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1
Furniss, Frederick George. Effects of prompt type salience and history in teaching people with severe learning difficulties to read. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1986.
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Lamarche, Larkin. The exercise leader's gender and physique salience: Effects on self-presentational concerns in an exercise context. St. Catharines, Ont: Brock University, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, 2007.
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Kardes, Frank R. Spontaneous inference processes in advertising: The effects of conclusion omission and salience of consequences on attitudes and memory. Cambridge, Mass: The Marketing Center Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986.
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4
Kratz, Agatha, and Harald Schoen. Just Like Leaves in the Wind? Exploring the Effect of the Interplay of Media Coverage and Personal Characteristics on Issue Salience. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792130.003.0003.
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This chapter explores the effect of the interplay of personal characteristics and news coverage on issue salience during the 2009 to 2015 period and during the election campaign in 2013. We selected four topics that played a considerable role during this period: the labor market, pensions and healthcare, immigration, and the financial crisis. The evidence from pooled cross-sectional data and panel data supports the notion that news coverage affects citizens’ issue salience. For obtrusive issues, news coverage does not play as large a role as for rather remote topics like the financial crisis and immigration. The results also lend credence to the idea that political predilections and other individual differences are related to issue salience and constrain the impact of news coverage on voters’ issue salience. However, the evidence for the interplay of individual differences and media coverage proved mild at best.
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Kecskes, Istvan. The interplay of recipient design and salience in shaping speaker’s utterance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714217.003.0009.
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This chapter argues that a speaker’s utterance is not just recipient design. While fitting words into actual situational contexts, speakers are driven not only by the intent that the hearer recognize what is meant as intended by the speaker, but also by individual salience, which affects production subconsciously. The interplay of these social (recipient design) and individual factors (salience) shapes a speaker’s utterance. Recipient design is the result of being cooperative, which, according to Grice,is a part of human rationality. This chapter claims, however, that individual egocentrism that results in individual salience is part of human rationality just as much as cooperation is. It is claimed and demonstrated through examples that recipient design usually requires an inductive process that is carefully planned, while salience effect generally appears in the form of a deductive process that may contain repairs and adjustments.
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Martinez-Conde, Susana, and Stephen L. Macknik. Vasarely’s Nested Squares and the Alternating Brightness Star Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0054.
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The arts sometimes precede the sciences in the discovery of fundamental visual principles. Victor Vasarely’s “Nested Squares” show an illusory effect in which corners look brighter and more salient than straight edges, despite having equivalent luminance. This chapter summarizes recent research, originally based on Victor Vasarely’s Nested Squares illusion, to discover the related perceptual and underlying physiological principles. The results offer significant insights into how corners, angles, curves, and line endings affect the appearance of brightness, shape, salience, depth, and color in our brains. Concepts covered include the alternating brightness star illusion, center-surround simulations, brain activation, corner perception, and the redundancy-reducing hypothesis.
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Gerken, Mikkel. Diagnosing Salient Alternative Effects. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803454.003.0011.
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Chapter 10 addresses the salient alternative effects on knowledge ascriptions by developing the epistemic focal bias account. According to this account, denials of knowledge in the face of a salient alternative often amount to false negatives. But while this is argued to be central to a comprehensive diagnosis, it is recognized that other psychological factors may also influence this class of judgments, and some of these are discussed. Furthermore, the epistemic focal bias account is integrated with a number of assumptions drawn from cognitive pragmatics. In this manner, Chapter 10 provides an empirical account and philosophical diagnosis of the puzzling pattern of knowledge ascriptions constituted by salient alternative effects.
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Guisinger, Alexandra. Economic Vulnerability, Self-Interest, and Individual Trade Preferences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190651824.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 provides an original explanation both for why women and minorities are more likely to express protectionist sentiments and for why those protectionist sentiments are not reflected in their voting. The chapter provides an extension of standard models of individual economic well-being to consider trade’s effect not only on wages but also on employment volatility, which is increased by openness to foreign trade. The chapter offers analysis of original survey data from 2006 and 2010 and three decades of American National Election Studies to confirm the previously observed gender gap and newly identified racial gap in trade preferences. The chapter then presents two experimental surveys testing alternative causal mechanisms for the divides. Both experiments vary the type of information provided to respondents about trade partners and potential benefits of trade. In both cases, experiments show stability in women and non-whites preferences for trade and variability in white men’s preferences. Next, the chapter reinvestigates the salience of trade by gender and racial groupings and shows low salience among women and non-whites. The chapter concludes with a description of who might benefit from women and minorities stable preferences and why so few organizations seek to do so.
