Journal articles: 'SAL'

1

Ireland, John D. "Sal." Buddhist Studies Review 17, no. 1 (June 15, 2000): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/bsrv.v17i1.14508.

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Yusif, Rehab Mohammad, Irhan Ibrahim Abu Hashim, and Marwa Salah El-Dahan. "Some variables affecting the characteristics of Eudragit E-sodium alginate polyelectrolyte complex as a tablet matrix for diltiazem hydrochloride." Acta Pharmaceutica 64, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acph-2014-0010.

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Abstract Eudragit E (EE)-sodium alginate (SA) polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) were prepared at pH 4 and 5.8 using sodium alginate of high (SAH) and low viscosity (SAL). The optimum EE-SA complexation mass ratio was determined using viscosity measurements. Interactions between EE and SA in PECs were characterized by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Diltiazem hydrochloride (DTZ HCl) tablets were prepared using the prepared EE-SA PECs and their physical mixtures at different ratios as matrices. Tablets were evaluated for swelling characteristics and in vitro drug release. Tablets containing EE-SAH physical mixtures of ratios (1.5:1 and 1:3) as matrices were effective in achieving sustained release of DTZ HCl, where the percent drug released was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased compared to that from tablets either containing the same ratios of EE-SAL physical mixtures or the preformed EE- -SAH and EE-SAL PECs.

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Tanaka, Mutsumi, Shigeki Kamitani, and Kengo Kitadokoro. "Staphylococcus aureuslipase: purification, kinetic characterization, crystallization and crystallographic study." Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications 74, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053230x18010506.

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Staphylococcus aureuslipase (SAL), a triacylglycerol esterase, is an important virulence factor inS. aureusand may be a therapeutic target for infectious diseases caused byS. aureus. For the purposes of anti-SAL drug development using structure-based drug design, X-ray crystallographic analysis of SAL overexpressed inEscherichia coliwas performed. The recombinant protein was purified using a three-step protocol involving immobilized metal-affinity chromatography, cation-exchange chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography flowthrough methods, yielding 40 mg of protein per litre of bacterial culture. Crystals were obtained using the sitting-drop vapor-diffusion technique. Diffraction data to 3.0 Å resolution were collected on the BL44XU beamline at SPring-8 at the zinc peak of 1.2842 Å for SAD phasing. The crystals belonged to space groupP4122 orP4322, with unit-cell parametersa= 131.0,b = 131.0,c = 250.6 Å, and are likely to contain four SAL molecules (408 residues) per asymmetric unit.

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Sumarjono, Erry, Agung Dwi Sutrisno, and Denanson Ornansah Sinaga. "DETERMINATION OF THE QUALITY WATER SANGON RIVER THAT EFFECTED BY AMALGAMATION GOLD ORE PROCESSING IN KALIREJO KOKAP DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA." KURVATEK 7, no. 2 (December 28, 2022): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33579/krvtk.v7i2.3758.

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Amalgamasi adalah salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan untuk ekstraksi emas dengan menggunakan merkuri. Merkuri merupakan logam berat yang sangat berbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia. Pembuangan limbah pengolahan bijih emas dengan menggunakan metode amalgamasi yang masih mengandung merkuri ke sungai dapat mempengaruhi kualitas air sungai tersebut. Penelitian yang dilakukan di Sungai Sangon untuk mengukur kandungan merkuri di dalam air sungai tersebut dan menentukan status mutu air sungai tersebut berdasarkan baku mutu air dalam Peraturan Pemerintah No. 82 Tahun 2001. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di sepanjang aliran sungai pada titik SA1, SA2, SA3, SA4, SA5 dan SA6. Pengukuran kandungan merkuri dilakukan uji laboratorium dengan menggunakan metode Mercury Analyzer, LPPT Universitas Gadjah Mada. Hasil uji laboratorium menunjukkan bahwa kandungan merkuri di dalam air sungai Sangon masih jauh berada di bawah ambang batas yang ditentukan, sehingga masih aman digunakan untuk keperluan sesuai peruntukkan mutu air kela

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5

Rodríguez, Jesusa, and Liliana Felipe. "Échenle sal." Debate Feminista 47 (2013): 352–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0188-9478(16)30083-4.

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Zhou, Chunxia, Teng Zhang, and Lei Zheng. "The Characteristics of Surface Albedo Change Trends over the Antarctic Sea Ice Region during Recent Decades." Remote Sensing 11, no. 7 (April 5, 2019): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11070821.

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Based on a long-time series (1982–2015) of remote sensing data, we analyzed the change in surface albedo (SAL) during summer (from December to the following February) for the entire Antarctic Sea Ice Region (ASIR) and five longitudinal sectors around Antarctica: (1). the Weddell Sea (WS), (2). Indian Ocean, (3). Pacific Ocean (PO), (4). Ross Sea, and (5). Bellingshausen–Amundsen Sea (BS). Empirical mode decomposition was used to extract the trend of the original signal, and then a slope test method was utilized to identify a transition point. The SAL provided by the CM SAF cloud, Albedo, and Surface Radiation dataset from AVHRR data-Second Edition was validated at Neumayer station. Sea ice concentration (SIC) and sea surface temperature (SST) were also analyzed. The trend of the SAL/SIC was positive during summer over the ASIR and five longitudinal sectors, except for the BS (−2.926% and −4.596% per decade for SAL and SIC, correspondingly). Moreover, the largest increasing trend of SAL and SIC appeared in the PO at approximately 3.781% and 3.358% per decade, respectively. However, the decreasing trend of SAL/SIC in the BS slowed down, and the increasing trend of SAL/SIC in the PO accelerated. The trend curves of the SST exhibited a crest around 2000–2005; thus, the slope lines of the SST showed an increasing–decreasing type for the ASIR and the five longitudinal sectors. The evolution of summer albedo decreased rapidly in the early summer and then maintained a relatively stable level for the whole ASIR. The change of it mainly depended on the early melt of sea ice during the entire summer. The change of sea ice albedo had a narrow range when compared with composite albedo and SIC over the five longitudinal sectors and reached a stable level earlier. The transition point of SAL/SIC in several sectors appeared around the year 2000, whereas that of the SST for the entire ASIR occurred in 2003–2005. A high value of SAL/SIC and a low value of the SST existed in the WS which can be displayed by the spatial distribution of pixel average. In addition, the lower the latitude was, the lower the SAL/SIC and the higher the SST would be. A transition point of SAL appeared in 2001 in most areas of West Antarctica. This transition point could be illustrated by anomaly maps. The spatial distribution of the pixel-based trend of SAL demonstrated that the change in SAL in East Antarctica has exhibited a positive trend in recent decades. However, in West Antarctica, the change of SAL presented a decreasing trend before 2001 and transformed into an increasing trend afterward, especially in the east of the Antarctic Peninsula.

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Xun, Pengwei, Chuanpeng Zhou, Xiaolin Huang, Zhong Huang, Wei Yu, Yukai Yang, Tao Li, Jianbin Huang, Yang Wu, and Heizhao Lin. "Effects of Dietary Sodium Acetate on Growth Performance, Fillet Quality, Plasma Biochemistry, and Immune Function of Juvenile Golden Pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)." Aquaculture Nutrition 2022 (February 9, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9074549.

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Six isonitrongenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to feed 360 fish (mean initial body weight: 6.06 ± 0.02 g) with graded levels of sodium acetate (SA1 (0), SA2 (250 mg/kg), SA3 (500 mg/kg), SA4 (1000 mg/kg), SA5 (2000 mg/kg), and SA6 (4000 mg/kg)) for 8 weeks. The results revealed that weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and feed intake of golden pompano were significantly increased in SA3 and SA4 treatments ( p < 0.05 ). Dietary SA level significantly improved lipid contents and gumminess of muscle ( p < 0.05 ). Supplement levels of dietary SA significantly influenced plasma biochemical parameters containing triglyceride, glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, complements, and immunoglobulin M ( p < 0.05 ). Appropriate supplement levels of dietary SA significantly increased enzyme activities of hepatic superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity and decreased malondialdehyde contents ( p < 0.05 ). Furthermore, appropriate SA levels downregulated the expression levels of Keap1, IL-8, TNF-α, and NF-κB genes and upregulated the expression levels of Nrf2 and TGF-β genes of the spleen ( p < 0.05 ). Excess SA caused negative effects for Trachinotus ovatus. The optimum supplement level of SA for juvenile golden pompano was evaluated to be 1423.67 mg/kg based on WGR.

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Wang, Jie, Xingjiang Xiong, and Bo Feng. "Cardiovascular Effects of Salvianolic Acid B." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/247948.

