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Academic literature on the topic 'Salience effect'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Salience effect"

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Zheng, Yuqing, Edward W. McLaughlin, and Harry M. Kaiser. "Salience and taxation: salience effect versus information effect." Applied Economics Letters 20, no. 5 (March 2013): 508–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2012.718050.

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Mevorach, Carmel, Lilach Shalev, Harriet A. Allen, and Glyn W. Humphreys. "The Left Intraparietal Sulcus Modulates the Selection of Low Salient Stimuli." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 2 (February 2009): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21044.

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Neuropsychological and functional imaging studies have suggested a general right hemisphere advantage for processing global visual information and a left hemisphere advantage for processing local information. In contrast, a recent transcranial magnetic stimulation study [Mevorach, C., Humphreys, G. W., & Shalev, L. Opposite biases in salience-based selection for the left and right posterior parietal cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 9, 740–742, 2006b] demonstrated that functional lateralization of selection in the parietal cortices on the basis of the relative salience of stimuli might provide an alternative explanation for previous results. In the present study, we applied a whole-brain analysis of the functional magnetic resonance signal when participants responded to either the local or the global levels of hierarchical figures. The task (respond to local or global) was crossed with the saliency of the target level (local salient, global salient) to provide, for the first time, a direct contrast between brain activation related to the stimulus level and that related to relative saliency. We found evidence for lateralization of salience-based selection but not for selection based on the level of processing. Activation along the left intraparietal sulcus (IPS) was found when a low saliency stimulus had to be selected irrespective of its level. A control task showed that this was not simply an effect of task difficulty. The data suggest a specific role for regions along the left IPS in salience-based selection, supporting the argument that previous reports of lateralized responses to local and global stimuli were contaminated by effects of saliency.

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Kiose, Maria. "The Interplay of Syntactic and Lexical Salience and its Effect on Default Figurative Responses." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2020-0004.

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AbstractThe aim of the paper is to determine how salient and non-salient figurative discourse nouns affect readers’ default response processing and oculo-graphic (eye-movement) reactions. Whereas the theories of the Graded Salience and the Defaultness Hypotheses, developed by R. Giora (Giora, 1999, 2003; Giora, Givoni, & Fein, 2015), have stimulated further research in the area of interpretive salience (Giora et al., 2015; Giora, Jaffe, Becker & Fein, 2018), the resonating influence of syntactic salience on default interpretations has been largely neglected. In this study we provide corpus-based evidence followed by eye-tracking experiment verification, supportive of the synchronized influence of syntactic and lexical salience. The results show that default figurative responses in lexically salient positions may require more cognitive effort (longer fixations) if they are syntactically less salient. Literal responses to figurative nouns may also result from either weak lexical or syntactic salience of nouns. Therefore, apart from exemplifying resonance with lexical salience (in terms of lexical frequency, familiarity, conventionality, and prototypicality), the default figurative interpretations are also syntactically dependent.

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Haddock, Gillian, Melanie Wolfenden, Ian Lowens, Nicholas Tarrier, and Richard P. Bentall. "Effect of Emotional Salience on Thought Disorder in Patients with Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 167, no. 5 (November 1995): 618–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.167.5.618.

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BackgroundThis study examined the effect of emotional salience on the severity of thought disorder in schizophrenic patients.MethodTen thought disordered and ten non-thought disordered schizophrenic patients were interviewed under two conditions: a personal interview involving material which was emotionally salient and an impersonal interview involving material which was not emotionally salient.ResultsBoth groups exhibited some thought disorder during both interviews. The thought disordered patients exhibited significantly more thought disorder during the emotionally salient interview.ConclusionsThought disorder in schizophrenic patients is affected by the emotional salience of the material being discussed. Clinical implications are discussed.

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Lacey, Robert J. "The Electoral Allure of Direct Democracy: The Effect of Initiative Salience on Voting, 1990-96." State Politics & Policy Quarterly 5, no. 2 (June 2005): 168–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153244000500500204.

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Do salient ballot initiatives stimulate voting? Recent studies have shown that initiatives increase voter turnout, but some methodological concerns still linger. These studies have either relied solely on aggregate data to make inferences about individual-level behavior or used a flawed measure of initiative salience. Using individual-level data from the National Election Studies, I find that ballot question salience indeed stimulated voting in the midterm elections of 1990 and 1994. In an election with moderately salient ballot questions, a person's likelihood of voting can increase by as much as 30 percent in a midterm election. On the other hand, consistent with most prior research, I find no statistically significant relationship between ballot question salience and voting in presidential elections.

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Inderbitzin, Martin P., Alberto Betella, Antonio Lanatá, Enzo P. Scilingo, Ulysses Bernardet, and Paul F. M. J. Verschure. "The social perceptual salience effect." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 39, no. 1 (2013): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0028317.

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Wahid, Maria, Asim Waris, Syed Omer Gilani, and Ramanathan Subramanian. "The Effect of Eye Movements in Response to Different Types of Scenes Using a Graph-Based Visual Saliency Algorithm." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24 (December 9, 2019): 5378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9245378.

