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1
RADKO, Vitaliy, Marat IBATULLIN, Ivan SVYNOUS, and Yulia SIRA. "ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES OF THE FUNCTIONING OF THE MILK MARKET UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF UKRAINE’S MEMBERSHIP IN THE EU." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 308, no. 4 (July 28, 2022): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2022-308-4-41.
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The article is devoted to the assessment of the organizational and economic basis of the functioning of the milk market in the conditions of Ukraine’s membership in the EU. The main reasons for the reduction of the number of cows both in agricultural enterprises and households have been established. It has been proven that in the current conditions, the subjects of entrepreneurial activity – producers of dairy products do not have the opportunity to carry out even a simple reproduction of the cow population at the expense of their own sources. Today, the system of tribal service, which existed earlier in Ukraine and made it possible to conduct tribal affairs at the proper level, does not work. Therefore, further increase in productivity and improvement of animal reproduction indicators are extremely problematic due to the lack of a modern breeding system in animal husbandry. It has been established that most dairy farms have passed the stage of modernization of the material and technical base, which ensures the production of high-quality milk. In our opinion, subjects of entrepreneurial activity in the field of agro business – milk producers can compete with agricultural producers from EU countries in the presence of effective state support for dairy farming and the observance of partnership relations with processing enterprises and trade. The introduction of innovative technologies in dairy farming, especially agricultural enterprises, ensures a high level of milk productivity of cows, which corresponds to the corresponding values of the average annual milk yield of most countries of the European Union. The analysis of benefits and risks for dairy farming from Ukraine’s participation in the EU makes it possible to determine the directions of the national policy in terms of reducing risks, neutralizing negative consequences and accelerating the realization of benefits from the liberalization of trade regimes: promotion of exports with the aim of expanding foreign sales markets for Ukrainian exporters of dairy products; stimulation of domestic demand for milk and milk products; increasing the competitiveness of domestic producers of milk and milk products on the basis of improving the quality and safety of products due to the implementation of international quality standards; ensuring the competitiveness of domestic producers on domestic and foreign markets in accordance with effective state support measures for mixed agricultural enterprises – milk producers with the aim of attracting private investments for their development; avoiding negative impacts on personal peasant farms on the basis of the development of service and sales cooperation, the formation of the appropriate infrastructure, financial support for the process of transformation of commercial personal peasant farms into small agribusiness subjects – milk producers; promotion of rural development, active use of the benefits of the “green box” by the World Trade Organization.
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Luzyanin, Sergey G. "Russian-Chinese “borders” of security. What does the Beijing’s message of V.V. Putin and Xi Jinping mean?" Asia and Africa Today, no. 2 (2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750018790-1.
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The signing on February 4, 2022 in Beijing of a joint Russian-Chinese statement "On international relations entering a new era and global sustainable development" and a block of bilateral trade, economic and energy agreements means a qualitative expansion of the scope of the strategic partnership between the two countries. Russia and China politically position themselves not only as a global and regional center of power and security, but also as powers that offer the world the development of common human values and concepts - democracy, indivisible security, openness and equality, oppose the politicization of sports, for the expansion of anti-pandemic measures to combat the common evil of COVID-19. China supported the proposals put forward by Russia on its security guarantees in Europe, which helps to further form a common strategic space of Eurasian security from the western part of the Pacific Ocean to the Eastern European conditional line "Black Sea - Belarus". There is no need to reformat the Russian-Chinese strategic partnership into a military alliance in modern conditions. The economic block of cooperation is based on systemic and mutually beneficial energy cooperation, which is implemented in the increase in successful gas contracts, including transactions for the sale of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and pipeline gas, oil projects and sales, the construction of new power units by Russia at Chinese nuclear power plants (NPPs), and the expansion of supplies coal, etc. In the context of a significant increase in the volume of Russian-Chinese trade in 2021 by a third compared to 2020, the expansion of the practice of settlements in national currencies (ruble - yuan), bypassing the dollar, acquires additional importance. In the face of American threats to shut down the SWIFT international payment system, it is relevant to create an independent Russian-Chinese payment system for transactions that provides not only energy transactions, but also the entire range of bilateral trade, economic and interbank transactions. The formation of the Greater Eurasian Partnership involves a wide range of trade, economic, investment, transport and institutional measures to deepen Eurasian cooperation. The key component in this area is to increase the efficiency of the process of interface between the projects of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Chinese initiative "One Belt and One Road", the implementation of joint mutually beneficial infrastructure projects.
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Siljak, Dzenita, and Sándor Gyula Nagy. "Do Transition Countries Converge towards the European Union?" Baltic Journal of European Studies 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 115–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2019-0007.
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AbstractThe aim of this paper is to analyze if the Western Balkan and Eastern Partnership countries converge towards the twenty-eight members of the European Union. The relationships between the selected macroeconomic variables and per capita GDP growth rate are econometrically tested to support this research. The analyzed period is 2004–2017, with two sub-periods: 2004–2008 and 2009–2013. The subdivision is made to test whether the recent financial crisis affected the absolute and conditional convergence process in the analyzed group of countries. The empirical findings support the economic convergence hypothesis. The results show that the recent financial crisis negatively affected the absolute and conditional convergence process, when economic variables are included in the analysis. The negative effects of the crisis on conditional convergence with economic and socio-political variables are not identified. The poorer countries in the analyzed group should do more to attract investment and open their economies, as gross fixed capital formation and economic openness have a positive impact on per capita growth, and keep low inflation or stabilize it, while general government debt and unemployment should be decreased in the examined sample of countries.
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Yaw Acheampong, Timothy. "Impact of Covid-19 on e-Commerce in the European Union." ENTRENOVA - ENTerprise REsearch InNOVAtion 7, no. 1 (December 7, 2021): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54820/vprd4547.
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The advent of the 4th Industrial Revolution has made it inevitable for firms worldwide to modify their business models to integrate ICTs into their operations. The lockdown measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic appear to have accelerated this process as many businesses, particularly in the hospitality industry, had to shut down their operations. Others also had to resort to conducting their businesses solely online. Thus, it has been argued that e-commerce has thrived during the lockdown period. Concentrating on the current 27 European Union (EU) member countries, this paper seeks to answer the following question: To what extent the COVID-19 impacted e-commerce has? Trend analyses and a paired samples t-test are used to compare the mean percentage of enterprises with e-commerce sales before the pandemic and the first year. The study finds a significant increase in the percentage of enterprises that made e-commerce sales during the first year of the pandemic compared to the previous year (t=-2.06; df=25). Except for the western EU member countries, all other regions increased the percentage of enterprises that made e-commerce sales, with the southern EU countries witnessing the highest increase.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
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Grecu, Robert-Adrian. "Synchronization of Business Cycles in European Union Countries." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2022-0021.
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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has affected economic activity worldwide. Despite the progress made by vaccination campaigns, important uncertainties still linger amid persistent global value chains disruptions and the ongoing energy crisis. A proper understanding of the behavior of the economy is therefore essential for future policy decisions. While there are plenty of studies regarding business cycles, using various methods from univariate filters to more complex methods, less papers focus on large scale comparisons. In this paper, we provide an overview of business cycles in European Union countries. We use the Hodrick-Prescott filter in order to measure the cyclical component of the gross domestic product and the Bry-Boschan-Quarterly algorithm for further analysis, namely the duration and the amplitude of the business cycles. Our results show that their size in European Union countries varies from 2.7 to 6 years and their amplitude is between 1.6 and 5.6 percentage points. We show that in developed economies, business cycles are more stable. Furthermore, strong correlations in terms of business cycles are found in the case of certain groups of countries, such as the Baltic ones or Belgium, Austria and France. In the case of Romania, its business cycle is more similar to the one of Bulgaria, Croatia and Slovenia. These results could provide useful information for policymakers in terms of future policy decisions conditional on both the current state of the economy and its structural characteristics. Under these circumstances, support measures should also take into consideration such properties of the economy.