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Salvianolic acid B (SAB, Sal B) is the representative component of phenolic acids derived from the dried root and rhizome ofSalvia miltiorrhizaBge (Labiatae) which has been used widely and successfully in Asian countries for clinical therapy of various vascular disturbance-related diseases for hundreds of years. However, its exact cardioprotective components and the underlying mechanism for therapeutic basis are still poorly understood. This paper discussed and elucidated the underlying biological mechanisms and pharmacology of Sal B and their potential cardioprotective effects.

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9

Gan, Jing, Lirong Sun, Chenxia Guan, Teng Ren, Qinling Zhang, Shihui Pan, Qian Zhang, and Hao Chen. "Preparation and Properties of Salecan–Soy Protein Isolate Composite Hydrogel Induced by Thermal Treatment and Transglutaminase." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16 (August 20, 2022): 9383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169383.

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Salecan (Sal) is a novel marine microbial polysaccharide. In the present research, Sal and soy protein isolate (SPI) were adopted to fabricate Sal–SPI composite hydrogel based on a stepwise process (thermal treatment and transglutaminase induction). The effect of Sal concentration on morphology, texture properties, and the microstructure of the hydrogel was evaluated. As Sal concentration varied from 0.4 to 0.6 wt%, hydrogel elasticity increased from 0.49 to 0.85 mm. Furthermore, the internal network structure of Sal–SPI composite hydrogel also became denser and more uniform as Sal concentration increased. Rheological studies showed that Sal–SPI elastic hydrogel formed under the gelation process. Additionally, FTIR and XRD results demonstrated that hydrogen bonds formed between Sal and SPI molecules, inferring the formation of the interpenetrating network structure. This research supplied a green and simple method to fabricate Sal–SPI double network hydrogels.

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10

Shi, Shuming, Zhaojun Geng, Xianfeng Yu, Bing Hu, Liying Liu, Zhichao Chi, Linyi Qu, Mingjun Zhang, and Yongxun Jin. "Salidroside Supplementation Affects In Vitro Maturation and Preimplantation Embryonic Development by Promoting Meiotic Resumption." Genes 14, no. 9 (August 30, 2023): 1729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14091729.

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Salidroside (Sal) possesses several pharmacological activities, such as antiaging, and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer activities, and proliferation-promoting activities, but the effects of Sal on oocytes have rarely been reported. In the present study, we evaluated the beneficial effects of Sal, which is mainly found in the roots of Rhodiola. Porcine cumulus oocyte complexes were cultured in IVM medium supplemented (with 250 μmol/L) with Sal or not supplemented with Sal. The maturation rate in the Sal group increased from 88.34 ± 4.32% to 94.12 ± 2.29%, and the blastocyst rate in the Sal group increased from 30.35 ± 3.20% to 52.14 ± 7.32% compared with that in the control group. The experimental groups showed significant improvements in the cumulus expansion area. Sal reduced oocyte levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhanced intracellular GSH levels. Sal supplementation enhanced the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ATP level, and mtDNA copy number, which shows that Sal enhances the cytoplasmic maturation of oocytes. Oocytes in the Sal group exhibited slowed apoptosis and reduced DNA breakage. Cell cycle signals and oocyte meiosis play important roles in oocyte maturation. The mRNA expressions of the MAPK pathway and MAPK phosphorylation increased significantly in the Sal group. The mRNA expression of the oocyte meiosis gene also increased significantly. These results show that Sal enhances the nuclear maturation of oocytes. Moreover, Sal increased the number of blastocyst cells, the proliferation of blastocysts, and the expressions of pluripotency genes. Sal down-regulated apoptosis-related genes and the apoptotic cell rate of blastocysts. In summary, our results demonstrate that Sal is helpful to improving the quality of porcine oocytes in vitro, and their subsequent embryonic development.

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11

Zhang, Qinling, Teng Ren, Jing Gan, Lirong Sun, Chenxia Guan, Qian Zhang, Shihui Pan, and Hao Chen. "Synthesis and Rheological Characterization of a Novel Salecan Hydrogel." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 7 (July 18, 2022): 1492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071492.

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Salecan (Sal) is a novel microbial polysaccharide. In the present research, thermal treatment was performed to fabricate Sal hydrogel. The effect of Sal concentration on water holding capacity, swelling properties, texture properties, and microstructure of the hydrogels was discussed. It was found that the equilibrium degree of swelling (EDS) of Sal hydrogels was above 1500%, inferred Sal was a highly hydrophilic polysaccharide. As Sal concentration increased from 3.5 to 8.0 wt%, the hardness increased from 0.88 to 2.07 N and the water hold capability (WHC) increased from 91.3% to 98.2%. Furthermore, the internal network structure of Sal hydrogel also became denser and more uniform. Rheological studies suggested that elastic hydrogel formed under the gelation process. All these results demonstrated that Sal hydrogel prepared by thermal treatment had good gelling properties, which opened up a new safe way for the preparation of Sal hydrogel and broadened the application range of Sal.

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McCaw, DL, GD Boon, AE Jergens, MR Kern, MH Bowles, and JC Johnson. "Immunomodulation therapy for feline leukemia virus infection." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 37, no. 4 (July 1, 2001): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-37-4-356.

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Clinically ill feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-infected cats, treated with Staphylococcus protein A (SPA) or oral interferon alpha (IFN), or both, were compared with cats treated with saline (SAL). Nine cats received SPA/SAL, nine received SPA/IFN, 10 received SAL/IFN, and eight received SAL/SAL. Twelve cats survived and completed the 100-week therapy. Significantly more owners of cats treated with SPA/SAL thought their cat's health improved during treatment compared to owners of cats treated with SAL/SAL (P=0.05, pair-wise comparison) or SPA/IFN (P=0.05, pair-wise comparison). No significant differences in body weight, temperature, hematocrit, red blood cell counts, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, reticulocyte counts, white blood cell or neutrophil numbers, lymphocyte concentrations, bone-marrow cytopathology, FeLV status, survival time, activity, or appetite scores were observed. No significant differences in the owners' subjective assessment of their cat's health following treatment with SAL/IFN, SPA/IFN, or SAL/SAL were seen. Therapy with SPA as a single agent results in the owners' subjective impression of improved health of their FeLV-infected cats.

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13

Lucas, C. Robert, John M. D. Byrne, Julie L. Collins, Louise N. Dawe, and David O. Miller. "Cobalt and nickel complexes of open-chain thioether ligands terminated by salicylaldimine functionality*This article has a companion paper in this issue (doi: 10.1139/v11-083)." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 89, no. 10 (October 2011): 1174–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v11-081.

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Syntheses of 1,11-bis(salicylaldimine)-3,6,9-trithiaundecane (H2L1), 1,11-bis(salicylaldimine)-6-oxa-3,9-dithiaundecane (H2L2), and 1,8-bis(salicylaldimine)-3,6-dithiaundecane (H2L3), their nickel complexes [Ni(L1)]·H2O (I), [Ni(HL2)][OAc] (II), [Ni(L3)·HOAc]2[Ni(L3)·2HOAc]·3H2O (III), [Ni(HL1-sal)]Cl2·H2O (IV), [Ni(HL2-sal)]Cl2·CH3OH (V), [Ni(L3-sal)Cl]·H2O (VI), {[Ni(HL1-sal)]Br2}2{[Ni(L1-sal)]Br}·H2O (VII), {[Ni(HL2-sal)]Br2}2{[Ni(L2-sal)]Br}·2CH3OH (VIII), {[Ni(HL3-sal)Br]Br}[Ni(L3-sal)Br]·2CH3OH (IX), [Ni(HL3-sal)Br]Br·CH3OH (X), [Ni(HL3)Br]·2H2O (XI), [Ni(HL1)]2[BF4]2·5H2O (XII), [Ni(HL2)]2[BF4]2·3H2O (XIII), [Ni(HL3)]2[BF4]2·CH3CN (XIV), and [Ni(HL3)]2[BF4]2·3H2O (XV) and their cobalt complexes [Co(L1-sal)][BF4]2 (XVI), [Co(L2)][OAc]·3H2O (XVII), [Co(L3)][OAc]·3H2O (XVIII), [Co(L3)][BF4] (XIX), and [Co(L3-sal)(CH3OH)][BF4]2·CH3OH (XX) are reported. Single crystal X-ray structural studies for III, XIV, XVI, and XIX are described. Cyclic voltammograms of the ligands and of I, II, III, VII, VIII, X, XIV, and XIX are discussed. Electronic spectra of the ligands and complexes are discussed.

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Bassett, Mark J., Xue Lin-Bao, and L. Curtis Hannah. "Flower Colors in Common Bean Produced by Interactions of the Sal and V Loci and a Gametophyte Factor Ga Linked to Sal." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 6 (November 1990): 1029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.6.1029.

