Journal articles: 'SALE OF CHILDREN'

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Shura, Robin, Elle Rochford, and Brian K. Gran. "Children for sale? The blurred boundary between intercountry adoption and sale of children in the United States." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 36, no. 5/6 (June 13, 2016): 319–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-03-2015-0034.

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Purpose – Intercountry adoptions (hereafter ICAs) in the USA are a form of sale of children. According to international policy, sale of children is an illicit social practice that involves improper financial gains by at least one party. Sale of children is a threat to legitimate ICA. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the policy and practice of ICAs in the USA, including pricing arrangements, demonstrate that US ICAs, which can have humanitarian aims and be legitimate forms of family development, comprise sale of children. Design/methodology/approach – Internet searches and e-mail inquiries were used to obtain ICA cost data for a randomised sample of 10 per cent of the agencies in the USA that facilitate ICAs. Findings – Cost information was obtained from only 25 per cent of the sample, suggesting lack of transparency in and available information about monetary costs of US ICAs. A range of US$12,000 to $40,000 suggests that US ICAs are expensive and costs vary. Large, undisclosed fees in the form of “required donations”, agency fees, and extensive foreign travel requirements imply third party economic gains are made through US ICA transactions. Practical implications – US ICA agencies should disclose costs and employ transparent practices. US policies regulating ICAs should be clarified and strengthened. The US Government should ratify, implement, and enforce major children’s rights international policy standards. Social implications – International demand for adopted children may encourage child trafficking, child laundering, and kidnapping for profit (see Smolin, 2005), putting children, adoptive families, and birth communities at risk of breaches of basic human rights. Originality/value – No study has offered systematic analysis of monetary costs of US ICAs and linked this analysis to policy and legitimacy of social practices.

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Jones, D. W., and A. Charlton. "Traders' views on sale of cigarettes to children." BMJ 314, no. 7086 (April 5, 1997): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7086.1047a.

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Rafferty, Yvonne. "Children for sale: Child trafficking in Southeast Asia." Child Abuse Review 16, no. 6 (2007): 401–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/car.1009.

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ARCHBALD, CHERYL. "Sale of Individual Cigarettes: A New Development." Pediatrics 91, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.91.4.851.

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To the Editor.— Each year, more people die as a result of cigarette smoking than from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or crack/cocaine. As such, use and abuse of tobacco remains a serious health concern in our society. The fact that a recent study concluded that young children were as adept at recognizing Old Joe, the cartoon camel that promotes Camel cigarettes, as they were at identifying Mickey Mouse, vividly demonstrates the influence of one tobacco company on our children.

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Pakaya, Fitra. "Legal Protection Effort Against Children In Sale And Purchase Of Cigarettes In Gorontalo Utara Regensy." Estudiante Law Journal 1, no. 1 (March 13, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33756/eslaj.v1i1.12774.

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The current research aims at finding out efforts performed to provide legal protection to children in the sale and purchase of cigarettes in Gorontalo Utara Regency. In addition, the research notifies the inhibiting factors during the provision of legal protection to children in the sale and purchase of cigarettes. The research applies empirical legal research with qualitative descriptive analysis technique. The data used are empirical and secondary data in which they are collected by using techniques of interview and observation. The research finding reveals that there are two efforts of legal protection to children in the sale and purchase of ciragettes, namely cigarettes sales ban to the children and specific protection. In the meantime, the inhibiting factors during the provision of legal protection to children in the sale and purchase of ciragettes are ineffectiveness of regulation, lack of knowledge on the law, absence of counseling and supervision from government, and ineffectiveness of existing programs.

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Nightingale, Stuart L. "Proposed Rule Restricting Sale of Tobacco Products to Children." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 14 (October 11, 1995): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1995.03530140021010.

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Pollard, Christina Mary, Catrina Lisa McStay, and Xingqiong Meng. "Public Concern about the Sale of High-Caffeine Drinks to Children 12 Years or Younger: An Australian Regulatory Perspective." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/707149.

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Background.Dietary exposure to high caffeine is a health risk for children. Governments are considering measures to restrict the sale of formulated caffeinated beverages (FCB) to children.Objectives.To investigate community concern about sales of high-caffeine drinks to children among Western Australian adults and describe Australian and New Zealand regulatory processes regarding FCB.Methods.Data from the 2009 and 2012 Department of Health’s Nutrition Monitoring Survey Series of 2,832 Western Australians aged 18–64 years was pooled with descriptive and ordinal logistic regression analysis performed. Current regulatory processes for FCB are reported.Results.Most (85%) participants were concerned about the sale of high-caffeine drinks to children; 77.4% were very concerned in 2012 compared to 66.5% in 2009,p< .008. Females and those living with children had higher concern (odds ratio (OR) 2.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.44–3.10; OR 2.16; 95% CI 1.51–3.09, resp.,p< .001). Concern increased with each year of age (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.02, 1.05,p< .001).Conclusions.Community concern regarding sale of high-caffeine energy drinks to children is high and increasing. Being female and living with children were associated with greater concern. These findings support the Australian and New Zealand regulatory controls of FCB, including labelling, promotion, and advertising to children.

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Watenpaugh, Keith David. "“Are There Any Children for Sale?”: Genocide and the Transfer of Armenian Children (1915–1922)." Journal of Human Rights 12, no. 3 (July 2013): 283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14754835.2013.812410.

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&NA;. "Man sentenced for sale of steroid cream after children fall ill." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1420 (September 2012): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201214200-00009.

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Messaad et al., Said Ait. "Epidemiological investigation of intestinal parasites in children of Sale city (Morocco)." Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries 26, no. 6 (November 1, 2022): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2022.273362.

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Ross, R. T., Lynn K. Stuart, and Frank E. Davis. "All-Terrain Vehicle Injuries in Children: Industry-Regulated Failure." American Surgeon 65, no. 9 (September 1999): 870–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313489906500913.