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Saliency is the quality of an object that makes it stands out from neighbouring items and grabs viewer attention. Regarding image processing, it refers to the pixel or group of pixels that stand out in an image or a video clip and capture the attention of the viewer. Our eye movements are usually guided by saliency while inspecting a scene. Rapid detection of emotive stimuli an ability possessed by humans. Visual objects in a scene are also emotionally salient. As different images and clips can elicit different emotional responses in a viewer such as happiness or sadness, there is a need to measure these emotions along with visual saliency. This study was conducted to determine whether the existing available visual saliency models can also measure emotional saliency. A classical Graph-Based Visual Saliency (GBVS) model is used in the study. Results show that there is low saliency or salient features in sad movies with at least a significant difference of 0.05 between happy and sad videos as well as a large mean difference of 76.57 and 57.0, hence making these videos less emotionally salient. However, overall visual content does not capture emotional salience. The applied Graph-Based Visual Saliency model notably identified happy emotions but could not analyze sad emotions.

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Xu, Huimin, and Ada Leung. "Ever after: a price story – afterlife belief salience’s effect on willingness to pay." Journal of Consumer Marketing 37, no. 1 (October 16, 2019): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-05-2017-2192.

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Purpose This paper aims to advance understanding regarding a particular religious belief and buying behavior. Design/methodology/approach Two online experiments were conducted among diverse respondents. Study 1 used a one-way, between-subjects design with three conditions: afterlife salience, control and mortality salience. The dependent measure was built on the notion of first-price sealed-bid auction. Study 2 used a similar procedure with two conditions: afterlife salience and control. Mortality was made salient in both conditions. Findings Making afterlife salient boosted the willingness to pay. This effect did not result from mortality salience, which suggests that this research is a unique contribution beyond works rooted in Terror Management Theory. This effect was mediated through positive product thoughts. Originality/value There has long been an imbalance between theoretical speculation concerning religion and cognition and actual empirical documentation. The present research adds to the emerging body of empirical investigations into this relation. It contributes to the conceptual richness of the stream of literature by examining one aspect of religiosity that has rarely been studied: the belief in afterlife. In addition, the findings go beyond correlational patterns toward discovering nonobvious cause and effect. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is one of the few works that experimentally manipulate the notion of afterlife belief. This research also extends the understanding of pricing and willingness to pay by identifying a subtle environmental influence not recognized before.

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Pooresmaeili, Arezoo, Dominik R. Bach, and Raymond J. Dolan. "The effect of visual salience on memory-based choices." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 3 (February 1, 2014): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00068.2013.

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Deciding whether a stimulus is the “same” or “different” from a previous presented one involves integrating among the incoming sensory information, working memory, and perceptual decision making. Visual selective attention plays a crucial role in selecting the relevant information that informs a subsequent course of action. Previous studies have mainly investigated the role of visual attention during the encoding phase of working memory tasks. In this study, we investigate whether manipulation of bottom-up attention by changing stimulus visual salience impacts on later stages of memory-based decisions. In two experiments, we asked subjects to identify whether a stimulus had either the same or a different feature to that of a memorized sample. We manipulated visual salience of the test stimuli by varying a task-irrelevant feature contrast. Subjects chose a visually salient item more often when they looked for matching features and less often so when they looked for a nonmatch. This pattern of results indicates that salient items are more likely to be identified as a match. We interpret the findings in terms of capacity limitations at a comparison stage where a visually salient item is more likely to exhaust resources leading it to be prematurely parsed as a match.

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Otani, Hajime, Nicholas R. Von Glahn, Terry M. Libkuman, Phillip N. Goernert, and Koichi Kato. "Emotional Salience and the Isolation Effect." Journal of General Psychology 141, no. 1 (December 20, 2013): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2013.848180.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Salience effect"

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Hinkle, Katherine T. "The effect of mortality salience on moral judgment." Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/702.

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Tigner, Robert Bruce. "Overcoming Repetition Blindness: The Effect of Repetition Salience /." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487935125881498.

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Cohen, Anna-Lisa. "Prospective memory and aging, the effect of perceptual salience." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0006/MQ41374.pdf.

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Matsumoto, Audrey. "The Effect of Immediacy and Salience Questionnaire Response Rates." DigitalCommons@USU, 1996. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4670.

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In this study, a theory that identified salience and immediacy as two constructs that significantly determine questionnaire response rates was tested. This theory emphasized the importance of identifying and rating factors that impact the immediacy and salience of a questionnaire to a specific population. It was proposed that factors that make a questionnaire highly immediate and salient to a given population should be identified first, and then implemented into the construction and administration of the questionnaire. In this way, researchers can manipulate the variables, which will maximize the response rate for their specific population before distribution. A questionnaire that is highly immediate and salient to a given population was estimated to achieve a response rate of 80% or higher. The immediacy and salience of several manipulable variables of a questionnaire were rated by a sample characteristically similar to the target population. Three treatments of the questionnaire were sent to three randomly assigned groups of the population. These treatments varied from low, moderate, to high immediacy and salience based on the ratings. An analysis of the ratings revealed a very strong direct relationship between salience and immediacy. Variables of the questionnaire were rated very similarly between the two constructs. Contrary to Christensen's theory, different levels of immediacy and salience were not found to interact. However, a direct relationship was found between immediacy and salience levels, and final response rates, which was consistent with the theory. The order of response rate percentages for each treatment group reflected the degree of immediacy and salience as measured by the raters.

