Academic literature on the topic 'SAFTY CATEGORIES'
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Journal articles on the topic "SAFTY CATEGORIES"
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Sato, Takashi, Kazunori Hashimoto, Yoshihiro Kojima, and Makoto Akinaga. "ICONE19-43342 International Nuclear Safety Categories (INSC) for LWRs." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2011.19 (2011): _ICONE1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2011.19._icone1943_150.
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Valluru, Charan Teja, Andrew Rae, and Sidney Dekker. "Behind Subcontractor Risk: A Multiple Case Study Analysis of Mining and Natural Resources Fatalities." Safety 6, no. 3 (2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety6030040.
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Subcontractors have always been linked to higher risk by the industry and academia. However, not much work exists in establishing the reasons behind this relationship. Much of the existing work, either categorise subcontractors under a theoretical label of work to apply the drawbacks of the label to them, or directly enter problem-solving mode. This study focusses on taking the perspective of subcontractors and explores ways in which this viewpoint interacts with safety systems and processes. This study applies a case study methodology to this problem. It examines a total of six cases reflecting six closed single subcontractor fatality accident investigation reports from the year 2004 to 2014 obtained from the Department of Natural Resources and Mines (DNRM) Queensland. These cases are then thematically analysed by employing subcontractor theory to identify themes to categorise the links between higher risk and subcontractors. The themes identified match two pre-existing categories (Institutional safety mechanisms do not cope with variability introduced by subcontractors; expertise in work does not translate to expertise in safety) and two new categories (communication does not flow to the subcontractor from the layers above them; safety work is viewed differently by subcontractor staff when compared to principal contractor’s/operators’) of subcontractor risk. This study aims to serve as a starting point for further research in understanding the subcontractor safety situation by putting things into the subcontractor’s perspective.
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Yangiev, Asror, Furkat Gapparov, Dilmurat Adjimuratov, and Sherzod Panjiev. "Safety and risk categories of water reservoir hydrosystems." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1030 (January 15, 2021): 012111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1030/1/012111.
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Waxman, Matthew C. "Terrorism: Why Categories Matter." Terrorism and Political Violence 23, no. 1 (2010): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2010.515439.
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Sheaff, Rod, Natasha Doran, Michael Harris, et al. "Categories of context in realist evaluation." Evaluation 27, no. 2 (2021): 184–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356389020968578.
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Realist evaluation has become widespread partly because of its sensitivity to the influence of contexts on policy implementation. In many such evaluations, the range of contexts considered relevant nevertheless remains disparate and under-conceptualised. This article uses findings from a realist evaluation of English Patient Safety Collaboratives during 2015–2018 to develop a realist taxonomy of contexts, differentiating contexts according to how they affect the corresponding policy mechanism. By analysing the main context-mechanism-outcome configurations that made up the English Patient Safety Collaboratives, we derive a taxonomy of the contexts that affected implementation and outcomes. The categories of context were structural (network, hierarchy, market and organisational contexts); resource-based (actors, material, financial); motivational (receptivity, outcome headroom), and temporal (continuity, history and convergence). To the categories found in previous studies, this study adds the three temporal contexts.
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Vermeer, Y., P. Higgs, and G. Charlesworth. "Surveillance for dementia safety: unclear categories and old designs." Gerontechnology 17, s (2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.4017/gt.2018.17.s.115.00.
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Iroshnikov, Denis Vladimirovich. "Theoretical problems of legal definition of transport safety and adjacent categories." Вопросы безопасности, no. 1 (January 2020): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2020.1.31878.
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 This article carries out an in-depth scientific analysis of such legal concepts as “transport safety” and “safety of the transport system”, as well as sectoral concepts by type of transport “road-traffic safety”, “navigational safety” and “aviation safety”. The indicated types of safety are viewed based on such criteria and an object of protection, source of threat, as well as cross-system ties with other types of safety. The research demonstrates the vast differences between the objects of protection and sources of threats in these concepts. The methodology of this work consists in the method of formal logics, which allowed determining logical contradictions in the conceptual-categorical apparatus of transport safety, as well as systemic method for conducting systemic analysis of these types of safeties. The author makes a conclusion that the Federal Law “On Transport Safety” underlies anti-terrorism legislation, and is aimed only at combating acts of illegal intrusion into functionality of the transport system. Therefore, the legal definition of transport safety is also severely narrowed and includes one aspect from the multifaceted transport safety.
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Davies, Paul. "New ILAC Membership Categories." Accreditation and Quality Assurance 8, no. 10 (2003): 490–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00769-003-0673-1.
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Bayramzadeh, Sara. "An Assessment of Levels of Safety in Psychiatric Units." HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal 10, no. 2 (2016): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1937586716656002.
