprague, Thomas C., Sirawaj Itthipuripat, Vy A. Vo, and John T. Serences. "Dissociable signatures of visual salience and behavioral relevance across attentional priority maps in human cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 2153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00059.2018.

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Computational models posit that visual attention is guided by activity within spatial maps that index the image-computable salience and the behavioral relevance of objects in the scene. These spatial maps are theorized to be instantiated as activation patterns across a series of retinotopic visual regions in occipital, parietal, and frontal cortex. Whereas previous research has identified sensitivity to either the behavioral relevance or the image-computable salience of different scene elements, the simultaneous influence of these factors on neural “attentional priority maps” in human cortex is not well understood. We tested the hypothesis that visual salience and behavioral relevance independently impact the activation profile across retinotopically organized cortical regions by quantifying attentional priority maps measured in human brains using functional MRI while participants attended one of two differentially salient stimuli. We found that the topography of activation in priority maps, as reflected in the modulation of region-level patterns of population activity, independently indexed the physical salience and behavioral relevance of each scene element. Moreover, salience strongly impacted activation patterns in early visual areas, whereas later visual areas were dominated by relevance. This suggests that prioritizing spatial locations relies on distributed neural codes containing graded representations of salience and relevance across the visual hierarchy.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We tested a theory which supposes that neural systems represent scene elements according to both their salience and their relevance in a series of “priority maps” by measuring functional MRI activation patterns across human brains and reconstructing spatial maps of the visual scene. We found that different regions indexed either the salience or the relevance of scene items, but not their interaction, suggesting an evolving representation of salience and relevance across different visual areas.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Salience'

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