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Inheritance of red flower color was investigated in crosses using Lamprecht's lines M0169 and M0056, which are derived from Phaseolus coccineus L., and Univ. of Florida P. vulgaris L. breeding line 5-593. Based on segregation in the F2populations from 5-593 × M0169 and 5-593 × M0056, we hypothesize that the genotypes for flower colors are sal/sal V/V for 5-593 and Sal/Sal v/v for M0169 and M0056. The backcross 5-593 × F, (5-593 × M0056) segregated for four flower colors in about equal frequencies, and F2, F3, and F4progeny tests of the backcross plants provided confirmation of all the genotypes in the digenic model. The two recombinant true-breeding colors/genotypes were white (sal/sal v/v) and china rose (Sal/Sal V/V). We hypothesize that the large deficiency of plants carrying the Sal allele in segregating populations is due to a gametophyte factor linked to Sal. We propose the gene symbol Ga for the gametophyte factor locus, which achieves complete selection for pollen carrying Ga on female plants carrying Ga, i.e., no pollen carrying ga achieves fertilization. The linkage between Ga and the marker locus Sal is 17 CM (centiMorgan).

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15

Hirschkind, Lynn. "SAL/MANTECA/PANELA:." Universidad-Verdad, no. 27 (May 25, 2018): 145–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33324/uv.v0i27.109.

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En este ensayo analizo la alimentación al ganado con bolas de sal, manteca y azúcar morena como se lo hace en la región andina del sur del Ecuador. Estas bolas proporcionan satisfacciones nutritivas al ganado y satisfacciones conceptuales a sus dueños. Se cree que los animales domésticos comparten con los seres humanos muchas características, necesidades y deseos. La extensión metafórica de estas peculiaridades al ganado responde no solo a propósitos cognocitivos sino también pragmáticos y de manejo de las incertidumbres en un entorno agrario incierto y precario.

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16

Perez, Janet, and Pau Faner. "Flor de sal." Hispania 70, no. 1 (March 1987): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/343663.

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17

Brün, Herbert, and Herbert Brun. "... There Goes Sal." Perspectives of New Music 34, no. 1 (1996): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/833495.

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18

London, Ed. "Choruses for Sal." Perspectives of New Music 34, no. 1 (1996): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/833498.

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19

Donze, R. "Sal doesn't shake." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 279, no. 11 (March 18, 1998): 814—a—814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.11.814-a.

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20

Santos, João, António Luis, and Carlos Fonseca. "Mamíferos do sal." Galemys, Spanish Journal of Mammalogy 21, NE (December 31, 2009): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7325/galemys.2009.ne.a8.

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21

Pötter, Luciana, Marta Gomes da Rocha, Alexandre Nunes Motta de Souza, Dalton Roso, Carine Lisete Glienke, Vagner Guasso da Costa, Renato Alves de Oliveira Neto, and Gustavo Freitas Ilha. "Desenvolvimento de novilhas de corte sob alternativas de mineralização em pastagem de azevém." Ciência Rural 39, no. 1 (February 2009): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782009000100028.

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Foi avaliado o desenvolvimento corporal de bezerras de corte em pastagem de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), recebendo diferentes alternativas de suplementação mineral, associadas ou não à adição de ionóforo. Os tratamentos testados foram: "Sal comum": mineralização com cloreto de sódio; "Sal 40P": mineralização com sal mineral contendo 40g de fósforo por kg de produto; "Sal 40P + ionóforo": mineralização com 40g de fósforo + 2.000mg de lasalocida sódica por kg de produto. Os valores de proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, Ca e P na forragem aparentemente consumida, consumo de sal, escore de condição corporal, relação peso: altura e GMD foram semelhantes (P>0,05) entre animais que receberam "Sal comum", "Sal 40P" e "Sal 40P + ionóforo". Em pastagem de azevém, sem restrição ao consumo voluntário, a lasalocida sódica adicionada ao sal mineral proporciona maior peso vivo de bezerras aos 12 meses de idade e um retorno financeiro positivo.

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Zhang, Yan, Shuyuan Yu, Xinyi Guo, Luoying Wang, Ling Yu, and Ping Wang. "Therapeutic potential of salidroside in preserving rat cochlea organ of corti from gentamicin-induced injury through modulation of NRF2 signaling and GSK3β/NF-κB pathway." PLOS ONE 19, no. 3 (March 14, 2024): e0298529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298529.

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Salidroside (SAL) is a phenol glycoside compound found in plants of the Rhodiola genus which has natural antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. SAL are able to protect against manganese-induced ototoxicity. However, the molecular mechanism by which SAL reduces levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is unclear. Here, we established an in vitro gentamicin (GM) ototoxicity model to observe the protective effect of SAL on GM-induced hair cells (HC) damage. Cochlear explants of postnatal day 4 rats were obtained and randomly divided into six groups: two model groups (treatment with 0.2 mM or 0.4 mM GM for 24 h); two 400 μmol/L SAL-pretreated groups pretreatment with SAL for 3 h followed by GM treatment (0.2 mM or 0.4 mM) for 24 h; 400 μmol/L SAL group (treatment with SAL for 24 h); control group (normal cultured cochlear explants). The protective effects of SAL on GM-induced HC damage, and on mRNA and protein levels of antioxidant enzymes were observed. HC loss occurred after 24 h of GM treatment. Pretreatment with SAL significantly reduced GM-induced OHC loss. In cochlear tissues, mRNA and protein levels of NRF2 and HO-1 were enhanced in the GM alone group compared with the SAL pretreatment GM treatment group. SAL may protect against GM-induced ototoxicity by regulating the antioxidant defense system of cochlear tissues; SAL can activate NRF2/HO-1 signaling, inhibit NF-κB activation, activate AKT, and increase inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK3β to decrease GSK3 activity, all of which exert antioxidant effects.

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Bassett, Mark J. "Inheritance of Scarlet Color and Vein Pattern in Flowers and Oxblood Red Seedcoat Color Derived from the Interspecific Cross of Common Bean with Scarlet Runner Bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.)." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 128, no. 4 (July 2003): 559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.128.4.0559.

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The genetics of the vermilion flower color (more orange than scarlet or salmon red) of Phaseolus coccineus L. is largely unknown, but the gene Sal for salmon red is the gene essential for its expression. Lamprecht line M0169 (PI 527868) expresses salmon red flowers with vein pattern on the wing petals and black seedcoats. M0169 (Sal Am and an unknown gene that inhibits the scarlet flower color expression of Am) was crossed with v BC3 5-593 (sal am and no inhibitor gene, expressing white flowers and mineral brown seedcoats). Line 5-593 is a Florida dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) line used as the recurrent parent for development of genetic stocks. The F2 from Sal Am Vwf BC1 5-593 (scarlet flowers, black seedcoats) × v BC3 5-593 (white flowers, mineral brown seedcoats) supported the hypothesis that a partly dominant gene Am changes salmon red to scarlet flower color and that Am has no expression with sal. The F3 progeny test of 27 random F2 parents from the above cross supported the hypothesis of a single partly dominant factor (Am) with no expression without Sal, where only Sal/Sal Am/Am completely eliminates the flower vein pattern (VP) of Sal. F4 progeny tests of 29 random F3 parents derived from a F2 selection with Sal/Sal Am/am Vwf/v supported the hypothesis that Am is linked to V (cM = 9.4 ± 1.93) and the hypothesis that Am is linked with a dominant gene (tentative symbol Oxb) that (with Sal v) changes seedcoat color from mineral brown with red haze to oxblood red. Another F4 progeny test of seven selected F3 parents with Sal/Sal Am/am v/v and oxblood seedcoat color supported the hypothesis that the Oxb gene (linked with Am and derived from M0169) with Sal v expresses oxblood seedcoat color. The gene symbol Am is proposed for the gene from M0169 that with Sal v expresses two pleiotropic effects: changes salmon red to scarlet flower color and eliminates the VP of salmon red. The interaction of Sal with Am for flower color and VP expression is discussed for all gene combinations.

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Deng, Liangjun, Haihua Guo, Shanping Wang, Xiaoming Liu, Yue Lin, Rui Zhang, and Wen Tan. "The Attenuation of Chronic Ulcerative Colitis by (R)-salbutamol in Repeated DSS-Induced Mice." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2022 (February 7, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9318721.

