Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Salience effect'
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Hinkle, Katherine T. "The effect of mortality salience on moral judgment." Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/702.
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Tigner, Robert Bruce. "Overcoming Repetition Blindness: The Effect of Repetition Salience /." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487935125881498.
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Cohen, Anna-Lisa. "Prospective memory and aging, the effect of perceptual salience." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0006/MQ41374.pdf.
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Matsumoto, Audrey. "The Effect of Immediacy and Salience Questionnaire Response Rates." DigitalCommons@USU, 1996. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4670.
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In this study, a theory that identified salience and immediacy as two constructs that significantly determine questionnaire response rates was tested. This theory emphasized the importance of identifying and rating factors that impact the immediacy and salience of a questionnaire to a specific population. It was proposed that factors that make a questionnaire highly immediate and salient to a given population should be identified first, and then implemented into the construction and administration of the questionnaire. In this way, researchers can manipulate the variables, which will maximize the response rate for their specific population before distribution. A questionnaire that is highly immediate and salient to a given population was estimated to achieve a response rate of 80% or higher.
The immediacy and salience of several manipulable variables of a questionnaire were rated by a sample characteristically similar to the target population. Three treatments of the questionnaire were sent to three randomly assigned groups of the population. These treatments varied from low, moderate, to high immediacy and salience based on the ratings.
An analysis of the ratings revealed a very strong direct relationship between salience and immediacy. Variables of the questionnaire were rated very similarly between the two constructs. Contrary to Christensen's theory, different levels of immediacy and salience were not found to interact. However, a direct relationship was found between immediacy and salience levels, and final response rates, which was consistent with the theory. The order of response rate percentages for each treatment group reflected the degree of immediacy and salience as measured by the raters.
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Cummings, Tamara. "The Recategorization Effect of a Shared Threat Mortality Salience Condition." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/700.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucfBachelors
Arts and Sciences
Psychology
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Banas, Katarzyna Joanna. "Effect of social identity salience on healthy eating intentions and behaviour." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15891.
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Background. Self-categorisation theory and the identity-based motivation perspective suggest that people’s motivation to engage in a particular behaviour is stronger when that behaviour is congruent with their salient social identity. In situations where a certain social identity is made salient, or where people identify strongly with a particular group, the social norm associated with that group may have a strong effect on individual behaviour. This perspective can be used to enhance the understanding of health-related intentions and behaviour. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the usefulness of adding concepts related to social identity to existing social cognitive models of healthy eating. The prediction being made is that members of groups that value healthy eating might be more likely to engage in healthy eating when their membership in that particular group is made salient. Five experimental studies tested the effect of social identity salience and group identification on healthy eating intentions and behaviour. Both intentions and behaviour were measured in each of the five studies, to allow for investigating the existence and potential causes of the intention-behaviour gap for healthy eating. Methods and Results. All five studies included random assignment of participants to conditions, and an experimental manipulation of social identity salience or social image healthiness. In Study 1 (n = 149), conducted among female university students, participants’ female, family, or personal identity was made salient. The results showed that increasing the salience of female or family identity led to stronger healthy eating intentions, but did not increase the likelihood of picking a healthy snack over an unhealthy one. Study 2 (n = 115) did not include a successful manipulation of salient social identity, but it showed a positive association between female identification, measured as a trait, and healthy eating intentions, even after controlling for attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. Study 3 (n = 156) included a manipulation of social identity salience (female or student) and a manipulation of social image healthiness (images presenting in-group members engaging in either healthy or unhealthy behaviour). The results corroborated the earlier finding that female identification is positively correlated with healthy eating intentions. Also, the results indicated that when participants were shown social images of their in-group members engaging in healthy or unhealthy behaviour, they expressed intentions in line with the social images only if they did not express strong identification with the in-group. Study 4 (n = 87) was conducted in the context of Australian identity and included a manipulation of social images healthiness. The findings provided evidence for the existence of a vicarious licensing effect for healthy eating. Namely, for participants who highly identified with their social group, exposure to pictures of other in-group members engaging in healthy behaviour resulted in choosing less healthy food items from a restaurant menu. Study 5 (n = 117) demonstrated the existence of a vicarious licensing effect in the context of female identity, where participants’ food intake during a taste test was predicted by the interaction of the social image healthiness and their group identification. Conclusions. By examining the predictors of both healthy eating intention and behaviour, the research presented in this thesis sheds light on some of the phenomena potentially underlying the intention-behaviour gap for healthy eating, particularly among women. It appears that the healthy eating norm is internalised by women and translated into healthy eating intentions, to the extent that women who identify more highly with their gender group, and those whose female identity is made temporarily salient, also express stronger healthy eating intentions. The association between female identification and healthy eating behaviour, however, appears to be much less consistent, and in most studies the correlation between healthy eating intentions and eating behaviour was poor, even though a variety of measures of behaviour was used. These findings suggest that actual eating is often not predicted by intentions, but depends on contextual factors, such as being given an opportunity to reinforce the healthy eating goal, or the availability of information about in-group members’ eating behaviour. The results also have implications for health-psychological interventions, in suggesting that people’s response to health-related content (such as social images that may be used in health promotion interventions) may be different depending on their level of group identification. In line with the vicarious licensing effect, individuals who report high levels of group identification might be less likely to respond to interventions aimed at their specific social groups.