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Hoffman, Michael. Faith in Numbers. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538012.001.0001.
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Why does religion sometimes promote democracy and sometimes do just the opposite? Theology alone cannot explain the wide variety of influences religion has on democratic attitudes and behaviours. This book presents a theory of religion, group interest, and democracy. Focusing on communal religion, it demonstrates that the effect of communal prayer on support for democracy depends on the interests of the religious group in question. For members of groups who would benefit from democracy, communal prayer increases support for democratic institutions; for citizens whose groups would lose privileges in the event of democratic reforms, the opposite effect is present. Evidence from Lebanon, Iraq, and elsewhere supports these claims. Communal religion increases the salience of sectarian identity, and therefore pushes respondents' regime attitudes into closer alignment with the interests of their sect.
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Makovski, Tal, Glyn Humphreys, and Bernhard Hommel, eds. Early and late selection: Effects of load, dilution and salience. Frontiers Media SA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88919-255-7.
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Verbeek, Bertjan, and Andrej Zaslove. Populism and Foreign Policy. Edited by Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.15.
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This chapter discusses the impact of international politics on the rise of populist parties as well as the impact of populism on the foreign policy of the countries in which populist parties are present. It argues that the end of the Cold War, the advent of globalization, and the impact of regional organizations (e.g. the European Union) presented opportunity structures that facilitated the rise of populist parties. Similarly, the chapter argues that the effect of populist parties on their countries’ foreign policy is largely due to their attaching ideology. The chapter thus distinguishes between four types of populist parties, each attaching salience to different foreign policy issues: the populist radical right, the populist market liberal, the populist regionalist, and the populist left.
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Guisinger, Alexandra. American Opinion on Trade. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190651824.001.0001.
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American Opinion on Trade: Preferences without Politics explains how American voters form opinions on trade policy and why those preferences can remain at odds with policy choices of political actors and parties who depend on their votes. The book shows that Americans weave together distinct and at times countervailing beliefs about trade’s effect on themselves, their communities, and the country. Initial chapters describe gender, race, and community based sources of protectionist sentiment. Later chapters focus on media and campaign portrayals of trade and their influence on Americans’ continued negative perception of the effect of trade on American jobs even as the United States continues to promote policies sustaining globalization. The final chapter discusses the difficulty faced by politicians and parties navigating these diverse and malleable sources of trade sentiment, particularly when encumbered with voting histories supportive of trade liberalization. It identifies party convergence on trade as a source of the diminished salience in American politics and compares the American experience with that of eight other advanced industrial economies. The book concludes by noting the potential for the reemerging influence of trade policy, particularly in light of the return of trade discourse in the 2016 Presidential campaigns.
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Frey, Bruno S., and Jana Gallus. Honours as Signals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798507.003.0007.
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Awards are non-material and symbolic rewards, and do not necessarily have to go with money. Award givers may emit signals of quality, of intent, and of their beliefs. Managers can use the signalling functions of awards to subtly steer the behaviour of (present and future) employees, without having to recur to control through explicit, conditional incentives. Awards can also give rise to signalling failures. They have to be used with moderation, and they can rarely be substituted for money where money is already in place. If well designed, awards can raise intrinsic motivation, as the recipients are explicitly lauded when they receive the award. In comparison to money, awards tend to raise loyalty to the giver and avoid crowding out intrinsic motivation; moreover, they have a more sustainable effect on behaviour. They also remain visible in the future, creating a trophy value that maintains the awards’ salience and their signalling functions even over the medium and long term.
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Gerken, Mikkel. Puzzling Patterns of Knowledge Ascriptions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803454.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 surveys the philosophical reasons and empirical evidence for assuming that there are a number of puzzling patterns of knowledge ascriptions. Three effects on folk knowledge ascriptions are considered in turn. The first one is an alternatives effect—roughly, the inclination to deny S knowledge that p in the face of a salient alternative, q. The second effect is a contrast effect—roughly, the idea that whether an alternative, q, to S’s knowledge is “in contrast” partly determines our inclination to ascribe knowledge. The third effect is a practical factor effect—roughly, the effect of salient practical factors on our inclination to ascribe knowledge. Overall, Chapter 2 provides a state-of-the-art presentation of the shifty patterns of knowledge ascriptions.
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Harris, Adam S. Everyday Identity and Electoral Politics. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197638200.001.0001.