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Although the sale of all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) to children under 16 years of age was prohibited in 1988, they continue to represent half of the ATV-associated injuries. We conducted a retrospective review of ATV injuries admitted to our institution from 1988 to 1998. We identified 76 patients over the last 10 years, with 50 patients admitted in the last 4 years. Children <16 years of age account for 50 per cent of all ATV-injured patients. Only eight per cent of these children wore helmets. We conclude that despite industry regulation, nearly half of ATV injuries continue to involve children under 16 years of age. The consent decree restricting access of children <16 years of age to ATVs has been ineffective and expired in April 1998. Significant morbidity and mortality continues to occur in children <16 years of age who operate these vehicles. Reform is needed, such as legislation that would mandate the sale of safety equipment on ATV purchase, as well as provide for ATV safety education.

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Ferrao, Ranjana. "Sale and Sexual Exploitation of Children in the Context of Travel and Tourism in Goa." Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice 3, no. 1 (April 2020): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516606920921152.

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Tourism has three sides: the good, the bad and the ugly. The good side is it generates employment and brings in investment. Tourism earns the state an average Rs 4,000 crore annually. 23 lakh tourists visit Goa; this income contributes to 15 per cent of India’s foreign exchange. The bad side is everything has become commercial in a state like Goa, where employment opportunities are few and everyone wants to ride the bus of tourism. They want to set up hotels, rent their homes, bikes and cars or start some business to facilitate tourism. In this process, the beautiful scenic Goa has become a commercial hub. The ugly side is tourism not only brings tourists but also their culture, culture which views children as sex objects or views sex with a child as normal behaviour. This has made Goa the sex capital of India. Many Indian and foreign tourists come in search of child sex in Goa. Goa is also openly advertised as a state with free and liberal values. This has made our children vulnerable. There are various ways in which the sex offenders get access to children. Some approach the children directly on the beach, while others offer them a drink or a meal before taking them back their hotel rooms. Many contact children through their social media platforms. After making friends and chatting with them for a considerable period of time, they fix a meeting with them only to exploit them. Many people function as agents who are involved in supplying children to these men who come in search of them. This article discusses the evil effects of tourism on children such as sale of children, child sexual abuse, child pornography, child prostitution and paedophilia. Abuse and exploitation of children in tourism can have severe impact on children; it can also affect the tourist destination. The article will discuss ethical methods, which can be adopted to encourage tourism and keep the children of Goa safe.

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Dennis, Michael J. "Newly Adopted Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child." American Journal of International Law 94, no. 4 (October 2000): 789–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2589806.

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On May 25,2000, the United Nations General Assembly adopted by consensus two Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child: the Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (Children in Armed Conflict Protocol) and the Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Pornography and Child Prostitution (Sale of Children Protocol).1 These instruments represent major advances in the international effort to strengthen and enforce norms for the protection of the most vulnerable children, who desperately need the world's attention. The Children in Armed Conflict Protocol deals realistically and reasonably with the difficult issues of minimum ages for compulsory recruitment, voluntary recruitment, and participation in hostilities. The Protocol raises the age for military conscription to eighteen from fifteen years, as stipulated under existing international law; obliges states parties to raise the minimum age for voluntary recruitment to an age above the current fifteen-year international standard; and requires states parties to take all feasible measures to ensure that personnel in their national armed forces who are not yet eighteen do not take a direct part in hostilities.

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Linn, Susan, and Courtney L. Novosat. "Calories for Sale: Food Marketing to Children in the Twenty-First Century." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 615, no. 1 (January 2008): 133–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716207308487.

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de Boer-Buquicchio, Maud. "All rights for surrogacy-born children full scale." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 37, no. 4 (December 2019): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0924051919884752.

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Surrogacy offers new opportunities for family formation, but presents legal and ethical challenges for the rights of different stakeholders concerned. This contribution looks at the practise from a child rights' perspective. Safeguards are needed to prevent exploitative practises and sale to occur and to protect the fundamental rights of surrogacy-born children, regardless of States' stance on surrogacy.

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Petrović, Marija, and Irena Stanišić. "Making a mobile P.E. gim to enhance and monitor the interest of pre-school children inl physical activities." Sinteze, no. 22 (2022): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sinteze11-41568.

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The aim of the paper is to examine the contribution of the constructed device, props and the new mobile gym to children's interest in their use in physical activities. Both parents and pre-school teachers took part in the creation of the mobile gym and its equipment. They provided all the necessary material needed for making the following: ladders, beanbags, hula hoops, skipping ropes, cubes, mats, bowling pins, balance bar. This research included 55 children (30 boys and 25 girls). The research was carried out by monitoring the children and their interest in the provided props during the period of 3 weeks. The first pieces of props (5 of them) were introduced in the first week. In the second and the third week the pieces of props for which the children showed less interest were removed and new were introduced. Parents, teachers and children filled in the interviews. The research was carried out successfully. The results showed which props were more and which less interesting to children. Also, in general, children showed great interest in a new mobile gym and physical education (P.E.) props.

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Broomhall, Helen, Jon Hare, and William Watts. "The Smoke-Free Project." Australian Journal of Primary Health 1, no. 1 (1995): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py95013.

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Limiting the sale of cigarettes to tobacconists and substantial increases in price are two measures most likely to reduce or prevent adolescent smoking. Continuing education about the dangers and other undesirable aspects of smoking, whilst not sufficient in itself to deter teenage smoking, is also important. This pilot study had two major aims: (1) to inform primary school children (grades 5 to 7) about the risks of smoking, and to do this in an innovative manner, involving both parents and teachers; and (2) to gauge the degree of support from parents for increased restrictions in the sale of tobacco products and for substantial increases in price. Such support is essential to enable the political decisions necessary to restrict sales and increase prices. A majority of parents surveyed supported restrictions in the sale of cigarettes and increases in price. The innovative educational method used in this study was very well received by the children and their teachers. Suggestions are made for further development of the educational method and extension of the study.