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Leka, Gary Evan. "Mortality Salience Effects on Gender Stereotype Attitudes and Sexism, and the Moderating Effect of Gender Role Conflicts." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/361.
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Research on existential mortality fears has indicated that death reminders impact individuals at the cognitive and behavioral levels. One way people cope with this threat is through cherishing cultural values that provide life with meaning. However, little research has explored how death reminders impact cultural standards regarding gender. These cultural values often manifest through various means by male and female groups. Guided by terror management theory, which posits that people address threats to their existence by engaging in culturally-sanctioned behaviors to enhance their self-esteem, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of mortality salience (MS) on male participants' propensity for sexism and attitudes towards those with atypical gender stereotypes. Participants (n = 136) were recruited from courses at a local university and were selected based on the assumption that they had been exposed to media depicting death-related events. A quantitative research design was used to examine differences between the experimental MS and control pain salience conditions, and to assess effect sizes. Results from a MANOVA indicated that MS was associated with significantly higher sexism scores (F = 15.322, p < .001) as measured by the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, and with less favorable ratings of peers (as measured by a common opinion rating scale used in previous research in this area) who violated traditional gender stereotypes (F = 13.459, p < .001). The findings imply existential threats may contribute to negative stereotyping based on gender and enhance conservative views of gender stereotypes. Implications for social change are discussed involving the reduction of intolerance and prejudice directed at those who hold opposing worldviews.
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Baecker, Christian Roman. "A cross-cultural study on the effect of decimal separator on price perception." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/10322.
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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and EconomicsThe impact of decimal separator use in prices has not received attention in previous research. The present study examines the effect of the two worldwide prevailing separators, comma and dot, on the price perception of Portuguese and US consumers via an anchoring and adjustment cognitive processing model. Both separator types were characterized in terms of their visual salience, either salient or non-salient, and contextual novelty, either familiar or novel. Price perception was measured in its negative role, as an outlay of economic resources. Applying a factorial design for multivariate testing of the hypothesized model which predicted lower price perception for salient and novel separators, the results indicated that the separators’ choice has no effect on its own. In turn, an interaction among the separators’ salience and novelty occurred mainly driven by two of the six presented products, possibly revealing limitations to the study. American consumers revealed generally higher levels of perceived prices than European. The study contributes by linking pricing and process numbering literature, providing several recommendations for studies to come.
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Bandt-Law, Bryn. "The Effect of Mortality Salience on Death Penalty Sentencing Decisions when the Defendant is Severely Mentally Ill." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1421.
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The nature of capital punishment cases makes mortality a highly salient factor during trial proceedings. Previous research has explored the effect of mortality salience on human’s decision making in a legal context. This study extends this vein of research by examining the role death plays in jurors’ psychological processes when sentencing a defendant who is severely mentally ill in a capital trial. The current experiment measured mock jurors’ (n=169) and college students’, n=116) Mental Illness Worldview (MIWV), and then experimentally manipulated type of mortality salience (dual-focused: mock jurors who were specifically asked to contemplate their own mortality and were exposed to trial-related death references vs. trial focused: only exposed to death references) and the type of defendant (severely mentally ill vs. neutral) accused of a capital offense. We found that mock jurors perceived mental illness to be a mitigating factor when dual (i.e., self) focused mortality salience was induced, whereas participants only exposed to trial-related death references considered mental illness to be an important aggravating factor in sentencing.
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Garcia, Carlos Alberto Rivera. "Scarily coming to the centre : political centrism as an effect of mortality salience and a need for closure." Thesis, University of Essex, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.654474.
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Three studies assessed the relationship between need for closure (NFC; Kruglanski, Webster, & Klem, 1993) and evaluations of political ideology changes, as a function of mortality salience (MS). Based on terror management theory (Greenberg, Pyszczynski, & Solomon, 1986) and previous research (e.g., Cozzolino, 2006; Jost et al., 2003), we hypothesized that abstract reminders of death would activate the facet of NFC that seeks group consensus and stability (as opposed to deviation and persuasion). Following an MS or control induction, 156 participants evaluated politicians who switched political ideologies (moved from the left to the right). In line with recent research (Pu et al., 2007), results indicate that MS induced people high in NFC to express greater support for politicians seeking consensus in the political centre, compared to politicians endorsing liberal or conservative ideologies, an effect consistent with research linking NFC to desires for group centrism and collective closure. A second study (N = 170) clarified this issue further with participants evaluating political parties (rather than individual politicians) depicted as moving from their traditional left/ right positions toward the political centre in one condition, or parties that remained true to their traditional ideologies in a second condition. Results revealed that participants high in NFC exposed to MS expressed significantly higher levels of support for parties moving from the right to tl1e centre than for parties (including those moving from the left to the centre). A third study (N=276) explored how the activation of specific needs for cognitive closure via MS would result in an increased support for a centrist political party described as uniform in thought and enjoying an internal (vs. split) mandate for the party's manifesto. The results further indicate that reminders of mortality amplify demands for consensus and clarity more than signalling a demand for ideological clarity. Results and implications are discussed.
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Hughes-Roberts, T. "The effect of privacy salience on end-user behaviour : an experimental approach based on the theory of planned behaviour." Thesis, University of Salford, 2014. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/31983/.