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Cummings, Tamara. "The Recategorization Effect of a Shared Threat Mortality Salience Condition." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/700.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf
Bachelors
Arts and Sciences
Psychology

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Banas, Katarzyna Joanna. "Effect of social identity salience on healthy eating intentions and behaviour." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15891.

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Background. Self-categorisation theory and the identity-based motivation perspective suggest that people’s motivation to engage in a particular behaviour is stronger when that behaviour is congruent with their salient social identity. In situations where a certain social identity is made salient, or where people identify strongly with a particular group, the social norm associated with that group may have a strong effect on individual behaviour. This perspective can be used to enhance the understanding of health-related intentions and behaviour. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the usefulness of adding concepts related to social identity to existing social cognitive models of healthy eating. The prediction being made is that members of groups that value healthy eating might be more likely to engage in healthy eating when their membership in that particular group is made salient. Five experimental studies tested the effect of social identity salience and group identification on healthy eating intentions and behaviour. Both intentions and behaviour were measured in each of the five studies, to allow for investigating the existence and potential causes of the intention-behaviour gap for healthy eating. Methods and Results. All five studies included random assignment of participants to conditions, and an experimental manipulation of social identity salience or social image healthiness. In Study 1 (n = 149), conducted among female university students, participants’ female, family, or personal identity was made salient. The results showed that increasing the salience of female or family identity led to stronger healthy eating intentions, but did not increase the likelihood of picking a healthy snack over an unhealthy one. Study 2 (n = 115) did not include a successful manipulation of salient social identity, but it showed a positive association between female identification, measured as a trait, and healthy eating intentions, even after controlling for attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. Study 3 (n = 156) included a manipulation of social identity salience (female or student) and a manipulation of social image healthiness (images presenting in-group members engaging in either healthy or unhealthy behaviour). The results corroborated the earlier finding that female identification is positively correlated with healthy eating intentions. Also, the results indicated that when participants were shown social images of their in-group members engaging in healthy or unhealthy behaviour, they expressed intentions in line with the social images only if they did not express strong identification with the in-group. Study 4 (n = 87) was conducted in the context of Australian identity and included a manipulation of social images healthiness. The findings provided evidence for the existence of a vicarious licensing effect for healthy eating. Namely, for participants who highly identified with their social group, exposure to pictures of other in-group members engaging in healthy behaviour resulted in choosing less healthy food items from a restaurant menu. Study 5 (n = 117) demonstrated the existence of a vicarious licensing effect in the context of female identity, where participants’ food intake during a taste test was predicted by the interaction of the social image healthiness and their group identification. Conclusions. By examining the predictors of both healthy eating intention and behaviour, the research presented in this thesis sheds light on some of the phenomena potentially underlying the intention-behaviour gap for healthy eating, particularly among women. It appears that the healthy eating norm is internalised by women and translated into healthy eating intentions, to the extent that women who identify more highly with their gender group, and those whose female identity is made temporarily salient, also express stronger healthy eating intentions. The association between female identification and healthy eating behaviour, however, appears to be much less consistent, and in most studies the correlation between healthy eating intentions and eating behaviour was poor, even though a variety of measures of behaviour was used. These findings suggest that actual eating is often not predicted by intentions, but depends on contextual factors, such as being given an opportunity to reinforce the healthy eating goal, or the availability of information about in-group members’ eating behaviour. The results also have implications for health-psychological interventions, in suggesting that people’s response to health-related content (such as social images that may be used in health promotion interventions) may be different depending on their level of group identification. In line with the vicarious licensing effect, individuals who report high levels of group identification might be less likely to respond to interventions aimed at their specific social groups.

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Leka, Gary Evan. "Mortality Salience Effects on Gender Stereotype Attitudes and Sexism, and the Moderating Effect of Gender Role Conflicts." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/361.

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Research on existential mortality fears has indicated that death reminders impact individuals at the cognitive and behavioral levels. One way people cope with this threat is through cherishing cultural values that provide life with meaning. However, little research has explored how death reminders impact cultural standards regarding gender. These cultural values often manifest through various means by male and female groups. Guided by terror management theory, which posits that people address threats to their existence by engaging in culturally-sanctioned behaviors to enhance their self-esteem, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of mortality salience (MS) on male participants' propensity for sexism and attitudes towards those with atypical gender stereotypes. Participants (n = 136) were recruited from courses at a local university and were selected based on the assumption that they had been exposed to media depicting death-related events. A quantitative research design was used to examine differences between the experimental MS and control pain salience conditions, and to assess effect sizes. Results from a MANOVA indicated that MS was associated with significantly higher sexism scores (F = 15.322, p < .001) as measured by the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, and with less favorable ratings of peers (as measured by a common opinion rating scale used in previous research in this area) who violated traditional gender stereotypes (F = 13.459, p < .001). The findings imply existential threats may contribute to negative stereotyping based on gender and enhance conservative views of gender stereotypes. Implications for social change are discussed involving the reduction of intolerance and prejudice directed at those who hold opposing worldviews.