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Georgijevic, Goran. "Civil Law Aspects of the Mauritian Children's Bill of 2019." Bratislava Law Review 4, no. 1 (August 31, 2020): 143–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2020.4.1.178.

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The Mauritian Children’s Bill of 2019 addresses many issues pertaining to child protection, such as best interest of a child, prohibition of discrimination of children, marriage of children, ill-treatment of children, surrogacy and sale of children and child prostitution. However, we may observe that the Bill regulates mainly the criminal law aspects as well as the administrative measures aiming at protecting children. The Bill does not contain the rules on Civil law aspects of the issues addressed in the Bill. In this article, we will analyse those Civil law aspects.

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Kyei-Gyamfi, Sylvester, Nii Wellington, and Frank Kyei-Arthur. "Prevalence, Reasons, Predictors, Perceived Effects, and Regulation of Alcohol Use among Children in Ghana." Journal of Addiction 2023 (July 18, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9032348.

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Early initiation of alcohol consumption increases the risk of alcohol dependence and adverse health outcomes. Consequently, nations have enacted laws to make alcohol unlawful to be purchased by, sold to, or used in public by children. This study examined the lifetime prevalence of alcohol use among children and their reasons for consuming alcohol. In addition, the study investigated predictors of alcohol consumption and the effects of alcohol use on children. Finally, it examined the effectiveness of measures in place for regulating the sale and use of alcohol by children in the country. A total of 5024 children between the ages of 8 and 17 were sampled across the ten regions of Ghana using a cross-sectional convergent parallel mixed method. Children were interviewed with a semi-structured questionnaire, while focus group discussions were held with children, parents, and key informants. Lifetime prevalence of alcohol consumption was measured by “have you ever taken alcohol?”. The study revealed that lifetime alcohol consumption was less prevalent (6.6%) among children. Sex, age, and region of residence were significant predictors of lifetime alcohol use among children. More than half of the children who reported ever taking alcohol were first introduced to drinking by friends, and more than six in ten children claimed having been intoxicated after drinking alcohol. The findings further revealed that efforts to control the sale and consumption of alcohol by children have proven difficult despite the existence of laws, policies, and national regulatory structures. While regulations on alcohol sales and consumption have been difficult to implement in rural areas, they have been successful in urban areas because institutions there ensure rigorous adherence to the regulations. The study encourages national organizations with responsibility for child protection and development to step up their regulation, investigation, and information-sharing efforts to discourage and limit children from purchasing and consuming alcohol.

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Hewson, Claire. "Time for giving." Early Years Educator 21, no. 8 (December 2, 2019): S8—S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eyed.2019.21.8.s8.

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Use the classic picture book The Smartest Giant in Town to help children reflect upon the joy of receiving and giving a gift. Explore ideas for giving, including a bake sale, to raise funds for a charity.

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Laverty, Anthony A., Eszter Panna Vamos, Christopher Millett, Kiara C.-M. Chang, Filippos T. Filippidis, and Nicholas S. Hopkinson. "Child awareness of and access to cigarettes: impacts of the point-of-sale display ban in England." Tobacco Control 28, no. 5 (September 20, 2018): 526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054511.

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IntroductionEngland introduced a tobacco display ban for shops with >280 m2 floor area (‘partial ban’) in 2012, then a total ban in 2015. This study assessed whether these were linked to child awareness of and access to cigarettes.MethodsData come from the Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use survey, an annual survey of children aged 11–15 years for 2010–2014 and 2016. Multivariate logistic regression models assessed changes in having seen cigarettes on display, usual sources and ease of access to cigarettes in shopsResultsDuring the partial display ban in 2012, 89.9% of children reported seeing cigarettes on display in the last year, which was reduced to 86.0% in 2016 after the total ban (adjusted OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.66). Reductions were similar in small shops (84.1% to 79.3%)%) and supermarkets (62.6% to 57.3%)%). Although the ban was associated with a reduction in the proportion of regular child smokers reporting that they bought cigarettes in shops (57.0% in 2010 to 39.8% in 2016), we did not find evidence of changes in perceived difficulty or being refused sale among those who still did.DiscussionTobacco point-of-sale display bans in England reduced the exposure of children to cigarettes in shops and coincided with a decrease in buying cigarettes in shops. However, children do not report increased difficulty in obtaining cigarettes from shops, highlighting the need for additional measures to tackle tobacco advertising, stronger enforcement of existing laws and measures such as licencing for tobacco retailers.

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La Vieille, Sébastien, Zoe Gillespie, Yvette Bonvalot, Karima Benkhedda, Nancy Grinberg, Joel Rotstein, Jennifer Barber, and Andrew D. Krahn. "Caffeinated energy drinks in the Canadian context: health risk assessment with a focus on cardiovascular effects." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 46, no. 9 (September 2021): 1019–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2021-0245.

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In Canada, caffeinated energy drinks (CEDs) currently sold under Temporary Marketing Authorizations must meet strict eligibility criteria. These criteria, which include compositional and labelling requirements, were developed based on the outcome of a health risk assessment conducted by Health Canada (HC) in 2013. HC updated its assessment by reviewing new information with the focus on potential cardiovascular effects associated with the consumption of CEDs available for sale in Canada. Due to limited data on CED consumption among Canadians to derive accurate exposure information, the composition of a typical CED was characterized to assess the potential effects of single ingredients and synergistic interactions between ingredients on the cardiovascular system. Surveillance data on potential adverse effects related to CED consumption was also analyzed. After extensive review, HC’s updated assessment confirms the current risk management approach for CEDs is health protective for Canadian consumers, including the potential for cardiovascular effects. The available evidence supports that moderate consumption (up to 500 mL per day) of a typical CED authorized for sale in Canada is safe for the general population of healthy adults and adolescents. It also re-confirms that vulnerable sub-populations (i.e., children, pregnant and/or breastfeeding women, and caffeine-sensitive individuals) should not consume CEDs. Novelty: Consumption up to 500 mL per day of a typical CED is not associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular effects. Children, pregnant and/or breastfeeding women, and caffeine-sensitive individuals should not consume CEDs.