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Objectives: This article aims to understand the incident patterns in relation to different types of spaces within a psychiatric unit, which are discussed using the five levels of safety framework. Background: Implementing measures to improve patient safety is essential particularly in a psychiatric hospital, where limited research has been conducted on inpatient safety. Therefore, this article aims to understand the incident patterns from the lens of the five levels of safety framework, which categorizes spaces according to the level of patient supervision in psychiatric facilities, as follows: service areas, corridors, dayrooms, patient rooms and bathrooms, seclusions and admissions. Methods: In an 81-bed psychiatric hospital, this mixed-method study drew 7 years of incident reports and caregivers’ perceptions gathered through focus groups. Incident reports on physical safety were analyzed based on the five levels of safety framework ( N = 1,316). Focus groups ( n = 9) explored the caregivers’ viewpoints on patient safety and five categories of spaces. Results: Overall findings support the five levels of safety pattern, confirming that most incidents occurred in patient rooms and bathrooms; moreover, relatively fewer incidents happened in dayrooms and corridors. Elopements are higher in hallways and dayrooms. Suicide is most common in patient rooms and bathrooms, and violence is more frequent in dayrooms. Focus groups results yielded insightful recommendations. Conclusions: Levels of safety framework can be adapted to seven categories where seclusion room and admission area would be two of the spaces with least incidents.
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Arkhipova, Irina V. "TAXIS AND ASPECTUALITY IN THE FOCUS OF INTERCATEGORIAL INTERACTIONS (based on the material of the German language)." Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 27, no. 2 (2023): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2023-2-21-28.
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The article deals with the issue of intercategorial interactions between the categories of taxis and aspectuality in the context of modern functional-semantic studies. In the course of the study, such general scientific and linguistic methods as hypothetical-deductive, inductive, descriptive, contextual, as well as the method of interpreting and generalizing linguistic facts were used. The purpose of this article is to describe the intercategorial interaction of the categories of taxis and aspectuality from the standpoint of a «focused» or «centered» approach. The scientific novelty of this study is due to the insufficient development of the issue of taxi-aspect interaction in the German language. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the general categorial language units of taxis and aspectuality, which are various aspectual quantifiers, act as explicators and determinants of conjugate primary-taxis categorial meanings of simultaneity, precedence and following in German statements with temporal prepositions bei, in, mit, während, seit, bis, nach, vor. Durative quantifiers (attributes, adverbials) determine durative-primary-taxis categorial meanings. Iterative adverbials and attributes specify the actualization of iterative-primary-taxis meanings, and phasic verbs determine the speech realization of various phase-primary-taxis meanings (inggressive-phase-taxis, egressive-phase-taxis and mid-phase-taxis).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "SAFTY CATEGORIES"
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ARORA, RENU. "EVALUATION OF CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF INDIAN PUBLIC SECTOR COMMERCIAL BANKS." Thesis, 2017. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/16881.
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At present, the biggest problem before Indian public sector banks is to improve
their asset quality and control their mounting non- performing loans. RBI
reports (2011-15) repeatedly impressed these banks to tighten their credit assessments
and monitoring mechanisms especially for loans to business and industry. Thus, this
study evaluates the credit risk management practices of Indian public sector banks
(PSBs) in the grant of commercial loans to find the grey areas which need review and
restructuring to improve banks’ asset quality. The research objectives are to identify
and examine the characteristics and causes of credit risk, compare credit risk
management practices of large and small public sector banks, analyse the extent
to which these banks have implemented the Basel norms on credit risk management
and evaluate their credit risk rating framework. The study also aims to design a
credit risk assessment model for banks based on a comparison of existing and
theoretical credit-scoring or rating models. The study is limited to commercial loans
to SMEs and mid-corporates.
A conceptual framework of credit risk management (CRM) systems has been
developed to delineate the strengths, problems and obstacles in public sector banks’
CRM practices through a structured questionnaire. Survey based perception studies
have been undertaken on a sample of 337 credit and risk managers working in 12
sample public sector banks. The study also uses secondary data to define the
characteristics of credit risk in public sector banks and to design a credit risk
assessment model for these banks.
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The study concludes that size of the bank is a critical credit risk variable as small
public sector banks have higher credit risk in terms of stressed assets ratio (gross non
performing and restructured loans/Total Advances). Credit managers or analysts of
large banks are found to be more satisfied with their credit risk management practices.
Credit analysts in all public sector banks (PSBs) have found that liquidity and
solvency risk factors of the corporate borrower are the most potent causes of default
on bank loans followed by his management, business and industry risk factors.