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Baecker, Christian Roman. "A cross-cultural study on the effect of decimal separator on price perception." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/10322.

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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics
The impact of decimal separator use in prices has not received attention in previous research. The present study examines the effect of the two worldwide prevailing separators, comma and dot, on the price perception of Portuguese and US consumers via an anchoring and adjustment cognitive processing model. Both separator types were characterized in terms of their visual salience, either salient or non-salient, and contextual novelty, either familiar or novel. Price perception was measured in its negative role, as an outlay of economic resources. Applying a factorial design for multivariate testing of the hypothesized model which predicted lower price perception for salient and novel separators, the results indicated that the separators’ choice has no effect on its own. In turn, an interaction among the separators’ salience and novelty occurred mainly driven by two of the six presented products, possibly revealing limitations to the study. American consumers revealed generally higher levels of perceived prices than European. The study contributes by linking pricing and process numbering literature, providing several recommendations for studies to come.

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Bandt-Law, Bryn. "The Effect of Mortality Salience on Death Penalty Sentencing Decisions when the Defendant is Severely Mentally Ill." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1421.

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The nature of capital punishment cases makes mortality a highly salient factor during trial proceedings. Previous research has explored the effect of mortality salience on human’s decision making in a legal context. This study extends this vein of research by examining the role death plays in jurors’ psychological processes when sentencing a defendant who is severely mentally ill in a capital trial. The current experiment measured mock jurors’ (n=169) and college students’, n=116) Mental Illness Worldview (MIWV), and then experimentally manipulated type of mortality salience (dual-focused: mock jurors who were specifically asked to contemplate their own mortality and were exposed to trial-related death references vs. trial focused: only exposed to death references) and the type of defendant (severely mentally ill vs. neutral) accused of a capital offense. We found that mock jurors perceived mental illness to be a mitigating factor when dual (i.e., self) focused mortality salience was induced, whereas participants only exposed to trial-related death references considered mental illness to be an important aggravating factor in sentencing.

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Garcia, Carlos Alberto Rivera. "Scarily coming to the centre : political centrism as an effect of mortality salience and a need for closure." Thesis, University of Essex, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.654474.

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Three studies assessed the relationship between need for closure (NFC; Kruglanski, Webster, & Klem, 1993) and evaluations of political ideology changes, as a function of mortality salience (MS). Based on terror management theory (Greenberg, Pyszczynski, & Solomon, 1986) and previous research (e.g., Cozzolino, 2006; Jost et al., 2003), we hypothesized that abstract reminders of death would activate the facet of NFC that seeks group consensus and stability (as opposed to deviation and persuasion). Following an MS or control induction, 156 participants evaluated politicians who switched political ideologies (moved from the left to the right). In line with recent research (Pu et al., 2007), results indicate that MS induced people high in NFC to express greater support for politicians seeking consensus in the political centre, compared to politicians endorsing liberal or conservative ideologies, an effect consistent with research linking NFC to desires for group centrism and collective closure. A second study (N = 170) clarified this issue further with participants evaluating political parties (rather than individual politicians) depicted as moving from their traditional left/ right positions toward the political centre in one condition, or parties that remained true to their traditional ideologies in a second condition. Results revealed that participants high in NFC exposed to MS expressed significantly higher levels of support for parties moving from the right to tl1e centre than for parties (including those moving from the left to the centre). A third study (N=276) explored how the activation of specific needs for cognitive closure via MS would result in an increased support for a centrist political party described as uniform in thought and enjoying an internal (vs. split) mandate for the party's manifesto. The results further indicate that reminders of mortality amplify demands for consensus and clarity more than signalling a demand for ideological clarity. Results and implications are discussed.

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Books on the topic "Salience effect"

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Furniss, Frederick George. Effects of prompt type salience and history in teaching people with severe learning difficulties to read. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1986.

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Lamarche, Larkin. The exercise leader's gender and physique salience: Effects on self-presentational concerns in an exercise context. St. Catharines, Ont: Brock University, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, 2007.

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Kardes, Frank R. Spontaneous inference processes in advertising: The effects of conclusion omission and salience of consequences on attitudes and memory. Cambridge, Mass: The Marketing Center Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986.

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Kratz, Agatha, and Harald Schoen. Just Like Leaves in the Wind? Exploring the Effect of the Interplay of Media Coverage and Personal Characteristics on Issue Salience. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792130.003.0003.

