Relevant bibliographies by topics / Salary equality

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Salary equality'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Salary equality"

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Baldridge, David C., and Richard C. Dirmyer. ""Disability and Salary Equality: The Influence of Education, Gender and Race"." Academy of Management Proceedings 2015, no. 1 (January 2015): 13717. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2015.13717abstract.

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Tomer, Gitit, Stavra Xanthakos, Sandra Kim, Meenakshi Rao, Linda Book, Heather J. Litman, and Laurie N. Fishman. "Perceptions of Gender Equality in Work–Life Balance, Salary, Promotion, and Harassment." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 60, no. 4 (April 2015): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0000000000000637.

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Durso, Pamela R. "A word about …: Claiming our equality: Equal pay for women ministers." Review & Expositor 114, no. 3 (August 2017): 333–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0034637317721703.

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The current reality for women ministers is that they are paid significantly less than their male counterparts. Women of color in ministry encounter an even more bleak outlook with regard to salaries and benefits. Working for equality requires something of us all. Women ministers need to advocate for themselves by participating in the process of negotiating and asking for fair and equitable salary packages. Women must also advocate for one another and stand with their sisters in this work toward pay equality. But for true change to happen, male ministers will need to take the lead. Equality in the church requires us to change the way we have always related to one another as women and men and to work together to make that equality a reality.
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Kumar, Vijay. "The chaukidari force: Watchmen, police and Dalits from the 1860s to the 1920s in United Provinces." Studies in People's History 7, no. 1 (March 24, 2020): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448920908245.

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Recruitment in the chaukidari forces under colonial police administration was an alternative to the colonial army for Dalits to get socio-political status, consciousness, ‘economic freedom’ (cash salary, rewards, lands and concessions), education and ‘civic equality’. Therefore, the chaukidari in the colonial police administration was a positive source of support for a section of Dalits, despite the limitation of numbers.
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Ehrlich, Justin, Shane Sanders, and Christopher J. Boudreaux. "The relative wages of offense and defense in the NBA: a setting for win-maximization arbitrage?" Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports 15, no. 3 (August 27, 2019): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jqas-2018-0095.

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Abstract In basketball, a point scored on offense carries a nearly identical on-court (win) value as a point denied on defense (e.g. within the Pythagorean expected wins model). Both outcomes bear the same score margin implication. As such, a win-maximizing team is expected to value the two outcomes equally. We ask whether the salaries of NBA players reveal such an equality among NBA teams. If not, a win-maximizing team would enjoy a disequilibrium arbitrage opportunity, whereby the team could improve, in expectation, even while reducing roster payroll. We considered the 322 National Basketball Association (NBA) players during the 2016–2017 season who were on a full-season contract for which the salary was not stipulated under the NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement. We estimated the implied marginal wage of an additional point created on offense (denied on defense) per 100 possessions. Namely, we constructed a set of fixed effects, ordinary least squares regression models that specify a player’s pre-assigned 2016–2017 player salary as a function of primary team fixed effects, offensive adjusted plus minus, defensive adjusted plus minus, position-of-play, and control variables such as age. We conclude that a win-maximizing NBA team currently faces a substantial arbitrage opportunity. Namely, one unit of offense carries the same estimated implicit salary as approximately two and a half to four units of defense. We also find moderate between-team variation in adjusted plus minus return on payroll allocations.
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Walmsley, P. Y., and M. Ohtsu. "Teacher’s Salary Differentials and the Quality of Educational Services : Recent Developments in Saskatchewan." Relations industrielles 30, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 585–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/028653ar.

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This paper examines the relationship between teacher wage determination and the distribution of teacher skill-mix, based on recent Saskatchewan data. The authors argue that while centralized bargaining produces more uniform wage scale throughout the Province, it does not necessarily lead to the uniform distribution of teacher skill-mix among municipalities which is one of the most important conditions for the achievement of equality in the provision of educational services ; rather, it is the ability to pay of the individual school boards which has crucial bearings upon the composition of teacher skill-mix.
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Schweitzer, Linda, Eddy Ng, Sean Lyons, and Lisa Kuron. "Exploring the Career Pipeline: Gender Differences in Pre-Career Expectations." Articles 66, no. 3 (October 26, 2011): 422–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1006346ar.

