Dissertations / Theses: 'Salience'

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Palaniyappan, Lena. "Salience network in psychosis." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13746/.

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This thesis explores the role of a large-scale brain network comprising of the insula and anterior cingulate cortex in the pathophysiology of psychosis using structural and functional neuroimaging. Primarily, anatomical changes affecting the grey matter structure and patterns of dysconnectivity involving the insula are investigated. Various meta-analytic studies have reported consistent reduction in insular grey matter across various psychotic disorders. Despite these robust observations, the role played by this brain region in the generation of psychotic symptoms remains unexplored. In this thesis, using a meta-analytic approach, the relevance of insula for the clinical expression of psychosis is highlighted. Further, significant reduction in the cortical folding of the insula was noted in patients with schizophrenia. Reduced gyrification is accompanied by reduced functional connectivity between the insula and the rest of the brain. Using an effective connectivity approach (Granger Causal Analysis), the primacy of insula in driving the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is demonstrated in healthy controls; this relationship is significantly affected in schizophrenia amounting to aberrant connectivity within a putative salience-execution loop. Reduced primacy of the salience-execution loop relates to illness severity. It is argued that the insula, as a key region of the salience network, plays a crucial role in the generation of symptoms of psychosis. The evidence in support of this theory is discussed, together with its implications for clinical practice aimed at reducing the burden of psychosis.

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Arjona, David Rojo. "Salience in strategic choices." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.554300.

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Schelling proposes salience as a solution to the problem of multiplicity of equilibria and focal point as equilibrium concept. Salience in strategic situations refers to those choices with psychological appeal. Given the experimental evidence, theories ignoring salience might suffer from a bias of omitted variables. This requires correction, because salience relates to one of the central topics in economics - bargaining. This thesis examines and tests two candidate theories to explain behaviour in games with salience: team-reasoning and, especially, level-k. In particular, this thesis offers two methods to produce experimental, falsifiable tests. The first method pursues the independent identification of the concept behind salience - what is a focal point? (chapter 2) - which helps to address a possible puzzle in the empirical literature: apparent differences between coordination games. In particular, two games are studied: open sets (Mehta et al. 1994) - e.g. "Choose an animal" - and closed sets (Bardsley et al. 2010) - e.g. "Choose one of the following animals: dog, cat, lion, tiger, monkey". This identification allows the best-rule hypothesis of team-reasoning to be tested (chapter 3). The second method uses the fact that level 0 is the same across different games with the same non- strategic features and, therefore, identifiable through pure coordination games. Clear predictions about what higher levels do can then be drawn, and tested, in the rest of the games (chapter 4). The main results are as follows. First, focal points are related with prototypicality and typicality. There are differences between sets; and coordination is higher in open sets because concepts explaining coordination are more correlated. Second, although level-k finds support in both open and closed sets, team-reasoning can now be discarded in closed sets. And, more generally, doubts about level-k are cast, because unexplained and systematic deviations are found.

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Remmelzwaal, Leendert Amani. "Salience-affected neural networks." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12111.

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Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-49).
In this research, the salience of an entity refers to its state or quality of standing out, or receiving increased attention, relative to neighboring entities. By neighbouring entities we refer to both spatial (i.e. similar visual objects) and temporal (i.e. related concepts). In this research we model the effect of non-local connections using an ANN, creating a salience-affected neural network (SANN). We adapt an ANN to embody the capacity to respond to an input salience signal and to produce a reverse salience signal during testing. The input salience signal applied during training to each node has the effect of varying the node’s thresholds, depending on the activation level of the node. Each node produces a nodal reverse salience signal during testing (a measure of the threshold bias for the individual node). The reverse salience signal is defined as the summation of the nodal reverse salience signals observed at each node.

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Polykoff, Jason. "The effects of mortality salience and social isolation salience on individualistic and collectivistic cognition." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/745.

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Hmielowski, Jay D. "The salience of media frames." Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2007/J_Hmielowski_070807.pdf.

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Huang, Mimi Ziwei. "Metaphor, Salience and Literary Discourse." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518831.

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Koch, Anja Isabel. "A probabilistic theory of salience." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-176678.

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Toosi, Mandana. "Self-Evaluative Salience and Motivational Salience as Predictors of Depressive Affect and Appearance Based Rejection Sensitivity." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2386.

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Although the psychological effects of appearance schemas have been studied in the general population, we know little about the relation of these schemas to appearance-based rejection sensitivity. This study examined the relations among predictive variables of appearance-invested self-schemas (self-evaluative salience [SES] and motivational salience [MS]), appearance-based rejection sensitivity, and depressive affect. Self-discrepancy theory was used to theorize that when individuals experience discrepancies with self, conflict arises in self-schemas, and that this conflict relates to an increase in depressive affect and appearance-based rejection sensitivity. The sample consisted of 131 adult female college students participating in a continuing education program. Multiple regression was used to evaluate the relation between appearance-invested self-schema and depressive affect. A second multiple regression equation was conducted to evaluate the relation between appearance-invested self-schema and appearance-based rejection sensitivity. Participants with higher SES scores had significantly higher depressive affect scores and appearance-based rejection sensitivity scores. Participants with higher MS scores had significantly lower depressive affect and appearance-based rejection sensitivity scores. High SES significantly predicted more depression and sensitivity to rejection based on appearance, and high MS appeared to be a protective factor against depression and appearance based rejection. The results of the study promote positive social change by helping professionals improve treatments for individuals suffering from negative appearance-invested self-schemas, rejection sensitivity, and depression.