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End-User privacy concerns surrounding use of Social Networks present new and complex problems for research. Specifically, a phenomenon known as “the Privacy Paradox” has been observed where end-users stated concerns, attitudes and intended behaviour are not consistent with the actual behaviour within the network. Numerous causes have been proposed as potentially being the root of the problem of this paradoxical phenomenon including a lack of user awareness of privacy issues, a low level skill in using technology or a lack of privacy salience within the social network itself. However, the role of the User Interface (UI) in contributing to, and potentially providing a solution to, poor privacy behaviour is under-explored. A potentially fruitful avenue of enquiry given that behaviour is considered to be a reaction to environmental stimulus and the UI provides the environment within which the user is interacting. This thesis implements a two phase approach to furthering understanding of privacy behaviour in social networks. First, a survey is implemented exploring the relationship of concepts within the privacy paradox identifying that users stated needs are not being met by their observable behaviour. Secondly, two experiments are implemented in order to explore this behaviour as an interaction with the network; these questions are answered to build a social network profile and can be grouped according to their potential sensitivity. A model of social psychology, the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), is used to develop such experiments in order to examine the cognition behind these interactions. Each of the salient influencers defined by the TPB is used to inform a series of UI treatments and form the basis for experiment groups. An initial experiment explores the method and is used to inform the design of the second, which also introduces a factorial design to explore the relationships between treatments. These experiments show that participants within the treatment groups disclose less information than the control, with statistical significance. Within the first experiment this non-disclosure took place across all questions sensitivities, possibly due to limitations in the experimental method. However, participants in experiment two appear far more selective in their disclosure, choosing not to answer more sensitive questions suggesting that they thought of their privacy while interacting with the system. Findings within this thesis suggest that the UI plays an important role in influencing end-user behaviour as it can inform the context of the interaction as it happens.
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Ruehle, Matthew A. "The Effect of Nicotine on the Default Mode Network, Executive Control Network, and Salience Network During Relaxed and Stressed Resting States As a Function of Trait Negative Affect." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2162.
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Researchers have studied nicotine’s ability to attenuate stress and negative affect for decades, but there has been limited research into the cortical regions most responsible for these effects. Recent paradigms have emerged that define large-scale neural networks that operate in conjunction to elicit complex effects: the Default Mode Network (DMN), the Executive Control Network (ECN), and the Salience Network (SN). The current study utilized archival topographic (surface) EEG recordings to analyze the tomographic (3-dimensional) cortical differences in three major large-scale neural networks during relaxing and task-induced anticipatory stress resting states while nicotine-satiated and nicotine-deprived, and as a function of trait negative affect (NA). Various interaction and main effects of nicotine use, stress, and NA occurred in the connectivity between regions of interest (ROIs) of all three networks. Total current source density (CSD) analyses demonstrated an interaction between smoking and stress, such that the effects of smoking and stress were highest during the combination of deprivation and stress, and lowest when individuals were in nicotine satiated and in the low stress condition. A whole-brain exploratory analysis also identified a significant interaction between smoking and NA in the postcentral gyrus.
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Polykoff, Jason. "The effects of mortality salience and social isolation salience on individualistic and collectivistic cognition." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/745.
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Köster, Mats [Verfasser]. "Salience Effects in Economic Choice / Mats Köster." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1229691693/34.
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Thomas, Paul M. J. "Motivational and emotional salience effects on working memory." Thesis, Bangor University, 2013. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/motivational-and-emotional-salience-effects-on-working-memory(abea0bb2-559e-4cb4-bca0-c4f42cf570d0).html.
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"An object of primary memory is not thus brought back; it never was lost; its date was never cut off in consciousness from that of the immediately present moment. In fact, it comes to us as belonging to the rearward portion of the present space of time, and not to the genuine past," (James, 1890, p. 609). Since William James's seminal work on 'primary' memory, the notion that a short term memory store, now termed short term memory (STM) or working memory (WM) is a key part of human consciousness has become commonplace. This memory store is known to be subject to limitations in the amount and quality of information it can represent at any time, but is a crucial part of the cognitive toolkit humans use to navigate the physical and social world. Given these capacity limitations, there is a clear evolutionary imperative for efficient selection into and retention within WM of items of high utility over those of less importance to survival.
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Venditti, Jennifer J. "Discourse structure and attentional salience effects on Japanese intonation /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488202678776478.
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Walsh, Penny E. "Effects of thought salience on feelings of uniqueness and inclusiveness." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/372.
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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formattted into pages: contains, 21 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 15-17). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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Horner, Dylan Earlin. "Mortality Salience and the Effects of Autonomy on Death Anxiety." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu155800247477214.
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Bruce, Kenneth R. "Effects of alcohol on emotionally salient memory." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34509.
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Social drinkers (healthy males aged 18--34) participated in three experiments that examined some of the mechanisms that may be responsible for the effects of alcohol on emotionally charged memory. In a study on incidental learning, alcohol enhanced neutral, positive and negative memory, possibly by a nonselective consolidation mechanism. Alcohol's enhancement of memory was found to not be associated (contingently related) with its incentive reward and relief effects. In another study on intentional learning, alcohol enhanced positive memory and/or inhibited negative memory, possibly reflecting a contingent relationship to its incentive effects. When the role of individual differences was examined, relatively little influence was found in mediating the effects of alcohol on incidental memory. However, alcohol's effect on intentional memory was predicted by individual differences in response to some of alcohol's acute incentive effects. The studies demonstrate that alcohol's effects on memory are independent from, and can be combined with, its incentive effects. Further, consumption of alcohol may be influenced by separate effects on memory and incentive, and by their association.
