Journal articles: 'Salience effect'

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Zheng, Yuqing, Edward W. McLaughlin, and Harry M. Kaiser. "Salience and taxation: salience effect versus information effect." Applied Economics Letters 20, no. 5 (March 2013): 508–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2012.718050.

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Mevorach, Carmel, Lilach Shalev, Harriet A. Allen, and Glyn W. Humphreys. "The Left Intraparietal Sulcus Modulates the Selection of Low Salient Stimuli." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 2 (February 2009): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21044.

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Neuropsychological and functional imaging studies have suggested a general right hemisphere advantage for processing global visual information and a left hemisphere advantage for processing local information. In contrast, a recent transcranial magnetic stimulation study [Mevorach, C., Humphreys, G. W., & Shalev, L. Opposite biases in salience-based selection for the left and right posterior parietal cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 9, 740–742, 2006b] demonstrated that functional lateralization of selection in the parietal cortices on the basis of the relative salience of stimuli might provide an alternative explanation for previous results. In the present study, we applied a whole-brain analysis of the functional magnetic resonance signal when participants responded to either the local or the global levels of hierarchical figures. The task (respond to local or global) was crossed with the saliency of the target level (local salient, global salient) to provide, for the first time, a direct contrast between brain activation related to the stimulus level and that related to relative saliency. We found evidence for lateralization of salience-based selection but not for selection based on the level of processing. Activation along the left intraparietal sulcus (IPS) was found when a low saliency stimulus had to be selected irrespective of its level. A control task showed that this was not simply an effect of task difficulty. The data suggest a specific role for regions along the left IPS in salience-based selection, supporting the argument that previous reports of lateralized responses to local and global stimuli were contaminated by effects of saliency.

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Kiose, Maria. "The Interplay of Syntactic and Lexical Salience and its Effect on Default Figurative Responses." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2020-0004.

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AbstractThe aim of the paper is to determine how salient and non-salient figurative discourse nouns affect readers’ default response processing and oculo-graphic (eye-movement) reactions. Whereas the theories of the Graded Salience and the Defaultness Hypotheses, developed by R. Giora (Giora, 1999, 2003; Giora, Givoni, & Fein, 2015), have stimulated further research in the area of interpretive salience (Giora et al., 2015; Giora, Jaffe, Becker & Fein, 2018), the resonating influence of syntactic salience on default interpretations has been largely neglected. In this study we provide corpus-based evidence followed by eye-tracking experiment verification, supportive of the synchronized influence of syntactic and lexical salience. The results show that default figurative responses in lexically salient positions may require more cognitive effort (longer fixations) if they are syntactically less salient. Literal responses to figurative nouns may also result from either weak lexical or syntactic salience of nouns. Therefore, apart from exemplifying resonance with lexical salience (in terms of lexical frequency, familiarity, conventionality, and prototypicality), the default figurative interpretations are also syntactically dependent.

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Haddock, Gillian, Melanie Wolfenden, Ian Lowens, Nicholas Tarrier, and Richard P. Bentall. "Effect of Emotional Salience on Thought Disorder in Patients with Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 167, no. 5 (November 1995): 618–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.167.5.618.

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BackgroundThis study examined the effect of emotional salience on the severity of thought disorder in schizophrenic patients.MethodTen thought disordered and ten non-thought disordered schizophrenic patients were interviewed under two conditions: a personal interview involving material which was emotionally salient and an impersonal interview involving material which was not emotionally salient.ResultsBoth groups exhibited some thought disorder during both interviews. The thought disordered patients exhibited significantly more thought disorder during the emotionally salient interview.ConclusionsThought disorder in schizophrenic patients is affected by the emotional salience of the material being discussed. Clinical implications are discussed.

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Lacey, Robert J. "The Electoral Allure of Direct Democracy: The Effect of Initiative Salience on Voting, 1990-96." State Politics & Policy Quarterly 5, no. 2 (June 2005): 168–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153244000500500204.

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Do salient ballot initiatives stimulate voting? Recent studies have shown that initiatives increase voter turnout, but some methodological concerns still linger. These studies have either relied solely on aggregate data to make inferences about individual-level behavior or used a flawed measure of initiative salience. Using individual-level data from the National Election Studies, I find that ballot question salience indeed stimulated voting in the midterm elections of 1990 and 1994. In an election with moderately salient ballot questions, a person's likelihood of voting can increase by as much as 30 percent in a midterm election. On the other hand, consistent with most prior research, I find no statistically significant relationship between ballot question salience and voting in presidential elections.

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Inderbitzin, Martin P., Alberto Betella, Antonio Lanatá, Enzo P. Scilingo, Ulysses Bernardet, and Paul F. M. J. Verschure. "The social perceptual salience effect." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 39, no. 1 (2013): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0028317.

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Wahid, Maria, Asim Waris, Syed Omer Gilani, and Ramanathan Subramanian. "The Effect of Eye Movements in Response to Different Types of Scenes Using a Graph-Based Visual Saliency Algorithm." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24 (December 9, 2019): 5378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9245378.

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Saliency is the quality of an object that makes it stands out from neighbouring items and grabs viewer attention. Regarding image processing, it refers to the pixel or group of pixels that stand out in an image or a video clip and capture the attention of the viewer. Our eye movements are usually guided by saliency while inspecting a scene. Rapid detection of emotive stimuli an ability possessed by humans. Visual objects in a scene are also emotionally salient. As different images and clips can elicit different emotional responses in a viewer such as happiness or sadness, there is a need to measure these emotions along with visual saliency. This study was conducted to determine whether the existing available visual saliency models can also measure emotional saliency. A classical Graph-Based Visual Saliency (GBVS) model is used in the study. Results show that there is low saliency or salient features in sad movies with at least a significant difference of 0.05 between happy and sad videos as well as a large mean difference of 76.57 and 57.0, hence making these videos less emotionally salient. However, overall visual content does not capture emotional salience. The applied Graph-Based Visual Saliency model notably identified happy emotions but could not analyze sad emotions.