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Ring, John Kirk. "Stakeholder salience in the family firm." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2009. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-03302009-150029.

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Shiramatsu, Shun. "Salience-based modeling of discourse context." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/135998.

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Lee, Samuel. "Control-display alignment modulates dimensional salience." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1524133.

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In studies of two-dimensional (2D) stimulus-response compatibility (SRC), people respond faster and more accurately when compatibility is maintained along the horizontal dimension than the vertical dimension, an effect called right-left prevalence. Proponents of the salient features coding account have demonstrated that prevalence effects occur when one dimension within a control-display configuration is more salient than the other. The goal of the present study was to extend this account by investigating the role of control-display alignment (CDA) and its potential influence on dimensional salience. Participants completed two-choice 2D SRC tasks in four control-display configurations with a response panel centered above, below, left, and right of a projected display. As hypothesized, right-left prevalence was elicited using vertical CDA and top-bottom prevalence was elicited using horizontal CD A. The findings demonstrate that CDA influences the way people interact with controls and displays and should therefore be taken into account in future research and design.

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Freeman, T. P. "Salience attribution in addiction and psychosis." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1389056/.

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Salience attribution, the process by which particular stimuli come to selectively grab one’s attention, is heightened towards drug-associated cues in substance users and irrelevant cues in psychosis. In Chapter 1 I review this literature. Despite their theoretical link and the substantial co-morbidity of substance use in psychotic disorders, the extent to which these processes overlap is not well understood. The aim of this thesis was to investigate their relationship. The ability of drug cues to impact on associative learning processes was examined in Chapter 2 using a newly developed task. Overshadowing by drug cues was found alongside smoking-related attentional bias in abstinent smokers but not in satiated smokers or controls. This overshadowing effect is replicated in Chapter 3 among frequent ketamine users and polydrug-using controls. Ketamine users showed elevated psychotic-like symptoms, a reduction in associative blocking and a stronger impact of drug cues on blocking compared to polydrug controls. These results are indicative of a shared disruption of salience attribution in addiction and psychosis, which I investigated in Chapter 4 among smokers with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Associative blocking was reduced in these individuals compared to control smokers but both groups displayed an absence of blocking towards drug cues. The patient group also showed higher drug-cue attentional bias that correlated with positive psychotic symptoms. In Chapter 5 I examined the role of dopamine in salience attribution in smokers. The dopamine D2/D3 agonist pramipexole (0.5mg) reduced urges to smoke and decreased attentional bias towards smoking-related images relative to monetary images when compared to placebo. In Chapter 6 I discuss the theoretical and clinical implications of these findings. The effects of drug cues on associative learning provide a methodological advance, and these findings offer preliminary support for a link between disruptions of salience attribution in addiction and in psychosis.

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Weismantel, Eric. "Perceptual Salience of Non-accidental Properties." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376610211.

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Engström, Jonas. "Salience and Loss Aversion among Taxpayers." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388568.

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In this paper, I evaluate whether salience induces loss aversion among taxpayers. Using annual register data from 2013-2017 for taxpayers reporting tradable securities, E-filing taxpayers are shown to exhibit bunching on the surplus side of the zero final tax balance. A corresponding excess mass is not found for paper filers. Considering previous evidence and theoretical predictions, this points in the direction of loss aversion induced by salience in the E-filing service. Further, the E-filing service reduces capital gains of taxpayers by on average 24%. However, this paper cannot clearly identify whether E-filers use manipulation of capital reports to evade taxes. The decrease in capital gains can to a negligible extent be attributed to assistance by the E-filing service in reducing suboptimal choice in the calculation of buying prices, resulting in legal reductions of capital gains.

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Winton-Brown, Tobias Thomas. "Aberrant salience and the risk of psychosis." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/aberrant-salience-and-the-risk-of-psychosis(f4256821-7528-4957-b9b8-e8135721bde2).html.