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Holobiuc, Ana-Maria. "Determinants of economic growth in the European Union. An empirical analysis of conditional convergence." SocioEconomic Challenges 5, no. 2 (2021): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.5(2).26-34.2021.
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Being established from the initiative of six visionary countries in the second half of the 20th century, the European Economic Community has shifted the history of the European continent by promoting economic collaboration and political stability. Given its initial success, the regional group has quickly evolved from customs union to Economic and Monetary Union, comprising nowadays twenty-seven European countries. Although the European Union has successfully managed political, economic, social and even sanitary turmoil, the stability of the European architecture continues to be threatened by the heterogeneity of its members. In this respect, one of the main challenges for the European Union in its current composition aims the convergence of the economic performance between countries and regions. The purpose of this paper is to study the economic growth patterns in the European Union during 2000 and 2019, also conducting a comparative analysis between New and Old Member States. In order to capture the European economic landscape, the methodology was based on conditional β-convergence and the estimates were conducted by using ordinary least squares and generalized least squares with fixed effects. We have tried to find the relationship between the lagged value of GDP per capita and the subsequent growth rates, but also to study the influence of macroeconomic and social-related variables. By estimating regressions based on panel data, we have found evidence in favor of income convergence in the European Union, based on the inverse relationship between the lagged value of GDP per capita and the annual growth rates. Moreover, the comparative analysis between the New and Old Members illustrated that convergence was stronger in the latter group, given the sound macroeconomic and social environment. The empirical analysis suggested that the economic growth process both at aggregate and subgroup level was enhanced by investment, exports of goods and services, sound public finances and the increase of percentage of population with tertiary education. Consequently, in order to increase the cohesion between Members and to avoid separatist movements, the European decision-makers should strengthen the macroeconomic and social frameworks, maintaining a sustainable economic growth trajectory for both the New Members from Central and Eastern Europe and the Old Member States.
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Gherghina, Ștefan Cristian, Mihai Alexandru Botezatu, and Liliana Nicoleta Simionescu. "Exploring the Impact of Electronic Commerce on Employment Rate: Panel Data Evidence from European Union Countries." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 16, no. 7 (November 18, 2021): 3157–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16070172.
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The objective of this study is to explore the impact of electronic commerce on employment rate for a sample covering the whole 27 Member States of the European Union (EU-27), from 2010 to 2019. Moreover, this research explores the clusters of nations with reference to electronic commerce adoption and employment rate dynamics. The outcomes of cluster analysis show that Western Europe reveals the most developed e-commerce marketplace in EU-27, shown by Internet accessibility and high penetration rate of digital tools, and the lowest figures are registered in the Eastern part of Europe. Furthermore, the empirical findings of the panel data fixed-effects and the generalized least squares regressions suggest that electronic commerce influences employment rate positively. By including country-level control variables (real GDP growth rate, research and development expenditure, employed ICT specialists, enterprises with Internet access), the outcomes reveal that one percentage change in enterprises’ total turnover from e-commerce sales, enterprises’ turnover from web sales, and enterprises with e-commerce sales of at least 1% turnover will increase employment rate by 0.205, 0.258, and 0.350 percentage points. Furthermore, the econometric evidence from the method of moments quantile regression models with fixed effects reinforces our findings. Enterprises’ total turnover from e-commerce sales and the percentage of enterprises with e-commerce sales of at least 1% turnover positively influence employment rate for all quintiles, but in the case of enterprises’ turnover from web sales, the effect is positive only for the quintiles ranging from 0.5–0.8.
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Morales-Lage, Rafael, Aurelia Bengochea-Morancho, and Immaculada Martínez-Zarzoso. "Are CO2 emissions converging in the European Union? Policy implications." Notas Económicas, no. 49 (December 6, 2019): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-203x_49_5.
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This paper focuses on the process of convergence in per capita CO2 emissions that would occur if the measures taken by the European Union to meet the Kyoto Protocol commitments had been effective. We apply a time series and cross-sectional analysis to test for the existence of convergence among countries and for different economic sectors. The sample covers data for the 28 member countries from 1960 to 2012. The results show weak absolute convergence across countries but clear evidence of conditional convergence, with GDP, the weight of industrial sector and the use of renewable energies being the main drivers of divergence. Concerning sectors, there is an increase of emissions in the agricultural sector, but a reduction in the industrial and energy sectors. Different patterns arise in the energy subsectors where manufacturing and electricity notably reduced their emissions while the transport sector increased them in all countries.
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Radojko, Lukic. "EMPLOYEE COSTS OF DISTRIBUTION TRADE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND SERBIA." BUSINESS EXCELLENCE AND MANAGEMENT 12, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 60–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/beman/2022.12.3-05.
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The issue of distribution trade cost analysis is continuously topical, significant and complex. Due to the fact that costs, in addition to sales revenue, affect the realization of the target profit in the distribution trade, it is necessary to manage costs in distribution trade as efficiently as possible by applying modern concepts. Starting from here, this paper comparatively analyzes the impact of employee costs (personnel costs) on the efficiency of distribution trade between the European Union and Serbia. In this context, it was determined that Germany, France and Italy (leading countries of the European Union) are in the first three places according to the efficiency cost of employees in the distribution trade. Serbia's distribution trade is ranked twenty-fifth in terms of efficiency cost of employees. From this aspect, it is better than the countries in the region (Croatia, Slovenia). According to the results of the linear regression analysis, the efficiency cost of employees in the distribution trade of Serbia is greatly influenced by: number of employees, assets (as a measure of company size), capital, sales and profit (Adjusted R Square .999). In this context, capital, i.e. financial indebtedness, has a special influence on efficiency cost (Sig. .014 <.05). Given that, in order to achieve the target costs of employees, as a factor of performance, in the distribution trade of Serbia, it is necessary to manage human resources, assets, capital, sales and profits as efficiently as possible.
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Tsafa-Karakatsanidou, Maria, and Stilianos Fountas. "Testing for Inflation Convergence Among European Union Countries: A Panel Approach." Special Issue on Applied Macroeconomics, Finance, and Banking 64, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/aeq.64.1.17.
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Abstract This paper attempts to test for inflation convergence in a sample of 24 European Union countries. To tackle this issue, first- and second-generation panel unit root and stationarity tests are employed so as to provide evidence of inflation convergence before and after the launch of the single currency, the euro. We also test for and then allow for cross-sectional dependence. In general, the findings reveal that conditional inflation convergence exists for all panels under study. The estimation of half lives shows that the evidence for faster speed of convergence applies for the new member states followed by the core countries and the old member states. JEL classifications: C33, E3, F33 Keywords: Inflation Convergence, EU, Maastricht Criteria, Panel data
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Trolldal, Björn. "Alcohol sales figures in 15 European countries: corrected for consumption abroad and tax-free purchases." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 18, no. 1_suppl (February 2001): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250101801s02.