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The pipeline theory suggests that increasing the number of women in male-dominated fields should lead to more equality in the labour market. This perspective does not account for differences in the expectations of men and women within the pipeline, which may serve to perpetuate inequities. This study explores the differences in the choice of academic preparation, career expectations, and career priorities of 23,413 pre-career men and women using a large sample of Canadian post-secondary students who are about to embark on their first careers. Our results indicate that, although women are increasingly entering male-dominated fields such as science/engineering and business, they continue to have lower salary expectations and expect a longer time to promotion than their male counterparts. That said, young women in male-dominated fields reported higher salary expectations than those in female-dominated fields. Additionally, young women indicated a preference for beta career priorities (e.g., work/life balance) that are associated with lower salaries, while men indicate a preference for alpha career priorities (e.g., build a sound financial base) that are associated with higher salaries. Our study also found that although women are entering the pipeline for male-dominated fields in greater numbers, it does not necessarily result in more equality for women in the labour market. We conclude that the inequities in the labour market are evident within the pre-career pipeline in the form of gendered expectations. We recommend a number of interventions that might address the expectation gap and therefore improve gender equity in the labour market.
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Díaz-Iglesias, Susana, Alicia Blanco-González, and Carmen Orden-Cruz. "The progress of Corporate Social Responsibility from a Gender perspective through the Change Management." Harvard Deusto Business Research 10, no. 1 (May 29, 2021): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.48132/hdbr.337.

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In recent years, one of the main priorities of companies has been to adapt their business activity and commercial strategy to be aligned with the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the United Nations, in its “2030 Agenda”. To overcome this challenge, companies develop and implement Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategies. One of the objectives that have generated the most interest is Goal 5 dedicated to promoting gender equality. This study analyzes the gender equality evolution in companies as part of CSR through Change Management (CM). To do this, a longitudinal study was carried in the last ten years with an analysis of the content of various reports from four of the most important banks in Spain. The results corroborate the growing interest of the largest Spanish financial institutions in gender equality. Being women's access to employment, salary gap information, and the presence of women on the board of directors a priority. Likewise, the CM appears as a lever for the achievement of the SDGs by the entities, gaining relevance in recent years, and being linked to the strategic approach and business objectives for the development of CSR.
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Begeny, C. T., M. K. Ryan, C. A. Moss-Racusin, and G. Ravetz. "In some professions, women have become well represented, yet gender bias persists—Perpetuated by those who think it is not happening." Science Advances 6, no. 26 (June 2020): eaba7814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba7814.

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In efforts to promote equality and combat gender bias, traditionally male-occupied professions are investing resources into hiring more women. Looking forward, if women do become well represented in a profession, does this mean equality has been achieved? Are issues of bias resolved? Two studies including a randomized double-blind experiment demonstrate that biases persist even when women become well represented (evinced in veterinary medicine). Evidence included managers evaluating an employee randomly assigned a male (versus female) name as more competent and advising a $3475.00 higher salary, equating to an 8% pay gap. Importantly, those who thought bias was not happening in their field were the key drivers of it—a “high risk” group (including men and women) that, as shown, can be readily identified/assessed. Thus, as other professions make gains in women’s representation, it is vital to recognize that discrimination can persist—perpetuated by those who think it is not happening.
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Spang, Lothar, and William P. Kane. "Who Speaks for Academic Librarians? Status and Satisfaction Comparisons between Unaffiliated and Unionized Librarians on Scholarship and Governance Issues." College & Research Libraries 58, no. 5 (September 1, 1997): 446–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crl.58.5.446.

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Scholarship and governance have emerged as the two most problematic aspects of faculty status for academic librarians. A comparative survey of 201 librarians, 126 unaffiliated and 75 unionized, revealed wide disparities, according to librarian status/title designations, in the opportunities afforded librarians to meet these requirements. The 34-item questionnaire focused on librarians’ status/title characteristics, representation means, and institutional support for professional development, sabbaticals/leaves, travel, tuition, and participatory management. Salary information, as a measure of librarian equality to teaching faculty, also was solicited. The survey results confirm that the absence of uniform representation on these status issues has profound implications for the future of the faculty status model as a standard for academic librarianship.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Salary equality"

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Weberová, Barbora. "Příjmová nerovnost mužů a žen v ČR (respektive v SR)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-194186.