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Racemic salbutamol ((RS)-sal), which consist of the same amount of (R)-sal and (S)-sal, has been used for asthma and COPD due to its bronchodilation effect. However, the effect of (R)-sal on repeated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced chronic colitis has not yet been investigated. In this study evaluated the potential effect of (R)-, (S)-, and (RS)-sal in mice with repeated DSS-induced chronic colitis and investigated the underlying mechanisms. Here, we verified that chronic colitis was significantly attenuated by (R)-sal, which was evidenced by notably mitigated body weight loss, disease activity index (DAI), splenomegaly, colonic lengths shortening, and histopathological scores. (R)-sal treatment noticeably diminished the levels of inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ). Notably, the efficacy of (R)-sal was better than that of (RS)-sal. Further research revealed that (R)-sal mitigated colonic CD4 leukocyte infiltration, decreased NF-κB signaling pathway activation, improved the Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling pathway, and increased the expression of ZO-1 and occludin. In addition, (R)-sal suppressed the levels of TGF-β1, α-SMA, and collagen in mice with chronic colitis. Furthermore, the 16S rDNA sequences analyzed of the intestinal microbiome revealed that (R)-sal could mitigate the intestinal microbiome structure and made it more similar to the control group, which mainly by relieving the relative abundance of pathogens (such as Bacteroides) and increasing the relative abundance of probiotics (such as Akkermansia). Therefore, (R)-sal ameliorates repeated DSS-induced chronic colitis in mice by improving inflammation, suppressing oxidative stress, mitigating intestinal barrier function, relieving intestinal fibrosis, and regulating the intestinal microbiome community. These results indicate that (R)-sal maybe a novel treatment alternative for chronic colitis.

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Gonçalves, Geógenes da Silva, Gabriel Jorge Carneiro de Oliveira, Soraya Maria Palma Luz Jaeger, Ronaldo Lopes Oliveira, Jamille Oliveira Campos, and Letícia Santos Rezende. "Desempenho de cordeiros alimentados com dietas contendo sal forrageiro de espécies vegetais xerófitas." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 37, no. 12 (December 2008): 2185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982008001200016.

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Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o uso de sal forrageiro sobre os consumos de sal forrageiro (CSF) e de feno de capim-pangola (Digitaria decumbens) e os consumos de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), hemicelulose (HCEL), lignina e água (AGU), além do ganho de peso diário (GPD) e da conversão alimentar de cordeiros em confinamento. Os sais forrageiros foram compostos de farelos de fenos (90%) das dicotiledôneas, sal mineral (5%) e milho triturado (5%). Utilizaram-se 30 animais machos não-castrados, mestiços Santa Inês, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos (sal mineral; sal forrageiro de leucena, Leucaena leucocephala; sal forrageiro da parte aérea de mandioca, Manihot esculenta; sal forrageiro de feijão-bravo, Macroptilium bracteatum; sal forrageiro de barriguda, Ceiba samauma; e sal forrageiro de quipé, Piptadenia moniliformis), cada um com cinco repetições. Os sais forrageiros de leucena e da parte aérea de mandioca promoveram melhores resultados de desempenho, ganhos de pesos totais e conversão alimentar, o que evidencia o potencial dessas forrageiras para formulação de sal forrageiro, utilizado na suplementação de dietas para cordeiros em confinamento.

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Samanta, Sudip K., and Rakesh K. Jain. "Evidence for plasmid-mediated chemotaxis ofPseudomonas putidatowards naphthalene and salicylate." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 46, no. 1 (December 17, 1999): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w99-118.

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A naphthalene (Nap) and salicylate (Sal) degrading microorganism, Pseudomonas putida RKJ1, is chemotactic towards these compounds. This strain carries a 83 kb plasmid. A 25 kb EcoRI fragment of the plasmid contains the genes responsible for Nap degradation through Sal. RKJ5, the plasmid-cured derivative of RKJ1, is neither capable of degradation nor is chemotactic towards Nap or Sal. The recombinant plasmid pRKJ3, which contained a 25 kb EcoRI fragment, was transferred back into the plasmid-free wild-type strain RKJ5, and the transconjugant showed both degradation and chemotaxis. The recombinant plasmid pRKJ3 was also transferred into motile, plasmid-free P. putida KT2442. The resulting transconjugant (RKJ15) showed chemotaxis towards both Nap and Sal. Two mutant strains carrying deletions in pRKJ3 (in KT2442) with phenotypes Nap-Sal+and Nap-Sal-, were also tested for chemotaxis. It was found that the Nap-Sal+mutant strain showed chemotaxis towards Sal only, whereas the Nap-Sal-mutant strain is non-chemotactic towards both the compounds. These results suggest that the metabolism of Nap and Sal may be required for the chemotactic activity.Key words: Pseudomonas putida, plasmid-encoded chemotaxis, naphthalene, salicylate.

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Choe, Donghwan, Haeri So, Soyoung Park, Hangyul Lee, Ju Byeong Chae, Jiwon Kim, Ki-Tae Kim, and Cheal Kim. "An Indole-Based Fluorescent Chemosensor for Detecting Zn2+ in Aqueous Media and Zebrafish." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 5591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165591.

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An indole-based fluorescent chemosensor IH-Sal was synthesized to detect Zn2+. IH-Sal displayed a marked fluorescence increment with Zn2+. The detection limit (0.41 μM) of IH-Sal for Zn2+ was greatly below that suggested by the World Health Organization. IH-Sal can quantify Zn2+ in real water samples. More significantly, IH-Sal could determine and depict the presence of Zn2+ in zebrafish. The detecting mechanism of IH-Sal toward Zn2+ was illustrated by fluorescence and UV–visible spectroscopy, DFT calculations, 1H NMR titration and ESI mass.

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Papagianis, Paris Clarice, Siavash Ahmadi-Noorbakhsh, Rebecca Lim, Euan Wallace, Graeme Polglase, J. Jane Pillow, and Timothy J. Moss. "The effect of human amnion epithelial cells on lung development and inflammation in preterm lambs exposed to antenatal inflammation." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 25, 2021): e0253456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253456.

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Background Lung inflammation and impaired alveolarization are hallmarks of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We hypothesize that human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) are anti-inflammatory and reduce lung injury in preterm lambs born after antenatal exposure to inflammation. Methods Pregnant ewes received either intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide (LPS, from E.coli 055:B5; 4mg) or saline (Sal) on day 126 of gestation. Lambs were delivered by cesarean section at 128 d gestation (term ~150 d). Lambs received intravenous hAECs (LPS/hAECs: n = 7; 30x106 cells) or equivalent volumes of saline (LPS/Sal, n = 10; or Sal/Sal, n = 9) immediately after birth. Respiratory support was gradually de-escalated, aimed at early weaning from mechanical ventilation towards unassisted respiration. Lung tissue was collected 1 week after birth. Lung morphology was assessed and mRNA levels for inflammatory mediators were measured. Results Respiratory support required by LPS/hAEC lambs was not different to Sal/Sal or LPS/Sal lambs. Lung tissue:airspace ratio was lower in the LPS/Sal compared to Sal/Sal lambs (P<0.05), but not LPS/hAEC lambs. LPS/hAEC lambs tended to have increased septation in their lungs versus LPS/Sal (P = 0.08). Expression of inflammatory cytokines was highest in LPS/hAECs lambs. Conclusions Postnatal administration of a single dose of hAECs stimulates a pulmonary immune response without changing ventilator requirements in preterm lambs born after intrauterine inflammation.

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Wu, Leitao, Hang Xu, Liang Cao, Tao Li, Ruru Li, Yang Feng, Jianzong Chen, and Jing Ma. "Salidroside Protects against MPP+-Induced Neuronal Injury through DJ-1-Nrf2 Antioxidant Pathway." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5398542.

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. We have found that salidroside (Sal) exhibited neuroprotective effects against MPP+ toxicity. However, the molecular mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, we found that Sal significantly prevented MPP+-induced decrease of mRNA and protein expression of Nrf2, GCLc, SOD1, and SOD2 in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, silencing of Nrf2 significantly inhibited Sal-induced increase in mRNA and protein expression of GCLc, SOD1, and SOD2. But Nrf2 silence did not significantly impact Sal-exhibited effects on DJ-1 expression. Silencing of Nrf2 significantly suppressed the decrease of apoptosis induced by Sal in MPP+-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Sal significantly prevented MPP+-induced decrease of the mRNA and protein expression of DJ-1 in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, silencing of DJ-1 significantly inhibited Sal-induced increase in mRNA and protein expression of Nrf2, GCLc, SOD1, and SOD2 in MPP+-treated SH-SY5Y cells. These results indicated that DJ-1 was an upstream regulator of Nrf2 in the neuroprotective effects of Sal. Furthermore, silencing of DJ-1 significantly suppressed the decrease of apoptosis induced by Sal in MPP+-treated SH-SY5Y cells. In conclusion, Sal prevented MPP+-induced neurotoxicity through upregulation of DJ-1-Nrf2-antioxidant pathway. Our findings provide novel insights into the neuroprotective effects of Sal against PD.