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This chapter explores the effect of the interplay of personal characteristics and news coverage on issue salience during the 2009 to 2015 period and during the election campaign in 2013. We selected four topics that played a considerable role during this period: the labor market, pensions and healthcare, immigration, and the financial crisis. The evidence from pooled cross-sectional data and panel data supports the notion that news coverage affects citizens’ issue salience. For obtrusive issues, news coverage does not play as large a role as for rather remote topics like the financial crisis and immigration. The results also lend credence to the idea that political predilections and other individual differences are related to issue salience and constrain the impact of news coverage on voters’ issue salience. However, the evidence for the interplay of individual differences and media coverage proved mild at best.

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Kecskes, Istvan. The interplay of recipient design and salience in shaping speaker’s utterance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714217.003.0009.

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This chapter argues that a speaker’s utterance is not just recipient design. While fitting words into actual situational contexts, speakers are driven not only by the intent that the hearer recognize what is meant as intended by the speaker, but also by individual salience, which affects production subconsciously. The interplay of these social (recipient design) and individual factors (salience) shapes a speaker’s utterance. Recipient design is the result of being cooperative, which, according to Grice,is a part of human rationality. This chapter claims, however, that individual egocentrism that results in individual salience is part of human rationality just as much as cooperation is. It is claimed and demonstrated through examples that recipient design usually requires an inductive process that is carefully planned, while salience effect generally appears in the form of a deductive process that may contain repairs and adjustments.

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Martinez-Conde, Susana, and Stephen L. Macknik. Vasarely’s Nested Squares and the Alternating Brightness Star Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0054.

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The arts sometimes precede the sciences in the discovery of fundamental visual principles. Victor Vasarely’s “Nested Squares” show an illusory effect in which corners look brighter and more salient than straight edges, despite having equivalent luminance. This chapter summarizes recent research, originally based on Victor Vasarely’s Nested Squares illusion, to discover the related perceptual and underlying physiological principles. The results offer significant insights into how corners, angles, curves, and line endings affect the appearance of brightness, shape, salience, depth, and color in our brains. Concepts covered include the alternating brightness star illusion, center-surround simulations, brain activation, corner perception, and the redundancy-reducing hypothesis.

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Gerken, Mikkel. Diagnosing Salient Alternative Effects. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803454.003.0011.

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Chapter 10 addresses the salient alternative effects on knowledge ascriptions by developing the epistemic focal bias account. According to this account, denials of knowledge in the face of a salient alternative often amount to false negatives. But while this is argued to be central to a comprehensive diagnosis, it is recognized that other psychological factors may also influence this class of judgments, and some of these are discussed. Furthermore, the epistemic focal bias account is integrated with a number of assumptions drawn from cognitive pragmatics. In this manner, Chapter 10 provides an empirical account and philosophical diagnosis of the puzzling pattern of knowledge ascriptions constituted by salient alternative effects.

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Guisinger, Alexandra. Economic Vulnerability, Self-Interest, and Individual Trade Preferences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190651824.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 provides an original explanation both for why women and minorities are more likely to express protectionist sentiments and for why those protectionist sentiments are not reflected in their voting. The chapter provides an extension of standard models of individual economic well-being to consider trade’s effect not only on wages but also on employment volatility, which is increased by openness to foreign trade. The chapter offers analysis of original survey data from 2006 and 2010 and three decades of American National Election Studies to confirm the previously observed gender gap and newly identified racial gap in trade preferences. The chapter then presents two experimental surveys testing alternative causal mechanisms for the divides. Both experiments vary the type of information provided to respondents about trade partners and potential benefits of trade. In both cases, experiments show stability in women and non-whites preferences for trade and variability in white men’s preferences. Next, the chapter reinvestigates the salience of trade by gender and racial groupings and shows low salience among women and non-whites. The chapter concludes with a description of who might benefit from women and minorities stable preferences and why so few organizations seek to do so.

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Hoffman, Michael. Faith in Numbers. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538012.001.0001.

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Why does religion sometimes promote democracy and sometimes do just the opposite? Theology alone cannot explain the wide variety of influences religion has on democratic attitudes and behaviours. This book presents a theory of religion, group interest, and democracy. Focusing on communal religion, it demonstrates that the effect of communal prayer on support for democracy depends on the interests of the religious group in question. For members of groups who would benefit from democracy, communal prayer increases support for democratic institutions; for citizens whose groups would lose privileges in the event of democratic reforms, the opposite effect is present. Evidence from Lebanon, Iraq, and elsewhere supports these claims. Communal religion increases the salience of sectarian identity, and therefore pushes respondents' regime attitudes into closer alignment with the interests of their sect.

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Makovski, Tal, Glyn Humphreys, and Bernhard Hommel, eds. Early and late selection: Effects of load, dilution and salience. Frontiers Media SA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88919-255-7.

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Book chapters on the topic "Salience effect"

1

Bishop, Hugh. "The effect of typographic salience on the look up and comprehension of unknown formulaic sequences." In Language Learning & Language Teaching, 227–48. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lllt.9.12bis.

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Hughes-Roberts, Thomas. "Reminding Users of their Privacy at the Point of Interaction: The Effect of Privacy Salience on Disclosure Behaviour." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 347–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20376-8_31.