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Xu, Huimin, and Ada Leung. "Ever after: a price story – afterlife belief salience’s effect on willingness to pay." Journal of Consumer Marketing 37, no. 1 (October 16, 2019): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-05-2017-2192.

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Purpose This paper aims to advance understanding regarding a particular religious belief and buying behavior. Design/methodology/approach Two online experiments were conducted among diverse respondents. Study 1 used a one-way, between-subjects design with three conditions: afterlife salience, control and mortality salience. The dependent measure was built on the notion of first-price sealed-bid auction. Study 2 used a similar procedure with two conditions: afterlife salience and control. Mortality was made salient in both conditions. Findings Making afterlife salient boosted the willingness to pay. This effect did not result from mortality salience, which suggests that this research is a unique contribution beyond works rooted in Terror Management Theory. This effect was mediated through positive product thoughts. Originality/value There has long been an imbalance between theoretical speculation concerning religion and cognition and actual empirical documentation. The present research adds to the emerging body of empirical investigations into this relation. It contributes to the conceptual richness of the stream of literature by examining one aspect of religiosity that has rarely been studied: the belief in afterlife. In addition, the findings go beyond correlational patterns toward discovering nonobvious cause and effect. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is one of the few works that experimentally manipulate the notion of afterlife belief. This research also extends the understanding of pricing and willingness to pay by identifying a subtle environmental influence not recognized before.

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Pooresmaeili, Arezoo, Dominik R. Bach, and Raymond J. Dolan. "The effect of visual salience on memory-based choices." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 3 (February 1, 2014): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00068.2013.

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Deciding whether a stimulus is the “same” or “different” from a previous presented one involves integrating among the incoming sensory information, working memory, and perceptual decision making. Visual selective attention plays a crucial role in selecting the relevant information that informs a subsequent course of action. Previous studies have mainly investigated the role of visual attention during the encoding phase of working memory tasks. In this study, we investigate whether manipulation of bottom-up attention by changing stimulus visual salience impacts on later stages of memory-based decisions. In two experiments, we asked subjects to identify whether a stimulus had either the same or a different feature to that of a memorized sample. We manipulated visual salience of the test stimuli by varying a task-irrelevant feature contrast. Subjects chose a visually salient item more often when they looked for matching features and less often so when they looked for a nonmatch. This pattern of results indicates that salient items are more likely to be identified as a match. We interpret the findings in terms of capacity limitations at a comparison stage where a visually salient item is more likely to exhaust resources leading it to be prematurely parsed as a match.

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Otani, Hajime, Nicholas R. Von Glahn, Terry M. Libkuman, Phillip N. Goernert, and Koichi Kato. "Emotional Salience and the Isolation Effect." Journal of General Psychology 141, no. 1 (December 20, 2013): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2013.848180.

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Connolly, Terry, Jochen Reb, and Edgar E. Kausel. "Regret salience and accountability in the decoy effect." Judgment and Decision Making 8, no. 2 (March 2013): 136–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500005064.

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AbstractTwo experiments examined the impact on the decoy effect of making salient the possibility of post-decision regret, a manipulation that has been shown in several earlier studies to stimulate critical examination and improvement of decision process. Experiment 1 (N = 62) showed that making regret salient eliminated the decoy effect in a personal preference task. Experiment 2 (N = 242) replicated this finding for a different personal preference task and for a prediction task. It also replicated previous findings that external accountability demands do not reduce, and may exacerbate, the decoy effect. We interpret both effects in terms of decision justification, with different justification standards operating for different audiences. The decoy effect, in this account, turns on accepting a weak justification, which may be seen as adequate for an external audience or one’s own inattentive self but inadequate under the more critical review triggered by making regret possibilities salient. Seeking justification to others (responding to accountability demands) thus maintains or exacerbates the decoy effect; seeking justification to oneself (responding to regret salience) reduces or eliminates it. The proposed mechanism provides a theoretical account both of the decoy effect itself and of how regret priming provides an effective debiasing procedure for it.

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Kirton, Fiona, Simon Kirby, Kenny Smith, Jennifer Culbertson, and Marieke Schouwstra. "Constituent order in silent gesture reflects the perspective of the producer." Journal of Language Evolution 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 54–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jole/lzaa010.

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Abstract Understanding the relationship between human cognition and linguistic structure is a central theme in language evolution research. Numerous studies have investigated this question using the silent gesture paradigm in which participants describe events using only gesture and no speech. Research using this paradigm has found that Agent–Patient–Action (APV) is the most commonly produced gesture order, regardless of the producer’s native language. However, studies have uncovered a range of factors that influence ordering preferences. One such factor is salience, which has been suggested as a key determiner of word order. Specifically, humans, who are typically agents, are more salient than inanimate objects, so tend to be mentioned first. In this study, we investigated the role of salience in more detail and asked whether manipulating the salience of a human agent would modulate the tendency to express humans before objects. We found, first, that APV was less common than expected based on previous literature. Secondly, salience influenced the relative ordering of the patient and action, but not the agent and patient. For events involving a non-salient agent, participants typically expressed the patient before the action and vice versa for salient agents. Thirdly, participants typically omitted non-salient agents from their descriptions. We present details of a novel computational solution that infers the orders participants would have produced had they expressed all three constituents on every trial. Our analysis showed that events involving salient agents tended to elicit AVP; those involving a non-salient agent were typically described with APV, modulated by a strong tendency to omit the agent. We argue that these findings provide evidence that the effect of salience is realized through its effect on the perspective from which a producer frames an event.