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Björn Trolldal: Alcohol sales figures in 15 European countries: corrected for consumption abroad and tax-free purchases The official sales statistics in a country do not, for various reasons, represent the actual consumption of alcoholic beverages among the inhabitants. In this study, the official sales statistics in 15 European countries are corrected for the inhabitants' consumption during journeys abroad, foreign tourists' consumption within each country, and for the purchases of tax-free alcohol. The consumption by inhabitants of the ECAS area during journeys abroad was equivalent to 1.2 per cent of the total official sales in this area in 1995. The correction for the net consumption during journeys abroad in 1995 varies between a decrease by 2.5 per cent and an increase by 3.6 per cent of the official sales in the study countries. The tax-free purchases corresponded to just over 1 per cent of the total sales of alcoholic beverages within the European Union in 1995, but they are concentrated in the “high-price” countries, that is, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Ireland and the UK. The tax-free purchases vary between 0.3 per cent of the official sales, as in France, and 8 per cent in Finland. The changes in alcohol sales after the total correction vary between a decrease by 1.5 per cent and an increase by 11.4 per cent in the study countries. When consumption during journeys abroad and tax-free purchases are taken into account, the differences between consumption levels, in terms of alcohol sales figures, in the ECAS countries diminish.
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Jankiewicz, Mateusz. "The Convergence of Food Expenditures in the European Union Countries – a Spatio‑Temporal Approach." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 1, no. 340 (April 4, 2019): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.340.06.
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The paper presents the analysis of the convergence of household final consumption expenditures on food in the European Union countries in the period of 1999–2015, considering spatial and spatio‑temporal tendencies and dependencies. The aim of this research is to verify whether space significantly influences the convergence of the considered process. The subject of the investigation is the share of household final consumption expenditures on food in total final consumption expenditures of European countries. Spatial and spatio‑temporal tendencies and dependencies are surveyed using the conception of spatial and spatio‑temporal trends and spatial autocorrelation. The convergence of the process is investigated with the use of β‑convergence models for panel data (also in the spatial terms). Absolute and conditional convergence approaches are applied. For the conditional approach, the models are expanded to incorporate the influence of additional determinants, including space, disposable income and the level of food prices.
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Fertő, Imre, Štefan Bojnec, József Fogarasi, and Ants Hannes Viira. "Agricultural soft budget constraints in new European Union member states." Journal of Institutional Economics 16, no. 1 (August 9, 2019): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137418000395.
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AbstractThis article investigates farm investment behaviour and the presence of soft budget constraints in the agricultural sectors of three Central and Eastern European countries – Estonia, Hungary and Slovenia – using individual farm accountancy panel data for the 2007–2015 period. Gross farm investment is positively associated with gross farm investment for the previous year, growth in real sales and public investment subsidies. Mixed results for debt square and cash flow variables imply that the different investment behaviour of farms pertains to different structures of investment sources among the countries under analysis. A particularly significant negative cash flow coefficient implies strong soft budget constraints for Estonian farms, while insignificant cash flow coefficients imply weak soft budget constraints for Hungarian and Slovenian farms.
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Gattermann, Katjana, and Claes H. de Vreese. "Understanding leader evaluations in European Parliament elections." European Union Politics 23, no. 1 (October 16, 2021): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14651165211046108.
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Leader evaluations are a crucial aspect in representative democracy. We analyse the patterns, antecedents and consequences of European Union leader evaluations against the backdrop of the 2019 European Parliament elections in ten countries. The article shows, firstly, that leader evaluations are unidimensional, both among voters with low and high knowledge as well as partisans and non-partisans. Secondly, among the antecedents of leader evaluations, European Union trust and performance evaluations are positively associated with leader evaluations, while European identity hardly plays a role compared to other factors. Lastly, the positive effect of leader evaluations on vote choice is conditional upon the individual leader and their party affiliation. Our results have important implications for expectations towards and evaluations of European Union leadership in the long term.
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Wielechowski, Michał. "POLITICAL BUDGET CYCLES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION – POST-COMMUNIST HERITAGE." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2018.17.2.28.
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We test the hypothesis that post-communist history affect election cycles in the European Union countries. We show that pre-election fiscal manipulation increase total public spending per capita by 1.9% and three specific spending categories, i.e. general public services, public order and safety, and economic affairs in Central and Eastern Europe democracies with post-communist roots. At the same time we observe no significant spending deviations in remaining EU Member States, except expenditure linked to environmental protection. Our results indicate cross-country heterogeneity of political budget cycles (PBCs) in the EU, conditional on political system history.
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Bujwid-Kurek, Ewa. "EU aspirations of the Republic of Serbia – an overview." Przegląd Europejski, no. 2-2016 (October 23, 2016): 10–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.2.16.1.
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The primary purpose of this paper is to ascertain the degree to which the Republic of Serbia is ready for full membership of the European Union. Therefore the criteria set by the European Union for the countries aspiring to membership have been examined, including in particular the Copenhagen criteria of 1993. The assessment expressed in the European Parliament resolution of 18 April 2013 has also been taken into account. In many respects, the Republic of Serbia is not yet fully prepared for membership in the European Union, but on 20 January 2014 negotiations started on Serbia’s accession to the EU. Their results will be conditional on the course and pace of the talks concerning the normalisation of relations between Serbia and Kosovo. The date of Serbia’s eventual accession to the European Union is expected to be 2020.
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Ramadhan, Muhammad Rheza, and Anindya Fauziyah Basuki. "ANALISIS KOMPARASI KEBIJAKAN PERPAJAKAN TRANSAKSI E-COMMERCE YANG BERLAKU DI INDONESIA DENGAN NEGARA LAIN (UNI EROPA, AUSTRALIA, KOREA SELATAN, INDIA, TIONGKOK, AMERIKA SERIKAT, DAN JEPANG)." Citizen : Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Indonesia 1, no. 3 (November 23, 2021): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53866/jimi.v1i3.14.
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Indonesia has experienced an increase in users of e-commerce platforms, resulting in increased income for sellers, both individuals and entities, who conduct online sales transactions. Therefore, the Indonesian government sets a tax policy for online sellers. However, the Indonesian government still has several obstacles, one of which is that e-commerce transactions have an eternal nature. To answer these problems, the author compares the taxation policies on e-commerce transactions that apply in Indonesia with the tax policies on e-commerce transactions that apply in other countries, namely the European Union, Australia, South Korea, India, China, the United States, and Japan. The writing method used by the author is a literature study method. This paper shows that the taxation policy on e-commerce transactions in Indonesia, the European Union, Australia, South Korea, India, China, the United States, and Japan imposes a Value Added Tax (VAT) or the like as a consumption tax on goods. And services as well as sales tax and Income Tax. In addition, several countries have created platforms or special teams to manage taxes from e-commerce transactions, namely the platform Mini One Stop Shop (MOSS), now called OSS (European Union); Korean Fair Trade Commission (KFTC) (South Korea); Professional Team for E-Commerce Taxation (Protect) (Japan). Therefore, Indonesia needs to follow the example of the European Union, South Korea, and Japan in terms of establishing a system or team dedicated to managing tax collection from e-commerce transactions
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Zreik, Mohamad. "China and Europe in Africa: Competition or Cooperation?" Malaysian Journal of International Relations 9, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjir.vol9no1.3.