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This study unpacks the concept of ‘salience’ as invoked by Kapur and others in linking dopamine dysregulation to psychotic symptoms. Rather than relying on unidimensional reward based conceptions that have dominated empirical studies thus far it reconsiders the notion from a healthy salience processing point of view. It sets out to then test this model using fMRI and PET scanning in unmedicated subjects at high clinical risk for psychosis in the neural setting of a subcortical and network derived from the MAM animal model of schizophrenia. To do this I developed a factorial fMRI task that incorporates probes of Novelty and Emotion alongside aspects of Reward. I found behavioural and fMRI main effects and interactions of each aspect in a sample of 29 healthy controls, and used this to advance a multidimensional framework of normal salience processing. We then found several specific departures from this framework in a sample of 29 participants with an At Risk Mental State for psychosis, particularly in the domains of reward and in the interactions with emotion. This resonates with the affectively laden altered motivational states seen in early psychosis and described by early phenomenologists, and fits with cognitive models that emphasise the importance of emotion in producing psychotic symptoms. Finally, in half of the sample we additionally obtained 18?F?DOPA PET scans and found altered relationships between hippocampal activation to salient stimuli and striatal presynaptic dopamine synthesis in high risk subjects compared to controls. These were as predicted by the MAM model. These findings add support to aberrant salience models of early psychosis and demonstrate that abnormalities in salience processing are present prior to the onset of the first psychotic episode. They also support predictions from the MAM model of schizophrenia that suggests ventral hippocampal overdrive may provoke hyperdopaminergia in psychosis. They therefore also point towards this upstream target for potential new treatments. This will form the basis of ongoing work.

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Chang, Betty Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "Salience asymmetries in the Implicit Association Test." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Psychology, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41524.

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The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is the most popular indirect measure of attitudes in social psychology. It has been suggested that salience asymmetries are a non-associative contaminant of the IAT that threatens the accurate assessment of attitudes. Salience asymmetries in the IAT are claimed to correspond with visual search asymmetries, and differences in target familiarity. In this thesis, I propose that processing fluency is the common mechanism underlying both visual search asymmetries and familiarity. Several experiments were conducted to determine whether visual search asymmetries, familiarity, or processing fluency most reliably corresponds with salience asymmetry effects in the IAT. The first series of experiments revealed that processing fluency is a better predictor of salience asymmetry effects in the IAT than is visual search asymmetry (Chapter 2). In Chapter 3, a novel method was developed to distinguish between the effects of valence and salience in the IAT. Using this method, I demonstrated that the effects of salience in the IAT are consistent with a fluency account of salience asymmetries. Familiarity was also shown to produce salience asymmetry effects in the IAT (Chapter 4), which is also consistent with the fluency account. When fluency and familiarity were set against each other in Chapter 5, it was processing fluency, rather than familiarity, that predicted salience asymmetry effects in the IAT. Although processing fluency is a good predictor of salience asymmetries, the results of Chapter 6 reveal that the fluency account cannot explain all examples of salience asymmetries in the IAT. The data presented here are consistent with the view that the more fluently processed target category is compatible with the pleasant attributes on the grounds of salience asymmetries. The current experiments suggest that when there are valence differences between the target categories, salience asymmetries can potentially distort IAT effects. When the positive target category is more salient, salience asymmetries appear to increase IAT effects. In contrast, when the negative target category is more salient, salience asymmetries appear to decrease IAT effects. However, further evidence is required to determine how the effects of salience and valence combine in the IAT.

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Guido, Gianluigi. "An incongruity-salience hypothesis on consumer awareness." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263008.

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Shahzad, Khurram. "The institutional transformation and the stakeholders’ salience." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA11S279/document.

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Un courant dominant dans la théorie institutionnelle suggère que lorsqu’un changement institutionnel apparaît, la logique institutionnelle dominante se transforme. Les implications et les conséquences de ces changements sur l’ensemble des relations entretenues entre les acteurs ne sont toutefois pas claires. Cette thèse vise ainsi à comprendre la dynamique des relations entre les entreprises et leurs parties prenantes dans un champ qui vit un processus de changement institutionnel particulièrement fort. Afin de saisir et de caractériser l’évolution de ces relations, dans le contexte spécifique d’un pays émergent, le cadre de la saillance des parties prenantes développé par Mitchell et al. (1997) a été utilisé comme fondement théorique. Cette recherche propose de revisiter et de renforcer ce cadre théorique et d’illustrer de manière empirique le processus à l’œuvre. En utilisant des données recueillies à partir d’entretiens semi-structurés et de documents d'archives, cette thèse suggère une forte relation entre la logique institutionnelle dominante et la saillance des parties prenantes. Enfin, cette recherche propose plusieurs implications, tant pour les gestionnaires que pour les chercheurs, en matière de direction et d’orientation stratégiques des entreprises
An established stream of literature in institutional tradition suggests that as institutional change process unfolds in the field, dominant institutional logic shifts. The implications of such shifts in institutional logic for the broader network of relationships of various constituents are still not clear. This thesis, therefore, aims to uncover the dynamics of firm-stakeholders relationships in a field undergoing a robust institutional change process. In order to understand these evolving relationships in emerging country’s context, Mitchell et al.’s (1997) framework of stakeholder salience has been employed as an underlying theoretical framework. This thesis also makes several conceptual and empirical contributions to this framework and strengthens its theoretical underpinnings. Overall, using data collected through semi-structured interviews and archival material, this dissertation suggests strong dominant institutional logic-stakeholder salience relationship. Moreover, this thesis provides several lessons for managers and researchers that may help to better set firms’ strategic direction

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Köster, Mats [Verfasser]. "Salience Effects in Economic Choice / Mats Köster." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1229691693/34.