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Dobelli, Rolf. "Salienz-Effekt." In Klar denken, klug handeln, 344–47. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446445147.086.

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Juhász, Gábor. "Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Hungary." In IMISCOE Research Series, 211–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_14.

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Abstract Given the recent salience of anti-immigrant propaganda and politics in Hungary, the inclusiveness of the Hungarian social legislation towards individuals in a situation of international mobility is a particularly relevant topic. The first section of this chapter gives an overview of the Hungarian welfare system and the main migration feature in the country. The second section closely examines differences in terms of access of nationals and non-nationals to social security benefits. The third section demonstrates that, despite negative public attitude to migration and anti-migration government measures, the Hungarian social legislation is not particularly restrictive concerning migrants’ entitlement to social security benefits. We conclude that it is probably due to the filtering effect of contributory benefits that dominate the Hungarian welfare system and prevent gaining access to the most essential benefits without work. At the same time, the chapter identifies several obstacles that foreign (and particularly non-EU) residents face when trying to access social security benefits in Hungary.

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Li, Zhaoping. "Saliency And Figure-Ground Effects." In Visual Attention Mechanisms, 115–24. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0111-4_11.

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Spielmann, Nathalie. "National Identity Salience Effects on WOM: An Abstract." In Marketing at the Confluence between Entertainment and Analytics, 651. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47331-4_124.

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Zheng, Qinjie, Shikui Wei, Jia Li, Fei Yang, and Yao Zhao. "Uncovering the Effect of Visual Saliency on Image Retrieval." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 170–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7302-1_15.

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Kim, Myongchan, Sungkil Lee, and Seungmoon Choi. "Saliency-Driven Tactile Effect Authoring for Real-Time Visuotactile Feedback." In Haptics: Perception, Devices, Mobility, and Communication, 258–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31401-8_24.

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Yu, Qiang, Xuesong Wang, Yuhu Cheng, and Lisi Tian. "Electromagnetic Analysis of Saliency and Can Effect by Network Models." In Analysis and Mathematical Models of Canned Electrical Machine Drives, 13–56. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2745-2_2.

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Yoshida, Haruka, Hisae Aoyama, Satoru Inoue, Taro Kanno, and Kazuo Furuta. "Analyzing Positive and Negative Effects of Salience in Air Traffic Control Tasks." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 70–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60441-1_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Salience effect"

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Li, Xiaoming, and Qiutang Zhang. "Notice of Retraction The effect of attribute salience in graphical representations on risk avoidance." In 2011 Seventh International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnc.2011.6022294.

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Yasa, Ida Bagus Anom, I. Ketut Sukayasa, and I. Ketut Parnata. "The Role of Motivation Mediates the Effect of Partner Style and Team Identity Salience on Professional Skepticisms." In International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Social Science (ICAST-SS 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210424.032.

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Dalton, Nick, Paul Marshall, and Ruth Dalton. "Extending architectural theories of space syntax to understand the effect of environment on the salience of situated displays." In the 2nd ACM International Symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2491568.2491585.

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Potvin-Bernal, J., and L. H. Shu. "Promoting Energy-Efficient Driving Using Associative Graphical Displays: Can a Cup of Coffee Encourage You to Drive More Smoothly?" In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97296.

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Abstract Substantial energy savings during the use phase of internal-combustion and electric automobiles can be achieved by increasing eco-driving behavior, particularly reduced acceleration and braking. However, motivating widespread adoption of this behavior is challenging, with obstacles including incompatibility with drivers’ values and priorities, and disassociation between drivers’ actions and observable consequences. Efforts focused on informational approaches, e.g., training programs and educational campaigns, are both difficult to scale up and largely ineffective, with drivers reluctant to make long-term changes. Alternatively, behavior can be influenced by redesigning the context within which the behavior occurs. Such an intervention must be effective across demographics and underlying behaviors to achieve ubiquity. The current study investigates the perceived effect on driving style of a simple graphical dashboard display depicting an animated coffee cup. This display incorporates associative mental models and contextual relevance to increase the salience of inefficient vehicle movements and nudge drivers to adopt a smoother driving style. An online Amazon-Mechanical-Turk survey with 92 participants revealed a significant preference for the coffee cup over two other displays when controlling for demographic variables. This result offers preliminary evidence suggesting that greater success at promoting eco-driving may be achieved by using a behavioral nudge.

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Carmi, Ran, and Laurent Itti. "Causal saliency effects during natural vision." In the 2006 symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117313.

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Suzuki, Natsumi, and Yohei Nakada. "Effect-Selection Tool using Visual Saliency Maps and its Evaluations." In 2018 Joint 10th International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems (SCIS) and 19th International Symposium on Advanced Intelligent Systems (ISIS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scis-isis.2018.00085.

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Gerada, C., J. A. Padilla, M. Sumner, and T. Raminosoa. "Loading effects on saliency based sensorless control of PMSMs." In 2009 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icems.2009.5382767.