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Awang, Mahamad Almyzan, Muhammad Afiq Asyraf Suhaimi, Rosdan Salim, Nik Adilah Nik Othman, Mohd Dasuki Sul’ain, Mohd Fadzil Nor Rashid, and Mohd Normani Zakaria. "Are the Normative Values of Sensorineural Acuity Level (SAL) Test Affected by Head Circumferences of Subjects?" International Journal of Statistics in Medical Research 11 (December 30, 2022): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-6029.2022.11.21.

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Introduction: Sensorineural acuity level (SAL) test is believed to be helpful in estimating bone conduction thresholds in masking dilemma cases. However, before the SAL normative data can be used in clinical settings, there is a need to study the fundamental variable related to SAL normative data such as head circumference. As such, the purpose of the current study was to compare SAL normative values between subjects with bigger and smaller head circumferences at different frequencies. Materials and Methods: In this study, 48 healthy Malaysian adult subjects (aged between 18 and 50 years) were enrolled. Pure tone audiometry (PTA) and SAL test were subsequently conducted based on the recommended protocols. The SAL normative values were then compared between subjects with bigger and smaller head circumferences. Data analysis methods included paired t-test, effect size, and Bayesian approach. Results: No significant differences were noted in the SAL results when the two groups were compared, implying that the SAL normative data were not influenced by the head circumference (p > 0.05, BF10 = 0.232-0.708). Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study it appears that the SAL test results are not affected by the head sizes of the subjects. Future SAL test studies may use the normative SAL values established in the current study as a guide.

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Siena, Amanda, Thiago Varga, Juan Simões, Elisandra Henrique, Aline Camargo Ramos, and Tatiana Rosenstock. "S179. ADMINISTRATION OF ROTENONE DURING NEONATAL PERIOD INDUCES SCHIZOPHRENIA-LIKE BEHAVIOR." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa031.245.

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Abstract Background The neurodevelopment refers to the process that generates and shapes the nervous system of animals. It begins during the earliest stages of embryonic development and it is the last system to be completed after birth, which occurs during the end of adolescence. The majority of mechanisms that constitutes neurodevelopment, such as cell proliferation, migration and neural differentiation, axon growth cone and dendritic filopodia formation as well as synapse are ATP dependents, therefore mitochondria dependents. Hence, disturbs during nervous system development can lead to behavioral deficits and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. Results of our research group showed that a mitochondria dysfunction during neurodevelopment, by Rotenone (a complex I inhibitor) administration, induces behavioral deficits, such as hyperlocomotion and decreased social interaction, when the rats were young adults (60 days old). Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the behavioral deficits in an early age (prodromal phase) and if the behavioral deficits presented at young adulthood could be attenuated or reverted by antipsychotic (Haldol – Hal) or psychostimulant (Metilphenidate – MPD). Notwithstanding, draw a parallel between this animal model and a neuropsychiatric disorder. Methods To reach this goal, we treated intraperitoneally wistar puppies (P) with Rotenone 0.1mg/kg (Rot), Saline (Sal) or Vehicle (Veh) (DMSO) during P5-P11. To verify the prodromal phase, we performed behavioral tests (open field, social interaction and contextual fear conditioning) at P35. Therefore, in order to analyze the behavior during the young adulthood (P60), each animal previously treated with Sal, Veh or Rot was then treated intraperitoneally, 30 min before the behavioral tests (open field, social interaction and contextual fear conditioning), with either Saline (Sal-Sal, Veh-Sal, Rot-Sal), Hal (Sal-Hal, Veh-Hal, Rot-Hal) or MPD (Sal-MPD, Veh-MPD, Rot-MPD). Results Results showed mean±SEM (n=8 for each group) and analyzed by One-Way Anova and Duncan post-hoc compared to control group (Sal-Sal 100%). At P35, we verified: i) no significant changes in locomotor activity between Rot and Sal; ii) decrease in social interaction after treatment with Rot (68.40%±3.077; p<0.05 in relation to Sal); iii) a reduction in freezing time in contextual fear conditioning task to Rot group (45.20±8.03; p<0.05 when compared to Sal). At P60, we noticed i) an increase in locomotor activity after treatment with Rot-Sal (134.88%±3.95; p<0.05 when compared to Sal-Sal) that was decreased by treatment with Rot-Hal (94.76%±15.74; p<0.05 when compared to Rot-Sal), but not with Rot-MPD (compared to Rot-Sal); ii) a decrease in social interaction at P60 after treatment with Rot-Sal (68.35%±5.87; p<0.05 when compared to Sal-Sal) that was reverted by treatment with Rot-Hal (100.80%±6.66; p<0.05 when compared to Rot-Sal) and also with Rot-MPD (100.6%±6,89; p<0.05 when compared to Rot-Sal); iii) in contextual fear conditioning the animals treated with Rot presented a decrease in freezing response (31.50%±7.36; p<0.05 when compared to Sal-Sal) that was reverted by treatment with Rot-Hal (81.21%±16.65; p<0.05 when compared to Rot-Sal). Discussion We concluded that neonatal treatment with Rot promote behavior deficits at young age (P35), such as deficit in social interaction and emotional memory; in young adulthood (P60) we also verified deficit in social interaction and emotional memory, in addition to hyperlocomotion, that are mostly reverted with treatment with Hal, but not with MPD. Altogether our data suggest a relationship between mitochondria inhibition during neurodevelopment leading to schizophrenia-like behavior.

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Adhikari, Bhawna, Bhawana Kapkoti, Neelu Lodhiyal, and L. Lodhiyal. "Structure and Regeneration of Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn. f.) Forests in Shiwalik Region of Kumaun Himalaya, India." Indian Journal of Forestry 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2017-0n83l0.

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Present study was carried out to assess the structure and regeneration of Sal forests in Shiwalik region of Kumaun Himalaya. Vegetation analysis and tree canopy density was determined by using quadrat and densitometer, respectively. Density of seedlings, saplings and trees was 490-14067, 37-1233, and 273-863 ind.ha-1 respectively. The basal area was 0.12-5.44 m2 ha-1 reported for saplings and 25.4-77.6 m2 ha-1 for trees. Regeneration of Sal was found good in Sal mixed dense forest followed by Sal open forest and Sal dense forest, respectively. Regeneration of Sal was assisted by the presence of associated tree species as well as the sufficient sunlight availability on ground due to adequate opening of canopy trees in Sal forest. Thus it is concluded that the density of tree canopy, sunlight availability and also associated tree species impacted the regeneration of Sal in the region.

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Michalak, Marcin, Michał Stefan Lach, Michał Antoszczak, Adam Huczyński, and Wiktoria Maria Suchorska. "Overcoming Resistance to Platinum-Based Drugs in Ovarian Cancer by Salinomycin and Its Derivatives—An In Vitro Study." Molecules 25, no. 3 (January 26, 2020): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030537.

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Polyether ionophore salinomycin (SAL) and its semi-synthetic derivatives are recognized as very promising anticancer drug candidates due to their activity against various types of cancer cells, including multidrug-resistant populations. Ovarian cancer is the deadliest among gynecologic malignancies, which is connected with the development of chemoresistant forms of the disease in over 70% of patients after initial treatment regimen. Thus, we decided to examine the anticancer properties of SAL and selected SAL derivatives against a series of drug-sensitive (A2780, SK-OV-3) and derived drug-resistant (A2780 CDDP, SK-OV-3 CDDP) ovarian cancer cell lines. Although SAL analogs showed less promising IC50 values than SAL, they were identified as the antitumor agents that significantly overcome the resistance to platinum-based drugs in ovarian cancer, more potent than unmodified SAL and commonly used anticancer drugs—5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, and cisplatin. Moreover, when compared with SAL used alone, our experiments proved for the first time increased selectivity of SAL-based dual therapy with 5-fluorouracil or gemcitabine, especially towards A2780 cell line. Looking closer at the results, SAL acted synergistically with 5-fluorouracil towards the drug-resistant A2780 cell line. Our results suggest that combinations of SAL with other antineoplastics may become a new therapeutic option for patients with ovarian cancer.

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Mualipi, Stefan Feliciano, Isac Joaquim Presse, Martinho Mualeleane, and Cesário Feliciano Evódio. "AVALIAÇÃO DO TEOR DE IODO PRESENTE NO SAL DE COZINHA COMERCIALIZADO NA CIDADE DE NAMPULA – 2023." RECIMA21 - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar - ISSN 2675-6218 5, no. 2 (February 5, 2024): e524776. http://dx.doi.org/10.47820/recima21.v5i2.4776.