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Thamrin, Muhammad Arganata, and Affero Ismail. "THE ACT OF SALE OF A POSTPARTUM CHILD BY THE CHILD’S BIRTH MOTHER." Awang Long Law Review 6, no. 1 (November 29, 2023): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.56301/awl.v6i1.1011.

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Children are the next generation and determinants of the future of the nation as well as a mirror of life attitudes in the future. Therefore, they need to get the opportunity to grow and develop their physical need, mental and social skill properly. However, sometimes they face serious problem such as getting pregnant out of wedlock when they are 13 years old. The problem occurs because of something undesirable and for that reason they are not ready to become parents. Thus, they commit acts of minor trafficking that are contrary to the provisions of the article 76f juncto Article 83 of Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection. Minor trafficking is a crime that violates human rights, whose perpetrators are not only adults but also children and most of them are victims of criminal acts. The minors who commited criminal acts need to be taken seriously and their criminal liability is different from adults. Therefore, the minors who are in conflict with the law still get specifically protection regulated in Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System.

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Wijayanti, Siska, Elvia Sulmiarini, and Vitria Vitria. "CREATING ECO-FRIENDLY BAGS TO REDUCE PLASTIC WASTE AND INCREASE SALE VALUE." Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science 1, no. 6 (March 28, 2022): 593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.55324/ijoms.v1i6.119.

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Plastic waste has become a common problem in Indonesia. The Indonesian government has actually issued many policies to overcome the impact of plastic waste, but so far the Indonesian government has not succeeded in dealing with plastic waste. Currently, Indonesia has many young generations. As the younger generation in Indonesia, we propose a solution to deal with plastic waste, namely by using environmentally friendly bags made from spun bonds. We also implement the solutions we offer for the children at Rumah Yatim and Dhuafa Islahul Hayat Foundation, Pondok Petir.

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Bai, Jinzi. "Childhood for Sale: Unraveling the Commodification of Children in the Realm of Mengwa-Child Influencers." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 19, no. 1 (October 26, 2023): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/19/20231390.

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The Internet's quick development has given people access to a wider audience. Anyone can use this platform to create their own content as a self-media creator. In November 2021, the General Office of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism issued the "Opinions on Strengthening the Protection of Minors in the Online Cultural Market, strictly prohibiting the use of "Child Influencers" for profit. Based on this phenomenon, this article focuses on a group of child influencers to explore the impact of children's commercialization on their physical and mental health. Therefore, the psychology of the child can answer this question. Observe their physical and mental health problems in the self-media environment, and understand the new changes of children in the network society. The results found that child influencers who have been exposed to social media for a long time are more likely to have value deviations, anxiety, an obsession with virtual identities, and a tendency to become adults.

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Elvina Winarto, Romindo Romindo, Yudhistira Adhitya Pratama, and Okky Putra Barus. "Sosialisasi Sistem Point of Sale Berbasis Web pada Toko Rita Kosmetik." ABDIKAN: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Bidang Sains dan Teknologi 2, no. 2 (May 30, 2023): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.55123/abdikan.v2i2.2282.

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Nowadays, cosmetics have become a daily necessity for women, men, and children. The cosmetics in question are not just make-up cosmetics such as powder or blush. Products such as shampoo and soap are also included as cosmetics that fall into the skincare category. Various phenomena or trends that enter Indonesia affect cosmetic sales. Rita Kosmetik Store has been running since 2004 and until now Rita Kosmetik Store is still running its business manually, using paper media. The manual process has many weaknesses, including human error, long data management, weak supervision, and low data integrity. The author then designed a web-based point-of-sale system using Laravel with a MySQL database based on these problems. The resulting point-of-sale system helps Rita Kosmetik Store owners and employees in recording, collecting, and managing business transactions, inventory is properly tracked, and the resulting reports do not take much time and are more accurate.

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Myasnikova, Elena N., and Tatiana V. Zhubreva. "POSITIVE EXPERIENCE OF ORGANIZING CATERING IN EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS OF PODOLSK." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no. 3 (June 30, 2019): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2019-3-114-120.

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Healthy nutrition exerts positive impact on quality of life and life span of people laid during the foundation period of the organism in the children and teenage years, i.e. when all children and teenagers go to pre-school and school. The article provides information about catering organization in education institution in certain entities of the Russian Federation. Catering services rendered in the traditional format used in regions were compared with the board format realized in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Positive sides of the traditional system of catering for children and teenagers in education institutions were illustrated by the work of the Podolsk Group of Catering Services and Whole-Retail Sale. The shift to the centralized making food for supply to education institutions and shutting-down their cooking blocks were recognized as inexpedient. It is grounded by a number of restrictions and problems, including excessive unification of food, impossibility to respond quickly to the customers’ needs and increase in the best-before dates of finished food, which can cause a drop in organoleptic characteristics of food. A threatening problem is security of finished culinary produce, whose infringement, according to RBK, led to food intoxication and serious illnesses in children and teenagers. In this connection the work of the Podolsk administration and the Podolsk Group of Catering Services and Whole-Retail Sale dealing with supply of high quality food can be considered as positive experience.

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Isola, Lisa. "Saturnina verkauft ihre Kinder." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Romanistische Abteilung 136, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 111–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrgr-2019-0006.

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Abstract Saturnina sells her children. There is only one source on the sale of one's own freeborn children from classical times: a rescript of Caracalla in C. 7,16,1. Given the fact that the inquiry was most probably made by a woman – Saturnina –, it is unlikely that one can use this text for a study of the paternal ius vendendi in Roman law, as it has happened in the past. The following article will focus on the textual tradition, especially of the inscriptio, but will develop arguments regarding the content of this text as well.