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This paper presents the development strategies of the European Union and China towards Africa. European development aid has always been accompanied by political and economic conditions such as adopting neoliberalist policies, democracy and regime modification. As for China, its development policies have not been conditional because it adopts the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries and a win-win strategy. The paper points to a great disparity between the Chinese and European development strategies. China represents the South-South development model, and the European Union provides the North-South development model. The development experience in Africa indicates the progress of the Chinese model and its attraction to the African governments and peoples.
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Stanišić, Nenad. "The effects of the economic crisis on income convergence in the European Union." Acta Oeconomica 62, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.62.2012.2.2.
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This paper evaluates income convergence in the European Union, between “old” (EU15) and “new” member states from Central and East Europe (CEE10), and among the countries within these two groups. The GDP per capita convergence should be expected according to the exogenous economic growth model and neoclassical trade theory. The presence of σ-convergence and both absolute and conditional β-convergence is tested for on a sample of 25 European Union countries (EU25). Results confirm the existence of β-convergence of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity among EU25, but not among EU15 and CEE10 countries. σ-convergence has been confirmed among EU25 and CEE10 countries, while GDP per capita has been diverging in the EU15 group of countries. Moreover, the results reveal that recent economic crisis has reversed long-term tendencies and led to income convergence within EU15 and divergence within CEE10. During the crisis, the income differences among the EU25 countries have increased, but the scope and duration of this effect has been limited and has not affected the long term convergence path. However, the obtained long term speed of convergence is significantly lower compared with the previous researches.
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Saltnes, Johanne Døhlie. "Norm collision in the European Union’s external policies: The case of European Union sanctions towards Rwanda." Cooperation and Conflict 52, no. 4 (June 6, 2017): 553–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836717710528.
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The European Union (EU) is the world’s biggest donor of aid to developing countries. The provision of EU aid is conditional on respect for human rights and democratic principles in the recipient countries. This article questions to what extent norms always yield to interests in decisions over whether to sanction breaches of human rights and democracy. Building on a theory that allows the simultaneous consideration of different norms, the article suggests that rather than interests being the determining factor when the EU takes decisions on implementing sanctions, the weighing of various norms and the choice to follow one of them can explain why sanctions have been avoided in certain cases in Rwanda. The article shows that this weighing of different norms plays an important role in foreign policy decisions and can have concrete consequences with regard to sanctions. In so doing, it advances the literature on the EU’s global role by developing a theoretical account of the evaluation process and the ultimate decision to act in accordance with one norm in particular.
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Gojani, Skender, and Granit Curri. "Contract for international sale of goods – Cisg its importance and applicability." Technium Social Sciences Journal 21 (July 9, 2021): 527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v21i1.3687.
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Contractual contests in international sale transactions mainly derive from languages, cultures, traditions, views and different legal terms of contractors in different countries worldwide. In international legal-business relations, problematic issues are inevitably outnumbered and different, thus, more difficult to be sovled. International legal-business transactions, on the other hand, are of particular importance, especially in the continuum and intences of political-economic globalization and integrations of the countries with more developed economy in different international structures such as European Union, etc. Legal regulation of sales transactions in international relations is, above all, practised with CISG, United Nations Organization Convention on International Sale of Goods which is extraordinarily important for the well-being and progress of international sales.
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Zeghal, Daniel, and Zouhour Lahmar. "The Impact of IFRS Adoption on Accounting Conservatism in the European Union." International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 6, no. 1 (June 10, 2016): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v6i1.9581.
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Purpose –The purpose of this study is to analyze mandatory IFRS adoption’s impact on accounting conservatism. Design/methodology/approach – Our empirical study is conducted on a sample of 15 European countries, observed from the year 2000 to 2010. We analyze both conditional and unconditional conservatism, which we measured, respectively, by timely bad news recognition as compared to recognition of good news and discretionary accruals. Findings – The results of the empirical study confirm a significant reduction of accounting conservatism in the IFRS adoption period. This reduction is affected by the accounting model prevailing in a particular country. Moreover, the study shows a reduction of the gap between the two accounting models in the post-IFRS adoption period. Practical implications – The results obtained would be relevant for many decision makers such as investors, standard setters, IASB, European Union countries as well as those wishing to adopt International Standards. Originality/value – Our study complements and enriches the existent literature about the impact of the International Standards adoption. It dresses an important issue in a relatively long period to better assess the impact of IFRS.
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Lewandowska, Małgorzata Stefania. "Eco-innovation and International Competitiveness of Enterprises Results for European Union Member States." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 23, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.23.03.
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Intensive global warming, declining natural resources, and pollution are the factors influencing the wider debate about what creates a “green economy.” Taking the above into account, the purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the eco-innovation performance of European Union members and, at the same time, their overall level of innovativeness. The paper also provides insights into the role of eco-innovation as the driving force for the international competitiveness of enterprises from European Union countries. The results at the macro level show that there is a strong interdependence between the level of innovativeness and the level of eco-innovation implementation in the EU Member States. In turn, the micro-analysis conducted for EU enterprises shows that there is an interdependence between the introduction of eco-innovation with benefits for the end-user and the level of international competitiveness measured by the intensity of exports. Enterprises from countries with a higher overall Innovation Union Scoreboard (IUS) and Eco-Innovation Scoreboard (Eco-IS) are simultaneously characterized by a higher intensity of eco-innovation, introducing benefits for the end-user, and an intensive presence with sales on foreign markets. Enterprises from countries with low IUS and Eco-IS rankings, including the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, are characterized by a relatively low intensity of introducing eco-innovation accompanied by a relatively low export intensity.
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Kijek, Arkadiusz, Tomasz Kijek, and Anna Nowak. "Club convergence of labour productivity in agriculture: Evidence from EU countries." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 9 (September 26, 2020): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/178/2020-agricecon.
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This paper studies club convergence in relation to labour productivity in the agriculture industry of 28 European Union countries for the period 2005 to 2018. The countries were divided into three groups which were homogeneous in terms of level of development in the agricultural sector. The presence of convergence in the groups of countries was verified by using a panel-data model of conditional β-convergence. Then, convergence processes were investigated within clubs of countries. Convergence processes took place in the groups of countries with low and medium levels of labour productivity. In the club of countries where labour productivity was high, opposite processes (i.e. divergence) were observed.
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Єлагін Віктор Павлович and Мартиненко Наталія Василівна. "АДМІНІСТРУВАННЯ ПЕНСІЙНИХ ВНЕСКІВ В КРАЇНАХ – ЧЛЕНАХ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ: ДОСВІД ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ." International Academy Journal Web of Scholar, no. 2(44) (February 28, 2020): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_wos/28022020/6910.
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The article analyzes the state management of pension systems for the organization of the exercise of powers to administer pension contributions in the countries − members of the European Union. The models of organization of administration of pension contributions are investigated. As suggestions for priority areas of modernizing the pension system of Ukraine on the example of the experience of countries − members of the European Union, the following are highlighted: attracting employees to participate in financing the pension system; the introduction of mandatory funded pensions with the payment of additional contributions by employees in excess of the unified social contribution to compulsory state pension insurance and the transition to a conditional savings system; differentiation of the unified social contribution rate for compulsory state pension insurance taking into account the state of economic development of the regions (high, medium, below average).
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Brągiel, Elżbieta, and Bogusław Ślusarczyk. "Tendencje na europejskim rynku żywności ekologicznej." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2017.17.3.50.