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This degree work is focus on income inequality of men and women in the Czech Republic. The work is separated into theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part the importance is emphasized to equality, development of men's and women's equality and to regulations that include equality of men and women. More specified is also gender question and terms that are related. The practical part presents system of evaluation in the company and then it deals with progress of salaries and bonuses during years in the individual work position. Dates were got from specific company and then they were processed. Results are later comparing to dates of Czech statistical office.
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Laohasiriwong, Wongsa, and n/a. "Public versus private heath care provision in the northeast of Thailand." University of Canberra. Management, 2002. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050523.100911.

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This thesis is a comparative study of public and private health care provision in Northeast Thailand. It main objective is to explore the question of whether private health providers are more efficient and effective than their public health counterparts The thesis also examines equity concerns raised by the growth of private sector medical institutions The study commences by describing the changes in health problems, health policies and health care delivery in developing countries and Thailand that have led to the development and growth of private health care. This is followed by detailed consideration of the Northeast of Thailand including the socioeconomic context, health indicators and health delivery systems development paying particular attention to private sector growth. The remainder of the thesis is comprised of an empirical study of selected public and private sector hospitals in Northeast Thailand and an analysis of the results Much of the data was collected from questionnaires delivered to patients and staff in the study hospitals. The major findings include roughly similar levels of patient satisfaction between public and private hospitals; patients utilizing public hospitals often had no choice of which institutions to use, and the average incomes of patients attending private hospitals were above those of public hospital patients. There was undoubted inequity of access to private sector facilities. Data gathered from hospital staff showed greater levels of satisfaction with staffing levels and quality in private hospitals than in public ones. Salaries were more compressed in public hospitals due to central government rules than in private hospitals whose management was based on market considerations. However, higher salaries were paid to skilled professionals in the private sector. Public sector hospital management was typically bureaucratic with central government guidelines and decisions determining many aspects of hospital organization. It was found that comparison between public and private hospitals was complicated by the different missions and activities of institutions in the two sectors. The thesis concludes by arguing that the mixture of public and private health care providers has contributed to a more competitive atmosphere which has encouraged greater concern with quality and efficiency in the delivery of health services in Thailand.
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Öhrling, Julia. "Arbetsvärdering : en möjlig väg till jämställdhet i arbetslivet? En kvalitativ studie av ett arbetsvärderingsprojekt med jämställdhetssyfte i en kommun." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2620.

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The purpose of this degree project is to study a work evaluation project in a municipality, on the basis of key participants. The municipality is the employer, per-forming the workplace project and the chief objective is to reach gender equality between the employees. Equal pay for equal work. Through work evaluation is it pos-sible to find out which of a lot of different jobs, which have equal requirements. The jobs, which have equal requirements, should have equal pay.

According to Swedish law, all employers need to analyse and survey their salary/wage distribution, to identify and remedy sexual discrimination concerning that area. One way to do that is to do a work evaluation and to study the result. Studying the result was what the municipality was doing, when got in contact with it. My focus is to find out what the central issues, problems and hinders are, or can occur when an employer is trying to follow the law.

This study is based on qualitative research. The empirical material (interviews and ob-servations) from key participants, who took part in the project in the municipality, is presented through excerpts. They speak about different problems and other aspects they have experienced during the work process with the result from the evaluation project. The material is then analysed in the light of different theories. The theories treat areas as gender and organisation.

For example is not al of the involved unions of the same opinion about the project. Money is one aspect that the key persons talk about and the circumstances around how to reach the goals of the project is another subject. The result of the study has shown that it could be useful within the project to have greater concern about the system of gender and to stronger point out the gains of ex-tended gender equality. Thou a lot of money are needed if equal pay for equal work should be reached, the gain in efficiency from the employed might compensate that.