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Hahn, Amanda C. "Factors influencing the motivational salience of faces." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3619.

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My research utilizes a behavioral key-press task adapted from the classic bar-press technique employed in many rodent studies of reward to explore the incentive salience of beauty among humans. In Chapter 2, I replicate previous findings indicating that gender differences exist for the incentive salience of beauty. I extend past findings with regard to the incentive salience of heterosexual beauty by investigating the role of additional aspects of facial appearance. Here, I find that apparent health holds incentive salience. This may serve an adaptive function by driving motivation to seek out healthy potential mates while avoiding infectious individuals. In Chapter 3, I explore gender differences in the incentive salience of adult and infant faces. I show that women demonstrate greater motivation, overall, to view infant faces while both men and women differentiate between the high-cute and low-cute versions of infant faces, suggesting that infant cuteness may hold incentive salience for both men and women but that infants in general have higher incentive salience for women. In Chapters 4 and 5, I investigate individual differences and variation across the menstrual cycle for women viewing adult faces. Women's own attractiveness was found to influence motivation to view attractive individuals, especially same-sex individuals. Within-subject variations in motivation across the menstrual cycle were apparent for the incentive salience of same-sex beauty. Taken together, the results of these experiments suggest that the incentive salience of same-sex faces among women may be partially driven by intrasexual competition – a novel explanation for women's motivation to view same-sex individuals. Overall my research has indicated that infant cuteness, adult attractiveness and apparent health influence the motivational value of faces, while individual differences also exist among women with respect to own attractiveness and fertility. The key-press paradigm offers an exciting new method for exploring inter- and intra-sexual behavior in humans.

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Macaulay, Christopher Cody. "Territorial Issue Salience: Escalation, Resources, and Ethnicity." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1011849/.

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Conflict over territory is a major concern to scholars and policymakers, and much of conflict over territory is driven by the issues that make territory more or less attractive, or salient, to states. I examine the impact that tangible and intangible issue salience has on territorial claims, and in particular, how it drives both conflict and conflict escalation. I argue that intangible issues, such as ethnic or religious kin, plays a greater role in driving more severe forms of armed conflict and conflict escalation, compared to tangible factors such as natural resources. This is theorized to be due to the difficulty in dividing territory with intangible elements, as well as domestic political pressure driving leaders to escalate. These suppositions are supported, with the finding that identity plays a particularly crucial and unique role in driving states to more severe forms of armed conflict. Further, I examine how natural resources may be viewed by states by their type and form of utilization, with certain resources likely to be more valuable or strategic to states based on their rarity, concentration, or ease of substitution, based in part on a state's level of development. The results support a fairly uniform role of natural resources, with particular resources and combinations of resources serving to drive low level conflict, but with generally little impact on severe forms of armed conflict. Development also is found to play a role, driving poorer states to dispute natural resources of certain types. Lastly, I return to the topic of conflict over territory with an ethnic dimension by examining the role of issue indivisibility in the negotiations process, and find that negotiated settlements are harder to reach, and states more likely to favor unilateral action when disputing territory with an ethnic or religious component compared to other types of issues in claimed territory.

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Wearing, Warwick. "Rethinking Collaboration: Winning Salience or Losing Favour." Thesis, Griffith University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365235.

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This study examines collaboration when operationalised or enacted within the youth health sector. The youth health sector provides a unique opportunity to research collaboration as within this context government simultaneously promotes collaboration and the principles of New Public Management (NPM). As a result, collaboration is promoted in an environment where youth health service providers are involved in competitive tendering processes and each individual organisation is financially accountable for youth health services delivered. The youth health sector is a unique context to examine collaboration as government funding bodies sometimes enforce and coerce participation in collaboration as a condition of competitive tenders. Furthermore, within the youth health sector altruistic values associated with assisting youth in need are reasons to collaborate. Collaboration is championed in NSW government policy aiming to improve youth health service delivery. It involves bringing together a broad range of expertise, knowledge and resources that enable comprehensive and innovative thinking about complex issues and the formulation and delivery of solutions. In the context of youth health service delivery, this means bringing together a range of organisations involved in youth health service provision in order to deliver youth health services more effectively and efficiently than could be achieved individually. However, the enactment of enforced or coerced collaboration in a context where competitive tendering processes and collaboration are both promoted by government is under-researched, particularly within the context of a government-coordinated youth health network.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Krüger, Alexander [Verfasser]. "A quantification of visual salience / Alexander Krüger." Paderborn : Universitätsbibliothek, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1214708056/34.

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Tiew, Nga Huong Fidella. "Stakeholder Salience and Strategy in Event Tourism." Thesis, Curtin University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/66025.

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Using qualitative multiple-case study research, this thesis advances understanding of event stakeholders’ salience, interests and influence strategies in event tourism settings. The findings suggest that stakeholder salience varies due to different types of stakeholder power and legitimacy, and event implementation priority, subject to individual managers’ perceptions. The study also found that managers prioritise stakeholders according to the event life-cycle – from planning and implementation, through staging to conclusion, as opposed to responding to stakeholders’ urgent claims.