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The aim of the article is to analyze the size of sales, consumption of organic products and trends observed on the organic food market in individual European countries – especially in the EU. The basis for the analysis was IFOAM and FIBL data from the years 2000-2015, as well as foreign and domestic literature of the subject. The following final conclusions were drawn: a greater increase in the volume of sales of organic products over the determined fifteen years is observed in Europe than in the group of countries in the European Union. The highest sale of organic products in 2014 and 2015 was achieved by Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy and Switzerland. Over the years 2005-2014, the difference in expenditure on organic food per capita in the EU in comparison to the whole of Europe has grown every single year. Taking into account the growing share of organic products in the consumption structure of modern societies, extensive research on this subject should be conducted.
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Humphreys, Brad R., and Levi Perez. "Who Bets on Sports? Characteristics of Sports Bettors and the Consequences of Expanding Sports Betting Opportunities." Studies of Applied Economics 30, no. 2 (May 24, 2020): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v30i2.3542.
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Currently, several proposed changes in sports betting laws are being debated in the United States and the European Union. This article examines the characteristics of sports bettors in three countries, Canada, Spain, and the United Kingdom, to determine who bets on sports in environments where this activity is both legal and popular. Unconditional and conditional analyses find that annual participation rates in sport betting are low, and that sport bettors tend to be young males with relatively high incomes. Sports bettors stand to gain the most from an expansion of legal sports betting opportunities, while the negative impacts of increased access to sports betting are expected to be minimal in the United States and difficult to assess in the European Union.
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Guth, Marta, Maryla Bieniek-Majka, and Silvia Maican. "MARKET ADJUSTMENTS OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCERS TO CHANGING DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS IN SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES AFTER 2012." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, no. 3 (August 10, 2019): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3063.
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The purpose of the article was to indicate selected distribution channels in groups and organizations of fruit and vegetable producers in countries with different agrarian structures and cultures of horizontal organization, as well as identify differences in preferred distribution channels. Based on the literature review, changes in the supply chain of agri-food products were presented and the growing importance of retail chains was pointed out. Using the data obtained from the European Commission, the weight of individual distribution channels was presented, and by Ward agglomeration cluster analysis using Euclidean distances, 3 disjointed clusters of countries with different characteristics of fruit and vegetable producer groups/organizations were selected. The first cluster consisted of few producer groups/organizations from Great Britain, Denmark and Romania, whose members engaged in a relatively large area of land and dedicated (65%) their production to retail chains, thus obtaining, on average, higher effects (measured by sales value) attributable to both the group/organization and hectare of land. In contrast, the third cluster included producers from countries that are leaders in the production of fruit and vegetables in Europe, that is, from Spain, Italy, France and Poland. What was characteristic for them was that many members possessing a relatively small area of land joined groups/organisations. They dedicated their production (25%) to retail chains, and their advantage, which may affect the largest share of the average value of sales per member, is the processing of raw materials as part of their own operations.
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Zeghal, Daniel, Sonda M. Chtourou, and Yosra M. Fourati. "The Effect of Mandatory Adoption of IFRS on Earnings Quality: Evidence from the European Union." Journal of International Accounting Research 11, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jiar-10221.
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ABSTRACT This paper addresses the question whether the mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is associated with higher accounting quality. More specifically, we investigate whether the application of IFRS in 15 European Union (EU) countries is associated with less earnings management and higher timeliness, conditional conservatism, and value relevance of accounting numbers. Our results suggest that there has been some improvement in accounting quality between the pre- and post-IFRS adoption periods. In particular, we find that firms exhibit an increase in the accounting-based attributes, but a decrease in the market-based after the adoption of IFRS in 2005. Interestingly, the findings are more pronounced for the firms in countries where the distance between the pre-existing national GAAP and IFRS is important. Furthermore, we are unable to identify any change within firms that have converged their local GAAP toward IFRS before the mandatory transition.
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Burinskienė, Aurelija, and Vita Marytė Janušauskienė. "Innovations in the Practice of Production and Trade Enterprises in EU Countries." Ekonomia 22, no. 1 (November 3, 2016): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.22.1.1.
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Innovations in the Practice of Production and Trade Enterprises in EU CountriesModern theories are increasingly focusing on innovations. Scientific literature states that the implementation of innovations causes increase in sales volume: enterprises are improving the organization of production and trade methods, reducing production and trade costs, producing and selling competitive products as a result of technological progress. Technological progress also influences the development of production and trade prospects. Although the implementation of innovations is different, the main aspects are related to the novelty of product, production and service R&D intensity and the qualification of employees. Enterprises without the capacity to innovate may invest time and resources in studies of research results but are unable to transform this knowledge into practice Hult et al., 2004. In such sense it is important to create innovative behaviors and related outcomes on country level Koellinger, Thurik, 2009.Production and trade enterprises have a significant impact on the national economy, but the number of enterprises that have excellent understanding about innovations and their results is not sufficient. Sales of the trade enterprises in the European Union amount to 66%, and 74% of gross domestic product GDP in Lithuania. At the same time sales of the production enterprises in the European Union amount to 15.5% of GDP, and in Lithuania — 21% of GDP. Production and trade enterprises play a significant part among business companies. In corporate structure of the European Union 9.8% of companies are production companies which employ 22.6% of EU workers, while in the structure of the European Union 28.6% of companies are trade companies and these companies employ 24.7% of EU workers. However, in the trade sector there are 90% of companies, and in the production — 84% of companies with up to nine employees Euro-stat, 2010. Nevertheless, the European Commission’s 2013 study shows the declining contribution of production enterprises to GDP. Eurostat 2010 statistics show that small and medium-sized manufacturing companies are very slow to improve their operations and labor productivity. The EU companies are anticipated to increase by only 2.4% compared with the US companies, where growth of labor productivity is 3.5%Therefore, innovations are also important for the EU trade and production companies. To sum up the above set out material, it can be said that the application of innovations must be considered as a very complex cognitive subject.The article consists of three parts to fully examine the implementation of innovations in production and trade enterprises.First, literature analysis is carried out and topic related aspects are identified. In the second part the paper presents empirical research methodology. Herein, practices of production and trade enterprises are presented, comparison of production and trade enterprises is carried out, and effects on the activeness of enterprises regarding the opportunities of innovation implementation in this area are analyzed.In the third part the article presents empirical research results, conclusions and recommendations. Literature analysis reveals that the greatest role innovation plays in international companies, however the number of such enterprises is very small in the EU. The results also show that production and trade companies from Luxembourg have higher competitiveness than the enterprises from other countries. Overall the paper glances into whether, to what extent, how companies innovate, and how this differs between production and trade service industries.
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Rysz, Maria. "CHANGES IN THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE SALES OF APPLES IN POLAND AFTER the ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 3 (June 28, 2018): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1509.
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The aim of the study was to determine the changes in Polish foreign trade in apples between 2004 and 2016. The paper analyses quantitative and valuable changes in export, import and the balance of Polish apples turnover. There are also presented main sales directions of apples in Poland. As shown in the data, the foreign trade of Polish apples has been continuously growing since the accession to the European Union. The data show that continuously since 2004, despite the turbulence in 2005-2008, 2014-2016 (Russian embargo and bad weather conditions in 2007 and 2010), there has been a positive balance in foreign trade. The main recipients of Polish apples in the analysed period were: countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (Russia in 2004/2005 and 2008-2013, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan), new EU-13 Member States (including Romania, the Czech Republic, Lithuania and Latvia), “ old “EU-15 countries (mainly Germany), and after 2014, among others Serbia, Egypt, Bosnia and Herzegovina and the United Arab Emirates.