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Nakamura, Miliana Sanchez. "Análise da equiparação salarial no trabalho artístico do ator a partir da fenomenologia dos fatos jurídicos." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9106.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miliana Sanchez Nakamura.pdf: 940661 bytes, checksum: c47b3e092443e9099813678be2f5ee60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-24
Salary parity is a legal obligation deriving from principles of equality that aims to prevent discrimination in the workplace and to get the social justice and the equality to employees. For all this, in the first moment, the salary parity rule is applied indiscriminately to all employees. This work analyzes the world of actor s artistic job, with all related facts in this job, using the phenomenology theory of legal facts for checking if in this case there is phatic support when the work of one actor is comparable with the work of another actor. The phenomenology theory of legal facts has been applied to the analysis of salary parity in the acting industry in order to help law professionals to analyze and to understand the facts related to the world of actor s artistic job, diminishing the legal uncertainty generated by the lack of consensus regarding the matter
A equiparação salarial é uma regra jurídica que tem como origem princípios de igualdade que objetivam coibir atos discriminatórios, alcançar a justiça social e incentivar tratamentos isonômicos aos empregados. Neste contexto, a regra da equiparação salarial se estende, em um primeiro momento, a todos os empregados indistintamente. O presente trabalho analisa o universo do trabalho artístico do ator, com os fatos a ele relacionados, para, aí então, por meio da aplicação da Teoria da Fenomenologia dos Fatos Jurídicos, verificar, dentro do rigor legal, se há incidência do suporte fático da norma, quando se compara o trabalho de atores. A aplicação da Teoria da Fenomenologia dos Fatos Jurídicos ao instituto da equiparação salarial do trabalho artístico do ator objetiva servir como instrumento auxiliar de análise aos operadores do direito em relação à categoria profissional dos atores, diminuindo, assim, a insegurança jurídica gerada pela não uniformidade de entendimentos até então sobre o tema
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Aboume, Amvame Clotilde. "Approche critique du principe d’égalité de traitement des salaries en droit du travail interne." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. https://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/ulprive/DDOC_T_2019_0352_ABOUME_AMVAME.pdf.

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La présente étude vise à démontrer que le principe d'égalité de traitement des salariés, émanation de la jurisprudence de la chambre sociale de la Cour de cassation, est inexistant des textes internes lesquelles instituent des règles d'égalité de natures très différentes faisant ressortir toute l'originalité conceptuelle du principe d'égalité de traitement des salariés. La force donnée à ce principe par la jurisprudence de la chambre sociale de la Cour de cassation trouve ses limites, voire ses contradictions dans les évolutions récentes de son régime juridique dont les fondements sont tout aussi discutables que l'extension du principe lui-même
The present study aims to demonstrate that the principle of equal treatment of employees, as consecrated by the case law of the social chamber of the Court of Cassation, is absent from internal texts, which establish rules of equality of treatment of different natures, illustrating the originality of the principle of equality of treatment of employees. The strength given to that principle by the case law of the social chamber of the Court of Cassation finds its limits, even its contradictions in recent developments of its legal regime, whose foundations are as questionable as the extension of the principle itself
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Häger, Emelie, and Penelope Magounakis. "Setting the News Agenda : Women’s Influence and Status in Dar es Salaam’s Radio Newsrooms." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för medier och journalistik (MJ), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-60010.

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The widespread presence of radio in Tanzania suggests that the news being broadcasted nationally has a large public and political impact. In this thesis we examine what roles a few women journalists hold in Dar es Salaam’s radio newsrooms. Our research question concerns how these women journalists perceive their influence in the newsroom during the agenda setting process. We interviewed seven women journalists, who hold varying positions in different radio newsrooms in Dar es Salaam, concerning their perception of their own informal status in the office hierarchy. We then present and analyze key quotes from our respondents using Bourdieu’s theory of social fields and perspective on male domination, Hirdman’s stereotypical gender contract and a postcolonial feminist perspective. Our repondents told us of the importance of empowering other women at the editorial office as well as putting gender issues revolving women and girls on the news agenda. In this way they demonstrate the importance of a gender equal representation in the newsroom and in the news content. We come to the conclusion that our respondents do indeed perceive themselves to have influence over the news agenda and they use different strategies to gain status and recognition in the newsroom.
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Martuzevičienė, Gintautė. "Lygybės principo taikymas nustatant darbo užmokestį." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050606_114950-28101.