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Conti, Joseph P. "The effects of mortality salience and autonomy priming on worldview defensiveness." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1558603015969159.
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Gold, David A. "Effects of emotional salience and semantic domain on cross-form priming." Thèse, [Montréal] : Université de Montréal, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/umontreal/fullcit?pNQ82731.
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Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université de Montréal, 2003."NQ-82731." "Thèse présentée à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de philosophiae doctor (Ph. D.) en psychologie, option neuropsychologie expérimentale." Version électronique également disponible sur Internet.
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Ackroyd, Gareth. "Understanding the effects of regulation on managerial perceptions of stakeholder salience." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/52379.
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The increase in banking regulation globally is a rising trend and is demanding more
time and attention from senior management. The aim of the case study is to analyse
and asses the effects of banking sector regulations and corporate governance on the
prioritisation of stakeholders by senior management.
The role of senior management is to enter into contracts with the owners of the
company to act as agents for the organisation. It is then the responsibility of
management to establish contracts with various other stakeholders of the organisation.
The responsibility of bank management is becoming more complex and senior
management have the unenviable task of identifying and prioritising stakeholders
based on how they perceive stakeholder salience as described in stakeholder theory.
The research attempts to prove that managerial perception of stakeholder salience is
affected by the regulatory institutions and the legislation, statutes and regulations that
they enact, both internationally and locally. It is therefore critical for management to be
aware of rate of change and frequency change in the regulatory environment to
ascertain its ongoing effects on stakeholder salience to an organisation.
The case study is specifically focussed towards the banking industry, but aims to
contribute to understanding the effects of regulation on managerial perception on
stakeholder salience which could be accepted in other highly regulated industries.Mini-disseration (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
nk2016
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted
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Maxfield, Molly, Tom Pyszczynski, Jeff Greenberg, and Michael N. Bultmann. "Age Differences in the Effects of Mortality Salience on the Correspondence Bias." SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623523.
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According to terror management theory, awareness of death affects diverse aspects of human thought and behavior. Studies have shown that older and younger adults differ in how they respond to reminders of their mortality. The present study investigated one hypothesized explanation for these findings: Age-related differences in the tendency to make correspondent inferences. The correspondence bias was assessed in younger and older samples after death-related, negative, or neutral primes. Younger adults displayed increased correspondent inferences following mortality primes, whereas older adults' inferences were not affected by the reminder of death. As in prior research, age differences were evident in control conditions; however, age differences were eliminated in the death condition. Results support the existence of age-related differences in responses to mortality, with only younger adults displaying increased reliance on simplistic information structuring after a death reminder.
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Lim, Jeongsub. "Contextual effects of geographic, economic, political regions on issue salience and salience of an issue's attributes hierarchical linear modeling of agenda setting /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6000.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on December 28, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Wang, FeiHong. "Effects of Students' Identity Salience on Their Attitudes Toward and Experience in Face-to-face Peer Collaborative Learning Activities." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26546.
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This sequential, mixed methods study explored students' attitudes towards collaborative learning and their responses to collaborative learning problems in relation to their identity salience. Identities are motivators of human actions that impact an individual's self-esteem and behavioral tendencies (Stryker, 1968). An individual has three identity aspects that are related to different behavioral tendencies: individual, relational, and collective aspects. The identity aspect that an individual acts out across a variety of situations is their identity salience. Implied by the identity salience theory, students' behaviors may be detrimental or beneficial to the effectiveness of collaborative learning based on their identity salience. Results of the study revealed a possible relationship between students' identity salience and their attitudes, prior experiences, working preferences, and priorities in collaborative learning. In addition, results of the study also disclosed students' behavioral tendencies in dealing with collaborative learning problems including group tension, the free-rider effect, and role taking in relation to students' identity salience. Findings of this study can be used to support further investigations on personalized student grouping for effective collaborative learning.Ph. D.
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Richey, Gregory Boyd. "Media Preference and Risk Assessment: Mortality Salience and Mediating Effects of Worldview." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1301062941.
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Ramsey, Haley Jewel. "Effects of Self-Affirmation on Anti-Terror Related Worldview Defense Following Mortality Salience." TopSCHOLAR®, 2018. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2452.
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Previous research has demonstrated that self-affirmation via values affirmations seem to buffer the self against perceived threats (Steele, 1988). An example of such a threat is opposing worldviews regarding civil liberties in counterterrorism policies. The present study uses the threat of worldview opposition in regards to counterterrorism policies in conjunction with an experimental induction of mortality salience to explore whether self-affirmation can attenuate increases in worldview defense following mortality salience. It was hypothesized that mortality salience would increase worldview defense, but that self-affirmation would decrease worldview defense following exposure to a worldview threat. When extremity of attitudes toward civil liberties in counterterrorism policies were considered in analyses, results indicated an interaction of self-affirmation and mortality salience, such that self-affirmation decreased worldview defense in participants in the mortality salience condition if they expressed extreme civil liberty attitudes. Results suggest that self-affirmation and mortality salience interact to predict worldview defense in those who care about civil liberties in counterterrorism policies. This study provides qualified theoretical support for self-affirmation theory (Steele, 1988). More research on the topic of self-affirmation and civil liberty attitudes is needed.