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Landmesser, Joanna. "Differences in income distributions for men and women in the European Union countries." Equilibrium 14, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2019.004.
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Research background: Recently there has been an increase in interest in the studies of income inequalities. The findings of numerous empirical studies show that males earn higher wages than females. A variety of techniques of income inequalities decomposition are becoming popular. New procedures go far beyond the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. They allow to study differences of income distributions for various groups of people and to decompose them at various quantile points.
Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to compare personal income distributions in selected countries of the European Union, taking into account gender differences.
Methods: First, we examined the income inequalities between men and women in each country using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition procedure. The unexplained part of the gender pay gap gave us information about the wage discrimination. Second, we extended the decomposition procedure to different quantile points along the whole income distribution. To describe differences between the incomes of men and women, we constructed the so-called counterfactual distribution, which is a mixture of a conditional distribution of the dependent variable (income) and a distribution of the explanatory variables (individual people’s characteristics). Then, we utilized the residual imputation approach (JMP-approach).
Findings & Value added: In the article data from EU-SILC (Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) were used. We found that there exists an important diversity in the size of the gender pay gap across members of the European Union. The results obtained for these countries allowed us to group them into clusters. In general, there are two types of countries in Europe: the countries, where the bulk of the observed income differences cannot be explained by observed characteristics, and the countries, where the explained and the unexplained effects are both positive, with even a bigger explained effect for the lower income ranges.
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Schimmelfennig, Frank. "European Regional Organizations, Political Conditionality, and Democratic Transformation in Eastern Europe." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 21, no. 1 (February 2007): 126–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325406297131.
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How and under which conditions have European regional organizations been effective promoters of democratic change in Central and Eastern Europe? In this article, the author argues that only the credible conditional promise of membership in the European Union and NATO has had the potential to produce compliance with liberal-democratic norms in norm-violating transformation countries. These incentives, however, were not sufficient when the power costs of compliance were high for the target governments. They did little to alter the policies of authoritarian governments, which forewent the benefits of accession rather than risk losing power as a result of democratic reforms. Thus, whereas political conditionality was largely redundant in the forerunner countries of democratization in Central and Eastern Europe (except for some specific reform issues) and generally ineffective with entrenched authoritarian regimes, it proved highly effective in supporting democratic forces and locking in democratic reforms in the unstable democratic countries of the region.
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Genchev, E. "ASSESSMENT OF E-COMMERCE IN BULGARIA AND EUROPEAN UNION TRENDS." Trakia Journal of Sciences 18, Suppl.1 (2020): 354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2020.s.01.060.
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E-commerce is increasingly entering the economies of the countries of the European Union. According to the last publication of "E-marketer", this is one of the few sectors that manage to have over a 16 % annual growth rate in 2020 (down from 20,2% last year) (1). Its advantages are indisputable, but is it likely a country as Bulgaria to be successful in its implementation? Purpose: The article aims to present some characteristics of e-commerce in Bulgaria during the 2012-2019 period. Methods: To conduct a comparative analysis with the European Union in terms of some key criteria, such as (growth of e-commerce, the % of companies selling online, the share of consumers shopping online, etc. Results: Only 11% of enterprises in Bulgaria in 2019 are increasingly relying on e-commerce sales in order to maximize their profit. In the last two years (2018 – 2019), on average, over 50% of European Union consumers have made an online purchase but for Bulgarians, this share is only 14%. Conclusions: Despite this growth, our country remains far behind, by EU average standards but e-commerce in Bulgaria has all the necessary prerequisites to be one of the most successful sectors of the economy.
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Entin, Mark L., Ekaterina G. Entina, and Vadim V. Voynikov. "NEW PRINCIPLES OF RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION IN THE EU AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE COUNTRIES OF THE BALTIC REGION." Baltic Region 14, no. 1 (2022): 122–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-1-8.
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The Multiannual Financial Framework for 2021—2027 was adopted during the severe crisis caused by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. In the face of a rapidly deteriorating economic situation, EU countries took unprecedented steps radically changing the principles of resource allocation in the Union. These included the recovery plan for Europe, making the EU budget conditional on respect for the rule of law and the new EU resources system. This article seeks to identify the essential characteristics of the decisions made within the Multiannual Financial Framework and define their significance for advancing integration. The study attempts to answer two questions: do these decisions mark the transition to a new stage of integration and to what extent do they comply with the law of the Union. Several EU initiatives related to debt redistribution are analysed, along with the impact of these initiatives on Eastern European countries, particularly those of the Baltic Sea region. The research explores the decisions from the standpoint of legal and political science. In particular, it is stressed that, when reaching a compromise on making the budget conditional on respect for the rule of law, the EU and its member states had to use a mechanism for postponing the execution of an act of the Union, which contradicts the basic principles of EU law. From a political point of view, the adoption of a package of legislative acts within the Multiannual Financial Framework means growing dependence of the member states and an increase in solidarity and loyalty within the Union.
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Andreou, Angeliki Anna. "EU Searching for Gatekeepers: Lebanon in European Externalized Migration Management." HAPSc Policy Briefs Series 3, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hapscpbs.31007.
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Today 1 per 5 people in Lebanon is a Syrian refugee. Lebanon, largely impacted by the Syrian-refugee crisis, followed a “non-policy” and later confining policy for refugees-management. Based on the EU Global Strategy of 2016, migration is identified as principal threat for European security. Recently, EU has exerted its external migration governance in refugee-hosting countries like Lebanon. Having the Union implemented a resilience-building approach, which ended up ignoring the Lebanese system’s structural deficiencies and not accomplishing the desired outcomes, this Policy Brief recommends:
Establishment of legal binding EU-Lebanon refugee governance agreement
Further EIDHR funding conditional to human rights and good governance alignment
Incentives to Lebanese private sector for refugees’ recruitment
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Brusis, Martin. "The Conditional Impact of Democracy Conditions. How the European Union Interacts with Political Competition in Eastern Partnership Countries." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Studia Europaea 62, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2017.1.08.
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Malkowska, Agnieszka, and Arkadiusz Malkowski. "International Trade in Transport Services between Poland and the European Union." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010424.
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The structure of international trade in today’s global economy is undergoing transformation. The increase in the importance of services is a clear trend. In Polish foreign trade with the European Union countries, it is transport services that to the greatest extent create the trade surplus. These services significantly affect the environment, which makes it necessary to take measures aimed at the implementation of the green transport principles. The aim of the study was to provide a detailed description of transport services in Polish foreign trade with European Union (EU) countries and to assess the role of these services in Polish economy, including in terms of sustainable development. The study concerned transport services, consisting of four separate types: maritime transport, air transport, other transport services (except maritime and air) and postal and courier services. The time span of the study was 2010–2018. The latest secondary data from the official statistics of the National Bank of Poland and the Central Statistical Office were used for the purpose of the analysis. The research methods included: critical analysis of the source literature, analysis of secondary data (desk-research) and graphic methods (tables and diagrams), by means of which the results of the study were presented. The conclusions drawn are inductive and deductive in nature. The article describes in detail Polish trade in transport services with EU countries. It focuses on export, import and balance. The role of the examined services in foreign trade and Polish economy was assessed based on the analysis of the structure of export and import and the rate of export and import, geographical orientation of trade, as well as the activity of enterprises from the transport service sector, registered in Poland, including joint ventures. Research has shown that between 2010 and 2018 Polish export and import of transport services as part of trade relations with EU countries increased considerably. The conducted research indicates that transport services are a crucial element of Polish trade. The role of EU countries in the Polish trade in transport services was recognised as significant and growing. This has a positive impact on the country’s economy. The increasing role of road transport in the structure of the Polish trade indicates that Polish entities providing transport services are thriving in this demanding market. However, the analysis of the source literature indicated changes in the preferences of consumers, who increasingly often expect the implementation of sustainable development principles in the distribution of goods. Green marketing or green transport are concepts more and more frequently used to gain competitive advantage in the market. The transport sector in Poland is facing a major trend towards the implementation of sustainable development principles. In order to maintain sales growth internationally, the entities will have to implement sustainable development principles.