Presently the credit and risk managers in these banks are finding the industry risk of
their corporate borrowers, the most challenging risk to manage. The study has
observed high subjectivity in credit risk assessments in these banks because of a large
number of qualitative or experiential risk factors in their credit risk rating framework
and because of statistically significant disagreement between different categories of
credit and risk managers on these risk factors.
The study also develops a three group multivariate discriminant model (MDA) to
predict credit risk in new loan proposals, based on 40 performing and seven non
performing or restructured loans of a sample public sector bank, under High Safety,
Moderate Safety, and Inadequate Safety categories. The study found that the
combination of quantitative and qualitative risk factors under multi-discriminant
analysis improved credit risk assessment.
This research has thus, provided deep insight into the credit risk management
practices of the Indian public sector banks. It will serve as a standard research on the
subject, and its limitations will provide scope for further research on the subject.
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WU, TSUNG-CHIH, and 吳聰智. "The Correlational Study between Safety Climate and Safety Performance in Four Categories of Manufacturing Industries in Central Taiwan." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96617694529789265717.
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博士<br>國立彰化師範大學<br>工業教育學系<br>89<br>The main purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between safety climate and safety performance. First, basing on an extensive review of the literature, 100-item questionnaire was developed and then it was tried out. Second, item analysis, validity analysis, and reliability analysis were carried out, and then the remained 86-item questionnaire was administered. Then, data was analyzed. Finally, the conclusion and suggestion was presented.
The exploratory factor analysis of the safety climate scale (SCS) resulted in four factors, top management''s commitment and action, managers'' commitment and action, perceived risk, and safety practice, explained 63.35% of the total variance. And the safety performance scale (SPS) resulted in six factors, safety training, safety equipment, accident investigation and statistics, safety measures, safety organization, and safety management, explained 69.14% of the total variance.
The questionnaire was distributed in a self-administered form to 3000 workers in four categories of manufacturing industries in central Taiwan, and 524 valid questionnaires were returned with a response rate 17.47%. By using Pearson correlation and canonical correlation analysis, the researcher found significant positive correlation between safety climate and safety performance, and the strongest positive correlation between managers'' commitment and action and safety performance. Moreover, the researcher enforced multiple regression analysis and then found managers'' commitment and action is the best predictor to predict safety performance.
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Ren, Xiang. "Evaluating work zone strategies : matching rehabilitation categories with work strategies and evaluation of strategies for improving worker and user safety." 2005. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=370129&T=F.
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Kuraganti, Chetan Kumar. "Topics on Safety and Security of Power Systems." Thesis, 2022. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5750.
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In this thesis, we investigate some of the problems concerning the safety and security of power systems. Since the operational safety of the power system itself is a vast area of research, we choose to investigate the problem of identifying transmission line outages in a power system due to their cascading nature and widespread blackouts they can cause. Therefore, it is important to identify such outages in the shortest time possible. With this motivation, we propose a state estimation-based sequential hypothesis testing procedure to localize the failed lines. The primary focus is on single-line outages as these are more frequently occurring failures. The state estimation (SE) is performed using conventional power measurements (SCADA) and synchronized phasor measurement units (PMUs). The idea is that if there is an outage, then this information is embedded in the state estimation results, and by analyzing this information one can infer the topology of the power system. The proposed framework involves various Kalman filter-based state estimation techniques followed by a generalized likelihood ratio testing procedure to locate the failed lines. This work considers both centralized and decentralized state estimation approaches. In a centralized approach, all the information from various parts of the power system is available to the system operator. However, in the decentralized approach, only limited information is considered to reduce the communication and computational overhead. The proposed algorithms are evaluated on the IEEE 14 and the IEEE 118 bus systems, and results show that all the high-risk line failures were identified quickly. Further, simulation results show that the use of PMUs enables accurate and quicker detection than conventional power measurements.
Furthermore, recent cyber-attacks on power grids highlight the necessity to protect the critical functionalities of a control center vital for the secure operation of a grid. Even in a distributed framework, one central control center acts as a coordinator in the majority of the control center architectures. Such a control center can become a prime target for cyber and physical attacks, and, hence, a single point failure can lead to a complete loss of visibility of the power grid. If the control center that runs the critical functions in a distributed computing environment is chosen randomly among the available control centers in a secure framework, the ability of the attacker to cause a single point failure can be reduced to a great extent. To achieve this, we propose a novel distributed hierarchy-based framework to secure critical functions related to the control center. The proposed framework ensures that the data aggregation and the critical functions are carried out at a random location and incorporates security features such as attestation and trust management to detect compromised agents. A theoretical result is provided on the evolution and convergence of the trust values in the proposed trust management protocol. It is also shown that the system is nominally robust so long as the number of compromised nodes is strictly less than one-half of the nodes minus 1. For demonstration, a Kalman filter-based state estimation using phasor measurements is used as the critical function to be secured. The proposed framework’s implementation feasibility is tested on a physical hardware cluster of Parallella boards mimicking the IEEE-5-bus-system. The framework is also validated using simulations on the IEEE 118 bus system. The experimental and simulation results show that the trust for compromised control centers nominally reduces with the number of attestations.<br>Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Robert Bosch Center for Cyber-Physical Systems (RBCCPS)
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Hegde, Aditya. "Control and Safety of Multi-UAV Systems for Collaborative Payload Transportation and Target Tracking." Thesis, 2022. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/6004.