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Greene, Zachary, and Christian B. Jensen. "Ruling divided." Party Politics 24, no. 6 (January 26, 2017): 640–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068816688362.

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Issue salience and ideological disagreement often predict coalition government behavior. However, research on portfolio allocation has yet to fully specify the complex relationship between issue salience, disagreement, and coalition negotiations. Scholars treat issue salience and disagreement as distinct and disconnected, despite evidence that they work together and with conditional effects in a range of settings. Following a logic of portfolio trades or “logrolls,” we propose that the relative salience of issues and disagreements at the issue level within the coalition both moderate the effect of issue salience on portfolio allocation. Using data drawn from the Parliamentary Democracy Data Archive, we find compelling evidence for our theory that links party manifestos to portfolio allocation. Consistent with a story on the conditional effect of salience and disagreement, we find evidence that the effect of salience is mitigated by the extent of disagreement between coalition parties.

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Alba, Joseph W., and Amitava Chattopadhyay. "Salience Effects in Brand Recall." Journal of Marketing Research 23, no. 4 (November 1986): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224378602300406.

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The effects of brand salience on brand recall were investigated in five experiments, each involving a different product category. The authors demonstrate that increasing the salience of a single brand can significantly impair unaided recall of competing brands. The effect was observable even in the early stages of the recall process.

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Subandi, Jessica Ratna, and Sautma Ronni Basana. "THE EFFECT OF SALIENCE AND DISPOSITION EFFECT ON STOCK INVESTMENT DECISIONS ON INVESTORS IN SURABAYA." International Journal of Financial and Investment Studies (IJFIS) 1, no. 2 (June 7, 2021): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/ijfis.1.2.77-84.

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This study aims to prove the effect of salience and disposition on investors' investment decisions in Surabaya. In addition, this study also seeks to see the effect of salience and disposition effect on investment decisions with the type of investor as a moderating variable. This type of research is quantitative research with associative methods and primary data sources. The data collection technique used a questionnaire. The data that has been collected is then processed using Partial Least Squares (PLS). The results showed that the salience and disposition effect had a significant influence on investment decisions. In addition, the types of investors weaken the relationship between the salience and disposition effect on investment decisions.

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TRENKIC, DANIJELA, and NATTAMA PONGPAIROJ. "Referent salience affects second language article use." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16, no. 1 (May 17, 2012): 152–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728912000156.

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The effect of referent salience on second language (L2) article production in real time was explored. Thai (–articles) and French (+articles) learners of English described dynamic events involving two referents, one visually cued to be more salient at the point of utterance formulation. Definiteness marking was made communicatively redundant with all referents. Thai groups omitted articles more with more than with less salient referents. The results corroborate previous offline data suggestive of the salience effect for L2 users from article-less L1 backgrounds, but point against the view that this is due to the redundancy of definiteness marking. The results seem better explained by persistent grammatical competition between L1 and L2 structures, consistent with the view that language systems within a bilingual mind cannot be kept fully apart.

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Chang, Betty P. I., and Chris J. Mitchell. "Discriminating between the Effects of Valence and Salience in the Implicit Association Test." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 64, no. 11 (November 2011): 2251–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.586782.

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The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is the most widely used indirect measure of attitudes in social psychology. It has been suggested that artefacts such as salience asymmetries and familiarity can influence performance on the IAT. Chang and Mitchell (2009) proposed that the ease with which IAT stimuli are classified (classification fluency) is the common mechanism underlying both of these factors. In the current study, we investigated the effect of classification fluency on the IAT and trialled a measure—the split IAT—for dissociating between the effects of valence and salience in the IAT. Across six experiments, we examined the relationship between target classification fluency and salience asymmetries in the IAT. In the standard IAT, the more fluently classified target category was, all else being equal, compatible with pleasant attributes over unpleasant attributes. Furthermore, the more fluently classified target category was more easily classified with the more salient attribute category in the split IAT, independent of evaluative associations. This suggests that the more fluently classified category is also the more salient target category.

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Xu, Qinghui, and Xiangfeng Ji. "User Equilibrium Analysis Considering Travelers’ Context-Dependent Route Choice Behavior on the Risky Traffic Network." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 6706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176706.

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This paper studies travelers’ context-dependent route choice behavior in a risky trafficnetwork from a long-term perspective, focusing on the effect of travelers’ salience characteristics. In particular, a flow-dependent salience theory is proposed for this analysis, where the flow denotes the traffic flow on the risky route. In the proposed model, travelers’ attention is drawn to the salient travel utility, and the objective probabilities of the state of the world are replaced by the decision weights distorted in favor of this salient travel utility. A long-run user equilibrium will be achieved when no traveler can improve his or her salient travel utility by unilaterally changing routes, termed salient user equilibrium, which extends the scope of the Wardropian user equilibrium. Furthermore, we prove the existence and uniqueness of this salient user equilibrium. Finally, numerical studies demonstrate our theoretical findings. The equilibrium results show non-intuitive insights into travelers’ route choice behavior. (1) Travelers can be risk-seeking (the travel utility of a risky route is small with a relatively high probability), risk-neutral (in special situations), or risk-averse (the travel utility of a risky route is large with a relatively high probability), which depends on the salient state. (2) The extent of travelers’ risk-seeking or risk-averse behavior depends on their extent of salience bias, while the risk-neutral behavior is irrelative to this salience bias.

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Wolf, Christian, and Markus Lappe. "Top-down control of saccades requires inhibition of suddenly appearing stimuli." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 82, no. 8 (August 16, 2020): 3863–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-020-02101-3.