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While ethnic identities are found to play a key role in politics, not all members of a group toe their group’s line and vote for its affiliated party. Why do some voters choose not to vote with their group when doing so can often be advantageous given the norms of ethnic favoritism observed across Africa? According to Afrobarometer data, between 30% and 52% of voters in sub-Saharan Africa do not vote for their ethnic group’s party. This book argues that as individuals are less readily identified as members of their ethnic group, they are less likely to be treated as if they are members of that group, which in turn weakens their identification with the group. Individuals who weakly identify with their group are less likely to be influenced by their identity when voting. This approach makes this book the first study to theorize and empirically test the effects of the everyday identity construction process on ethnic salience and, in turn, on vote choice. To test the theory, the book develops the concept of ethnic distance and measures it empirically. Empirical tests find support for the argument in South Africa, Uganda, and the United States. These cases allow the effect of ethnic distance along several different ethnic dimensions (race, language, and region) to be tested in a variety of contexts. As a first step toward matching the book’s scholarly concepts of ethnicity to ethnicity’s complexity in the real world, this study is poised to alter the way we think about ethnicity in politics.
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Wagner, Michael. Information Structure and Production Planning. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.39.
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Utterances are planned and realized incrementally. Which information is salient or attended to prior to initiating an utterance has influences on choices in argument structure and word order, and affects the prosodic prominence of the constituents involved. Many phenomena that the linguistic literature usually treats as reflexes of the grammatical encoding of information structure, such as the early ordering of topics, or the prosodic reduction of old information, are treated in the production literature as a consequence of how contextual salience interacts with production planning. This article reviews information structural effects that arise as a consequence of how syntactic and phonological information is incrementally encoded in the production process, and how we can tell these effects apart from grammatically encoded aspects of information structure that form part of the message.
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Teske, Paul, and Colin Provost. State Regulatory Policy. Edited by Donald P. Haider-Markel. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579679.013.033.
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The American states were involved in regulating business activity long before the federal government was, and they continue to play an important role in regulating the American economy today. In this chapter, we explore a number of important elements of state regulation. First, we explain the basic rationale for why states are involved in the regulation of business activity. Second, we explore the historical power relationships between the states and the federal government. Transaction cost economics can help explain why the federal government must frequently play a role of coordinator among the states, yet this power can also be used to pre-empt state authority and impose federal viewpoints on the states. Third, we examine the delegation of regulatory policy to state bureaucracies, a process that depends to a large extent on the salience and complexity of the policy issue, but also on the interplay of organized interests, legislators, and state attorneys general. Fourth, we discuss the policy diffusion and regulatory competition literatures and find that economic competition can affect the scope and intensity of state regulation, but some ambiguity remains as to how this effect is manifested. Finally, we make comparisons of the states to the European Union and its member states and finish with concluding thoughts.
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Tsuru, Wakana A. Social identity salience and the effects of stereotype consensus in Asian Americans: Revisiting the model minority myth. 2001.
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Gerken, Mikkel. Diagnosing Contrast Effects. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803454.003.0012.
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Chapter 11 concerns the contrast effects on knowledge ascriptions. It begins by articulating the epistemic focal bias account according to which the contrast effects amount to false positives. On this basis, it is argued that the epistemic focal bias account fulfills an important desideratum of providing a unified account of the contrast effect and salient alternatives effects. The empirical case for the focal bias account is augmented with a number of experimental results. Moreover, it is related to further psychological considerations and the philosophical anti-contrastivist arguments from Chapter 4. Finally, the account is connected to some pragmatic considerations that pertain to presupposition accommodation. In sum, Chapter 11 provides an account of the puzzling patterns of knowledge ascriptions constituted by contrast effects.
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Robertson, Rob. Effects of collinearity, sample size, multiple correlation, and predictor-criterion correlation salience on the order of variable entry in stepwise regression. 1997.
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Bažant, Zdenek P., Jia-Liang Le, and Marco Salviato. Quasibrittle Fracture Mechanics and Size Effect. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192846242.001.0001.
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Many modern engineering structures are composed of brittle heterogenous (a.k.a. quasibrittle) materials. These materials include concrete (an archetype), composites, tough ceramics, rocks, cold asphalt mixtures, and many brittle materials at the microscale. Understanding the failure behavior of these materials is of paramount importance for improving the resilience and sustainability of various engineering structures including civil infrastructure, aircraft, ships, military armors, and microelectronic devices. This book provides a comprehensive treatment of quasibrittle fracture mechanics. It first presents a concise but rigorous and complete treatment of the linear elastic fracture mechanics, which is the foundation of all fracture mechanics. The topics covered include energy balance analysis of fracture, analysis of near-tip field and stress intensity factors, Irwin's relationship, J-integral, calculation of compliance function and deflection, and analysis of interfacial crack. Built upon the content of linear elastic fracture mechanics, the book presents various fundamental concepts of nonlinear fracture mechanics, which include estimation of inelastic zone size, cohesive crack model, equivalent linear elastic fracture mechanics model, R-curve, and crack band model. The book also discusses some more advanced concepts such as the effects of the triaxial stress state in the fracture process zone, nonlocal continuum models, and discrete computational model. The significant part of the book is devoted to the discussion of the energetic and statistical size effects, which is a salient feature of quasibrittle fracture. The book also presents probabilistic fracture mechanics, and its consequent reliability-based structural analysis and design of quasibrittle structures. Finally, the book provides an extensive review of various practical applications of quasibrittle fracture mechanics.