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Endres, D., H. Neumann, M. Kolesnik, and M. A. Giese. "Hooligan detection: the effects of saliency and expert knowledge." In 4th International Conference on Imaging for Crime Detection and Prevention 2011 (ICDP 2011). IET, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2011.0131.

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Mabhula, M., and M. J. Kamper. "Saliency and mutual inductance effect in cylindrical wound-rotor synchronous motor." In 2017 IEEE Workshop on Electrical Machines Design, Control and Diagnosis (WEMDCD). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wemdcd.2017.7947739.

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Wei Jing and Guojun Tan. "Modeling of salient-pole synchronous motor considering saturation effect." In 2010 International Conference on Computer Application and System Modeling (ICCASM 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccasm.2010.5620132.

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Reports on the topic "Salience effect"

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Bordalo, Pedro, Nicola Gennaioli, and Andrei Shleifer. Salience in Experimental Tests of the Endowment Effect. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17761.

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Busse, Meghan, Nicola Lacetera, Devin Pope, Jorge Silva-Risso, and Justin Sydnor. Estimating the Effect of Salience in Wholesale and Retail Car Markets. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18820.

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Scartascini, Carlos, and Paula Zamora. Do Civil Servants Respond to Behavioral Interventions?: A Field Experiment. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003753.

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Introducing financial incentives to increase productivity in the public sector tends to be politically and bureaucratically cumbersome, particularly in developing countries. Behavioral interventions could be a low-cost alternative, both politically and financially, although evidence of their effectiveness remains scarce. We evaluate the effect of redesigning the notice requiring civil servants in Buenos Aires to comply with citizens requests under Argentina's freedom of information act. The new notice, sent to the treatment group, attempts to exploit salience, deterrence, clarity, and social norms to increase adherence to deadlines. The results show an increase in the share of requests fulfilled by the second deadline, possibly because of a strong anchoring effect. These findings indicate that behavioral interventions can affect civil servants' actions. The fact that the intervention occurred at the same time as a civil service training program with sessions attended by members of both the control and treatment groups allows us to evaluate spillover effects. The evidence suggests that the time it takes a members of the treatment group to respond to a request increases with her interactions with members of the control group at the workshops. These findings have implications for policy design. First, they indicate that behavioral interventions could affect task compliance and productivity in the public sector. Second, they provide evidence that workshops may not always have the intended consequences, particularly when they increase interactions among employees with high and low incentives for task compliance.

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Hanna, Rema, Bridget Hoffmann, Paulina Oliva, and Jake Schneider. The Power of Perception: Limitations of Information in Reducing Air Pollution Exposure. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003392.

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We conduct a randomized controlled trial in Mexico City to determine willingness to pay (WTP) for SMS air quality alerts and to study the effects of air quality alerts, reminders, and a reusable N95 mask on air pollution information and avoidance behavior. At baseline, we elicit WTP for the alerts service after revealing whether the household will receive an N95 mask and participant compensation, but before revealing whether they will receive alert or reminder services. While we observe no significant impact of mask provision on WTP, higher compensation increases WTP, suggesting a possible cash-on-hand constraint. The perception of high pollution days prior to the survey is positively correlated with WTP, but the presence of actual high pollution days is not correlated with WTP. Follow-up survey data demonstrate that the alerts treatment increases reporting of receiving air pollution information via SMS, a high pollution day in the past week, and staying indoors on the most recent perceived high pollution day. However, we observe no significant effect on the ability to correctly identify which specific days had high pollution. Similarly, households that received an N95 mask are more likely to report utilizing a mask with filter in the past two weeks, but we observe no effect on using a filter mask on the specific days with high particulate matter. Although we nd that air quality alerts increased the salience of air quality and avoidance behavior, these results illustrate the difficulty that information treatments face in overcoming perceptions to effectively reduce exposure to air pollution.

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Allcott, Hunt, Benjamin Lockwood, and Dmitry Taubinsky. Ramsey Strikes Back: Optimal Commodity Taxes and Redistribution in the Presence of Salience Effects. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24233.

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López-Luzuriaga, Andrea, and Carlos Scartascini,. Research Insights: Can Salient Penalties and Enforcement on Tax Bills Increase Compliance Across Taxes? Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003799.

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An analytical model and a field experiment in Argentina proved that salient enforcement messages on one type of tax could increase compliance with another tax. Salient messages of penalties and enforcement for the property tax had positive spillover effects on declaration of the gross sales tax, with taxpayers in the treatment group increasing their reported tax by 2 percent. Taxpayers appear to assume that higher enforcement of one tax implies higher enforcement for others, thereby increasing their compliance across taxes.

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Blackman, Allen, Jorge Bonilla, and Laura Villalobos. Quantifying COVID-19’s Silver Lining: Avoided Deaths from Air Quality Improvements in Bogotá. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003787.