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Abstract Humans scan their visual environment using saccade eye movements. Where we look is influenced by bottom-up salience and top-down factors, like value. For reactive saccades in response to suddenly appearing stimuli, it has been shown that short-latency saccades are biased towards salience, and that top-down control increases with increasing latency. Here, we show, in a series of six experiments, that this transition towards top-down control is not determined by the time it takes to integrate value information into the saccade plan, but by the time it takes to inhibit suddenly appearing salient stimuli. Participants made consecutive saccades to three fixation crosses and a vertical bar consisting of a high-salient and a rewarded low-salient region. Endpoints on the bar were biased towards salience whenever it appeared or reappeared shortly before the last saccade was initiated. This was also true when the eye movement was already planned. When the location of the suddenly appearing salient region was predictable, saccades were aimed in the opposite direction to nullify this sudden onset effect. Successfully inhibiting salience, however, could only be achieved by previewing the target. These findings highlight the importance of inhibition for top-down eye-movement control.

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Stout, Christopher T., and Reuben Kline. "Racial Salience, Viability, and the Wilder Effect." Public Opinion Quarterly 79, no. 4 (2015): 994–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfv037.

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Farstad, Fay M. "What explains variation in parties’ climate change salience?" Party Politics 24, no. 6 (February 19, 2017): 698–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068817693473.

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The article explains the variation of climate change salience in party manifestos, examining the effects of party characteristics. Creating a novel measure of parties’ climate change salience based on Comparative Manifesto Project data, the article finds that parties have broadly not made climate change a salient issue, though significant differences remain. Left–right ideology significantly helps explain these differences and is more important than any other party characteristic in explaining the variation. This underlines the importance of ideology over economic and policy preferences, size and strategic incentives and incumbency constraints and points towards the partisan (as opposed to the valence) nature of the climate change issue. These results contrast to those of an identical analysis of environmental salience where ideology is found to have no effect, underlining how the two issues should be treated differently and lending further support to the argument that climate change is not a valence issue.

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Cooper, Rose A., Elizabeth A. Kensinger, and Maureen Ritchey. "Memories Fade: The Relationship Between Memory Vividness and Remembered Visual Salience." Psychological Science 30, no. 5 (March 21, 2019): 657–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797619836093.

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Past events, particularly emotional experiences, are often vividly recollected. However, it remains unclear how qualitative information, such as low-level visual salience, is reconstructed and how the precision and bias of this information relate to subjective memory vividness. Here, we tested whether remembered visual salience contributes to vivid recollection. In three experiments, participants studied emotionally negative and neutral images that varied in luminance and color saturation, and they reconstructed the visual salience of each image in a subsequent test. Results revealed, unexpectedly, that memories were recollected as less visually salient than they were encoded, demonstrating a novel memory-fading effect, whereas negative emotion increased subjective memory vividness and the precision with which visual features were encoded. Finally, memory vividness tracked both the precision and remembered salience (bias) of visual information. These findings provide evidence that low-level visual information fades in memory and contributes to the experience of vivid recollection.

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Samu, Sridhar, and Walter Wymer. "Cause marketing communications." European Journal of Marketing 48, no. 7/8 (July 8, 2014): 1333–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-04-2012-0226.

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Purpose – This study aims to investigate the effects of type of message (information/buy), the moderating effects of fit (high/low) and salience (brand vs cause) and the mediating effects of attributions of partner motives in cause marketing advertisements. Design/methodology/approach – Two experiments, one with students and the second with a more representative sample of the population were used to investigate the effects. ANOVA and structural equation modeling were used to test the relationships. Findings – Fit and salience were found to be key moderators on the effect of type of message on consumer responses. While brands can use a buy message when they are salient, this benefits them only when fit is high. For informational messages, cause salience leads to positive outcomes, especially when fit is low. Further, consumer attributions of partner motives mediate responses to the advertisement. Research limitations/implications – Type of message is an important variable that needs to be selected with care. However, the moderating effects of fit and salience and the mediating effects of consumer attributions of partner motives may be able to overcome type of message. Practical implications – Initial partner selection is critical for the brand. A second key factor is inferences due to the specific message, fit and salience. Nonprofit firms have less to worry about fit compared to brands as attitude and behavioral intentions are high under both fit conditions. Social implications – Cause marketing can be used successfully to benefit both brand and cause simultaneously. Originality/value – This study examines the effects for both brands and causes and suggests ways in which both can benefit, leading to a win–win situation. This is an important contribution to the cause marketing field.

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Chen, Jun, Yu L. L. Luo, Yiping Xie, Ziyan Yang, and Huajian Cai. "Oxytocin intensifies the mortality salience effect: Novel evidence for the social salience model of oxytocin." Hormones and Behavior 129 (March 2021): 104920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104920.

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Yang, Qing, Oscar Ybarra, Yufang Zhao, and Xiting Huang. "Restoring meaning: Self-uncertainty increases subjective distance between the past and present self." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 48, no. 7 (July 7, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.8823.

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Based on the meaning maintenance model and temporal self-appraisal theory, we conducted 2 experiments with Chinese college students to test how self-uncertainty salience affected the subjective distance between the past and present self. We manipulated uncertainty salience and asked participants to explicitly (Study 1) or implicitly (Study 2) indicate their subjective distance. Participants in both studies increased the subjective distance when uncertainty was made salient. In addition, this effect was moderated by dispositional self-esteem in Study 2, with participants with low self-esteem reporting greater subjective distance than did high self-esteem participants after uncertainty-salience priming. These findings suggest that the process of appraising the past self may help individuals deal with feelings of uncertainty about the present self.