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McCombs, Maxwell, and Sebastián Valenzuela. Agenda-Setting Theory. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.48.
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This chapter discusses contemporary directions of agenda-setting research. It reviews the basic concept of agenda setting, the transfer of salience from the media agenda to the public agenda as a key step in the formation of public opinion, the concept of need for orientation as a determinant of issue salience, the ways people learn the media agenda, attribute agenda setting, and the consequences of agenda setting that result from priming and attribute priming. Across the theoretical areas found in the agenda-setting tradition, future studies can contribute to the role of news in media effects by showing how agenda setting evolves in the new and expanding media landscape as well as continuing to refine agenda setting’s core concepts.
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Slusser, Margaret Mary. THE EFFECT OF INTERVIEW TECHNIQUE ON QUALITY OF RECALL ABOUT A CHILD'S PERSONAL MEMORY OF A SALIENT EVENT (FORENSIC). 1994.
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Gibson, James L., and Michael J. Nelson. Judicial Elections. Edited by Lee Epstein and Stefanie A. Lindquist. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579891.013.8.
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Most judges in the United States retain their judgeships through periodic popular elections. In recent years, these judicial elections have become more salient, with high-profile television advertising becoming commonplace. This chapter discusses the effects of judicial elections, particularly in an age of salient campaigning, on the choices judges make. It reviews existing findings about the influences other institutions of state government, interest groups, and the public have on judges, before discussing the effects of high-profile judicial elections on the information available to voters and the institutional legitimacy of the judiciary. Throughout, the chapter discusses the normative controversies inherent in the use of judicial elections as well as potentially fruitful avenues for future inquiry.
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Valentino, Nicholas A., and L. Matthew Vandenbroek. Political Communication, Information Processing, and Social Groups. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.56.
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This chapter discusses the notion that the mass media influence political attitudes and behaviors by activating group identities and thus stoking group conflicts. Three domains of influence are examined: (1) group cues altering perceptions of group members by changing beliefs, stereotypes, or attitudes; (2) mass media altering the salience of preexisting beliefs and stereotypes; and (3) group cues triggering emotions that lead to changes in information processing and the willingness to take political risks. The chapter argues that while mass media effects are often subtle and require sophisticated methods to detect, they can under certain circumstances powerfully influence information processing and decision making.
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Breastfeeding: Support, Challenges, and Benefits. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781610022873.
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This print compendium of AAP editor-curated articles provides quick access to the latest, most salient studies to give a better understanding of the individual and public health effects of breastfeeding. https://shop.aap.org/pediatric-collections-breastfeeding-support-challenges-and-benefits-paperback/
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Huber, Judith. General conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657802.003.0010.
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Chapter 10 offers a general conclusion of the findings of the book: Old and Middle English are strongly satellite-framing languages, whose intransitive motion construction can also accommodate verbs which inherently do not evoke a meaning of motion. The size of the manner verb lexicon in medieval English, as well as the use of manner verbs in the texts analysed, point to a similar degree of manner salience as in Present-Day English. The path verbs from French and Latin are shown to be borrowed initially not for expressing general literal motion events, but mostly in abstract or manner-enriched uses more peripheral to their meaning in the donor languages. The study also points out effects of the intertypological contact situation with Middle English on motion verb use in Anglo-Norman. Potential further effects yet to be investigated are suggested in this chapter.
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Waterman, John, Chad Gonnerman, Karen Yan, and Joshua Alexander. Knowledge, Certainty, and Skepticism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865085.003.0009.
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Epistemic universalism, the view that epistemic intuitions are culturally universal, plays an important role in underwriting ordinary practice in contemporary epistemology. But is it true? Here the authors present several studies that examine epistemic universalism by looking at the relationships between cultural background, folk knowledge attribution, and salience effects, whereby mention of an unrealized possibility of error undermines our willingness to attribute knowledge. These studies suggest that there may be structural universals, universal epistemic parameters that influence epistemic intuitions, but that these parameters can vary in such a way that certain epistemic intuitions, in either their strength or propositional content, display patterns of genuine cross-cultural diversity.