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Han, Jiangxue. "Salience and Effortful Processing: The Effects of Involuntary Attention to Web Ads on Implicit and Explicit Attitudes." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1449761951.
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Adams, Scott. "The effects of mindfulness on death thought accessibility immediately following a mortality salience induction." Connect to resource, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/24615.
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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 32 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 22-25). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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HELTON, WILLIAM STOKELY. "EFFECTS OF SIGNAL SALIENCE AND NOISE ON PERFORMANCE AND STRESS IN AN ABBREVIATED VIGIL." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1029530074.
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Hitchcock, Edward M. "EFFECTS OF SIGNAL SALIENCE AND CUEING ON CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY DURING SUSTAINED ATTENTION." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin971875192.
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McMahan, Ethan A. "Values and mortality salience the moderating effects of value orientation on cultural worldview defense /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1400968231&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Bruce, Kenneth R. "Effects of alcohol on emotionnaly salient memory." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ36961.pdf.
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Knight, Katherine M. "Effects of Mortality Salience on the Verdict and Sentencing Decisions of a Defendant with Facial Tattoos." Marietta College / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marietta1273672383.
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Song, Guanghan. "Effect of sound in videos on gaze : contribution to audio-visual saliency modelling." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENT013/document.
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Les humains reçoivent grande quantité d'informations de l'environnement avec vue et l'ouïe . Pour nous aider à réagir rapidement et correctement, il existe des mécanismes dans le cerveau à l'attention de polarisation vers des régions particulières , à savoir les régions saillants . Ce biais attentionnel n'est pas seulement influencée par la vision , mais aussi influencée par l'interaction audio - visuelle . Selon la littérature existante , l'attention visuelle peut être étudié à mouvements oculaires , mais l'effet sonore sur le mouvement des yeux dans les vidéos est peu connue . L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier l'influence du son dans les vidéos sur le mouvement des yeux et de proposer un modèle de saillance audio - visuel pour prédire les régions saillants dans les vidéos avec plus de précision . A cet effet, nous avons conçu une première expérience audio - visuelle de poursuite oculaire . Nous avons créé une base de données d'extraits vidéo courts choisis dans divers films . Ces extraits ont été consultés par les participants , soit avec leur bande originale (condition AV ) , ou sans bande sonore ( état V) . Nous avons analysé la différence de positions de l'oeil entre les participants des conditions de AV et V . Les résultats montrent qu'il n'existe un effet du bruit sur le mouvement des yeux et l'effet est plus important pour la classe de la parole à l'écran . Ensuite , nous avons conçu une deuxième expérience audiovisuelle avec treize classes de sons. En comparant la différence de positions de l'oeil entre les participants des conditions de AV et V , nous concluons que l'effet du son est différente selon le type de son , et les classes avec la voix humaine ( c'est à dire les classes parole , chanteur , bruit humain et chanteurs ) ont le plus grand effet . Plus précisément , la source sonore a attiré considérablement la position des yeux uniquement lorsque le son a été la voix humaine . En outre , les participants atteints de la maladie de AV avaient une durée moyenne plus courte de fixation que de l'état de V . Enfin , nous avons proposé un modèle de saillance audio- visuel préliminaire sur la base des résultats des expériences ci-dessus . Dans ce modèle , deux stratégies de fusion de l'information audio et visuelle ont été décrits: l'un pour la classe de son discours , et l'autre pour la musique classe de son instrument . Les stratégies de fusion audio - visuelle définies dans le modèle améliore la prévisibilité à la condition AVHumans receive large quantity of information from the environment with sight and hearing. To help us to react rapidly and properly, there exist mechanisms in the brain to bias attention towards particular regions, namely the salient regions. This attentional bias is not only influenced by vision, but also influenced by audio-visual interaction. According to existing literature, the visual attention can be studied towards eye movements, however the sound effect on eye movement in videos is little known. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the influence of sound in videos on eye movement and to propose an audio-visual saliency model to predict salient regions in videos more accurately. For this purpose, we designed a first audio-visual experiment of eye tracking. We created a database of short video excerpts selected from various films. These excerpts were viewed by participants either with their original soundtrack (AV condition), or without soundtrack (V condition). We analyzed the difference of eye positions between participants with AV and V conditions. The results show that there does exist an effect of sound on eye movement and the effect is greater for the on-screen speech class. Then, we designed a second audio-visual experiment with thirteen classes of sound. Through comparing the difference of eye positions between participants with AV and V conditions, we conclude that the effect of sound is different depending on the type of sound, and the classes with human voice (i.e. speech, singer, human noise and singers classes) have the greatest effect. More precisely, sound source significantly attracted eye position only when the sound was human voice. Moreover, participants with AV condition had a shorter average duration of fixation than with V condition. Finally, we proposed a preliminary audio-visual saliency model based on the findings of the above experiments. In this model, two fusion strategies of audio and visual information were described: one for speech sound class, and one for musical instrument sound class. The audio-visual fusion strategies defined in the model improves its predictability with AV condition
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Boyd, Patrick. "The Effects of Mortality Salience on Interest in Death (and Life) Among High Openness Individuals." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7747.