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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been widely used in reconnaissance, remote sensing, disaster relief, and agricultural applications. Many applications require multiple UAVs to cooperate to complete the assigned tasks. Two such applications of interest involving multi-UAV collaboration, which are studied extensively in the existing literature are payload transportation and collective target tracking. In this thesis, we study the design of control laws in the context of these applications. Both the applications involve the guidance of the UAVs to a goal or target, while they mutually interact and fly in a formation. The payload transportation problem addresses the issue of limited lifting capabilities of UAV systems, and the need to aggregate them to provide sufficient thrust to lift the payload. The target tracking problem, however, adds robustness to the target monitoring and estimation task with a team of UAVs. The utilization of multiple UAVs in these applications adds redundancy, and thus robustness to UAV failures. Operating such complex systems requires the design and implementation of practical motion control laws, which in turn warrant the design of simple formulations. Such formulations make the coordination of scaled UAV formations possible, besides providing a framework for accommodating the aspect of their safety in the control design.
We employ a two-pronged approach in the control design for payload transportation and target tracking problems. In the first part of the thesis, we develop distance and bearing-based proportional derivative (PD) motion control laws meeting each identified problem objective in a modular framework. In the second part of the thesis, we address the constraints on the UAVs in a formation, in the context of obstacle and inter-UAV collision avoidance, and actuator saturation. Our multi-objective modular control approach makes it possible to modify the control laws based on the objectives of the formation, making our work applicable to a variety of problems. A pair of UAVs that carry a payload and settle on standoff circles about a virtual target, while maintaining their mutual distance, is considered as an example application to demonstrate our approach. As compared to a leader-follower role assignment in the existing literature, we do not assign any roles to the UAVs, which are assumed to be homogeneous. Additionally, we design the guidance strategy for UAVs to reach a target, independent of the payload, relying on the UAV-payload geometry to guide the attached payload to the target location. We simulate agricultural spraying operations in an annular swathe, and over a field using the lawnmower trajectory, with dynamic UAV and payload models, to illustrate how the modular control design is practically applicable. The modular design is augmented by our utilization of non-smooth control laws using the signum and saturation nonlinearities, which further simplifies the control formulations in the payload transportation application, making real-world implementation practical. Use of such non-smooth motion control laws for UAV formations is not prevalent in the existing work, and thus is a major contribution of the thesis. Further, the Lyapunov stability analyses of the multi-objective smooth and non-smooth control laws using results from non-smooth analysis, illustrate the advantages of our modular control approach in yielding analytical guarantees of kinematic stability.
An additional benefit of our control approach for multi-UAV applications is in providing a platform for integrating operational and safety constraints. The aspect of safety in collaborative UAV applications has not been properly addressed in the existing literature. Formations often require the UAVs to maintain a safe distance from each other, while collectively staying away from obstacles in the environment. To this end, we design actuator saturation constraints, and safety constraints for obstacle and inter-UAV collision avoidance. Control barrier functions (CBFs) are used to develop and enforce these constraints in a control-optimization problem involving a payload which is rigidly attached to two UAVs which settle on target standoff circles, while navigating an environment with obstacles. We extend this optimization problem further and add control Lyapunov function (CLF) constraints, to a problem involving four UAVs and a semi-flexible payload requiring safe shape-manipulation to navigate between obstacles. We also explore the utilization of barrier Lyapunov functions (BLFs) in target tracking problems, where a formation of UAVs tracks a moving target while maintaining inter-UAV separation within specified bounds. The barrier functions provide implementable constraints that are easily integrated with our modular multi-objective control architecture, to provide real-time solutions for collaborative UAV applications. This is extensively demonstrated using numerical and ROS-Gazebo simulations with dynamic UAV and payload models, using the proposed controllers and constraints. Thus, by incorporating these barrier functions in our analysis, our second major contribution is the safety-critical control design of multi-UAV systems.
To summarize, the thesis contributes by developing simple, scalable, and implementable motion control laws to guide UAV formations towards a target, while maintaining their individual and collective safety in the collaborative payload transportation and target tracking applications.