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Gerken, Mikkel. Arguments for Strict Purist Invariantism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803454.003.0005.
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A number of arguments against the epistemological views motivated by the salient alternative, contrast and practical factor effects are set forth. The negative arguments suggest that these effects reflect folk epistemological practices that are heuristically useful but systematically inaccurate. On this basis, it is argued that taking these effects as straightforward evidence for epistemological theorizing has consequences that are problematic so that we should instead consider whether strict purist invariantism may account for them. In this manner, Chapter 4 provides some substantive arguments that simultaneously shed light on epistemological matters and offer a guide to the subsequent empirical account of the systematic errors in folk knowledge ascriptions.
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Songster, E. Elena. Panda Diplomacy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199393671.003.0006.
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One of the most salient examples of the giant panda as a national symbol, the phenomenon of offering state-gift pandas to other countries, grew out of the end of the Cultural Revolution era. State-gift pandas were among the most successful efforts by China to paint for itself a new international face as it strove for greater international recognition and integration. These high-profile gifts had a profound effect on the wild panda population. The impact of “panda diplomacy” on China’s wild pandas inspired new protection policies during the 1970s.
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Geddes, Andrew. Governing Migration Beyond the State. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842750.001.0001.
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International migration has become a salient concern in global politics, but there is also significant variation in governance responses. By focusing on four key world regions—Europe, North America, South America, and Southeast Asia—this book explores the underlying factors that shape governance responses. Rather than focusing on the more visible outputs or outcomes of governance processes such as laws and policies, this book opens the ‘black box’ of migration governance to reveal how understandings and representations of the causes and effects of migration held by key governance actors in these four regions have powerful effects not only on governance outcomes but more broadly on the prospects for global migration governance. By doing so, the book shows how migration governance systems, through their operation and effects, can shape migration—in its various forms—and the lived experiences of migrants.
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Grocke, Denise. Receptive Music Therapy. Edited by Jane Edwards. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639755.013.21.
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Listening to music is an everyday experience for most people. In music therapy music listening can be used to support many therapeutic goals. This chapter presents an overview of methods used in receptive music therapy that are supported by research literature, including music-assisted relaxation, music and imagery, and Guided Imagery and Music (Bonny Method). Salient features of each approach are outlined and supported with evidence-based research. Elements of music used in relaxation and imagery are discussed in some further depth to highlight the need for greater transparency when reporting the effect of recorded and live music in receptive music therapy.
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Williams, Wes. ‘Invisible Guests’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794776.003.0007.
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Poetry has long been concerned with truth grasped as a form of communicable proof. But poets know about failed communication, too: when Virgil’s Aeneas tries, three times, to embrace the shade of his dead father, he moves to a distinctive ternary rhythm; one that is repeated throughout human history. This chapter, centred on a close reading of ‘Album, V’, part of Seamus Heaney’s final collection, Human Chain, discusses the experiments in inference which poetry enacts as a sustained, reflexive inquiry into the conditions and limits of communicability. Exploring both intertextual relations between ancient and modern poets and the contextual implications of shared sights, sounds, memories, gestures, and words, Heaney’s work moves between languages, genres, and generations. In so doing, it exemplifies the enduring salience and force of what Sperber and Wilson term ‘poetic effects’: generating common knowledge, they prove to be links in the chain of human, embodied cognition.
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Egeberg, Morten, and Jarle Trondal. Political Steering and Bureaucratic Autonomy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825074.003.0006.
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This chapter draws attention to the effects of vertical specialization of organizations and how it affects public governance. The chapter documents that agency officials pay significantly less attention to signals from executive politicians than their counterparts within ministerial (cabinet-level) departments. This finding also holds when controlling for variation in tasks, the political salience of issue areas, and officials’ rank. In addition, it is documented that the greater the organizational capacity available within the respective ministerial departments, the more agency personnel tend to assign weight to signals from the political leadership. Expert concerns are strongly emphasized at both levels; however, agency personnel are more sensitive to the influence of affected parties. The chapter applies large-N questionnaire data at four points in time (1986, 1996, 2006, and 2016) that spans three decades and shifting administrative doctrines: New Public Management as well as post-New Public Management.
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Woolley, Samuel C., and Philip N. Howard. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931407.003.0011.