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Terror management theory suggests that the fear of death is ubiquitous. Only recently has death been examined as something potentially interesting from this framework, and specifically, to individuals high in trait openness (Boyd, Morris, & Goldenberg, 2017). This research, however, did not clearly delineate if participants were actually becoming interested in death. My studies address this ambiguity by examining what high openness individuals are becoming interested in and if the way death is construed impacts interest. Study 1 tested if in addition to becoming more generally interested, high openness individuals become interested in death per se following mortality salience (relative to a control), as Boyd et al. (2017) speculated. Analyses revealed that individuals high in experiential openness only became more interested in death if the death interest measure came after a scale of general interest (i.e., after a longer delay). In contrast to predictions, individuals high in general openness did not exhibit these effects. In Study 2, I hypothesized that high openness individuals would become more interested in art and philosophy following mortality salience (relative to a control) because of the relevance of these domains to openness. This hypothesis was not supported. In Study 3, I tested if highlighting death’s experiential or intellectual qualities would increase general interest and subsequently decrease death anxiety, depending on if one’s unique brand of openness valued such qualities. Only when death was construed of in an experiential manner (relative to a control) did individuals high in experiential openness become more generally interested, and unexpectedly, more anxious about death. Together these studies demonstrate that the aspect of openness related to valuing experience can actually increase one’s interest in death, and when death is construed in a way that corresponds with this type of openness, general interest also increases.
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Todd, Tamaryn Dee. "Predictive inference comprehension in adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI): The effects of salience and working memory." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Communication Disorders, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5720.
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Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of salience on the comprehension of predictive inferences in adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI), by increasing the visual salience of the predictive sentence. This study also investigated whether a relationship existed between performance on a predictive inferencing comprehension task and working memory for this population. Increasing the salience of a crucial sentence in the predictive inferencing task may lead to better memory for the inferred information within the focused portion of the text (Gernsbacher & Jescheniak, 1995; Parkhurst, Law, & Niebur, 2002).
Method: Six participants with TBI and six non-brain injured peers (NBI) took part in the study. Each participant was administered an inference comprehension task which consisted of a series of 55 stories. Each story incorporated one of five conditions: 1) a Recent salient condition (inferred information immediately preceded the comprehension question and was visually salient); 2) a Recent non-salient condition (inferred information immediately preceded the comprehension question but was not visually salient); 3) a Distant salient condition (inferred information occurred early in the story and was visually salient); 4) a Distant non-salient condition (inferred information occurred early in the story and was not visually salient); and 5) a Control condition (no inferred information in the story). In addition there were 20 filler stories. The predictive sentence was bolded in half the stories in order to increase the visual salience of the stimuli. In addition, a measure of working memory span (Lehman-Blake & Tompkins, 2001) was administered.
Results: A significant main effect was found for Group, F(1,11) = 7.6, p= 0.019, with adults with TBI performing more poorly than matched controls. A significant main effect was also found for Condition, F(3,33) = 3.159, p = 0.038, with all participants performing more poorly in the Distant non-salient condition. No statistically significant interaction between Group x Condition was observed, F(3,33) = 0.469, p =0.706. Post-hoc comparisons revealed that all participants performed more poorly in the non-salient condition when the storage load was high (distant non-salient condition). Significant correlations were found for working memory span and the Distant salient condition (r =0.677, p < 0.05) and Distant non-salient condition (r = 0.646, p < 0.05).
Conclusion: The results have both theoretical and clinical implications. Theoretically, the role of attention in working memory is of interest in language comprehension (e.g. Montgomery, Evans, & Gillam, 2009). This study may further contribute to studies of allocation of attention using increased salience to enhance comprehension. Clinically, the use of enhancing the salience of key information is a practical strategy that can be employed.
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Austin, Adrienne. "The effects of social identity complexity and ingroup salience on group-based guilt and intended reparations." Connect to resource, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/45055.
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Shetzer, Larry. "Decision making factors in estimating SDy in utility analysis: effects of frame, stimulus salience, and anchoring." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77836.
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The present research is concerned with the cognitive dimensions of procedures for estimating the standard deviation of job performance (SDy) in utility analysis. The overall goal was to integrate SDy estimation with advances in the area of decision making, and with advances in the social psychological study of person perception. Three variables were considered: problem frame, that is, whether the estimation task is posed in terms of the gain or loss of employees, stimulus salience, that is, the level of detail regarding the employee whose worth is being evaluated, and anchor values from previous estimates provided to judges as the starting point in forming their judgments.
In previous research by Shetzer & Bobko (1987), estimates of overall worth obtained under negative frames were significantly greater than estimates obtained under positive frames. Experiment 1 tested whether the effect of frame would be as evident with high salience stimuli as with the traditional low salience scenario. A significant effect due to salience was found and the study concluded that salience is a primary variable. Experiment 2 examined the relation between the effect of framing and anchor values provided to subjects as the starting point in estimation. Experiment 2 found a significant effect for anchoring but no effect due to frame, suggesting that subjects' estimates are anchored on initial values. Anchoring was also found to reduce the variability of estimation. The reduction in the variability of negatively framed estimates appears to be relatively greater when anchors are provided than is the reduction in the variability of positively framed estimates. These findings confirm earlier research concerning the efficacy of the sequential feedback procedure for reducing within-cell variance.
The results of the two experiments suggest that the effect of the problem frame is not as important a variable in SDy estimation as are salience and anchoring. This conclusion should be welcomed by utility analysts, since it suggests that the estimation procedure can be made more precise by providing judges with the maximum amount of relevant information thus mitigating the impact of more peripheral variables, such as how the problem is framed.Ph. D.