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Hinkle, Katherine T. "The effect of mortality salience on moral judgment." Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/702.

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Patterson, Merryl Joy. "Testing the weighted salience model of conceptual combination." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/270.

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In two experiments the Weighted Salience Model (WSM) of conceptual combination was examined. Several of the hypotheses set forth in the WSM were evaluated, including the importance of salience of constituent features, differential interpretation strategies based on similarity, an initial reliance on the modifier as opposed to the head, and a context effect of salience reorganization. Results confirmed that the hierarchy of output dominance within constituent features was important in determining features in final combinations. Additionally, similar pairs were defined with property interpretations more frequently than were dissimilar pairs, and dissimilar pairs were defined with relation interpretations more frequently than were similar pairs. Context effects were demonstrated through the finding that target features were found more often in primed than unprimed pairs. The hypothesis of modifier superiority was not confirmed. These findings indicate that the WSM adds to the current understanding of conceptual combination through a reliance on output dominance and the importance of context. Despite these strengths, changes to the WSM may be necessary if future studies fail to support the importance of the modifier over the head noun.

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Wallberg, Pamela. "Understandings of emotional salience in a preschool classroom." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/52351.

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The purpose of this research was to examine the ways in which preschoolers use artistic, kinaesthetic and linguistic modes of expression to recognize, label and understand feeling words of varied salience within a classroom environment. The ways in which a multi-modal approach towards emotional literacy in the classroom supported emotional literacy is examined. The research site was an urban preschool classroom in the lower mainland of British Columbia. Seventeen three-and-four-year-old children created drawings, kinaesthetically posed, and discussed feeling words of varied salience: ‘calm’, ‘happy’, and ‘ecstatic’, which served as the primary data source, supplemented with teacher observation notes. Analysis found that each mode offered unique insights into how young children recognize, understand and label feeling words of varied salience. Limitations of this study are discussed and suggestions for further research are offered.
Education, Faculty of
Graduate

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McAuliffe, Michael. "Attention and salience in lexically-guided perceptual learning." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54152.

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Psychophysical studies of perceptual learning find that perceivers only improve the accuracy of their perception on stimuli similar to what they were trained on. In contrast, speech perception studies of perceptual learning find generalization to novel contexts when words contain a modified ambiguous sound. This dissertation seeks to resolve the apparent conflict between these findings by framing the results in terms of attentional sets. Attention can be oriented towards comprehension of the speaker’s intended meaning or towards perception of a speaker’s pronunciation. Attention is proposed to affect perceptual learning as follows. When attention is oriented towards comprehension, more abstract and less context-dependent representations are updated and the perceiver shows generalized perceptual learning, as seen in the speech perception literature. When attention is oriented towards perception, more finely detailed and more context-dependent representations are updated and the perceiver shows less generalized perceptual learning, similar to what is seen in the psychophysics literature. This proposal is supported by three experiments. The first two implement a standard paradigm for perceptual learning in speech perception. In these experiments, promoting a more perception-oriented attentional set causes less generalized perceptual learning. The final experiment uses a novel paradigm where modified sounds are embedded in sentences during exposure. Perceptual learning is found only when the modified sound is embedded in words that are not predictable from the sentence. When modified sounds are in predictable words, no perceptual learning is observed. To account for this lack of perceptual learning, I hypothesize that sounds in predictable sentences are less reliable than sounds in words in isolation or unpredictable sentences. In the cases where perceptual learning is present, contexts which support comprehension-oriented attentional sets show larger perceptual learning effects than contexts promoting perception-oriented attentional sets. I argue that attentional sets are a key component to the generalization of perceptual learning to new contexts.
Arts, Faculty of
Linguistics, Department of
Graduate

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Mrnak, Jennifer S. "Incentive salience of conditioned alcohol and positive cues /." Available to subscribers only, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1079667911&sid=11&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Mevorach, Carmel. "Salience-based selection and the posterior parietal cortex." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.668325.

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Kumar, Jyothika. "Multimodal imaging of the salience network in schizophrenia." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/49739/.

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Growing evidence suggests that the Salience Network, anchored on the bilateral anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex plays a key role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, several questions regarding the exact nature of these abnormalities in schizophrenia remain unanswered. This thesis examines the neurobiological basis of Salience Network dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. Specifically, in this work, we use multi-modal neuroimaging techniques to investigate abnormalities in the functioning, connectivity and neurochemistry of the Salience Network in schizophrenia. Chapter 1 introduces the concept of schizophrenia as a disorder of salience and the role of the Salience Network in this context. Chapter 2 describes participant recruitment, data collection and the neuroimaging techniques used in this work. Chapters 3 to 5 present the results from three research studies. In the first study, using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and Magnetoencephalography (MEG), we investigate regional brain activity in response to a task designed to engage the Salience Network. We report evidence demonstrating inefficient cerebral recruitment in patients with schizophrenia i.e. aberrant activity in task positive and task negative brain regions; along with reduced beta response to relevant stimuli in the Salience Network. These findings are reported in chapter 3. In chapter 4, we use high resolution 7T Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) and demonstrate that neurochemical abnormalities in schizophrenia vary between patients depending on their clinical status. Specifically, we show that glutathione and glutamate concentrations in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex are prominently reduced in patients with residual schizophrenia. We also provide evidence linking two popular neurochemical theories of schizophrenia – the NMDA receptor hypofunction hypothesis and the theory of oxidative stress. Chapter 5 explores the question of disrupted effective connectivity within the Salience Network in schizophrenia using resting-state fMRI. In this chapter, we report abnormalities in effective connectivity within the Salience Network in patients with schizophrenia. We also demonstrate that these aberrant causal interactions are related to the neurochemical abnormalities reported in chapter 4. Finally, in Chapter 6, we discuss the significance and translational potential of these findings and offer recommendations for future work. Overall, using a multimodal imaging study design and a wide range of measures, this thesis reports novel findings which further our understanding of Salience Network dysfunction in schizophrenia and provides a good foundation for future research studies in this area.