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Political communication around the world has evolved significantly through social media. Changes are apparent both in terms of social practices and core technological tools: these include the infrastructure upon which political communication occurs, the salience of its effects, and the habits of its practitioners. Several of these advancements have benefited global democracy. Platforms such as Twitter, YouTube, and Facebook have been at the heart of communication and organization during pivotal moments of popular activism since 2010: the Arab Spring, the Occupy Movement, and the Umbrella Protests in Hong Kong among them (Howard, 2010; Bennett & Segerberg, 2013; Woolley, 2016). These same sites have been, increasingly over the last five years, normalized for political control by the powerful. Each of the chapters in this collection highlight the ways that digital media have been co-opted in efforts to manipulate public opinion for various means from the usage of bot armies.
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Shaver, J. Myles. What Creates a Vibrant Headquarters Economy? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828914.003.0003.
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Building from experiences in the Minneapolis-St. Paul headquarters economy, this chapter advances the building blocks for what creates and sustains a headquarters economy. Managers possess skills that are applicable across a variety of industries. Companies often benefit when they hire managers with different experiences and skills than those existing in the company. This benefit is especially salient when companies hire managerial talent from outside of their industry. Regions with a diverse headquarters base and little outward migration of managerial talent magnify this beneficial effect of cross-industry managerial mobility. Together, managers, mobility, and migration can create a virtuous cycle that strengthens local companies and draws talent to a region.
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Nagda, Biren (Ratnesh) A., Patricia Gurin, and Jaclyn Rodríguez. Intergroup Dialogue: Education for Social Justice. Edited by Phillip L. Hammack. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199938735.013.25.
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This chapter focuses on intergroup dialogue (IGD), an educational approach that teaches about and for social justice. Intergroup dialogue addresses one of the central concerns in contemporary research on intergroup contact between groups with distinct social statuses: Do identity salience and positive relationships mobilize or sedate collective action on the part of disadvantaged or advantaged groups? We explicate how IGD addresses the concerns through its theoretical and practice model. IGD pedagogy—content, structured interaction, and facilitation—fosters critical-dialogic communication processes that in turn impact cognitive and affective psychological processes. These two kinds of processes then produce outcomes. Results from a longitudinal, multi-site field experiment of randomly assigned (dialogue and control) students (N = 1437) showed significant treatment effects for dialogue students and strong support for the theoretical model and the centrality of the communication processes. These results support our claim that critical-dialogic intergroup dialogue heightens, not mutes, commitment to action.
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Retallack, James. Democracy Deferred. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668786.003.0015.
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The first two sections of this chapter cover the war years 1914–18. The first section considers the salience of suffrage issues in the effort to establish a “new order” in Germany. The crumbling legitimacy of the German and Saxon states is examined, particularly after July 1917. The second section examines the parliamentary and suffrage reforms that arrived in Saxony at the eleventh hour, before the Second Reich collapsed in war and revolution in November 1918. An intermezzo follows, provided by Mark Twain’s fictional account of The Curious Republic of Gondour and its plural suffrage. Concluding remarks underscore this book’s contribution to debates about long-term continuities in German history, the processes of social and political democratization, and the best ways to study electoral culture. This section argues that both kinds of election battles—election campaigns and suffrage reforms—need to be studied together.
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Jörg, Kammerhofer. Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 29 The US Intervention in Nicaragua—1981–88. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0029.
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This chapter focuses on the US intervention in Nicaragua from 1981 to 1988, as a contribution to the state practice on the law on the use of force and the right to self-defence under both UN Charter and customary law. After an overview of the background of the so-called ‘contra war’ and of the salient facts regarding the US intervention in that conflict, it discusses the positions of the two parties on the facts and law, and takes note of the reaction of the international community, focusing on the debates at the UN. The next section focuses on the legality of the operation; the ICJ’s holdings in its 1986 Nicaragua judgment form the backbone of that discussion, while taking note of dissent and comment both inside and outside the Court. The contribution concludes by discussing the precedential value and effect of this conflict, and of the ICJ case.
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Johnson-Laird, P. N., and Sangeet S. Khemlani. Mental Models and Causation. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.4.
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The theory of mental models accounts for the meanings of causal relations in daily life. They refer to seven temporally-ordered deterministic relations between possibilities, which include causes, prevents, and enables. Various factors—forces, mechanisms, interventions—can enter into the interpretation of causal assertions, but they are not part of their core meanings. Mental models represent only salient possibilities, and so they are identical for causes and enables, which may explain failures to distinguish between their meanings. Yet, reasoners deduce different conclusions from them, and distinguish between them in scenarios, such as those in which one event enables a cause to have its effect. Neither causation itself nor the distinction between causes and enables can be captured in the pure probability calculus. Statistical regularities, however, often underlie the induction of causal relations. The chapter shows how models help to resolve inconsistent causal scenarios and to reverse engineer electrical circuits.