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Lou, Shanshan. "Simultaneous Media Use and Advertising: The Effects of Salient Web Ads in a New Media World." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1377084473.
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Åkerman, Daniel. "Politics of Unresponsiveness : The effects of issue salience and party convergence on radical right-wing success in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-417793.
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Webster, Russell J. "Finding security in the face of death : does implicit activation of attachment schemas moderate mortality salience effects?" Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1347740.
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Research has shown that presenting incidental reminders of death, a manipulation referred to as mortality salience, increases unconscious accessibility of death thoughts and, in turn, increases the use of various defense mechanisms to reduce such thoughts. Death-thought accessibility and use of such defense mechanisms vary based on self-reported attachment style. Because self-reports do not verify causality, the current study aimed to establish a causal relationship between attachment and terror management. It was posited that experimentally activating a secure attachment schema after mortality salience should decrease unconscious accessibility of death thoughts, whereas activating an insecure attachment schema should increase accessibility of death thoughts (i.e., there should be a Mortality Salience x Attachment Priming interaction). Lastly, these effects should not be mediated by mood. A 2 Mortality Salience vs. Control) x 3 (Priming: secure. insecure, or neutral) x 2 (Sex) ANOVA on death-thought accessibility did not show the predicted interaction. The discussion section focuses on the obstacles in accurately rneasuring death-thought accessibility and future directions for research.Department of Psychological Science
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Wang, Hongyi. "The effects of attractiveness and underlying components on the motivational salience and the memorability of face photographs." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7880/.
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Facial attractiveness is a particularly salient social cue that influences many important social outcomes. Using a standard key-press task to measure motivational salience of faces and an old/new memory task to measure memory for face photographs, this thesis investigated both within-woman and between-women variations in response to facial attractiveness. The results indicated that within-woman variables, such as fluctuations in hormone levels, influenced the motivational salience of facial attractiveness. However, the between-women variable, romantic relationship status, did not appear to modulate women’s responses to facial attractiveness. In addition to attractiveness, dominance also contributed to both the motivational salience and memorability of faces. This latter result demonstrates that, although attractiveness is an important factor for the motivational salience of faces, other factors might also cause faces to hold motivational salience. In Chapter 2, I investigated the possible effects of women’s salivary hormone levels (estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol-to-progesterone ratio) on the motivational salience of facial attractiveness. Physically attractive faces generally hold greater motivational salience, replicating results from previous studies. Importantly, however, the effect of attractiveness on the motivational salience of faces was greater in test sessions where women had high testosterone levels. Additionally, the motivational salience of attractive female faces was greater in test sessions where women had high estradiol-to-progesterone ratios. While results from Chapter 2 suggested that the motivational salience of faces was generally positively correlated with their physical attractiveness, Chapter 3 explored whether physical characteristics other than attractiveness contributed to the motivational salience of faces. To address this issue, I first had the faces rated on multiple traits. Principal component analysis of third-party ratings of faces for these traits revealed two orthogonal components that were highly correlated with trustworthiness and dominance ratings respectively. Both components were positively and independently related to the motivational salience of faces. While Chapter 2 and 3 did not examine the between-woman differences in response to facial attractiveness, Chapter 4 examined whether women’s responses to facial attractiveness differed as a function of their romantic partnership status. As several researchers have proposed that partnership status influences women’s perception of attractiveness, in Chapter 4 I compared the effects of men’s attractiveness on partnered and unpartnered women’s performance on two response measures: memory for face photographs and the motivational salience of faces. Consistent with previous research, women’s memory was poorer for face photographs of more attractive men and more attractive men’s faces held greater motivational salience. However, in neither study were the effects of attractiveness modulated by women’s partnership status or partnered women’s reported commitment to or happiness with their romantic relationship. A key result from Chapter 4 was that more attractive faces were harder to remember. Building on this result, Chapter 5 investigated the different characteristics that contributed to the memorability of face photographs. While some work emphasizes relationships with typicality, familiarity, and memorability ratings, more recent work suggests that ratings of social traits, such as attractiveness, intelligence, and responsibility, predict the memorability of face photographs independently of typicality, familiarity, and memorability ratings. However, what components underlie these traits remains unknown, as well as whether these components relate to the actual memorability of face photographs. Principal component analysis of all these face ratings produced three orthogonal components that were highly correlated with trustworthiness, dominance, and memorability ratings, respectively. Importantly, each of these components also predicted the actual memorability of face photographs.
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Frizzell, Rebecca E. "Manufacturing satisfaction with work-family balance: the effects of employee type, technology use, & life role salience." Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20447.