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Bandt-Law, Bryn, and Daniel Krauss. "The effect of mortality salience on death penalty sentencing decisions when the defendant is severely mentally ill." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 9, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-04-2016-0225.

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Purpose Mortality is a salient factor during capital sentencing. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role death plays in jurors’ decisions when sentencing a severely mentally ill defendant who is subject to possible discrimination in a capital trial because of that status. Design/methodology/approach The current experiment measured venire jurors’ (n=133) mental illness dangerousness beliefs, and then experimentally manipulated type of mortality salience (dual-focused: participants who contemplated their own mortality and were exposed to trial-related death references vs trial focused: only exposed to death references) and the type of defendant (severely mentally ill vs neutral) accused of a capital offense. Findings Mock jurors perceived mental illness to be an important mitigating factor when dual (i.e. self) focused mortality (DFM) salience was induced, whereas participants only exposed to trial-related death references considered mental illness to be an aggravating factor in sentencing and were more likely to evidence stereotype adherence toward the defendant. Practical implications The implications of the authors’ findings are problematic for the current legal system. During the majority of capital sentencing, jurors will only be exposed to trial-related death references, as individuals in the trial-focused mortality condition were. The findings suggest that these jurors are likely to engage in discriminatory stereotypes that do not consider fair process when making sentencing decisions. This research also suggests that mortality salience may be able to increase jurors’ attention to such concerns in a trial scenario even when negative mental illness stereotypes are present. Originality/value Research builds on existing terror management theory and offers a more nuanced perspective of how focusing on one’s own death can affect jurors’ reliance on stereotypes and lead to inappropriate decisions. Mortality salience can lead to decisions based upon procedural fairness when stereotypes and mortality salience are both present.

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Bogdanov, Volodymyr B., Olena V. Bogdanova, Alessandro Viganò, Quentin Noirhomme, Steven Laureys, Radhouane Dallel, Christophe Phillips, and Jean Schoenen. "Increased cerebral responses to salient transitions between alternating stimuli in chronic migraine with medication overuse headache and during migraine attacks." Cephalalgia 39, no. 8 (February 20, 2019): 988–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102418825359.

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Introduction In a previous study exploring central pain modulation with heterotopic stimuli in healthy volunteers, we found that transitions between sustained noxious and innocuous thermal stimulations on the foot activated the “salience matrix”. Knowing that central sensory processing is abnormal in migraine, we searched in the present study for possible abnormalities of these salient transitional responses in different forms of migraine and at different time points of the migraine cycle. Methods Participants of both sexes, mostly females, took part in a conditioned pain modulation experiment: Migraineurs between (n = 14) and during attacks (n = 5), chronic migraine patients with medication overuse headache (n = 7) and healthy volunteers (n = 24). To evoke the salience response, continuous noxious cold or innocuous warm stimulations were alternatively applied on the right foot. Cerebral blood oxygenation level dependent responses were recorded with fMRI. Results Switching between the two stimulations caused a significant transition response in the “salience matrix” in all subject groups (effect of the condition). Moreover, some group effects appeared on subsequent post-hoc analyses. Augmented transitional blood oxygenation level dependent responses in the motor cortex and superior temporal sulcus were found in two patient groups compared to healthy controls: chronic migraine with medication overuse headache patients and migraineurs recorded during an attack. In chronic migraine with medication overuse headache patients, salience-related responses were moreover greater in the premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, lingual gyrus and dorso-medial prefrontal cortex and other “salience matrix” areas, such as the anterior cingulate and primary somatosensory cortices. Conclusion This study shows salience-related hyperactivation of affective and motor control areas in chronic migraine with medication overuse headache patients and, to a lesser extent, in episodic migraine patients during an attack. The greater extension of exaggerated blood oxygenation level dependent responses to unspecific salient stimuli in chronic migraine with medication overuse headache than during a migraine attack could be relevant for headache chronification.

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Wijayendran, Surapi Bhairavi, Aisling O’Neill, and Sagnik Bhattacharyya. "The effects of cannabis use on salience attribution: a systematic review." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 30, no. 1 (November 21, 2016): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2016.58.

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ObjectiveThe relationship between cannabis use and the onset of psychosis is well established. Aberrant salience processing is widely thought to underpin many of these symptoms. Literature explicitly investigating the relationship between aberrant salience processing and cannabis use is scarce; with those few studies finding that acute tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration (the main psychoactive component of cannabis) can result in abnormal salience processing in healthy cohorts, mirroring that observed in psychosis. Nevertheless, the extent of and mechanisms through which cannabis has a modulatory effect on aberrant salience, following both acute and chronic use, remain unclear.MethodsHere, we systematically review recent findings on the effects of cannabis use – either through acute THC administration or in chronic users – on brain regions associated with salience processing (through functional MRI data); and performance in cognitive tasks that could be used as either direct or indirect measures of salience processing. We identified 13 studies either directly or indirectly exploring salience processing. Three types of salience were identified and discussed – incentive/motivational, emotional/affective, and attentional salience.ResultsThe results demonstrated an impairment of immediate salience processing, following acute THC administration. Amongst the long-term cannabis users, normal salience performance appeared to be underpinned by abnormal neural processes.ConclusionsOverall, the lack of research specifically exploring the effects of cannabis use on salience processing, weaken any conclusions drawn. Additional research explicitly focussed on salience processing and cannabis use is required to advance our understanding of the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying the association between cannabis use and development of psychosis.

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Wu, Eugenia C., and Keisha M. Cutright. "In God's Hands: How Reminders of God Dampen the Effectiveness of Fear Appeals." Journal of Marketing Research 55, no. 1 (February 2018): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmr.15.0246.