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Badhuk, Pabitra. "Experimental and Numerical Studies on Chemically Active Flame Inhibitors." Thesis, 2022. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5624.
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Fire hazards pose an increasingly potent threat to modern societies. Early identification and mitigation of fire hazards are crucial to avoid the loss of human lives and property. Recent research suggests that finely-atomized water spray consisting of droplets with a Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) of less than 100 µm is a superior fire-suppressant compared to traditional water sprinklers (SMD 0.1 – 1 mm). The addition of chemical inhibitors further improves the effectiveness of water mist as cooling, dilution, and chemical modes of fire suppression are combined. In the present thesis, the effectiveness of chemically active fire suppression agents for methane and LPG flames has been assessed through experiments and numerical modelling. The agents (K/Na-based compounds) are introduced in a counterflow diffusion flame of methane/LPG in the form of aqueous solutions, and their impact on the flame extinction is measured. Initial experiments conducted with pure water mist show a 45% reduction in the extinction strain rate (ESR) at a Y_(H_2 O)=1.5% in a methane flame. It is observed that for both LPG and methane flames, the addition of alkali compounds further improves the inhibition effectiveness of water mist. Four potassium compounds and six sodium compounds have been tested in the present thesis. All potassium compounds show superior effectiveness compared to those of sodium. Among the tested additives, potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) and potassium acetate (CH3COOK) are established as the most efficient in both methane and LPG flames. In methane flames, the addition of KHCO3 at 2% solute concentration reduces the ESR by 20% as compared to that obtained using a pure water mist. Combinations of multiple compounds are also tested to identify possible synergistic/antagonistic interactions between the agents. Additive interaction is found in the KHCO3 -NaHCO3 mixture, whereas the mixture of KHCO3 – CH3COOK shows antagonistic interaction. To understand these observations, experimental results are compared with one-dimensional simulations using detailed chemical kinetic models. Numerical predictions of the ESR under the influence of water mist are in good agreement with measured data. However, the influence of alkali solutions is only captured qualitatively in the simulations. Numerically, the analysis is extended to other classes of fire suppression agents as well. The ranking among four agents (Fe, K, P, Br-based) is obtained in a methane flame. Additionally, the work closely examines the effect of flame residence time on the inhibitor performance. The importance of regeneration coefficients and radical pool composition in determining the inhibitor effectiveness is established. The detailed chemical mechanism describing the phosphorus-based flame inhibition contains 44 species and 213 reactions, thus making the simulations computationally expensive. The thesis presents two chemical mechanisms, i.e., a skeletal (4 species, 7 reactions) and a global (3 species, 3 reactions) mechanism, which lead to an 82% reduction in computational time with respect to the detailed mechanism. Overall, the thesis has led to an improved understanding of fire suppression under the influence of chemically active flame inhibitors, specifically identifying the most effective potassium-based chemical inhibitors for methane and LPG flames.
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Ruknudeen, Fazludeen. "On-board Failure Diagnostics and Failure Prediction of High Power White Light Emitting Diodes Used in Safety Critical Applications." Thesis, 2018. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4369.
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Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) have become a focus of global lighting community owing to their long service life, low energy consumption and environmental friendliness. The ever-increasing use of LEDs in many applications such as indoor lighting, street lighting, displays, signalling etc., has created a greater interest for this novel technology among the business community to invest more. As a result, the research towards boosting the light output and improved efficacy has led to the development of High-Power White Light Emitting Diodes (HPWLEDs) which are considered to be the next-generation green lighting sources. HPWLEDs have the potential to replace the traditional light sources such as incandescent lamps, halogen lamps and fluorescent lamps. The process of diagnosing, monitoring the health and, thereby predicting the reliability and remaining useful life of the systems is the central theme of Prognosis and Health Management (PHM). PHM relies on the continuous monitoring of system’s health parameters to detect the possible indications of any suspicious behaviour from the normal course of performance and thereby predicting the remaining useful service life of the systems. Though LED based lights are known for their long-term service life compared to the traditional tungsten halogen or fluorescent lamp-based lights, in reality, their long term performance relies on the thermal design. The heat generated in the p-n junction would bring down the life of the LED device if not dissipated properly. The end user confidence, especially in a safety critical application like airfield ground lighting, becomes high if the lifetime claims of the light manufacturers are based on real-time usage data. Condition based
maintenance schedules would avoid sudden failures and expensive system down time if the operators have access to an early warning system based on Remaining Useful Life (RUL) prediction during the transformation phase to the LED technology and thereafter. This research work discusses the key factors affecting the useful life of high-power LED based lights used in safety critical applications. Model-based prognostic approaches are presented to predict the RUL of the lights that use high power white LEDs and these model-based approaches can be readily implemented on-board the lighting system. The study primarily considers the lumen degradation of the lights over long time as the primary failure criterion. As part of the study, long time lumen maintenance data has been collected through the experiments for various test conditions. Two different methods have been studied to estimate the time to reach the failure threshold and the results obtained from these two methods are analysed. The proposed methods to estimate the RUL of the lights use an algorithm to estimate the life as a function of measurable parameters whose values can be obtained from on-board sensors in a real time environment. The thesis also discusses the failure criterion based on colour shift of LED lights. A detailed analysis has been carried out to understand the basic factors that cause the colour shift in the phosphor converted LED lights. A model has been proposed to study and quantify the colour shifting phenomenon.