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Oyeleye, Omobola Awosika. "Medical Diagnoses for Sale or for Political Reasons: We are all Victims." Journal of Healthcare Ethics & Administration 5, no. 1 (October 19, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22461/jhea.1.71620.

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The article discusses the implications of the actions of health care professionals who engage in unethical conduct for altruistic purposes or for pecuniary gain. It analyzes the highly publicized news story where parents allegedly paid a lot of money to get their children admitted to colleges, including engaging the services of psychologists who created fake diagnoses of learning disabilities. It explores earlier unethical acts by healthcare professionals like physicians in Wisconsin who wrote work excuse notes for Wisconsin teachers, without any physician/patient relationship or assessments, and dentists and nurses who violated their professional ethical principles. Also discussed, is the impact of such acts on the respective professions and the potential impact on unseen victims like individuals with disabilities. The universality of the impact and the need for communal vigilance are highlighted.

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Montague, Lauren E., Juliana M. Marcotrigiano, Niamh E. Keane, Hannah E. Marquardt, Jennifer A. Sevin, and Nancy E. Karraker. "Online sale of small turtles circumvents public health regulations in the United States." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 21, 2022): e0278443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278443.

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In the United States (U.S.), pet turtles have been associated with outbreaks of salmonellosis, a serious and sometimes-fatal intestinal illness caused by Salmonella bacteria, with nearly 300,000 people being infected in some years. Children are particularly susceptible because of their propensity to put items, including small turtles, in their mouths. In 1975, a U.S. federal regulation prohibited the sale of turtles <4 inches (101.6 mm) in size, except for the purposes of export, scientific, or educational purposes. This regulation was established to reduce the incidence of salmonellosis, particularly in small children. Previous research has not evaluated the availability of turtles <4 inches in size on websites selling wildlife. We monitored 16 websites in 2021 and quantified listings of small turtles. We determined whether information on Salmonella, the 1975 federal regulation, or related state regulations were provided on the websites and determined legality of sales of small turtles by state regulations. We found that all 16 websites openly advertised and sold turtles <4 inches in size, but only half of these websites provided information about Salmonella and/or the federal regulation. These websites required buyers to confirm that they were not purchasing a turtle as a pet, thereby putting the onus on the consumer to adhere to the regulation. We documented 515 listings of turtles <4 inches in size, including 47 species and one hybrid. Our study has demonstrated that internet sales of small turtles currently represent part of the thriving online pet trade in the U.S. Enforcement of the federal regulation faces jurisdictional challenges in most states. Therefore, we recommend continued public education campaigns by public health agencies in the U.S. to help reduce the risk that pet turtle ownership presents.

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Tengker, Ruth Faleria, and Riven Karundeng. "Sale and promotion of tobacco products to youth around schools in a metropolitan city : A shoe leather survey." Journal of Global Oral Health 2 (February 29, 2020): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jgoh_72_2019.

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Objectives: Tobacco causes 6 million deaths globally and India accounts for one-sixth of the world’s tobacco- related deaths; 37.9% of children begin tobacco use by the age of 10 years in India. Our objective was to document tobacco retailers’ prevalence, point of sale (PoS) add and their attitude toward selling tobacco around educational institutions in Chennai metropolitan city. Materials and Methods: All the educational institutions in Mugappair, Chennai city were shoe leather surveyed in May 2014. A total of 26 institutions and all the retailers within 100 yards were surveyed for PoS, advertisement, no sale to minor signage, and institutional sign regarding ban on sale of tobacco within 100 yards of premises. Retailers also filled a self-administered questionnaire on their attitude toward selling tobacco. Results: A total of 57 retailers within 100 yards of the institution were surveyed. About 94.7% sold tobacco, of which 31 were shops, 15 were cafes, and 8 were temporary settlements meant only for sales of tobacco. About 73% were located within 10 m from the institutions. Only one institution displayed tobacco ban and one retailer had ban on tobacco sale to minor signage. About 47.3% did not want to stop selling tobacco, 68.4% reported tobacco sale profitable, and 78.9% suggested stopping production of tobacco to improve compliance (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Unrestricted availability, access to tobacco among the youth, and enactment nonfeasance toward tobacco control laws were widely prevalent. Our observations can help formulate specific programs to counteract tobacco epidemic prevalent among youth of this nation.

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Calomiris, Charles W., and Jonathan B. Pritchett. "Preserving Slave Families for Profit: Traders' Incentives and Pricing in the New Orleans Slave Market." Journal of Economic History 69, no. 4 (December 2009): 986–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050709001351.

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We investigate determinants of slave family discounts in the New Orleans slave market. We find large price discounts for families unrelated to scale effects, childcare costs, legal restrictions, or transport costs. We posit that because family members voluntarily cared for each other, sellers sometimes found it advantageous to keep families together (when families included needy or dependent members). Evidence from ship manifests carrying slaves for sale in New Orleans provides direct evidence for selectivity bias in explaining slave family discounts. Children likely to have been shipped with their mothers are 1 to 2 inches shorter than other children.

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Setiyowati, Setiyowati, and Diana Ulfatun Khasanah. "DETERMINATION OF PARENTS AS GUARDIANS OF BIOLOGICAL CHILDREN WHO ARE STILL MINORS IN THE SALE AND PURCHASE OF LAND RIGHTS (Analysis of the Determination of the Semarang Religious Court Case No. 396/Pdt.P/2022/PA.Smg)." UNTAG Law Review 7, no. 1 (June 20, 2023): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.56444/ulrev.v7i1.4105.