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A deficiência de iodo pode afetar vários aspectos do desenvolvimento humano, crescimento linear, e funcionamento fisiológico de órgãos. Felizmente, a deficiência de iodo pode ser prevenida através da iodização universal do sal. Este estudo objetivou avaliar o teor de iodo presente no sal de cozinha comercializado na Cidade de Nampula, em Moçambique. Trata-se de um estudo laboratorial, transversal com uma abordagem quantitativa. Foram coletadas um total de 33 amostras de sal de cozinha comercializado na Cidade de Nampula de diferentes tipos e marcas. A quantificação do teor de iodo no sal foi baseada no Manual do Instituto Adolfo Lutz (2008). A amostra foi constituída por 39,4% de sal do tipo fino, 30,3% do tipo grosso e 30,3% sal marinho. A adequação do teor de iodo nas amostras mostrou adequação de 42,4 % e inadequação de 57,6 %. O teor de iodo no sal foi diferente entre o teor de iodo do sal marinho com sal refinado e, o sal grosso. Os resultados observados neste estudo mostram que a maior parte dos tipos de sais comercializados na Cidade de Nampula, estão inadequados em iodo, segundo legislação vigente, pelo que se recomenda por parte das autoridades reguladoras a intensificação de suas atividades regulatórias para mitigar esta situação.

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Schomann, Tim, Kimia Mirzakhani, Julia Kallenbach, Jing Lu, Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Rasa, Francesco Neri, and Aria Baniahmad. "Androgen-Induced MIG6 Regulates Phosphorylation of Retinoblastoma Protein and AKT to Counteract Non-Genomic AR Signaling in Prostate Cancer Cells." Biomolecules 12, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12081048.

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The bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) includes the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) patients with supraphysiological androgen level (SAL). Interestingly, SAL induces cell senescence in PCa cell lines as well as ex vivo in tumor samples of patients. The SAL-mediated cell senescence was shown to be androgen receptor (AR)-dependent and mediated in part by non-genomic AKT signaling. RNA-seq analyses compared with and without SAL treatment as well as by AKT inhibition (AKTi) revealed a specific transcriptome landscape. Comparing the top 100 genes similarly regulated by SAL in two human PCa cell lines that undergo cell senescence and being counteracted by AKTi revealed 33 commonly regulated genes. One gene, ERBB receptor feedback inhibitor 1 (ERRFI1), encodes the mitogen-inducible gene 6 (MIG6) that is potently upregulated by SAL, whereas the combinatory treatment of SAL with AKTi reverses the SAL-mediated upregulation. Functionally, knockdown of ERRFI1 enhances the pro-survival AKT pathway by enhancing phosphorylation of AKT and the downstream AKT target S6, whereas the phospho-retinoblastoma (pRb) protein levels were decreased. Further, the expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p15INK4b is enhanced by SAL and ERRFI1 knockdown. In line with this, cell senescence is induced by ERRFI1 knockdown and is enhanced slightly further by SAL. Treatment of SAL in the ERRFI1 knockdown background enhances phosphorylation of both AKT and S6 whereas pRb becomes hypophosphorylated. Interestingly, the ERRFI1 knockdown does not reduce AR protein levels or AR target gene expression, suggesting that MIG6 does not interfere with genomic signaling of AR but represses androgen-induced cell senescence and might therefore counteract SAL-induced signaling. The findings indicate that SAL treatment, used in BAT, upregulates MIG6, which inactivates both pRb and the pro-survival AKT signaling. This indicates a novel negative feedback loop integrating genomic and non-genomic AR signaling.

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Lin, Tian-Lan, Wei-Ting Zeng, Fang Duan, Yin-Hui Pei, Xiu-Ping Liu, Fu Shang, and Kai-Li Wu. "Anti-viral activity of Staphylococcus aureus lysates against herpes simplex virus type-I infection: an in vitro and in vivo study." International Journal of Ophthalmology 14, no. 10 (October 18, 2021): 1463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2021.10.01.

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AIM: To investigate the effect of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aures) lysates (SALs) on herpes simplex virus type-I (HSV1) infection in human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells and in a mouse model of HSV1 keratitis. METHODS: HCE, Vero, HeLa, and BV2 cells were infected with HSV1 [HSV1 f strain, HSV1f; HSV-1-H129 with green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in, HSV1g]. Pre- or post-infection, SAL at various concentrations was added to the culture medium for 24h. GFP fluorescence in HSV1g or plaque formation by HSV1f were examined. The effects of heat-treated SAL, precooled acetone-precipitated SAL, and SAL subjected to ultrafiltration (100 kDa) were evaluated. The effects of other bacterial components and lysates on HSV1 infection were also tested, including lipoteichoic acid (LTA), peptidoglycan (PGN), staphylococcal protein A (SPA), and α-hemolysin from S. aureus (α-toxin) as well as lysates from a wild-type S. aureus strain, S. epidermidis, and Escherichia coli (W-SAL, SEL, and ECL, respectively). In addition, SAL eye drops were applied topically to BALB/c mice with HSV1 keratitis, followed by in vivo observations. RESULTS: The cytopathic effect, plaque formation (HSV1f), and GFP expression (HSV1g) in infected cells were inhibited by SAL in a dose-dependent manner. The active component of SAL (≥100 kDa) was heat-sensitive and retained activity after acetone precipitation. In HSV1g-infected cells, treatment with LTA-sa, α-toxin, PGN-sa, or SPA did not inhibit GFP expression. SAL, W-SAL, and SEL (but not ECL) decreased GFP expression. In mice with HSV1 keratitis, SAL reduced corneal lesions by 71%. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate that SAL can be used to inhibit HSV1 infection, particularly keratitis. Further studies are needed to determine the active components and mechanism underlying the effects of SAL.

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Clifton, S., W. Macdowall, A. J. Copas, C. Tanton, B. G. Keevil, D. M. Lee, K. R. Mitchell, et al. "Salivary Testosterone Levels and Health Status in Men and Women in the British General Population: Findings from the Third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3)." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 101, no. 11 (August 23, 2016): 3939–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-1669.

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Context: Salivary T (Sal-T) measurement by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy resents the opportunity to examine health correlates of Sal-T in a large-scale population survey. Objective: This study sought to examine associations between Sal-T and health-related factors in men and women age 18–74 years. Design and Setting: Morning saliva samples were obtained from participants in a cross-sectional probability-sample survey of the general British population (Natsal-3). Self-reported health and lifestyle questions were administered as part of a wider sexual health interview. Participants: Study participants included 1599 men and 2123 women. Methods: Sal-T was measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy. Linear regression was used to examine associations between health factors and mean Sal-T. Results: In men, mean Sal-T was associated with a range of health factors after age adjustment, and showed a strong independent negative association with body mass index (BMI) in multivariable analysis. Men reporting cardiovascular disease or currently taking medication for depression had lower age-adjusted Sal-T, although there was no association with cardiovascular disease after adjustment for BMI. The decline in Sal-T with increasing age remained after adjustment for health-related factors. In women, Sal-T declined with increasing age; however, there were no age-independent associations with health-related factors or specific heath conditions with the exception of higher Sal-T in smokers. Conclusions: Sal-T levels were associated, independently of age, with a range of self-reported health markers, particularly BMI, in men but not women. The findings support the view that there is an age-related decline in Sal-T in men and women, which cannot be explained by an increase in ill health. Our results demonstrate the potential of Sal-T as a convenient measure of tissue androgen exposure for population research.

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Niu, Wenhao, Feng Wu, Wenyue Cao, Yihong Chen, Yanda Zhang, Yasha Chen, Ru Ding, and Chun Liang. "Salvianolic Acid B Alleviates Limb Ischemia in Mice via Promoting SIRT1/PI3K/AKT Pathway-Mediated M2 Macrophage Polarization." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022 (May 24, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1112394.

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Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is an effective treatment agent for ischemic disease in China. However, Sal B’s effects on peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and its mechanism remains poorly understood. Macrophage polarization plays a crucial role in PAD. Nevertheless, treatment modalities that increase the population of anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages are limited. This study aimed to explore the protective effects of Sal B on limb perfusion and investigate the mechanism of Sal B-induced macrophage polarization. C57BL/6 male mice (6 weeks) were randomized into control, Model + NS, and Model + Sal B groups (n = 5). Then, we established a hind limb ischemia mouse model to assess the Sal B’s role (15 mg/kg/d) in PAD. We quantified the blood perfusion via laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) and measured the capillary density and muscle edema with CD31 and H&E staining. The Sal B-induced macrophage polarization was confirmed by qPCR and ELISA. The results showed that the Sal B group exhibited a significant improvement in the blood perfusion, capillary density, muscle edema, and M2 markers gene expressions. Cell migration and tube formation were promoted in the endothelial cells stimulated with a culture supernatant from Sal B-treated macrophages. In contrast, endothelial functions improved by Sal B-treated macrophages were impaired in groups treated with SIRT1 and PI3K inhibitors. These findings provide evidence for Sal B’s protective role in PAD and demonstrate the enhancement of macrophage polarization via the SIRT1/PI3K/AKT pathway.