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To begin building an understanding of how thoughts about God influence consumer persuasion processes and outcomes, the current research explores how reminders of God affect consumer compliance with fear-based advertising. Results across seven studies demonstrate that when the concept of God is salient, consumer compliance and persuasion in response to fear appeals is dampened. Importantly, the results suggest that one reason for this persuasion-dampening effect of God salience is the fact that consumers associate the concept of God with the idea of unlimited support. Consistent with this, the results reveal that when God is not associated with the idea of support, the dampening effect of God salience on fear appeal compliance is eliminated.

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C. Onah, Paschal, and Daniel I. Omatalu. "EFFECT OF MORTALITY SALIENCE ON HEALTH COMPROMISING BEHAVIOR." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12849.

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Over the decades, researchers have leaned on the TMT to explain numerous phenomena, including consumer choice, exercise motivation, risky driving behavior, and other behavioral domains. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of mortality salience on RSB as a health-compromising behavior. Sixty-two participants took part in the study. A quasi-experimental design was adopted. The result showed that MS increased resentment to RSB in the experimental condition (M = 44.82, SD= 9.28) compare to the control condition (M = 21.27, SD = 5.19). An independent t-test was used to test the studys hypothesis, and the result established a statistically significant differential effect of MS on RSB resentment between the conditions. We conclude that MS is effective in mitigating the incidence of RSB.

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Bordalo, Pedro, Nicola Gennaioli, and Andrei Shleifer. "Salience in Experimental Tests of the Endowment Effect." American Economic Review 102, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.47.

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We provide a novel account of experimental evidence for the endowment effect using the salience mechanism (Bordalo, Gennaioli, and Shleifer, 2011). The two-stage procedure implemented in experiments implies that the endowed good and other goods are evaluated in different contexts. We describe conditions under which the standard effect occurs, but also account for recent evidence such as a reverse endowment effect for bads and a role for reference prices in modulating the WTA-WTP gap.

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Gellatly, Angus, Peter Banton, and Chris Woods. "Salience and awareness in the Jacoby-Whitehouse effect." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 21, no. 5 (1995): 1374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.21.5.1374.

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Bradley, Kristopher I., Shelia M. Kennison, Amanda L. Burke, and John M. Chaney. "The Effect of Mortality Salience on Implicit Bias." Death Studies 36, no. 9 (October 2012): 819–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2011.605987.

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Bradley, Kristopher I., and Shelia M. Kennison. "The effect of mortality salience on weapon bias." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 36, no. 3 (May 2012): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.09.006.

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Leader, Geraldine, Ann Loughnane, Claire McMoreland, and Phil Reed. "The Effect of Stimulus Salience on Over-selectivity." Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 39, no. 2 (August 27, 2008): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0626-y.

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Hu, Tian-Yi, Xin-Wen Jiang, Xiaofei Xie, Xiao-Qin Ma, and Chao Xu. "Foreground-background salience effect in traffic risk communication." Judgment and Decision Making 9, no. 1 (January 2014): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500005015.

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AbstractPie charts are often used to communicate risk, such as the risk of driving. In the foreground-background salience effect (FBSE), foreground (probability of bad event) has greater salience than background (no bad event) in such a chart. Experiment 1 confirmed that the displays format of pie charts showed a typical FBSE. Experiment 2 showed that the FBSE resulted from a difference in cognitive efforts in processing the messages and that a foreground-emphasizing display was easier to process. Experiment 3 manipulated subjects’ information processing mindset and explored the interaction between displays format and information processing mindset. In the default mindset, careless subjects displayed a typical FBSE, while those who were instructed to be careful reported similar risk-avoidant behavior preference reading both charts. Suggestions for improving risk communication are discussed.

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Bassett, Jonathan F. "The Effects of Mortality Salience and Social Dominance Orientation on Attitudes Toward Illegal Immigrants." Social Psychology 41, no. 1 (January 2010): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000008.

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The paper examines the hypothesis that the effects of mortality salience on attitudes toward illegal immigrants are moderated by individual differences predisposing participants toward prejudice or intolerance. A total of 122 university students completed measures of political orientation, authoritarianism, and social dominance orientation prior to being randomly assigned to a mortality salience or control condition. Political conservatism, authoritarianism, and social dominance orientation were all associated with more negative attitudes toward illegal immigrants. Although there was no main effect for mortality salience, there was an interaction between mortality salience and social dominance orientation. Higher social dominance orientation was associated with more negative attitudes toward illegal immigrants, albeit only in the mortality salience condition.

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Troncoso, Xoana G., Stephen L. Macknik, and Susana Martinez-Conde. "Novel Visual Illusions Related to Vasarely's ‘Nested Squares’ Show That Corner Salience Varies with Corner Angle." Perception 34, no. 4 (April 2005): 409–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5383.

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Vasarely's ‘nested-squares’ illusion shows that 90° corners can be more salient perceptually than straight edges. On the basis of this illusion we have developed a novel visual illusion, the ‘Alternating Brightness Star’, which shows that sharp corners are more salient than shallow corners (an effect we call ‘corner angle salience variation’) and that the same corner can be perceived as either bright or dark depending on the polarity of the angle (ie whether concave or convex: ‘corner angle brightness reversal’). Here we quantify the perception of corner angle salience variation and corner angle brightness reversal effects in twelve naive human subjects, in a two-alternative forced-choice brightness discrimination task. The results show that sharp corners generate stronger percepts than shallow corners, and that corner gradients appear bright or dark depending on whether the corner is concave or convex. Basic computational models of center – surround receptive fields predict the results to some degree, but not fully.

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Kaiser, Elsi. "Effects of topic and focus on salience." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 44, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.44.2006.306.