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Tigner, Robert Bruce. "Overcoming Repetition Blindness: The Effect of Repetition Salience /." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487935125881498.

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Longstaffe, Kate A. "The influence of salience on spatial search performance." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.702220.

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During search, individuals direct attention to potential targets and remember locations visited. Previously this has been examined in visual search paradigms, but this thesis investigates these mechanisms of attention and memory in large scale search. Participants searched a room containing an array of illuminated locations embedded in the floor. The participants' task was to press the switches at the illuminated locations on the floor to locate a target that changed colour when pressed. Across all experiments, the perceptual salience of search locations was manipulated by having some locations flashing and some static. Adults and children (Age 6-12) are more likely to search at flashing locations - their attention is captured by the salience of the flashing lights, leading to a bias to explore these targets (Chapter 2 Experiments 1-4). This effect is robust and does not show developmental progression from 6years of age through adulthood (Chapter 3 Experiment 1). Both adults and children are more able to equally explore flashing and static exploration to flashing locations when not required to remember which locations had been previously visited, indicating an interaction between memory and attention mechanisms during search. This finding builds upon established work of load theory of attention during visual search. Further evidence for this memory attention interaction comes from search tasks with concurrent digit span or auditory tasks (Chapter 2 Experiments 3& 4, Chapter 3 Experiment 2). Finally I examine ability to learn likely target locations (Chapter 4) and find that adults are more able and faster, to learn likely target locations among salient targets. Overall, this thesis provides an account of the strong interactions between attention and memory during large scale search, and how these processes develop. It builds upon a framework from visual search literature to understand how these processes function and develop in a larger search environment

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Thomas, Paul M. J. "Motivational and emotional salience effects on working memory." Thesis, Bangor University, 2013. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/motivational-and-emotional-salience-effects-on-working-memory(abea0bb2-559e-4cb4-bca0-c4f42cf570d0).html.

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"An object of primary memory is not thus brought back; it never was lost; its date was never cut off in consciousness from that of the immediately present moment. In fact, it comes to us as belonging to the rearward portion of the present space of time, and not to the genuine past," (James, 1890, p. 609). Since William James's seminal work on 'primary' memory, the notion that a short term memory store, now termed short term memory (STM) or working memory (WM) is a key part of human consciousness has become commonplace. This memory store is known to be subject to limitations in the amount and quality of information it can represent at any time, but is a crucial part of the cognitive toolkit humans use to navigate the physical and social world. Given these capacity limitations, there is a clear evolutionary imperative for efficient selection into and retention within WM of items of high utility over those of less importance to survival.

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Paterson, Kimberly Laurel Ms. "TSPOONS: Tracking Salience Profiles Of Online News Stories." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1222.

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News space is a relatively nebulous term that describes the general discourse concerning events that affect the populace. Past research has focused on qualitatively analyzing news space in an attempt to answer big questions about how the populace relates to the news and how they respond to it. We want to ask when do stories begin? What stories stand out among the noise? In order to answer the big questions about news space, we need to track the course of individual stories in the news. By analyzing the specific articles that comprise stories, we can synthesize the information gained from several stories to see a more complete picture of the discourse. The individual articles, the groups of articles that become stories, and the overall themes that connect stories together all complete the narrative about what is happening in society. TSPOONS provides a framework for analyzing news stories and answering two main questions: what were the important stories during some time frame and what were the important stories involving some topic. Drawing technical news stories from Techmeme.com, TSPOONS generates profiles of each news story, quantitatively measuring the importance, or salience, of news stories as well as quantifying the impact of these stories over time.

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Lim, Jeongsub. "Contextual effects of geographic, economic, political regions on issue salience and salience of an issue's attributes hierarchical linear modeling of agenda setting /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6000.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on December 28, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

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Donmez, Ahmet. "The Impact Of Identity Salience On Organizational Citizenship Behaviors." Thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12608176/index.pdf.