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The principle of equality is one of the common principles of law which serves as a foundation for the entire legal system. In order to protect every individual’s right to dignity and economic independence, it is important to apply this principle also when estimating the remuneration. For this study, the following questions were analysed: What are the premises of the equal pay principle in Lithuania? When do employees have the right to equal pay? What are the circumstances in which the pay disparity is justified? How and why should the issue of occupational segregation be resolved? And how can a more effective application and implementation of this principle be achieved. Though the equal pay principle is anchored in legal provisions, its substance can only be disclosed by studying case law. Since there are no such practices in Lithuania, the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice must be taken into consideration. On the other hand, the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsman, established in 1998, partially addresses the lack of such practices with regard to the equal pay principle in Lithuania. With reference to the case law of the European Court of Justice, it may be concluded that in order to enforce the right to equal pay, it is necessary to put a stop to both direct and indirect forms of discrimination. Particular attention needs to be paid to the remuneration of part-time female workers and employees working in female-dominated economic sectors. Various job... [to full text]
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Norén, Fanny, and Hanne Wallengren. "Possibilities and Challenges for Female PhD Students in Tanzania : A field study covering current conditions for Tanzanian women undertaking their PhD degree at the Department of Mathematics, University of Dar es Salaam." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388305.

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At the largest university in Tanzania, University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), the gender distribution is unequal. At the University’s Department of Mathematics (DoM), the number of women ranges between 20-30 %. As a PhD degree can pose an important bridge into higher academic positions, the purpose of this study is to discern the current prerequisites for women to complete a doctoral degree at UDSM, compared to their male colleagues. The thesis is based on a field study carried out at DoM, in the spring of 2018. As such, both the formal and the perceived conditions could be examined. During the field study, both focus groups and individual interviews were held. By means of Grounded Theory, a mainly inductive method, the empirical framework obtained from the field research has guided the study and recurrent observations from the local context analysis have shaped the results. As the methodological outset for the study also draws on abductive reasoning, it results in that the analysis is concurrently theoretically guided and based on obtained data. The conclusions from the field research show that the conditions for female and male PhD students at UDSM are not equal. There are policies, quotas and other initiatives introduced in an attempt to level the playfield, however, other policies and social norms that create challenges for women in their strive for an academic career are still in motion. Among other things, as women are expected to be the primary caretaker and there are no support systems in place, the decision to start a family affects women’s studies more than men’s.
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Books on the topic "Salary equality"

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Pamela, Tansey. 13 The IMO: Gender Equality, the Promotion of Women in the Maritime Sector, and Global Ocean Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198823957.003.0013.

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This chapter highlights the steps taken by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to promote gender equality in the maritime sector, in line with the UN’s Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This is especially true of MDG 3, which stresses the need for governments to provide women with the skills and tools to bring about their own empowerment. In this way, women are able to provide for their families and generally to make positive, often vital, contributions to the economies of their countries. Employment in the shipping sector has been shown to provide women with access to a regular salary. This has a direct impact on the economic viability of the extended family structure, particularly in developing regions of the world.
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Koganzon, Rita. Liberal States, Authoritarian Families. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568804.001.0001.

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How can liberals justify adult authority over children? Children are born requiring both subordination to adults and education to equip them for citizenship. These requirements are especially vexing for liberal democracies, for whom the exercise of authority is at odds with the natural liberty and equality of citizens. This difficulty has led some liberal theorists to appeal to the liberal state as a model for familial relations and reject parental authority. My book shows that this effort is misguided, and that early liberals understood parental authority as a necessary protection for children’s own future liberty. It was early modern absolutist theorists—Bodin, Filmer, and Hobbes—who sought congruence between the family and the state, arguing that absolute paternal authority was a salutary education for absolutism’s subjects. But early liberals like Locke and Rousseau opposed congruence. Even as they sought to restrict public authority and limit the formal power of parents, they nonetheless sought to strengthen their private authority over children. They saw that undermining traditional authorities would not issue straightforwardly in freedom but would instead elevate the authority of public opinion to new heights and subject citizens to a new tyranny of opinion. To counteract this threat, they buttressed the pedagogical authority of the family to protect children’s future intellectual liberty and defend liberal citizenship. Their educational writings reveal an important corrective insight for modern liberalism: authority is not only not the enemy of liberty, but actually a necessary prerequisite for it.
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Book chapters on the topic "Salary equality"

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Kirumirah, M. H. "Equality and Access to Urban Public Open Spaces by the Poor Urban Street Vendors in Dar Es Salaam." In Sustainable Education and Development, 183–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68836-3_17.