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Article 47 paragraph (1) Law no. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage states that children who have not reached the age of 18 or have never been married, are under the authority of their parents as long as they are not deprived of their authority. However, what happened in the field was that many biological parents applied to the Semarang Religious Court for guardianship because they were asked by the PPAT on the grounds that it was the basis for making a Sale and Purchase Deed required by the National Land Agency (BPN), one of them in case number 396/Pdt.P/2022/PA.Smg. The formulation of the problem in this study: (1) What is the procedure for buying and selling land rights for minors? (2) Why does BPN require parents to be the guardians of biological children who are underage in buying and selling land rights? (3) What is the basis for the judge's considerations regarding the determination of parents as guardians of biological children who are still minors in the sale and purchase of land rights in case No. 396/Pdt.P/2022/PA.Smg? The research method used in this research is normative juridical research. The specifications in this study are analytical descriptive. Data is analyzed by way of Qualitative. The results of this study are (1) The procedure for transferring land rights owned by minors, namely the stages of the procedure in PPAT and the stages that must be fulfilled are permission to determine parental authority or determination of guardianship representing minors to the court. (2) The reason BPN requires the determination of parents is because it is the basis for making a sale and purchase deed and as legal evidence for the interests of the parties in the future. (3) The basis for the judge's consideration is that the assembly grants his request with consideration based on the principle of prudence and legal certainty

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Pereira, Inês, and Tânia M. Veludo-de-Oliveira. "Analysis of the promotion of cigarettes at the point of sale and its attractiveness to children." International Journal of Consumer Studies 38, no. 3 (April 16, 2014): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12099.

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Sarybayeva, А. B., and Zh B. Bolat. "THE IMPACT OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ON CHILDREN." BULLETIN Series of Sociological and Political sciences 77, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2022-1.1728-8940.09.

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The article describes the types, causes and risk factors of child abuse in the family. Currently, one of the urgent social problems in society is: the impact of domestic violence on children. We see how brutality, violence is escalating, the situation is escalating. The reason for this was the quarrels of parents in the family, the consequences of alcohol and drugs. There are often factors associated with the abduction of children, their trafficking, placement in hard work or the sale of body parts. All these situations are a problem that cannot be solved in the world. It is obvious that a child who has been abused is terrified, such a crime cannot be prevented because of the concealment of children. In this regard, the article provides a comparative analysis of forms of violence against children in Kazakhstan, Russia and abroad. The results of surveys conducted through social networks were also discussed. The systematization of interpretations of the concept of violence in science, as well as categories of child abuse, is proposed.

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Lee, Seong-Young, and Chang-heum Byeon. "A Study on the Comparison of Development Gains Distribution Effects of Privately-Owned House with Public Purpose." Korean Association for Housing Policy Studies 31, no. 3 (August 31, 2023): 63–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24957/hsr.2023.31.3.63.

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This study confirmed the effect of redeeming development gains from privately owned houses with public purpose and public sale houses by comparing the distribution ratio of development gains taken by the public and by individuals. Using the A2-1 block in Namyanrposegju’s Byeolnae district as a case site, the degree of distribution of development profits by each type is compared when the units are sold six years after moving in. As a result, the general type of public sale house (84.9%) is the type of housing for which the initial buyer takes more than 50% of the development profit, followed by the Newlyweds Hope Town B type (30% loan, 2 children) (73.4%), and the sharing type of public sale house (65%). The land leased house not only has minimal development gains taken by the initial buyer, but it is also likely that the original value of the building will be eroded due to increased depreciation costs over time. This study is meaningful as it can provide the basic data to compare the development gains distribution effects of the current intermediate housing model before developing various intermediate housing models that properly share development gains and continuously supply low-cost housing.

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Inungu, Joseph N., Cyprien E. Zinsou, Younis Mustafa, and Narcisse Singbo. "Factors Associated with the Uptake of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate (NADCC) Tablets as Household Water-Treatment Product among Caregivers of Children under Five in Benin, West Africa." Journal of Health and Human Services Administration 39, no. 1 (March 2016): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107937391603900107.

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Improving access to safe drinking water is a critical step in mitigating diarrheal diseases that affect millions of children under 5 years throughout the developing world each year. While the delivery of safe water is out of the reach of many countries, the utilization of Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) is a proven cost-effective alternative to prevent diarrhea caused by waterborne pathogens. However, its uptake remains low in many developing countries, such as the Republic of Benin. This study examines the trends and the determinants of NaDCC uptake in Benin. Population Services International and its affiliate conducted two multistage household surveys among caregivers of children under five in Benin to examine the practices towards diarrheal disease in children under five and identify the factors associated with the use of NaDCC in this population. 2912 respondents/caregivers of children under five were interviewed in 2009 versus 3196 in 2011. The proportion of caregivers who reported ever treating water with NaDCC increased from 5.8% in 2009 to 11.5% in 2011, p<0.001. The logistic regression model showed that caregivers who knew places that sell NaDCC in the community; those who felt capable of utilizing NADCC correctly to treat drinking water as well as caregivers who reported to be Muslim were more likely than their counterparts to use NaDCC as water treatment product. In order to increase the use of NADCC among caregivers, the Government of Benin and its development partners should focus not only on making NADCC available in the community and informing the community members about the different points of sale, but also in building up the capacity and confidence of caregivers in utilizing it.

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Lazaroff, Norman. "An Affordable Digital Micrography to Interest Children (Of all Ages) in Science." Microscopy Today 8, no. 1 (January 2000): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500057138.

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Inexpensive fixed-focus digital cameras can be used with homemade lens attachments to obtain good quality close-up images and photomicrographs. The current availability of inexpensive digital cameras with resolutions of 1024 x 768 pixels or better is brought about by technical advance and the continual introduction of competing new models and accessories. The digital camera which I use costs less than $150 nowat a liquidation sale or internet auction, and the price continues to decrease. Although more expensive digital cameras are great to have, their advanced features are not necessary for introducing young students to the digital revolution in photography and for exploring the microscopic world.

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Malik, Omaima, Dr Abida Perveen, and Dr Masroor Khanam. "Television Advertising and Its Impact on Children." International Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (September 20, 2021): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/irjmss.v2.2(21)4.40-51.