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Organizational citizenship behaviors are extra-role behaviors that are costless to the organizations
however they play important roles in filling the gaps that are not prescribed in job descriptions or contracts of the employees. Organizational citizenship behaviors are important for lubricated functioning of the organizations. Although there are quite a number of studies on organizational citizenship behaviors, previous research has not considered identity salience among their antecedents. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between identity salience and organizational citizenship behaviors. The second purpose of this study was to investigate the moderating effect of occupational commitment on the relationship between identity salience and organizational citizenship behaviors. A survey was conducted at the project groups of seven companies and 13 non-profit organizations, each of which has multinational work-force. The number of the participants was 242. After the outlier analyses, 204 cases were left for further study. Regression analyses were performed on the data to test the relations of the variables. In line with the expectations, saliences of gender, national, and occupation identities negatively predicted several dimensions of organizational citizenship behaviors. Contrary to the expectations, occupational commitment did not moderate the relation between identity salience and organizational citizenship behaviors.

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Cohen, Anna-Lisa. "Prospective memory and aging, the effect of perceptual salience." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0006/MQ41374.pdf.

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Roller, Katja Martina [Verfasser], Bernd [Akademischer Betreuer] Kortmann, and Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Mair. "Salience in Welsh English grammar : a usage-based approach." Freiburg : Universität, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1122831803/34.

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Waddell, Francis Neil. "Situational determinants of social identity salience in Northern Ireland." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328199.

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Matty, Douglas Matthew. "Stakeholder salience influence on bureaucratic program enterprise value creation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81054.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, February 2011.
"September 2010." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
In 2009, the Government Accountability Office reported that two-thirds of major weapon systems acquisition programs were required to report budget overruns and were almost two years behind schedule for delivery of capability to the warfighters. The Secretary of Defense and the President of the United States asked the same question: "How do we fix DOD acquisition?" The Acquisition system has been studied nearly continuously for more than forty years. Applying traditional system engineering methods have not improved performance, but developed a highly-complex bureaucracy that is viewed as inflexible, unscalable, unreliable, and (recently) unsustainable. With this seemingly intractable challenge, this work uses the synergy of integrating approaches based on engineering, management, and social sciences to develop a new framework to help understand the policy resistance of many previous unsuccessful initiatives. This research seeks to develop a dynamic enterprise engineering system framework using case study methodology to integrate three widely adopted but disparate frameworks by evaluating the influence relationships. Informed by the enterprise architecture, this new framework seeks to incorporate stakeholder salience and its dynamic influence on value creation as an endogenous factor in the context of the bureaucratic program enterprise of DOD acquisition. This work not only proposes an intermediate level theory but also provides insights for policy implications.
by Douglas Matthew Matty.
Ph.D.

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Majed, Rima. "The shifting salience of sectarianism in Lebanon, 2000-2010." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b8ce8330-d51b-4c3a-8675-efd45374cdc8.

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This thesis addresses the question of the shift in the sectarian framing of political conflict and violence in Lebanon by focusing on the period between 2000 and 2010. Lebanon represents an interesting case where the saliencies of sectarian dichotomies have been drastically remodelled in only a few years following the Hariri assassination in 2005. Whereas most studies focus on long-term ethnic and sectarian conflicts, few have addressed the issue of fast remodelling of sectarian divisions in times of political turmoil. How do sectarian schisms shift in a short period of time? Why do some political changes affect sectarian dichotomies and not others? What factors can push some people to take part in clashes framed as sectarian violence? In short, how does political closure happen along sectarian lines? In order to answer these questions, this thesis uses a triangulation of qualitative and quantitative methods to disentangle the relationship between political change and sectarianism. Building on the social movement literature, it argues that street mobilisations, understood as peaceful or violent collective action, are important mechanisms through which political conflict can assume sectarian overtones. It relies on a compiled dataset of protest events that occurred in Beirut between 2000 and 2010, and applies network analysis techniques in order to study coalition formations and shifts in alliances. This analysis is combined with semi-structured interviews with a sample of 29 residents of Beirut neighbourhoods that witnessed violent clashes in 2007/8. The analysis of my data suggests that the Hariri assassination marked a turning point in the dynamics of contentious politics in Lebanon, and acted as a catalyst for the emergence and consolidation of new coalitions and sectarian dichotomies. The study argues that sectarian political parties are the main channels through which political and sectarian depictions become interchangeable. It suggests that in order for a political shift to be understood in sectarian terms, two main factors need to be taken into account: (i) the competing political parties should represent sectarian communities that are able to compete demographically (in terms of size), and (ii) the competing parties should be able to represent the majority of their sectarian communities (intra-sectarian homogeneity). The analysis of my qualitative data explores the mechanisms at work during periods of collective violence, and shows that drivers such as peer pressure, neighbourhood-level networks, material grievances, pleasure in agency, ideology and previous fighting experience seem to explain individual decisions to participate in collective violence more than sectarian hatred. In fact, rather than being the primary cause of the violence, sectarian cleavages seem to have been crystallised by the 2007/8 episodes of violence. Consequently, this thesis concludes that whereas the conflict in Lebanon today is often understood and framed in sectarian terms, a closer analysis suggests that the conflict at a macro level is essentially political and its implications at the micro level can best be understood beyond the notion of sectarianism.