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Doctor of PhilosophyPsychological Sciences
Patrick A. Knight
Satisfaction with work-family balance is a relatively new construct that differs from other work-life constructs in several ways: it is not focused on conflict between work/family domains, does not include cross-domain transfer processes, has no directional implications, and is not multidimensional. The current study has three purposes: 1. Examine work-family balance issues for both blue-collar and white-collar employees, as the literature has focused mainly on white-collar employees. 2. Examine relationship between technology and satisfaction with work-family balance. 3. Assess how role salience influences satisfaction with work-family balance. Participants were recruited and compensated for completing a 60 item online survey via Qualtrics. Blue-collar participants were recruited from manufacturing industries, while no industry was specified for white-collar employees. The sample consisted of 210 participants (105 blue-collar, 105 white-collar). Several checks were included throughout the survey to ensure data quality. Two hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. The first regression revealed that boundary control and autonomy predict satisfaction with work-family balance, while employee type and boundary interruptions do not. Boundary control, family identity, and stress significantly predicted satisfaction with work-family balance in the second regression, while boundary interruptions, work identity, hours worked, and technology use did not. Results indicate white-collar workers have higher satisfaction with work-family balance, lower stress, and lower turnover intentions compared to blue-collar workers. Results also reveal that technology use to complete work outside of work hours is significantly and positively related to stress. Nearly half of participants report feeling expected to utilize technology to complete work outside of work hours. In addition, while it was hypothesized that those higher on family identity would have lower satisfaction with work-family balance when they used technology outside of work hours, worked longer hours, and had more frequent boundary interruptions than would those lower on family identity, the opposite effect was found for each of these variables. Implications of the study include: 1. Organizations may improve employee satisfaction with work-family balance by increasing autonomy and boundary control. 2. Employees may improve satisfaction with work-family balance by taking time to de-stress from work and limiting use of technology to complete work outside of work hours.
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Bicaksiz, Pinar. "The Effects Of Gender Role Ideology, Role Salience, Role Demands And Core Self-evaluations On Work-family Interface." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610950/index.pdf.
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The aim of the present study was to develop two conceptual frameworksthat are antecedents of family-to-work conflict and enhancement in the family domian, and antecedents of work-to-family conflict and enhancement in the work domain
and to test the relationships that are proposed by these frameworks. A pilot study was conducted with 73 career people to investigate the psychometric qualities of the adapted or constructed measures. The main study was conducted with 293 married career people. Results supported some of the hypotheses. In the family-to-work framework, gender role ideology, family salience, perceptions of family/home demands and core self-ealuations predicted family-to-work conflict. Furthermore, direct effects of family salience and core self-evaluations on family-to-work enhancement were found. In the work-to-family framework, work salience predicted both work-to-family conflict and work-to-family enhancement. In addition, core self evaluations moderated the relationship between subjective work demands and work-to-family conflict and between subjective work demands and work-tofamily enhancement.
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Waggoner, Brett Jordan. "ATHEISM AND THE EFFECTS OF MORTALITY SALIENCE AND LIMITED ANALYTIC PROCESSING ABILITY ON RELIGIOUS FAITH AND TELEOLOGICAL THINKIN." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1530473668176033.
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Kiengersky, Sarah Nicole. "The passion-aggression relationship : testing mediational effects of moral disengagement and role-identity salience in competitive male ice hockey." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/52696.
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The purpose of the present study was to test if harmonious and obsessive passion are predictors of aggressive behavior in competitive male ice hockey. It also examined whether moral disengagement and role-identity salience acted as mediators in the passion-aggression relationship. Based on the dualistic model of passion, harmonious passion is associated with more adaptive sport outcomes while obsessive passion is associated with more maladaptive sport outcomes (Vallerand, 2010). Since there is controversy about how to conceptualize aggression, the study measured reactive, instrumental, sanctioned and unsanctioned aggression. The participants were 77 competitive youth male ice hockey players (mean age = 16.54). The instrumental aggression scale had poor reliability and was dropped from analysis. Regression analysis found that obsessive passion was a predictor of reactive aggression (b = .385, p ≤ .001); harmonious passion was not a significant predictor (b = -.240, p = 070). These results supported previous work in sport. Mediation analysis using bootstrapping procedures (Hayes, 2013), however, did provide evidence that moral disengagement is not a mediator in the obsessive passion-reactive aggression relationship, or in the harmonious passion-reactive aggression relationship. Role-identity salience was not a significant mediator in the obsessive passion-reactive aggression relationship (95% BcCI [-.0340, .0931]), but did appear to mediate the harmonious passion-reactive aggression relationship (95% BcCI [.0020, .2019]).
Sanctioned and unsanctioned aggression were exploratory variables, tested to assess their application in a sport context. Due to undesirable measurement properties, sanctioned aggression was only examined through Spearman’s rho correlations; these showed that sanctioned aggression was related to harmonious passion, moral disengagement, and role-identity salience. Unsanctioned aggression was not significantly related to either types of passion. Mediation analysis indicated that role-identity salience (95% BcCI [.0060, .1560]), but not moral disengagement (95% BcCI [-.1113, .0890]), mediated the harmonious passion-unsanctioned aggression relationship. There was no evidence of meditation effects for obsessive passion-unsanctioned aggression relationship. The findings regarding sanctioned and unsanctioned aggression support its application in a competitive sport context. Overall, passion-aggression relationships were inconsistent although there was evidence that role-identity salience may play a role in understanding aggression in sport.Education, Faculty of
Kinesiology, School of
Graduate
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Adams, Sally. "Effects of acute alcohol consumption on impulsivity and motivational salience for alcohol cues in light and heavy social drinkers." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.541617.
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Abduriyim, Ahmadjan. "RE-ENTRANT AND SALIENT CORNER EFFECTS OF SPINELT-WINNED NATURAL DIAMOND." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/150002.
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Jedras, P. S. "The effects of anticipation of motivationally salient outcomes on attentional bias." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2016. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3004948/.
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