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Advertising is a form of communication that is done to influence the sale of a service, product or commodity, to promote or propagate a thought, or to bring about any other change desired by those financing or executing the advertisement or commercial. Advertising tends to have the strongest influence on children, who are considered the most susceptible target group. With impressionable minds, they tend to retain the message of advertisements more lucidly and without judgment. Furthermore, they tend to spend more time watching television and also have limited exposure to the outside world as opposed to adults. Therefore, the onus lies with parents to regulate the content that is available and accessible to children. Such content moderation must be done in accordance with societal norms and the teachings of Islam. This paper explores the potential impact of advertising on children in Pakistani society, with special emphasis in the context of Islamic teachings. As a religion, Islam provides a comprehensive code of ethics for raising children. This study analyzes a sample of commercials that have been developed for children through a survey to determine its effects on the intended audience.

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Estrada-Chávez, Guadalupe, Roberto Estrada, Daniel Engelman, Jesus Molina, and Guadalupe Chávez-López. "Cushing Syndrome due to Inappropriate Corticosteroid Topical Treatment of Undiagnosed Scabies." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 3, no. 3 (August 3, 2018): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3030082.

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The uncontrolled sale of topical corticosteroids has become an important risk factor for the development of iatrogenic Cushing syndrome in children, especially in countries where medications are sold over the counter. This is exacerbated by the lack of information for both the patients and pharmacists. This report documents a series of eight cases of iatrogenic Cushing syndrome secondary to an inappropriate use of topical steroids, due to a misdiagnosis of scabies.

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Hyder-Rahman, Nishat. "Commercial Gestational Surrogacy: Unravelling the threads between reproductive tourism and child trafficking." Anti-Trafficking Review, no. 16 (April 29, 2021): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14197/atr.201221168.

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Narratives of commercial gestational surrogacy (CGS) as ‘baby-selling’ often conflate or interchange the transfer of children born via surrogacy with trafficking in children or the sale of children, two sometimes overlapping but nonetheless distinct offenses. Moreover, anti-trafficking laws have been used to police cross-border CGS. But when do CGS arrangements fall within the category of legitimate ‘reproductive tourism’ and when do they amount to child trafficking? In this paper I critically explore intersections between human trafficking laws and CGS, vis-à-vis the child, charting the relevant trafficking laws in the context of international surrogacy, and analysing whether trafficking laws are an appropriate mechanism through which to regulate CGS. I conclude that while child trafficking might occur via surrogacy, CGS in itself is not child trafficking under international law.

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Lee, Yanghee. "Communications procedure under the Convention on the Rights of the Child: 3rd Optional Protocol." International Journal of Children's Rights 18, no. 4 (2010): 567–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181810x527239.

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AbstractThe adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child by the UN General Assembly in 1989 marked a shift in paradigm from viewing children as the possession of parents and objects of welfare to individuals with rights. At the outset of the second millennium, two optional protocols to the Convention (Optional Protocol on Children in Armed Conflict and Optional Protocol on Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, Child Pornography) were adopted in 2000. The need for a communications procedure was suggested from the very beginning of the drafting process. This article will discuss developments leading to the establishment of an open-ended working group for the elaboration of a communications procedure, 3rd Optional Protocol to the CRC. Concerns, questions, and the discussion surrounding the scope and content of the Optional Protocol will be elaborated.

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Budi Purwantiningsih and M. Rasikhul Islam. "Pengembangan Kreativitas Anak Asuh melalui Handycraft Panti Asuhan Al-Amin Geluran Taman Sidoarjo." Engagement : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 1, no. 1 (May 30, 2017): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29062/engagement.v1i1.8.

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Foster parents play an important role to explore and develop the potential of foster children's creativity. Therefore the purpose of this research is 1) The opening of knowledge of children al-Amin in making handycraft. 2) The establishment of a sense of motivational development of children al-Amin to optimize the manufacture of handycraft. 3) The establishment of a sense of belonging (self belonging) childrenOrphanage al-Amin to handycraft business results. 4) The creation of a sense of professionalism students in developing this handycraft business so it is expected to be a provision of business and provision of life later than al-Amin orphanage. This research is a descriptive research. Companion is instrumental in providing motivation to children, as well as directing the activities of foster children to be useful in the future. One of them is to motivate and lead the children to participate in creative development activities in the form of handycrafts. Forms of activities undertaken by children in the form of handycraft of ribbons, beads and patchwork that can be used for sale freely or wedding souvenirs

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Florkowski, Wojciech, Walter Motouri, Mohammed Ibrahim, and Sashidhara Kolavalli. "CASH SALE OF PEANUTS AMONG SMALL FARMERS IN THE NORTHERN REGION OF GHANA." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 4 (October 10, 2017): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5163.

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Small farmers grow peanuts to feed their families and to sell a portion of the crop to raise cash to pay, among others, their children school fees. The dual nature of peanut crop has been recognized, but not rigorously examined. The amount of sold peanuts depends on a number of factors and varies by location. This paper specifies an empirical relationship modeling the volume of sold peanuts using the survey data collected among small farmers in northern Ghana. The truncated nature of the dependent variable, the number of sold bags of peanuts, led to the application of the Tobit model. Among variables significantly influencing the number of sold bags are respondent and farm characteristics, prices, and general features of the environment in which a farmer sells peanuts, including distance to markets and credit access. Farmers choose to store peanuts rather than selling them at harvest because prices tend to increase, although by a small amount.

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van Doore, Kathryn E., and Rebecca Nhep. "Orphanage Trafficking and the Sustainable Development Goals." Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond 10, no. 1 (March 2023): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23493003231155989.

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This article examines the intersections of orphanage trafficking, a form of child trafficking and modern slavery, and the sale and sexual exploitation of children with reference to the Sustainable Development Goals. It outlines the contextual challenges of these intersections highlighting the special protection needs of children residing in institutions and outlines how orphanage tourism and funding undermine care reform efforts of national authorities. To address these issues, we make recommendations to address both the in-country and external causal factors that drive and enable orphanage trafficking suggesting that governments of host and sending countries should work in tandem, under the framework of international cooperation, to implement practical measures to combat orphanage trafficking.