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Bórawski, Piotr, Rafał Wyszomierski, Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska, Bartosz Mickiewicz, Beata Kalinowska, James W. Dunn, and Tomasz Rokicki. "Development of Renewable Energy Sources in the European Union in the Context of Sustainable Development Policy." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 19, 2022): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041545.
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Renewable energy sources play a key role in decarbonizing the economy of the European Union (EU) and the world. The aim of this research is to present the development of the renewable energy sources (RES) sector in the European Union (EU), with particular emphasis on sustainable development. The EU guidelines, requirements, and directives were analyzed in order to meet the provisions of the energy policy to ensure energy and climate security. The potential of the RES was studied in the EU countries, and the possibility of its use in cogeneration with the use of local renewable resources. The results are presented in tabular, graphic, and descriptive forms. The results are presented based on the extensive literature on the subject and data from Eurostat. The data covered 2004–2019. We used different methods to evaluate the changes in the RES in the EU countries. First, we compiled descriptive statistics; second, we used the Augmented Dickey–Fuller test (ADF test); and, finally, we used the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity model (GARCH model). Our analysis found that the EU increased the share of RES. The biggest share of energy from renewable energy sources was found in 2019 in Iceland (78%), Norway (74%), and Sweden (56%). The biggest increase in the share of RES in 2004–19 was found in Malta (8322%), Great Britain (1126%), and Luxemburg (784%). The results demonstrate the development of RES in the EU countries. However, not all countries achieved the planned goal in 2019.
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HUSHTAN, Tetiana V. "LOGISTICS IN THE ACTIVITIES OF UKRAINIAN TRADE ENTERPRISES ENTERING THE MARKETS OF EU COUNTRIES." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 6, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2021-1-32.
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Subject of study. Logistics processes in the activities of trade enterprises in the conditions of European integration are considered. The purpose of the study. The purpose of the article is to study the logistics processes in the activities of Ukrainian trade enterprises entering the markets of the EU in the context of significant global changes. © Наталія Володимирівна Лагодієнко, Лариса Борисівна Скляр, 2021 Research methods. The methodological basis of the study is the position of theories of enterprise economics, trade, logistics, strategic management, systems and economic growth in the context of European integration, as well as system and structural analysis. Results. The peculiarities of trade and economic relations between Ukraine and the European Union are outlined. The necessity of logistic strategies formation in trade enterprises is substantiated. The structure of foreign trade in goods and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on it, as well as the dynamics of exports and imports of goods are analyzed. The basic principles of logistics in the activity of trade enterprises entering the EU markets are determined. The basic scheme of logistic functional branches is formed. The key logistic concepts of trade enterprises are substantiated. Possibilities of solving optimization problems in the field of logistics in trade enterprises entering the markets of the European Union are considered and calculated. The formed sales channel should have developed both logistic, and marketing strategy. Next, the distribution policy is the sales method, commercial service and delivery service. There are relationships between these elements. The method of sale differs depending on whether they connect the seller directly or indirectly with the final recipient and which companies are involved. By choosing a distribution channel, the company decides which tasks it will perform and which will be transferred to independent market partners. Conclusions. This model is an integer linear programming of the transport type and has a similarity to the transport problem, which allows it to be solved by the method of potentials. The use of these models will help optimize the strategic directions of export activities for trade enterprises. Keywords: trade enterprises, logistics processes, export-import operations, optimization, EU countries.
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Pivk Kupirovič, Urška, Krista Miklavec, Maša Hribar, Anita Kušar, Katja Žmitek, and Igor Pravst. "Nutrient Profiling Is Needed to Improve the Nutritional Quality of the Foods Labelled with Health-Related Claims." Nutrients 11, no. 2 (January 29, 2019): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11020287.
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Health-related claims on food products influence consumers and their food preferences. None of the European countries have restricted the use of health claims to foods of high nutritional quality despite the regulatory background provided by the European Union in 2006. We evaluated the nutritional quality of foods labelled with claims available in the Slovenian market using two nutrient profile models—Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) and European World Health Organization Regional office for Europe model (WHOE)—and compared the results to the nutritional quality of all available foods. Data for prepacked foods in the Slovenian food supply were collected in 2015 on a representative sample (n = 6619) and supplemented with 12-month product sales data for more accurate assessments of the food supply. A considerable proportion of foods labelled with any type of health-related claim was found to have poor nutritional quality. About 68% of the foods labelled with health-related claims passed FSANZ criterion (75% when considering sales data) and 33% passed the WHOE model (56% when considering sales data). Our results highlight the need for stricter regulations for the use of health-related claims and to build upon available nutrient profiling knowledge to improve nutrition quality of foods labeled with health-related claims.
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Janiszewska, Dorota, and Luiza Ossowska. "Wybrane aspekty oddziaływania rolnictwa na środowisko w państwach Unii Europejskiej." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2017.17.1.7.
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The main objective of this article is to discuss the diversity of European Union countries based on selected indicators of agriculture's impact on the environment. Figures come from 2013. The analysis was conducted using the cluster analysis. The following diagnostic features were used for the analysis: gross nitrogen balance, share of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture in the selected country in total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture in all of EU countries, pesticide sales per hectare UAA, the share of ammonia emissions in the selected country in total ammonia emissions of all EU countries, share of irrigable areas in total UAA and share of organic area in total UAA. As a result of the cluster analysis examined regions were divided into six groups.
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Moagăr-Poladian, Simona, Dorina Clichici, and Cristian-Valeriu Stanciu. "The Comovement of Exchange Rates and Stock Markets in Central and Eastern Europe." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 23, 2019): 3985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143985.
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This paper analyses the link between exchange rates and stock markets in four Central and Eastern European countries. We simultaneously explore the comovements of foreign exchange markets and stock markets at the cross-country level and the link between these two markets within each country while employing a Dynamic Conditional Correlation Mixed Data Sampling (DCC-MIDAS) model. Such an approach to financial markets conveys a much more visible picture of the existing patterns of financial integration between these markets that would otherwise be neglected. The estimates reveal significant differences between the patterns of correlation in our sample countries. First, the paper finds a quite low degree of convergence between foreign exchange markets, with rising correlations during some of the crisis episodes. Second, both the 2004 European Union enlargement and the European sovereign debt crisis underpin the stock market comovements in the Central and Eastern European countries. Third, the correlations between the exchange rate returns and stock markets rise mostly during the European sovereign debt crisis and to a lesser extent during the global financial crisis, revealing signs of contagion and lower portfolio diversification opportunities. These results are of utmost relevance for the process of financial integration and they also have important implications for policy makers, risk management, and investors.