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This paper investigates what factors make a particular referent a good antecedent for subsequent pronominal reference. In particular, it explores two seemingly conflicting claims in the literature regarding the effects of topicality and focusing on referent salience. In light of new experimental results combined with a review of existing work, I conclude that neither topicality nor focusing alone can explain referent salience as indicated by patterns of pronoun reference. Rather, the data provide support for a multiple-factor model of salience (e.g. Arnold 1999). More specifically, the results show that grammatical role has a striking effect: being a subject makes a referent more salient than either pronominalization/givenness or focusing alone. Furthermore, the results of the experiment suggest that the likelihood of subsequent pronominal reference is also influenced by structural focusing and pronominalization, but not as strongly as by subjecthood. I argue that these data are best captured by a multiple-factor model in which factors differ in how influential they are relative to one another, i.e. how heavily weighted they are. A single-factor system does not seem adequate for these data.

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Turner, Broderick L., Eugene M. Caruso, Mike A. Dilich, and Neal J. Roese. "Body camera footage leads to lower judgments of intent than dash camera footage." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 4 (January 7, 2019): 1201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805928116.

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Police departments use body-worn cameras (body cams) and dashboard cameras (dash cams) to monitor the activity of police officers in the field. Video from these cameras informs review of police conduct in disputed circumstances, often with the goal of determining an officer’s intent. Eight experiments (N = 2,119) reveal that body cam video of an incident results in lower observer judgments of intentionality than dash cam video of the same incident, an effect documented with both scripted videos and real police videos. This effect was due, in part, to variation in the visual salience of the focal actor: the body cam wearer is typically less visually salient when depicted in body versus dash cam video, which corresponds with lower observer intentionality judgments. In showing how visual salience of the focal actor may introduce unique effects on observer judgment, this research establishes an empirical platform that may inform public policy regarding surveillance of police conduct.

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Ji, Xiangfeng, and Xiaoyu Ao. "Travelers’ Bi-Attribute Decision Making on the Risky Mode Choice with Flow-Dependent Salience Theory." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 3901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073901.

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The purpose of this paper is to provide new insights into travelers’ bi-attribute (travel time and travel cost) risky mode choice behavior with one risky option (i.e., the highway) and one non-risky option (i.e., the transit) from the long-term planning perspective. In the classical Wardropian User Equilibrium principle, travelers make their choice decisions only based on the mean travel times, which might be an unrealistic behavioral assumption. In this paper, an alternative approach is proposed to partially remedy this unrealistic behavioral assumption with flow-dependent salience theory, based on which we study travelers’ context-dependent bi-attribute mode choice behavior, focusing on the effect of travelers’ salience characteristic. Travelers’ attention is drawn to the bi-attribute salient travel utility, and then the objective probability of each state for the risky world is distorted in favor of this bi-attribute salient travel utility. A long-term bi-attribute salient user equilibrium will be achieved when no traveler can improve their bi-attribute salient travel utility by unilaterally changing the choice decisions. Conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the bi-attribute salient user equilibrium are presented, and based on the equilibrium results, we analyze travelers’ risk attitudes in this bi-attribute risky choice problem. Finally, numerical examples are conducted to examine the sensitivity of equilibrium solutions to the input parameters, which are cost difference and salience bias.

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Smith, Rebecca, and Emma Massey. "Aspects of Love: The Effect of Mortality Salience and Attachment Style on Romantic Beliefs." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 66, no. 2 (March 2013): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.66.2.c.

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Two studies are reported which explore romance as a means of terror management for participants with secure and insecure attachment styles. Mikulincer and Florian (2000) have shown that while mortality salience increases the desire for intimacy in securely attached individuals, the insecurely attached use cultural world views rather than close relationships to cope with fear of death. Study 1 used the romantic belief scale to compare the effects of attachment style and mortality salience on the cultural aspects of close relationships and showed that the only the insecurely attached were more romantic following mortality salience. Study 2 replicated this effect and demonstrated that this difference was not simply due to lower self-esteem in the insecurely attached. The additional inclusion of the Relationship assessment questionnaire failed to provide any evidence that the securely attached were affected by the mortality salience manipulation, even on a more interpersonal measure.

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Liu, Zhijun, Lin Wu, and Chunna Hou. "Social Identity: The Cause of Distinction Between Group-Reference and Self-Reference Effects." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 43, no. 9 (October 16, 2015): 1409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.9.1409.

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We used a subliminal priming procedure to explore whether or not the intensity of identity salience facilitates the advantage of memory in distinguishing between the strength of the group-reference effect and that of the self-reference effect. In Experiment 1 (N = 124), participants were primed with in-group, out-group, or combined salience conditions before encoding adjectives with reference to the in-group and out-group, and were then subsequently given a surprise free-recall test. These results showed that the intensity of social identity could predict the memory advantage of group-reference tasks; moreover, the memory effect of group-reference tasks was strongest in the combined salience condition compared with in-group or out-group salience alone. In Experiment 2 (N = 81), we used different referential conditions and found that the intensity of social identity changed with identity salience and was a possible cause of differences between the intensity of the group-reference effect and that of the self-reference effect.

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Bertleff, Sabine, Gereon R. Fink, and Ralph Weidner. "The Role of Top–Down Focused Spatial Attention in Preattentive Salience Coding and Salience-based Attentional Capture." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, no. 8 (August 2016): 1152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00964.