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Yang, Sixia, Tingting Pei, Linshuang Wang, Yi Zeng, Wenxu Li, Shihua Yan, Wei Xiao, and Weidong Cheng. "Salidroside Alleviates Renal Fibrosis in SAMP8 Mice by Inhibiting Ferroptosis." Molecules 27, no. 22 (November 19, 2022): 8039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228039.

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Renal fibrosis progression is closely associated with aging, which ultimately leads to renal dysfunction. Salidroside (SAL) is considered to have broad anti-aging effects. However, the roles and mechanisms of SAL in aging-related renal fibrosis remain unclear. The study aimed to evaluate the protective effects and mechanisms of SAL in SAMP8 mice. SAMP8 mice were administered with SAL and Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) for 12 weeks. Renal function, renal fibrosis, and ferroptosis in renal tissue were detected. The results showed that elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) levels significantly decreased, serum albumin (ALB) levels increased, and mesangial hyperplasia significantly reduced in the SAL group. SAL significantly reduced transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-sma) levels in SAMP8 mice. SAL treatment significantly decreased lipid peroxidation in the kidneys, and regulated iron transport-related proteins and ferroptosis-related proteins. These results suggested that SAL delays renal aging and inhibits aging-related glomerular fibrosis by inhibiting ferroptosis in SAMP8 mice.

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Nass, Ralf, Suzan S. Pezzoli, Ian M. Chapman, James Patrie, Raymond L. Hintz, Mark L. Hartman, and Michael O. Thorner. "IGF-I does not affect the net increase in GH release in response to arginine." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 283, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): E702—E710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00075.2002.

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Arginine stimulates growth hormone (GH) secretion, possibly by inhibiting hypothalamic somatostatin (SS) release. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) inhibits GH secretion via effects at the pituitary and/or hypothalamus. We hypothesized that if the dominant action of IGF-I is to suppress GH release at the level of the pituitary, then the arginine-induced net increase in GH concentration would be unaffected by an IGF-I infusion. Eight healthy young adults (3 women, 5 men) were studied on day 2 of a 47-h fast for 12 h (35th-47th h) on four occasions. Saline (Sal) or 10 μg · kg−1 · h−1recombinant human IGF-I was infused intravenously for 5 h from 37 to 42 h of the 47-h fast. Arginine (Arg) (30 g iv) or Sal was infused over 30 min during the IGF-I or Sal infusion from 40 to 40.5 h of the fast. Subjects received the following combinations of treatments in random order: 1) Sal + Sal; 2) Sal + Arg; 3) IGF-I + Sal; 4) IGF-I + Arg. Peak GH concentration on the IGF-I + Arg day was ∼45% of that on the Sal + Arg day. The effect of arginine on net GH release was calculated as [(Sal + Arg) − (Sal + Sal)] − [(IGF-I + Arg) − (IGF-I + Sal)]. There was no significant effect of IGF-I on net arginine-induced GH release over control conditions. These findings suggest that the negative feedback effect of IGF-I on GH secretion is primarily mediated at the pituitary level and/or at the hypothalamus through a mechanism different from the stimulatory effect of arginine.

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Lu, Luyang, Hao Zhang, Yu Qian, and Yuan Yuan. "Isolation of Salvianolic acid A, a Minor Phenolic Carboxylic Acid of Salvia miltiorrhiza." Natural Product Communications 5, no. 5 (May 2010): 1934578X1000500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1000500525.

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Salvianolic acid A (Sal A), a caffeic acid derivative present in Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen), has shown significant biological activities, some of which are more potent than those of salvianolic acid (Sal B), the most abundant and bioactive compound in Danshen. However, its low content in the raw material makes it difficult to be used in the clinic. In this study, a novel procedure was developed to isolate Sal A from Salvia miltiorrhiza. Using this procedure, Sal A could be enriched to 1.7% in the raw material by hydrolyzing Sal B. The solution was further purified by macroporous resin and ODS column chromatography. The yield of Sal A was 0.5% with a purity of 98.0%. The procedure is efficient and convenient and is considered suitable for the separation of Sal A from Danshen.

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Guo, Jianbing, Jian Wang, Yong He, Hui Sun, Xiaolang Chen, Qiang Zheng, and Haibo Xie. "Triply Biobased Thermoplastic Composites of Polylactide/Succinylated Lignin/Epoxidized Soybean Oil." Polymers 12, no. 3 (March 10, 2020): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030632.

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Soybean oil is beneficial to improve the compatibility between polylactide (PLA) and succinylated lignin (SAL), which leads to the preparation of a host of biobased composites containing PLA, SAL, and epoxidized soybean oil (ESO). The introduction of SAL and ESO enables the relatively homogeneous morphology and slightly better miscibility obtained from triply PLA/SAL/ESO composites after dynamic vulcanization compared with unmodified PLA. The rigidity of the composites is found to decline gradually due to the addition of flexible molecular chains. According to the reaction between SAL and ESO, the Tg of PLA/SAL/ESO composites is susceptible to the movement of flexible molecular chains. The rheological behaviors of PLA/SAL/ESO under different conditions, i.e., temperature and frequency, exhibit a competition between viscidity and elasticity. The thermal stability of the composites displays a slight decrease due to the degradation of SAL and then the deterioration of ESO. The elongation at break and notched impact strength of the composites with augmentation of ESO increase by 12% and 0.5 kJ/m2, respectively. The triply biobased PLA/SAL/ESO composite is thus deemed as a bio-renewable and environmentally friendly product that may find vast applications.

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Chang, Tsong-Min, Guey-Yueh Shi, Hua-Lin Wu, Chieh-Hsi Wu, Yan-Di Su, Hui-Lin Wang, Hsin-Yun Wen, and Huey-Chun Huang. "Effects of Salvianolic Acid B on Protein Expression in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/213050.

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Salvianolic acid B (Sal B), a pure water-soluble compound extracted from Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae, has been reported to possess potential cardioprotective efficacy. To identify proteins or pathways by which Sal B might exert its protective activities on the cardiovascular system, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based comparative proteomics was performed, and proteins altered in their expression level after Sal B treatment were identified by MALDI-TOF MS/MS. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated at Sal B concentrations that can be reached in human plasma by pharmacological intervention. Results indicated that caldesmon, an actin-stabilizing protein, was downregulated in Sal B-exposed HUVECs. Proteins that showed increased expression levels upon Sal B treatment were vimentin, T-complex protein 1, protein disulfide isomerase, tropomyosin alpha, heat shock protein beta-1, UBX domain-containing protein 1, alpha enolase, and peroxiredoxin-2. Additionally, Sal B leads to increased phosphorylation of nucleophosmin in a dose-dependent manner and promotes proliferation of HUVECs. We found that Sal B exhibited a coordinated regulation of enzymes and proteins involved in cytoskeletal reorganization, oxidative stress, and cell growth. Our investigation would provide understanding to the endothelium protection information of Sal B.

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Hu, Shian, Zehua Yang, Ling Li, Qinwen Yan, Yutong Hu, Feng Zhou, Yang Tan, and Gang Pei. "Salvianolic Acid B Alleviates Liver Injury by Regulating Lactate-Mediated Histone Lactylation in Macrophages." Molecules 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29010236.

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Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is the primary water-soluble bioactive constituent derived from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. This research was designed to reveal the potential mechanism of Sal B anti-liver injury from the perspective of macrophages. In our lipopolysaccharide-induced M1 macrophage model, Sal B showed a clear dose-dependent gradient of inhibition of the macrophage trend of the M1 type. Moreover, Sal B downregulated the expression of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), while the overexpression of LDHA impaired Sal B’s effect of inhibiting the trend of macrophage M1 polarization. Additionally, this study revealed that Sal B exhibited inhibitory effects on the lactylation process of histone H3 lysine 18 (H3K18la). In a ChIP-qPCR analysis, Sal B was observed to drive a reduction in H3K18la levels in the promoter region of the LDHA, NLRP3, and IL-1β genes. Furthermore, our in vivo experiments showed that Sal B has a good effect on alleviating CCl4-induced liver injury. An examination of liver tissues and the Kupffer cells isolated from those tissues proved that Sal B affects the M1 polarization of macrophages and the level of histone lactylation. Together, our data reveal that Sal B has a potential mechanism of inhibiting the histone lactylation of macrophages by downregulating the level of LDHA in the treatment of liver injury.

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Wang, Qianqian, Xiaogang Li, Lijun Cao, Yan Li, Yonghui Liu, and Lianqing Sun. "Combining Network Pharmacology with Experimental Validation to Elucidate the Mechanism of Salvianolic Acid B in Treating Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022 (August 27, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4997327.