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Soava, Georgeta, Anca Mehedintu, and Mihaela Sterpu. "Analysis and Forecast of the Use of E-Commerce in Enterprises of the European Union States." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 21, 2022): 8943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148943.
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This study analyzes the use of e-commerce by European Union enterprises. Based on an analysis of the evolution of the percentage of enterprises that perform e-commerce and the share of total turnover obtained from e-commerce, for the period of 2003–2020, a forecast for 2025 was made. These aspects were analyzed for 2015–2020 from the perspective of the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI), highlighting the importance of e-commerce in the economic growth of each country by analyzing the share of gross domestic product (GDP) obtained from e-commerce in GDP. For studying the evolution of the indicators, a comparative analysis of the situation of individual and aggregate EU countries was performed, highlighting the evolution trends and determining the annual average growth rate indicator, used later for the short-term forecast. For the 2025 forecast, six regression models were used for the empirical estimation of the data. The results of the analysis show that the share of companies performing e-commerce and the turnover in e-sales vary significantly depending on the size of enterprises, and the results of the forecast estimate that by 2025 there will be a significant increase in e-commerce in most European countries.
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Kugler, Kholofelo. "United States – Conditional Tax Incentives for Large Civil Aircraft (US–Tax Incentives), DS487." World Trade Review 17, no. 1 (January 2018): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745617000520.
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The dispute concerns tax incentives granted by the state of Washington in the United States (US) pursuant to the tax-related provisions of the Revised Code of Washington. Nine tax-related provisions incentives were adopted to attract the production of large civil aircraft in that state. The State of Washington adopted seven aerospace measures corresponding to the nine tax-related provisions. The aerospace measures fell into three general categories of measures: a reduced tax rate, tax credits, and tax exemptions, which included the following (i) reduced corporate tax rates for aircraft manufacturers and retailers (B&O aerospace rate); (ii) tax credits for property and leasehold excise taxes on computer manufacturing facilitates and aerospace product development; and (iii) exemptions of sales and use tax for certain computer hardware, software and peripherals and construction services and materials, and leasehold excise tax and leaseholder property tax. According to the European Union (EU), the measures at issue are prohibited under Article 3.1(b) and 3.2 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement) because they are contingent on the use of domestic over imported goods. This contingency results from two siting provisions: the First Siting Provision and the Second Siting Provision, which are contained in Engrossed Substitute Senate Bill 5952 (ESSB 5952).
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Korobkov, I. A. "EXPORT OF RUSSIAN MANUFACTURES TO EU COUNTRIES: TENDENCIES, PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(32) (October 28, 2013): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-5-32-139-145.
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The modernization and specialization of the economy in hi-tech and high-value-added goods is the long term goal defined and set forward within the frame of Russian Federation 2020 Concept for the Social and Economic Development. According to the principles and clauses of the abovementioned document these high-tech and high-value-added products in the long run are intended to be exported to the European Union countries. For the foreseeable future EU will remain Russia’s key trade partner and moreover will play an immense and significant role for the integration of the Russian Federation in the international manufacturing and industrial processes. However, considering the high level of economic development of the EU countries and their strong positions in global exports of processed products including hi-tech goods, the export of the manufactures to the EU countries is quite a challenging task for Russia. Currently the manufactures that are supplied to the European Union mainly consist of semi-processed commodities, e.g., metals, diamonds and chemicals. Russian high-value-added products are exported to a limited number of partners; export volumes are comparatively moderate and volatile. However, some high-tech Russian products are successfully exported to the EU countries and meet growing demand from consumers from Central and Western Europe. The share of finished products and high-value-added goods exported to the Central and Eastern Europe slightly exceeds the EU average; the growing machinery and transport equipment sales are determined by an increased supply towards Poland, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Czech Republic.
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Strunz, Sebastian, Erik Gawel, Paul Lehmann, and Patrik Söderholm. "Policy convergence as a multifaceted concept: the case of renewable energy policies in the European Union." Journal of Public Policy 38, no. 3 (May 3, 2017): 361–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x17000034.
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AbstractThe literature on policy convergence has identified numerous facets and causal drivers of convergence. Distinguishing four dimensions of convergence (object, benchmark, drivers and directed process) helps clarify why and in what form policy convergence may occur (or not). Thus, depending on, for example, the object of analysis (policy outcome or instruments used), the same empirical case may give rise to opposing assessments. Furthermore, both economic and political drivers are necessary to account for successful policy convergence: economic convergence partly explains why countries may face similar problems, and political mechanisms explain why they might choose similar policies to solve a given problem. This article illustrates the multifaceted character of convergence for the dynamic field of renewable energy policies in the European Union. The empirical results indicate temporary convergence in the case of policy support instrument choices and conditional convergence in terms of renewable shares. However, the results suggest divergence of public R&D subsidies targeting renewables.
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Krychkovska, Aelita, Natalia Zayarnyuk, Ivanna Lobur, Olena Khomenko, Oksana Lopatynska, Iryna Hubytska, and Volodymyr Novikov. "Organisational and economic characteristics of the baby food products market in Ukraine and EU countries." Pharmacia 66, no. 2 (July 9, 2019): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.66.e35279.
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This article presents the results of the study of problematic issues of organisational-and-economic character concerning the provision of children with baby food products in Ukraine and European Union countries. It is established that the marketing feature of baby food products in Ukraine is its sales from pharmacies. It has been proved that the cost of baby food products in EU countries and in Ukraine have no price gradation depending on the degree of economic development of the country. The dynamics of development of the Ukrainian market of baby food products, as well as the dynamics of the cost of baby food products in Ukraine, depending on their dispensing place, have been analysed. It is established that the cost of baby food products is somewhat lower in pharmacies.
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Tregubov, Aleksey N. "The Customs Code of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Customs Code of the European Union: A Comparative Legal Analysis of Approaches to Harmonization of the Relationships in the Customs Affairs Sector." Administrative law and procedure 3 (March 4, 2021): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2071-1166-2021-3-72-74.
Full textAbstract:
The Dynamic development of the economy, increased competition between producers of material goods, and the need to expand sales markets leads to the need to increase trade between countries. Administrative barriers have a significant impact on the speed of movement of goods, and as a result on the amount of material and time costs associated with their movement. The development of international trade, which is directly dependent on the effectiveness of customs procedures, required the approval of common principles and approaches to the simplification of customs formalities, which are enshrined in the International Convention on the simplification and harmonization of customs procedures from may 18, 1973.
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Dhakal, Thakur, and Kyoung-Soon Min. "Macro Study of Global Electric Vehicle Expansion." Foresight and STI Governance 15, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2500-2597.2021.1.67.73.
Full textAbstract:
This study analyzes the diffusion of battery electric vehicles (BEV) in the world and evaluates the vehicle charging stations based on the European Union (EU) scenario. Initially, the global BEV sales data from 2005 to 2018 are fitted with the two most frequently used econometric logistics and Bass diffusion models. Further, the study identifies the different stage adopters, forecasts the consumption of BEVs, and examines the velocity and acceleration of BEV diffusion. Finally, future charging stations are examined to meet the BEV sales demand. Results suggest that the adoption of BEVs demonstrates a better fit on the Bass model where the global BEV market is estimated to grow from 5,3 millions in 2019 to near 40 millions units by 2030, and with the reference of the EU countries’ adoption scenario, the global charging stations will be increased from near 2 millions in 2019 to near 10 millions units by 2030.