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Gayathri, Harihara. "Macroscopic crowd flow and risk modelling in mass religious gathering." Thesis, 2021. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5630.
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Understanding the principles and applications of crowd dynamics in mass gatherings is very important, specifically with respect to crowd risk analysis and crowd safety. Historical trends from India and other countries suggest that the crowd crushes in mass gatherings, especially in religious events, frequently occur, highlighting the importance of studying crowd behaviour more scientifically. This is required to support appropriate and timely crowd management principles in planning crowd control measures and providing early warning systems at mass gatherings. Hitherto, the researchers have studied the previous incidents of crowd crushes from the viewpoint of high density and the resulting physical forces and poor geometric facilities, but the factors such as psychological triggers and weather are overlooked. Further, although the average number of victims per panic event seems to decrease, their total number increases with the frequency of mass religious gatherings. Unless proper measures are in place, this trend will continue. Therefore, a comprehensive risk assessment is required to assess the potentially risky situations associated with an event that can lead to crowd crushes.
To manage large crowds, an understanding of crowd dynamics is required to reasonably predict the level of risk and implement appropriate crowd management measures. However, there is a lack of empirical studies with real-world data on crowd behaviour and dynamics. Therefore, deriving motivation from the given background, the objectives of this research are: (1) to conduct a detailed empirical data collection in a mass religious gathering in an uncontrolled setup, (2) to understand the fundamental relationships between speed, flow, and density across different sections of case study, (3) to analyse the potentially risky situations observed in the site, and (4) to develop a comprehensive crowd risk model concerning crowd movement in mass religious gatherings and arrive at a Crowd Risk Index (CRI) which can give a range of values on scale defining the possibilities of crowd risks in a given area of mass religious gathering.
The case study considered was Kumbh Mela 2016, held in Ujjain, India, between 22 April and 21 May. It attracted an estimated population of 75 million with an interesting mix of domestic and international pilgrims, spiritual leaders, and holy men, who journeyed to Ujjain from short duration (one day) to long-term stay (throughout the event). The key attractions of Kumbh were (1) taking a dip in the river Kshipra and (2) visiting temples. Data was collected throughout the event, covering the important days on which the crowd was expected to be more. Data in video form was recorded using Go-Pro, head-mount cameras, mobile phones and CCTV cameras. Additionally, data was also collected using GPS trackers and survey forms. Further, quantitative data was collected through visual observations.
The Crowd Risk Index was developed from three pillars of indices: Crowd Dynamic Index (CDI), Crowd Anxiety Index (CAI), and Temperature-Humidity Index (THI). CDI include (i) macroscopic fundamental flow diagrams of a spiritually motivated crowd (ii) characteristics of stop and go waves in one-dimensional interrupted pedestrian flow through narrow channels (iii) understanding social group behaviour in the crowd and the effect of the presence of groups on the crowd movement, and (iv) understanding serpentine group behaviour and its impact on crowd dynamics.
Using the above-mentioned study observations, the CDI was developed for ghat and temple locations as they were the two key attractions of Kumbh Mela. All the variables were used both for ghat and temple model. About 53 expert opinions were gathered separately for the temple and ghat videos. The experts rated the risk levels from the video clippings as low, medium, or high. Low was taken as class 1, medium as class 2, and high as class 3, which was given as an input to the CDI. The dataset was imbalanced, and so the SMOTE-Tomek Link method was used to balance out the dataset. Cross Validation technique using the Random Forest algorithm was used to predict the level of risk for CDI.