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de Andrea, M. L., B. de Camargo, and R. Melaragno. "A new treatment protocol for childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: preliminary evaluation." Journal of Clinical Oncology 8, no. 4 (April 1990): 666–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1990.8.4.666.

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Between November 1986 and July 1988, 21 consecutively diagnosed children with nonlocalized abdominal lymphoma (Murphy's stage III and IV without CNS disease) were eligible for treatment with a multidrug chemotherapy schedule. The induction phase was the same for all (fractionated cyclophosphamide, intermedian-dose methotrexate [Mtx], vincristine [Vcr], and prednisone). After that the children were randomized to repeat the same scheme or intercalate teniposide (VM26) plus cytarabine (AraC) with the induction-phase scheme. All of them were treated for only 6 months. The protocol approved to be very effective with 85% remission in all the children and 94% survival in patients surviving the induction phase. The toxicity was acceptable, also considering the characteristics of our population (malnourished children). The group VM26 and AraC had few hospital admissions in spite of the small number of children because they received VM26 and AraC as outpatients. The sale purpose of the present study is to report that with a few simple procedures such as hydration, alkalinization, and drug fractionation, the chemotherapy schemes used can bring about a dramatic improvement in short-term survival.

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Rachmawati, Kadek, Sri Mulyati, Suzanita Utama, W. Wurlina, Kuncoro P. Santoso, and Ni Luh Suwasanti. "Peningkatan nilai produk olahan hasil laut dan gerakan gemar makan ikan bagi kelompok istri dan anak nelayan guna mencegah stunting [Increasing the value of processed sea products and the fish-eating movement for groups of fisherman wives and children to prevent stunting]." Bull. Community. Serv. 4, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/bulpengmas.v4i1.35366.

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This Community Service Activity is carried out to educate fishermen's wives on how to process marine products such as fish into processed foods that children like so that children will be more fond of eating fish, processed innovations using raw materials from marine products into dry products and wet products with high-quality nutritional value with high selling value, and increasing the love of eating fish among fishing families to increase intelligence and prevent stunting. The methods used are education, training, and mentoring for innovations in processed seafood which are popular with children and have high selling value, apart from that, education is also carried out about stunting and how to prevent stunting. The result of this PKM activity is that fishermen's wives can make various foods and snacks made from marine products that are popular with children and have value for sale so that they can provide income for fishermen's wives, as well as increase the understanding of fishermen's wives about stunting to prevent the incidence of stunting in fishermen's children and increase the movement for eating fish among fishermen's families.

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Tikhonova, N. V. "Sale leisure activities of children and youth in out of school educational establishments of physical culture and sports destinations." Physical education of students 18, no. 5 (October 28, 2014): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2014.0507.

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Purpose : To determine the role of extracurricular educational establishments of physical culture sports direction in providing leisure activities for children and youth. Material : The results of the analysis of the scientific and methodological literature, statistical reports of the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Ukraine, authorities of Physical Culture and Sport, authorities the Department of Education and Science. Results : Based on the analysis of statistical reports determined satisfactory condition and leisure activities in non-school educational establishments physical culture sports direction. This is confirmed by an increase in the number of pupils and students dealing all kinds of physical culture health improvement work. Also, the decline in the number of pupils and students classified for health reasons for the special medical group. Conclusions : Our data showed that extracurricular educational institutions physical culture sports direction have a place in leisure activities. They play an important role in motor activity, substantial leisure and healthy lifestyles for children and young people of our country.

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Bert, Fabrizio, Christian Previti, Francesco Calabrese, Giacomo Scaioli, and Roberta Siliquini. "Antibiotics Self Medication among Children: A Systematic Review." Antibiotics 11, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 1583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111583.

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The phenomenon of bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a rapidly growing global problem. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics as well as self-prescription are among the most important causes contributing to the growth of antibiotic resistance in humans. This systematic review describes the phenomenon of antibiotics self-medication (ASM) in children. The study was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist by searching PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science until July 2022. Published English language studies containing information regarding parents knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in self-administration of antibiotics in children were included. A total of 702 articles were identified, and 57 were selected. A higher prevalence of ASM among children was found in the Middle-East (34%), Africa (22%), Asia (20%) and South America (17%), while the lowest prevalence was found in Europe (8%). High distance from hospital, and low income, such as having more than one child, are related with an increased risk of ASM in children. Fever and cough can also promote the misuse of antibiotics by parents. A greater attention to the regulation of the sale of antimicrobial drugs can certainly limit the risk of self-medicating behavior.

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Adinkrah, Mensah. "Commercial Transactions in Children: The Case of Ghana." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 8 (July 24, 2017): 2391–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17721524.

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The current article represents an examination of commercial transactions involving the sale of children in contemporary Ghana. It presents the results of a criminological analysis of 20 cases of commercial transactions in children in Ghana. It describes the sociodemographic characteristics of offenders and victims, victim–offender relationships, offender motivations, public reactions to the phenomenon, as well as the criminal justice system’s responses to the crime. The data were extracted from Ghanaian print and electronic presses. The data show that more boys than girls were sold and that the ages of the victims ranged from 1 month to 19 years, although younger, prepubescent children were more likely to be sold than adolescents and younger adults. The results further show that the relationship between the offender and the child victim was a primary one, with parent–child relationships being dominant, followed by uncle–nephew. Pecuniary reasons were the primary motive for the crime, with offenders invariably expressing the need for money to satisfy pressing financial needs or personal enrichment. The data show that offenders were subject to prompt arrest, prosecution, and incarceration. A summary is provided for each of the 20 cases analyzed in the study.

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Journal articles on the topic 'SALE OF CHILDREN'

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