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Knight, Jack, and Melissa Schwartzberg, eds. Privatization. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479842933.001.0001.
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In Privatization, a distinguished interdisciplinary group of scholars in political science, law and philosophy examine the implications of transferring state-provided or state-owned goods and services to the private sector. The twelve essays in this volume consider how we should evaluate the decision to privatize, both with respect to the quality of outcomes that might be produced, and in terms of the effects of privatization on the core values underlying democratic decision-making. Privatization also affects the structure of governance in a variety of important ways, and these essays evaluate the consequences of privatization on the state. This new addition to the NOMOS series sheds new light on these highly salient questions of contemporary political life and institutional design.
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Delmas, Candice. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190872199.003.0009.
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This concluding chapter highlights the logical connections between the book’s arguments and synthesizes them into a general, multiple-principle account of political obligations in response to injustice. It reiterates the necessity to forsake the equation of political obligation with, or the exclusive focus on, the duty to obey the law, and to expand the concept of political obligation to include duties to resist injustice and disobey unjust law. The latter, given real-world injustices, are more salient than the duty to obey the law, and beg our philosophical attention. The chapter also addresses an Arendtian objection to the instrumental thinking deployed throughout the book, namely, that the account misrepresents political agency by assuming that we can know the effects our actions will have in the world.
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Lee, Christoph I. Cancer Risk from Pediatric CT. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0048.
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This chapter, found in the radiation exposure from medical imaging section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study estimating the potential radiation-induced cancer risk to pediatric patients undergoing computed tomography scans. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. The study demonstrated that pediatric patients are at significantly increased lifetime radiation risks from CT compared to adults, and that every effort should be made to eliminate unnecessary radiation exposure among them. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette is included in order to provide relevant clinical context.
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Everett, Mia. School-Based Mental Health. Edited by Hunter L. McQuistion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190610999.003.0009.
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The majority of children and adolescents in need of mental health services do not receive adequate care. Barriers to quality care include limited financial resources, social stigma, and a paucity of appropriately trained clinicians. The deleterious effects of untreated childhood mental illness have been well documented. School-based child and adolescent psychiatrists are on the front line of managing this public health crisis. Approximately 75% of mental health services for children and adolescents are provided in educational settings. The success of school-based mental health programs is contingent upon effective collaboration between the practitioner, caregiver, child/adolescent, and educator. In this chapter, a case is used to illustrate salient features of school-based psychiatric practice, including assessment tools, interventions, educational advocacy, and logistical considerations. The practice of public psychiatry in school-based settings should optimally adhere to the principles of recovery, resilience, and cultural competence.
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Eibl, Ferdinand. Social Dictatorships. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834274.001.0001.
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Why have social spending levels and social policy trajectories diverged so drastically across labour-abundant MENA regimes? And how can we explain the persistence of social spending after divergence? This books sets out to answer both questions. Itdevelops a theory about the emergence of authoritarian welfare states, arguing that autocratic leaders need both the incentives and the abilities to distribute welfare for authoritarian welfare states to emerge. The former are shaped by coalition-building dynamics at the onset of regime formation while the latter are conditioned by the external environment. At the level of incentives, broad coalitions emerge in the presence of intra-elite conflict and the absence of salient communal cleavages and, if present jointly, provide a strong incentive for welfare provision. Conversely, a cohesive elite or salient communal divisions entail small coalitions with few incentives to distribute welfare broadly. At the level of abilities, a strong external threat to regime survival is expected to undermine the ability to provide social welfare in broad coalitions. Facing a ‘butter or guns’ trade-off, elites shiflpriority to security expenditures; only fiscal surpluses from an abundant resource endowment can provide the necessary resources to avert this trade-off. To explain the persistence of social policy trajectories, the author relies on two important mechanisms in the welfare state literature: ‘constituency politics’ where beneficiaries of social policies avert deviations from the spending path in the form of systemic reforms or large-scale spending cuts; and spill-over effects to unintended beneficiaries who can become important gatekeepers against path divergence.
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Benton, Lauren. Atlantic Law. Edited by Nicholas Canny and Philip Morgan. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199210879.013.0023.