CAI included the patience and aggression scores obtained from the study conducted on understanding the crowd’s emotions. A Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was performed, and hypotheses testing were done to verify the relationship between the first order (cue-dependence (CD), tolerance (TO) and goal-oriented (GO); norm violation (NV), obstruction to movement (DO) and social display of power (SP)) and second-order factors (patience and aggression). All the first-order factors under patience and aggression were found to have a direct and significant impact on the second-order factors, i.e., patience and aggression, respectively. The patience and aggressions scores were obtained from the path loadings. Moreover, the effect of high temperature can have an indirect impact on the CRI through increasing aggression. This was also included in the index. The dataset here was also imbalanced, and so the SMOTE-Tomek Link method was used to balance out the dataset. The same Cross Validation technique using the Random Forest algorithm was used to predict the level of risk for CAI. A value between 0 and 1is class 1 (low), a value between 1 and 2 is class 2 (medium), and a value between 2 and 3 is class 3 (high).
THI from literature was used to gauge the effect of temperature on the crowd risk. Kumbh Mela 2016 was held during peak summer under the scorching heat. The average temperature across the event duration was above 91-degree Fahrenheit, which implies that the event happened under severe stress conditions. This indicates the importance of including temperature effects into the model, especially for events that happen under high-temperature conditions. The comfort zone values were considered as class 1 (low), mild and severe stress conditions are combined as class 2 (medium), and severe stress conditions as class 3 (high).
The CAI, CDI, and THI together form the CRI. The relative importance of these indices was also gathered from the same 53 experts. The weights were then calculated using the AHP process. Then the final CRI prediction equation was formulated. A CRI value between 0 and 1 indicates low risk, a value between 1 and 2 indicates medium risk, and a value between 2 and 3 indicates high risk. This can help in predicting the level of risk in a given area for every one-minute interval.
Therefore, the CRI developed includes factors such as crowd anxiety and temperature, other than the crowd dynamics and behaviours, as it is important to include a comprehensive set of factors for a better prediction. With an overarching understanding of the factors leading to critical crowd conditions, the CRI developed in this work can help reasonably predict the level of risk and implement appropriate crowd management measures. However, the approach used in the study has its own set of limitations. There are other important factors that could endanger crowd safety, including bottleneck movement and crowd turbulence, among others, which are not considered. Studying and incorporating these into the CRI can result in a more accurate model. Adding health-related aspects and studying other psychological aspects supplemented with video data can also improve the model's precision. In addition, a comparison of different machine learning techniques to assess their performance could be a follow-up to this research. Despite these limitations, the study proposes a novel methodology for predicting crowd risk in mass religious gatherings. This is a one-of-a-kind study in crowd disaster and crowd safety that has never been attempted before in the literature.
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Marques, Marta da Fonseca. "Assessing the perspective of health professionals on the impact of training on their safety, during the COVID-19 pandemic: the mediating role of trust." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/23893.
Full textAbstract:
In the face of the current pandemic, health professionals are one of the most important resources, if not the most important. Despite their importance to health care per se, their safety is of paramount importance. Nowadays, health professionals are at increased risk of infection due to the high rate of transmission of the virus. Therefore, all measures concerning their safety, as well as their analysis, become imperative.
The present thesis proposes to analyse the perspective of health professionals in Portugal, in terms of the training they have received, the level of trust embedded in the institution where they are employed, and how these aspects affect their perception of safety, during the pandemic period.
This study relied on an online questionnaire - with a total of 235 responses - and quantitative analysis methods to answer the defined research question. Data analysis combined descriptive and inferential analysis, internal consistency analysis and mediation analysis, using Hayes’ PROCESS.
The results suggest that Health Professionals’ Perception of Safety, Training Adequacy and Organisational Trust are evaluated at low, yet positive values, with the latter recording the highest evaluation.
Furthermore, the results demonstrate the existence of a direct effect of the perception of training on the perception of safety, as well as an indirect effect, the latter mediated by organisational trust.
In the context studied, the main problems and resulting opportunities for improvement, are to be found in the time and the content framework of training, and in the trust relationships between health professionals, their supervisors and the institution.<br>Devido à situação pandémica, identificaram-se os profissionais de saúde como um dos recursos fundamentais, senão o mais importante, destacando a sua segurança como um tópico vital.
Atualmente, os profissionais de saúde estão expostos a um maior risco de infeção devido à elevada taxa de transmissão do vírus, tornando todas as medidas de segurança, bem como a sua análise, imprescindíveis.
Esta investigação propõe uma análise à perceção dos profissionais de saúde em Portugal, durante a pandemia, sobre a formação recebida e à confiança que depositam na sua organização, bem como o impacto na sua perceção de segurança. Para tal, foi elaborado um questionário aos profissionais de saúde com instrumentos avaliadores da perceção da adequação da formação, da confiança organizacional e da sua segurança.
O questionário aplicado online recolheu 235 respostas. Os dados analisados com base em estatística descritiva e inferencial, consistência interna e de mediação com utilização do macro PROCESS de Hayes.