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Selective visual attention requires an efficient coordination between top–down and bottom–up attention control mechanisms. This study investigated the behavioral and neural effects of top–down focused spatial attention on the coding of highly salient distractors and their tendency to capture attention. Combining spatial cueing with an irrelevant distractor paradigm revealed bottom–up based attentional capture only when attention was distributed across the whole search display, including the distractor location. Top–down focusing spatial attention on the target location abolished attentional capture of a salient distractor outside the current attentional focus. Functional data indicated that the missing capture effect was not based on diminished bottom–up salience signals at unattended distractor locations. Irrespectively of whether salient distractors occurred at attended or unattended locations, their presence enhanced BOLD signals at their respective spatial representation in early visual areas as well as in inferior frontal, superior parietal, and medial parietal cortex. Importantly, activity in these regions reflected the presence of a salient distractor rather than attentional capture per se. Moreover, successfully inhibiting attentional capture of a salient distractor at an unattended location further increased neural responses in medial parietal regions known to be involved in controlling spatial attentional shifts. Consequently, data provide evidence that top–down focused spatial attention prevents automatic attentional capture by supporting attentional control processes counteracting a spatial bias toward a salient distractor.

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Wenderoth, Peter. "The Salience of Vertical Symmetry." Perception 23, no. 2 (February 1994): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p230221.

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It has long been accepted that amongst patterns which are bilaterally symmetrical, those which have their axis of symmetry vertical are more saliently symmetrical than patterns whose axis of symmetry is at some other orientation. The evidence regarding the relative salience of other orientations of axis of symmetry is somewhat more equivocal. In experiment 1, subjects were required to discriminate between symmetric or random-dot patterns when the axis of symmetry was at one of eighteen different orientations, spaced 10° apart, both clockwise and counterclockwise of vertical to horizontal. The data indicated that vertical was most salient, then horizontal but that, unlike in the classical oblique effect for contrast sensitivity, performance for precisely diagonal axes was better than that for surrounding axis orientations. Additional data (from experiments 2 and 3) also showed that the salience of vertical and horizontal axes of symmetry can be manipulated extensively by varying the range of stimuli presented, presumably by manipulating the scanning or attentional strategy adopted by the observer. Many previous studies of symmetry perception may have confounded hard-wired salience for vertical symmetry with scanning or attentional strategies.

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Rethemeyer, R. Karl, and Geunpil Ryu. "The Homophily Effect of Demographic Attributes: Moderating Role of Demographic Salience and Time Effect." Journal of Applied Social Science 14, no. 2 (August 6, 2020): 162–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1936724420947010.

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This paper explores the role of homophily with respect to demographic attributes on the formation of friendships, focusing on the moderating effect of attribute salience and time effect. To address the research questions, we explored a data set collected from Master of Public Administration (MPA) students in four waves over a period of nearly a year. An actor-based model was employed to test various research hypotheses concerning the longitudinal evolution of a friendship network. As a result, we found that (1) salience of demographic attributes does not moderate the relationship between the attributes and friendship ties and (2) age homophily is associated with friendship formation only in the initial stage.

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Chen, Xi, and Zhixin Zhan. "Uncertain Consumption Preference under Mortality Salience." Journal of Economics and Management Sciences 5, no. 1 (June 15, 2022): p16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/jems.v5n1p16.

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Based on the relevant theoretical research on mortality salience and general self-efficacy, this paper tests the impact of mortality salience on uncertain consumption intention through experiments. It is found that mortality salience increases consumers’ preference to choose uncertain probabilistic promotion methods, but decreases individuals’ evaluation of new products. During the process above, the moderating effect of general self-efficacy was tested. Based on the results, this study provides specific suggestions on the marketing and product strategies in the context of mortality salience.

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Herrera, Marina, and Fabio Sani. "Why Does Ingroup Identification Shield People from Death Anxiety?" Social Psychology 44, no. 5 (December 1, 2013): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000128.

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Research to date guided by terror management theory has demonstrated that mortality salience increases ingroup identification. However, the process that leads from death reminders to group investment has remained underinvestigated. We tested a model in which mortality salience increased the perceived continuity of the group while at the same time strengthening the perception of group entitativity. In turn, higher perceived group entitativity led to enhanced ingroup identification. Three-path mediation analysis showed that mortality salience transmitted its effects onto ingroup identification indirectly, progressing first through perceived collective continuity and then through ingroup entitativity. Moderated mediation analysis revealed that personal self-esteem and the need for closure did not moderate this effect of mortality salience on ingroup identification.

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Dennison, James. "How Issue Salience Explains the Rise of the Populist Right in Western Europe." International Journal of Public Opinion Research 32, no. 3 (August 14, 2019): 397–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edz022.

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Abstract This article tests whether variation in issue salience can explain the rise of the populist right in Western Europe. By taking a novel cross-country and cross-time approach at both the aggregate- and individual levels using panel data, I robustly demonstrate that the salience of immigration positively affects electoral support for the populist right. I also find, using a structural equation modeling approach, that the salience of immigration, in turn, is partially caused by immigration rates. I do not find evidence of a positive effect of the salience of the issues of crime, unemployment, the economy, or terrorism. I find evidence of a positive effect of the salience of Europe at the individual level, which is of a similar scale to immigration.

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Koop, Christel. "Explaining the Accountability of Independent Agencies: The Importance of Political Salience." Journal of Public Policy 31, no. 2 (August 2011): 209–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x11000080.

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AbstractIndependent agencies are exempted from the accountability mechanisms inherent in the ministerial hierarchy. To compensate for this, politicians incorporate all kinds of information and reporting requirements into the statutes of the organizations. However, the degree to which this occurs varies considerably, which raises the question: Why are some agencies are made more accountable than others? This study examines the impact of political salience on degrees of accountability, controlling for other potential explanations. Using original data on 103 independent agencies in the Netherlands, the analysis demonstrates that salience has a twofold effect. First, agencies dealing with more salient issues are made more politically accountable. Second, agencies whose statutes are written when the issue of accountability is more salient are also subject to higher degrees of accountability. Other explanatory factors are the number of veto players and the legal basis of the organization.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Salience effect'

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