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In Atlantic history, law functioned as an element of regional formation. Legal practices and discourses circulated widely, and similar patterns of legal politics produced parallel regulatory shifts around the region. This article describes processes contributing to each trend in Atlantic law. It considers some similarities in strategies for extending sovereignty and notes the prominence of often indirect references to Roman law by European sojourners and settlers. It then turns to repeating patterns of legal pluralism, discussing in particular the regional effects of maritime conflicts and of decentralised legal authority, including control over slaves. This point leads to the observation that, particularly in the late eighteenth century and into the early nineteenth century, legal conflicts in the Atlantic world stood at the centre of new discourses of imperial, constitutional, and international law. While noting the most salient differences between legal systems within the Atlantic world, the article emphasises shared features contributing to the formation and transformation of an inter-imperial Atlantic legal regime.
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Jaspers, Jürgen. Language Education Policy and Sociolinguistics. Edited by James W. Tollefson and Miguel Pérez-Milans. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190458898.013.31.
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Language education policies are pivotal in nation-states’ negotiation of a globalizing economy and a diversifying population. But certainly in urban, non-elite schools, where pupils’ linguistic diversity is pronounced, the fixation on language separation and multi-monolingualism produces salient sites of linguistic friction. Much scholarly work has successfully problematized this friction, producing an avalanche of criticism and ample calls for changes in schools’ approach to pupils’ primary linguistic skills and mixed language use. This chapter argues that while such calls are pedagogically exciting and justified on principle, a significant number of them reproduce some of the main assumptions behind the policies that they denounce, or invite problems of their own. Consequently, many calls for change may underestimate the difficulties of policy implementation, exaggerate their own effects, and overstate their critical character. This necessitates a reconsideration of the received relation between sociolinguistics and language education policy, and a revision of reform initiatives.
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Horowitz, Jeremy. Multiethnic Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852735.001.0001.
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Who are the swing voters in multiethnic democracies? How much effort do parties invest in courting the swing relative to mobilizing supporters in their core ethnic bases? And how does this balance affect the policies leaders propose—and implement—if elected? This book examines the logic of electoral competition and policymaking in Kenya’s emerging multiparty democracy. Using data on voters, campaigns, and policy outcomes, it shows that the pursuit of the swing encourages presidential candidates to offer broad, inclusive promises and for election winners to opt for universal policies that share benefits widely. In doing so, it challenges the view—common to both popular accounts and scholarly work—that where ethnicity is politically salient, multiparty competition inevitably leads parties to focus their electoral efforts on mobilizing narrow ethnic factions and to concentrate rewards on ethnic clientele.
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Graff, Gregory D., Gal Hochman, and David Zilberman. The Political Economy of Regulation of Biotechnology in Agriculture. Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.023.
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In Europe and in many developing countries, genetically modified (GM) crops are effectively banned. Some countries limit the direct use of such crops as food for human consumption to a few niche agricultural products, such as papaya, sweet corn, and squash. These restrictions can be traced to public decision-making processes reflecting the interplay of sometimes conflicting economic interests of different groups within society. This chapter examines the political economy underlying the regulation of biotechnology in agriculture. It begins with a review of the literature on the politics and political economy of agricultural biotechnology policies, followed by a discussion of how political choices regarding GM crops have evolved over time. It then considers the agricultural economics literature regarding the distributional impacts of the adoption of GM crops, focusing on the impact of the introduction of GM crop varieties on the economic welfare of different groups in society. It also assesses the formation and evolution of agricultural biotechnology policies in Europe and their effects on salient interest groups such as consumers, farmers, environmental interest groups, and industrial sectors.
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Krishnaswamy, Sudhir, and Divij Joshi. THE PHILOSOPHY AND LAW OF INFORMATION REGULATION IN INDIA. Centre for Law and Policy Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54999/2c0l1p0r.
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India is immersed in several simultaneous battles over the regulation and control of information. While the COVID-19 pandemic has ignited concerns over state-mandated information gathering of the health and personal information of residents, the expanded use of the Aadhaar biometric identity system threatens to make it an essential cipher for every interaction between the state and citizens. At the same time, the earlier momentum towards building strong legislative mandates to disclose public information to promote government accountability and enhance service delivery appears to have stalled. Further, the legislative efforts to regulate both public and private use of personal and non-personal information proceeds at a glacial pace. While these developments occur in different containers and niches of the legal ecosystem, they are grounded in one common conceptual, philosophical and legal puzzle: how should we regulate the access to, and the use of, information by public and private actors? This question becomes all the more salient with the surge in new forms of information collection and processing at a speed and scale made possible by big data collection and algorithmic decision-making technologies. ‘The Philosophy and Law of Information Regulation in India’ project is an effort to collate inter-disciplinary scholarship on the subject of the law and philosophy of information regulation, with a specific focus on India. We recognise that such an effort cannot be bound by legal scholarship alone, and must encompass and contend with the normative assumptions of various approaches towards information technologies.