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Botha, Corlia. "Group membership salience, social dominance orientation and task performance." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10117.

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The use of teams in organisations is often plagued by reduced individual effort which is termed social loafing. Therefore the study proposed that by making people aware that they are part of a group and introducing intergroup competition, social loafing would be reduced and turned into social labouring. The study further investigated the potential mediating effect of social dominance orientation on the relationship between group membership salience and task performance.

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Benjarongkij, Yubol Chandruang. "Life events, need salience and audiences' use of television /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487260135356719.

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Venditti, Jennifer J. "Discourse structure and attentional salience effects on Japanese intonation /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488202678776478.

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Matsumoto, Audrey. "The Effect of Immediacy and Salience Questionnaire Response Rates." DigitalCommons@USU, 1996. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4670.

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In this study, a theory that identified salience and immediacy as two constructs that significantly determine questionnaire response rates was tested. This theory emphasized the importance of identifying and rating factors that impact the immediacy and salience of a questionnaire to a specific population. It was proposed that factors that make a questionnaire highly immediate and salient to a given population should be identified first, and then implemented into the construction and administration of the questionnaire. In this way, researchers can manipulate the variables, which will maximize the response rate for their specific population before distribution. A questionnaire that is highly immediate and salient to a given population was estimated to achieve a response rate of 80% or higher. The immediacy and salience of several manipulable variables of a questionnaire were rated by a sample characteristically similar to the target population. Three treatments of the questionnaire were sent to three randomly assigned groups of the population. These treatments varied from low, moderate, to high immediacy and salience based on the ratings. An analysis of the ratings revealed a very strong direct relationship between salience and immediacy. Variables of the questionnaire were rated very similarly between the two constructs. Contrary to Christensen's theory, different levels of immediacy and salience were not found to interact. However, a direct relationship was found between immediacy and salience levels, and final response rates, which was consistent with the theory. The order of response rate percentages for each treatment group reflected the degree of immediacy and salience as measured by the raters.

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Walsh, Penny E. "Effects of thought salience on feelings of uniqueness and inclusiveness." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/372.

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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formattted into pages: contains, 21 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 15-17). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.

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Breckenridge, Courtney. "Measuring Object and Attribute Salience in 2014 Illinois Gubernatorial Endorsements." Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10616447.

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Set against the backdrop of the 2014 Illinois gubernatorial election between Pat Quinn and Bruce Rauner, this study utilizes content analysis to measure object and attribute salience of newspaper endorsements and campaign news releases. Although newspaper editorial boards used similar frames to describe the candidates, the study identified key differences in object salience, the frequency with which each candidate was referenced (Subject), as well as in the attribute salience, or tone of the assertions used to describe Rauner and Quinn (Valence). Rauner was the subject of the endorsements 60% of the time, versus 39% for Quinn. Coverage for Rauner was also significantly more positive in valence, with 64% positive assertions. Quinn, by contrast, received primarily negative-neutral coverage, with 49% negative, 28% positive, and 22% neutral coverage. The findings suggest endorsements contributed to positive associations of Rauner and negative associations of Quinn on frames that were given a high priority by the media agenda, and thus the public agenda.

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Trotter, William. "Translation Salience: A Model of Equivalence in Translation (Arabic/English)." University of Sydney. School of European, Asian and Middle Eastern Languages, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/497.

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The term equivalence describes the relationship between a translation and the text from which it is translated. Translation is generally viewed as indeterminate insofar as there is no single acceptable translation - but many. Despite this, the rationalist metaphor of translation equivalence prevails. Rationalist approaches view translation as a process in which an original text is analysed to a level of abstraction, then transferred into a second representation from which a translation is generated. At the deepest level of abstraction, representations for analysis and generation are identical and transfer becomes redundant, while at the surface level it is said that surface textual features are transferred directly. Such approaches do not provide a principled explanation of how or why abstraction takes place in translation. They also fail to resolve the dilemma of specifying the depth of transfer appropriate for a given translation task. By focusing on the translator�s role as mediator of communication, equivalence can be understood as the coordination of information about situations and states of mind. A fundamental opposition is posited between the transfer of rule-like or codifiable aspects of equivalence and those non-codifiable aspects in which salient information is coordinated. The Translation Salience model proposes that Transfer and Salience constitute bipolar extremes of a continuum. The model offers a principled account of the translator�s interlingual attunement to multi-placed coordination, proposing that salient information can be accounted for with three primary notions: markedness, implicitness and localness. Chapter Two develops the Translation Salience model. The model is supported with empirical evidence from published translations of Arabic and English texts. Salience is illustrated in Chapter Three through contextualized interpretations associated with various Arabic communication resources (repetition, code switching, agreement, address in relative clauses, and the disambiguation of presentative structures). Measurability of the model is addressed in Chapter Four with reference to emerging computational techniques. Further research is suggested in connection with theme and focus, text type, cohesion and collocation relations.

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Vess, Matt. "Defending our place in nature mortality salience and environmental concern /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5995.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on November 9, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Salience'

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