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In cities around the world, Covid-19 lockdowns have improved outdoor air quality, in some cases dramatically. Even if only temporary, these improvements could have longer-lasting effects on policy by making chronic air pollution more salient and boosting political pressure for change. To that end, it is important to develop objective estimates of both the air quality improvements associated with Covid-19 lockdowns and the benefits these improvements generate. We use panel data econometric models to estimate the effect of Bogotás lockdown on fine particulate pollution, epidemiological models to simulate the effect of reductions in that pollution on long-term and short-term mortality, and benefit transfer methods to estimate the monetary value of the avoided mortality. We find that in its first year of implementation, on average, Bogotás lockdown cut fine particulate pollution by more than one-fifth. However, the magnitude of that effect varied considerably over the course of the year and across the citys neighborhoods. Equivalent permanent reductions in fine particulate pollution would reduce long-term premature deaths by more than one-quarter each year, a benefit valued at $670 million per year. Finally, we estimate that in 2020-2021, the lockdown reduced short-term deaths by 31 percent, a benefit valued at $180 million.

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Martínez, Déborah, Cristina Parilli, Carlos Scartascini, and Alberto Simpser. Let's (Not) Get Together!: The Role of Social Norms in Social Distancing during COVID-19. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003044.

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While effective preventive measures against COVID-19 are now widely known, many individuals fail to adopt them. This paper provides experimental evidence about one potentially important driver of compliance with social distancing: social norms. We asked each of 23,000 survey respondents in Mexico to predict how a fictional person would behave when faced with the choice about whether or not to attend a friend's birthday gathering. Every respondent was randomly assigned to one of four social norms conditions. Expecting that other people would attend the gathering and/or believing that other people approved of attending the gathering both increased the predicted probability that the fictional character would attend the gathering by 25% in comparison with a scenario where other people were not expected to attend nor to approve of attending. Our results speak to the potential effects of communication campaigns and media coverage of, compliance with, and normative views about COVID-19 preventive measures. They also suggest that policies aimed at modifying social norms or making existing ones salient could impact compliance.

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Gupta, Aditya, Tong Wang, Shruthi Ravi, Mesbah Talukder, Jessie Carviel, and Mary Bamimore. Relative efficacy of microneedling in the treatment of pattern hair loss: a protocol for a systematic review with network meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0042.

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Review question / Objective: The objective of the proposed study is to determine the relative efficacy of microneedling and combination of it and other agents for androgenetic alopecia (AGA)—a condition that is also referred to as pattern hair loss. Rationale: Pattern hair loss is one of the most common forms of hair loss in men and women; the condition is associated with decreased quality of life. Oral finasteride and topical minoxidil are treatments currently approved, by the United States Food and Drug Administration, for AGA. However, finasteride has been associated with significant side effects in men, and is not appropriate for women of childbearing potential. Furthermore, topical minoxidil requires daily prolonged use which is time-consuming for patients and requires high compliance to maintain efficacy. Due to these drawbacks, new treatments, such as microneedling, have been investigated. Microneedling involves the creation of small wounds on the scalp that prompt growth factor release and neovascularization—which, in turn, may promote hair growth. Microneedling has been used as a monotherapy—or in combination with other standard therapies—for the treatment of AGA. Further investigation through meta-analysis is salient as this quantitative technique can estimate the relative success of mono- and poly-therapy with microneedling; therefore, findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis on the comparative effectiveness can enable clinicians, patients, and researchers to make more informed decisions.

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Burniske, Jessica, Dustin Lewis, and Naz Modirzadeh. Suppressing Foreign Terrorist Fighters and Supporting Principled Humanitarian Action: A Provisional Framework for Analyzing State Practice. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/nrmd2833.

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In 2014, reports suggested that a surge of foreign jihadists were participating in armed conflicts in Syria, Iraq, and elsewhere. The United Nations Security Council responded by imposing in Resolution 2178 (2014) an array of obligations on member states to counter the threat posed by “foreign terrorist fighters” (FTFs). In the intervening year, those states have taken a range of actions — though at various speeds and with varying levels of commitment — to implement the FTF obligations imposed by the Council. Meanwhile, many states continue to fund and otherwise throw their support behind life-saving humanitarian relief for civilians in armed conflicts around the world — including conflicts involving terrorists. Yet, in recent years, members of the humanitarian community have been increasingly aware of the real, perceived, and potential impacts of counterterrorism laws on humanitarian action. Part of their interest stems from the fact that certain counterterrorism laws may, intentionally or unintentionally, adversely affect principled humanitarian action, especially in regions where terrorist groups control territory (and thus access to civilians, too). The effects of these laws may be widespread — ranging from heightened due diligence requirements on humanitarian organizations to restrictions on travel, from greater government scrutiny of national and regional staff of humanitarian organizations to decreased access to financial services and funding. Against that backdrop, this briefing report has two aims: first, to provide a primer on the most salient issues at the intersection of counterterrorism measures and humanitarian aid and assistance, with a focus on the ascendant FTF framing. And second, to put forward, for critical feedback and assessment, a provisional methodology for evaluating the following question: is it feasible to subject two key contemporary wartime concerns — the fight against FTFs and supporting humanitarian aid and assistance for civilians in terrorist-controlled territories — to meaningful empirical analysis?

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