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Wisdom, Sherrie L. "State-Wide Teacher Walkouts Highlight Equality Gaps." In Advances in Educational Marketing, Administration, and Leadership, 46–63. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9108-5.ch003.

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Arizona, Colorado, Kentucky, North Carolina, Oklahoma, and West Virginia mounted statewide teacher walkouts related to teacher salary during 2018. This study offers a synthesis of literature surrounding the walkouts, along with examination of similarities and differences in publicly available measures, highlighting equity gaps and comparison to states whose teaching force did not choose to walkout and demand increased pay and per-student spending, better benefits, or better working conditions. Relationships are sought between the variables considered: per-pupil expenditures, achievement, graduation rates, college persistence of high school graduates, college graduation rates, attainment of varied levels of degree credentials, and cost of living, as related to teacher salaries, increases, and decreases. Links between political and policy issues and the variables related to unrest leading to the walkouts are explored through literature.
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"Salary negotiation." In EqualBITE, 136–39. Brill | Sense, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789463511438_031.

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Bihr, Alain. "L'idéologie néolibérale." In Le grandi questioni sociali del nostro tempo. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-273-4/007.

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The article aims to demonstrate the deeply ideological character of neo-liberalism. Therefore it begins recalling the three main elements of ideology: its theoretical element as an encompassing and cohesive discourse; its pragmatic element as a program of actions, may they be political, moral, ethic, pedagogic, etc., on social reality; its apologetic element as justification and even idealisation of the situation, the interests, the actions or the projects of a certain social group. Next, the article shows that one can find those three elements in neo-liberalism. So it first emphasises its consistency based on the representation of the individual as the atom of social reality with its three major attributes: private property, liberty and equality in front of law. Secondly, it stresses the efficiency of the neo-liberal politics against the interventionist state built after World War 2 and all kinds of non-merchant regulations of the salary relationship in order to promote a ‘society of individuals’. Finally, it highlights that neo-liberalism is merely the justification of financial fraction of capital’s interests which has conquered a hegemonic position among the bourgeoisie within the globalisation.
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Gapova, Elena. "Outsourcing to the Post-Soviet Region and Gender." In IT Outsourcing, 2231–36. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-770-6.ch140.

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The purpose of this article is to analyze the outsourcing of information technology (IT) jobs to a specific world region as a gendered phenomenon. Appadurai (2001) states that the contemporary globalized world is characterized by objects in motion, and these include ideas, people, goods, images, messages, technologies and techniques, and jobs. These flows are a part of “relations of disjuncture” (Appadurai, 2001, p. 5) created by an uneven economic process in different places of the globe and involving fundamental problems of livelihood, equality or justice. Outsourcing of jobs (to faraway countries) is one of such “disjunctive” relationships. Pay difference between the United States (U.S.) and some world regions created a whole new interest in the world beyond American borders. Looking for strategies to lower costs, employers move further geographically; and with digital projects, due to their special characteristics, distribution across different geographical areas can be extremely effective. First, digital networks allow reliable and real-time transfer of digital files (both work in progress and final products), making it possible to work in geographically separated locations. Second, in the presence of adequate mechanisms for coordination through information exchange, different stages of software production (conceptualization, high-level design and low-level analysis, coding) are also separable across space (Kagami, 2002). In the Western hemisphere, the argument for outsourcing is straightforward and powerful. It is believed that if an Indian, Chinese, Russian or Ukrainian software programmer is paid one-tenth of an American salary, a company that develops software elsewhere will save money. And provided that competitors do the same, the price of the software will fall, productivity will rise, the technology will spread, and new jobs will be created to adapt and improve it. But the argument against outsourcing centers on the loss of jobs by American workers. Although there is no statistics on the number of jobs lost to offshore outsourcing, the media write about the outcry of professionals who several years ago considered themselves invulnerable.
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Peacock, J. Sunita, and Shaheen A. Chowdhury. "The Effect of Colonialism on the Bangladeshi Female Immigrant in Britain." In Discourse Analysis as a Tool for Understanding Gender Identity, Representation, and Equality, 90–98. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0225-8.ch005.