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Background. Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is a bioactive component of Radix Salviae, which has antiinflammation and antiapoptotic activity in diabetic complications. However, the molecular mechanism of action of Sal B on diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is unknown. This study was designed to identify a mechanism for Sal B in the treatment of DPN by using a pharmacology network, molecular docking, and in vitro experiments. Methods. Sal B and DPN-related targets from Gene Cards and OMIM platforms were retrieved and screened. Then, an analysis of possible targets with STRING and Cytoscape software was conducted. KEGG signaling pathways were determined using the R software. Subsequently, the binding capacity of Sal B to target proteins was analyzed by molecular docking and in vitro experiments. Results. A total of 501 targets related to Sal B and 4662 targets related to DPN were identified. Among these targets, 108 intersection targets were shared by Sal B and DPN. After topological and cluster analysis, 11 critical targets were identified, including p38MAPK. KEGG analysis revealed that the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway likely plays an important role in Sal B action on DPN. The p38MAPK protein is a key target in the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway. Molecular docking results suggested that Sal B and p38MAPK have excellent binding affinity (<−5 kcal/mol). The in vitro experiments revealed that Sal B downregulates the expressions of p-P38MAPK, inflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis targets, which are upregulated by hyperglycemia. Conclusion. Sal B may alter DPN by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis activated by p38MAPK.

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Hoeks, Joris, Marleen A. van Baak, Matthijs K. C. Hesselink, Gabby B. Hul, Hubert Vidal, Wim H. M. Saris, and Patrick Schrauwen. "Effect of β1- and β2-adrenergic stimulation on energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, and UCP3 expression in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 285, no. 4 (October 2003): E775—E782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00175.2003.

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In humans, β-adrenergic stimulation increases energy and fat metabolism. In the case of β1-adrenergic stimulation, it is fueled by an increased lipolysis. We examined the effect of β2-adrenergic stimulation, with and without a blocker of lipolysis, on thermogenesis and substrate oxidation. Furthermore, the effect of β1-and β2-adrenergic stimulation on uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) mRNA expression was studied. Nine lean males received a 3-h infusion of dobutamine (DOB, β1) or salbutamol (SAL, β2). Also, we combined SAL with acipimox to block lipolysis (SAL+ACI). Energy and substrate metabolism were measured continuously, blood was sampled every 30 min, and muscle biopsies were taken before and after infusion. Energy expenditure significantly increased ∼13% in all conditions. Fat oxidation increased 47 ± 7% in the DOB group and 19 ± 7% in the SAL group but remained unchanged in the SAL+ACI condition. Glucose oxidation decreased 40 ± 9% upon DOB, remained unchanged during SAL, and increased 27 ± 11% upon SAL+ACI. Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels were increased by SAL (57 ± 11%) and DOB (47 ± 16%), whereas SAL+ACI caused about fourfold lower FFA levels compared with basal levels. No change in UCP3 was found after DOB or SAL, whereas SAL+ACI downregulated skeletal muscle UCP3 mRNA levels 38 ± 13%. In conclusion, β2-adrenergic stimulation directly increased energy expenditure independently of plasma FFA levels. Furthermore, this is the first study to demonstrate a downregulation of skeletal muscle UCP3 mRNA expression after the lowering of plasma FFA concentrations in humans, despite an increase in energy expenditure upon β2-adrenergic stimulation.

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47

Moore, Mary Courtney, Shosuke Satake, Bryan Baranowski, Po-Shiuan Hsieh, Doss W. Neal, and Alan D. Cherrington. "Effect of hepatic denervation on peripheral insulin sensitivity in conscious dogs." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 282, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): E286—E296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00201.2001.

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We tested the hypothesis that the loss of hepatic nerves decreases peripheral insulin sensitivity. Surgical hepatic denervation (DN) was performed in 22 dogs ∼16 days before study; 7 dogs (Sham-Sal) had a sham procedure. A euglycemic hyperinsulinemic (1 mU · kg−1 · min−1; arterial insulin 35 ± 1 μU/ml in all dogs) clamp was performed in conscious dogs. From 0 to 90 min of the clamp, all dogs received the same treatment; then the DN dogs were divided into three groups. From 90 to 180 min, DN-PeA ( n = 7) and DN-PoA ( n = 7) groups received acetylcholine 2.5 μg · kg−1 · min−1 via peripheral or portal vein, respectively, and DN-Sal ( n= 8) received no acetylcholine. During 150–180 min, the Sham-Sal, DN-Sal, DN-PeA, and DN-PoA groups exhibited glucose infusion rates of 12.4 ± 0.8, 9.3 ± 0.8 ( P < 0.05 vs. Sham-Sal), 9.1 ± 0.1 ( P < 0.05 vs. Sham-Sal), and 12.7 ± 1.6 mg · kg−1 · min−1; nonhepatic glucose uptakes of 11.5 ± 0.9, 8.9 ± 0.7 ( P < 0.05 vs. Sham-Sal), 8.6 ± 0.9 ( P < 0.05 vs. Sham-Sal), and 11.9 ± 1.7 mg · kg−1 · min−1; net hindlimb glucose uptakes of 18.4 ± 2.1, 13.7 ± 1.1 ( P< 0.05 vs. Sham-Sal), 17.5 ± 1.9, and 16.7 ± 3.2 mg/min; and glucose utilization rates of 14.4 ± 1.4, 10.4 ± 0.8 ( P < 0.05 vs. Sham-Sal), 9.8 ± 0.9 ( P< 0.05 vs. Sham-Sal), and 13.6 ± 1.8 mg · kg−1 · min−1, respectively. DN caused peripheral insulin resistance, and intraportal but not peripheral acetylcholine restored insulin sensitivity.

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48

Luo, Mei, Hailong Peng, Zhonghua Deng, Zhonghua Yin, Qiang Zhao, and Hua Xiong. "Preparation and Characterization of Genipin-Crosslinked Chitosan Microspheres for the Sustained Release of Salidroside." International Journal of Food Engineering 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2014-0314.

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Abstract Chitosan microspheres (CsMs) that encapsulate salidroside (Sal) were prepared by the emulsion crosslinking method with naturally occurring genipin (Gp) and then examined for their in vitro release. Sal-loaded CsMs (Sal-CsMs) showed nearly spherical and smooth surfaces with internal voids. The particle size of Sal-CsMs ranged within 0.56–5.01 μm, and their encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity were beyond 77.58% and 23.29%, respectively. The stability of Sal improved after entrapment into the CsMs. The release rate of Sal from CsMs was initially rapid, followed by sustained release. The release behavior depended on the pH of the release medium. The main release mechanisms underlying the release procedure were anomalous behavior and Fickian diffusion. These results indicated that CsMs with a novel crosslinker of Gp was a potential carrier system for producing functional foods containing Sal.

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Hilmi, Endang, Lilik Kartika Sari, Arif Mahdiana, and Sesilia Rani Samudra. "Status and Rehabilittion Pattern of Mangrove Ecosystem in the Eastern of Segara Anakan Cilacap." Jurnal READ (Research of Empowerment and Development) 1, no. 1 (August 7, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.read.2020.1.1.2407.

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The Segara Ankan Lagoon (SAL) has a potentially reduced mangrove ecosystem. In this year, the mangrove area in SAL is predicted only remaining 1788 ha. The degradation of The Segara Ankan Lagoon (SAL) has a potentially reduced mangrove ecosystem. In this year, the mangrove area in SAL is predicted only remaining 1788 ha. The degradation of mangrove ecosystem often occurres in SAL, especially in Eastern of Segara Anakan Lagoon Cilacap (E-SAL). To reduce mangrove degradation need activities to review their status and recovery activities. This research aims to analysis the activities to support the effort of mangrove rehabilitation. The results of this researchd showed that (1) The potential of mangrove ecosystem in E-SAL was seedling between 15.000 – 34.999 trees ha-1, sapling between 5.199-9.065 trees ha-1 and trees between 533 – 1366 trees ha-1, (2) The status of mangrove ecosystem in E-SAL was damaged – very damaged. (3) the model spesices selection of rehabilitation pattern to reduce mangrove degradation were Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Aegiceras corniculatum, Sonneratia alba, Avicennia marina, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza

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50

Diseth, Åge. "Personality as an indirect predictor of academic achievement via student course experience and approach to learning." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 41, no. 8 (September 1, 2013): 1297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2013.41.8.1297.

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How personality traits predict students' course experience, approaches to learning (SAL), and academic achievement were investigated. A path analysis showed that personality traits predicted course experience, which, in turn, predicted SAL and academic achievement. Personality traits accounted for 27% of the variance in teaching quality, and 18% of the variance in appropriate workload. Furthermore, personality traits and course experience accounted for 19% of the variance in deep SAL, 55% of the variance in surface SAL, and 48% of the variance in strategic SAL. The whole model accounted for 13% of the variance in examination grades. It was concluded that individual differences in personality should be taken into account when investigating learning in terms of students' course experience and SAL.

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Journal articles on the topic 'SAL'

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