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This chapter explores the role of the Bangladeshi immigrant woman in Britain and the effects of patriarchy in the Bangladeshi community on the immigrant female as noted by the life of the protagonist Nazneen and other female characters in the novel titled, Brick Lane by Monica Ali. Further the essay also compares and contrasts South Asian immigrant women to show how one group (a woman from India) is affected differently from her South Asian sister from Bangladesh. To understand the difference between the two groups of immigrant women, Monica Ali's novel was contrasted with Tarquin Hall's heroine from his novel Salam Brick Lane. By examining the role of South Asian immigrant women in Britain, other issues about immigrant culture was also brought to the forefront, such as religion, specifically Islam to show its effect on the lives of immigrant women in countries outside their own.
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Billa Robert, Nanche. "Conflicts in Environmental and Agricultural Organizations in the Far North Region of Cameroon." In Organizational Conflict [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95860.

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The population of the Far North Region of Cameroon suffers the most from poverty and huge environmental challenges. As a result, they have the highest concentration of environmental organizations in Cameroon. Data was collected by interviewing key informants who work in environmental and agricultural companies. It was discovered that conflicts in such organizations are caused by the differences people have in terms of opinions, interests and needs as they work together with each other. Their strictness with one another also causes conflict especially when doing dirty or difficult work tasks. Conflict also comes about when the religious values of each other is not respected especially that of the Muslims in Christians dominated companies. There is also generational conflict which is characterized by the confrontation between the older and less educated generation who have some experience and young graduates who would like to implement new practices. Other causes are discrimination where workers are not promoted basing on merit but on their ethnic relation to one another. There is equally an economic cause which is due to the non-distribution of part of the substantial profits that some companies make to their employees as well as too low salary and poor work tasks distribution.
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Kogelmann, Brian, and Stephen G. W. Stich. "When Public Reason Falls Silent." In Oxford Studies in Political Philosophy Volume 7, 161–93. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897480.003.0006.

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Public reason theorists argue that coercive state action must be justified to those subject to such action. Doing so requires citizens to give only those reasons that all can accept. These reasons, the chapter argues, include scientific and social scientific considerations. One ineliminable and arguably salutary property of the modern administrative state is that the coercive policies it produces can be justified only on the basis of extremely complex scientific and social scientific considerations. Many of these considerations are neither understood by most ordinary citizens nor agreed upon by experts. This means that the overwhelming majority of citizens do not accept the reasons justifying coercive administrative policies. As a result, public reason is inconsistent with the administrative state. There are deep implications to this result: if public reason is inconsistent with the administrative state, then it is also inconsistent with forms of social organization that presuppose it. This, the chapter argues, includes egalitarianism, which many proponents of public reason also endorse. Public reason theorists thus must choose: justification through public reason, or distributive equality?
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Firoz Wagla Wala, Samina. "The Psychological Aspects of Home-Makers and Women during Pandemic." In Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period - Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97687.

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Depression and anxiety are two faces of a coin and we unfortunately fail to understand the plight of a person suffering from any one of these mental conditions. However, nowadays people have started considering mental health as a serious and complex issue, but still, those suffering from it tend to shy away and hide in arrears their own dark curtains. Sometimes, a very normal looking person may also be a victim of mental breakdown and anxiety. He may be working out fine, laughing, smiling, talking and all, but somewhere deep inside and within, he may be crying his heart out. It just does not visibly appear so on the outside. Moreover, in the phase of COVID, this situation has aggravated a lot because of various reasons like loss of jobs, work from home, salary reductions and cost cuttings etc. The effect of these problems fell on the families overall, but the most suffered category was – THE HOMEMAKERS, or in other words, THE HOUSEWIVES. Housewives have usually higher resilience when it comes to handling problems and family issues as they have an inbuilt capacity and trait to handle and adjust themselves in any atmosphere and ambience after marriage, but this COVID period was equally tough to handle for them as well. Specifically, if we talk about housewives, the entire COVID period was difficult for them to handle because of multiple reasons which will be mentioned point by point.
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