Os resultados indicam que os profissionais de saúde percecionam de forma positive a adequação da formação recebida, confiam na sua organização e sentem-se seguros.
Os resultados suportam ainda a existência de um efeito direto da perceção relativamente à formação sobre o sentimento de segurança, e igualmente um efeito indireto, sendo este mediado pela confiança na organização.
O conteúdo e cronograma da formação, bem como a confiança dos profissionais de saúde nos seus supervisores e organização são os pontos onde se registam as avaliações mais baixas, evidenciando os problemas, e consequentemente, as oportunidades de melhoria.
Books on the topic "SAFTY CATEGORIES"
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Moebs, Noel N. Coal mine roof instability: Categories and causes. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1986.
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Great Britain. Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens., ed. Categorisation of biological agents according to hazard and categories of containment. 4th ed. HSE Books, 1995.
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Brown, C. Physical protection requirements for categories I, II, and III material at fuel cycle facilities. Division of Fuel Cycle Safety and Safequards, Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1999.
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Staff, India Railway Board High Power Committee to Review the Duty Hours of Running and Other Safety Related Categories of. Report of High Power Committee to Review the Duty Hours of Running and Other Safety Related Categories of Staff. [Government of India, Ministry of Railways (Railway Board)], 2013.
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Danchenko, Sergey. The Beginnings of Security Pedagogy. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1371146.
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The monograph is devoted to the study of the problem of the formation and development of security pedagogy in the context of the philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of security. Based on the analysis of works devoted to the problems of human security, the most general theoretical provisions of this field of knowledge are determined. The actual problems of the science of safety are formulated, the concepts of "danger" and "safety" as philosophical categories are defined. The theoretical and methodological foundations of the scientific direction of life safety and safety pedagogy are presented. The didactic features are defined, the specific principles of safety pedagogy at the level of general education are highlighted. A methodological approach to teaching the basics of security is proposed. The results of the study of the application of the proposed approach are presented. 
 It is intended for researchers and practitioners in the field of life safety and security education.
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Rosa, Maria I. De. Analyses of mobile equipment fires for all U.S. surface and underground coal and metal/nonmetal mining categories, 1990-1999. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2004.
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Categorisation of Pathogens According to Hazard and Categories of Containment. Health and Safety Executive (HSE), 1990.
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Britain, Great. Merchant Shipping (Passenger Ships) (Safety Code for UK Categorised Waters) Regulations 2010. Stationery Office, The, 2010.
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Lei, Yuan. Alarms and Safety Mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784975.003.0012.
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‘Alarms and Safety Mechanisms’ breaks that puzzling black box, which includes those critical functions designed to safeguard the ventilated patient. It describes the categories of alarms, including application alarms (also called clinical alarms), which may indicate problems with the patient; a leak or occlusion in the breathing circuit; or an improper ventilator setting. It goes on to describe technical alarms that point to an actual malfunction within the ventilator system. It also discusses alarm priorities and alarm settings or alarm limits. The chapter details each common alarm, listing alternative alarm messages as they appear on different ventilators, and describing what the alarm means and how to troubleshoot it. Finally, the chapter discusses a ventilator’s emergency states, such as the ambient state or the safety valve open state, and the ventilator inoperative alarm.
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Ren, Xiang. Evaluating work zone strategies: Matching rehabilitation categories with work strategies and evaluation of strategies for improving worker and user safety. 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "SAFTY CATEGORIES"
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Nordland, Odd. "Safety Case Categories - Which One When?" In Current Issues in Safety-Critical Systems. Springer London, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0653-1_10.
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Cobb, Jorge A. "Maintaining Safety in Interdomain Routing with Hierarchical Path-Categories." In Distributed Computing and Networking. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11322-2_8.
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Brooks, David J., and Michael Coole. "Divergence of Safety and Security." In The Coupling of Safety and Security. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47229-0_7.
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Abstract Safety and security have similar goals, to provide social wellness through risk control. Such similarity has led to views of professional convergence; however, the professions of safety and security are distinct. Distinction arises from variances in concept definition, risk drivers, body of knowledge, and professional practice. This chapter explored the professional synergies and tensions between safety and security professionals, using task-related bodies of knowledge. Findings suggest that safety and security only have commonalities at the overarching abstract level. Common knowledge does exist with categories of risk management and control; however, differences are explicit. In safety, risk management focuses on hazards management, whereas security focuses on threat mitigation. Safety theories consider health impacts and accidents, whereas security crime and crime prevention. Therefore, safety and security are diverging as distinct professions.
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Sun, Zhong-qiang, Wei-min Dai, Jing Wang, and Xu Han. "Discussion on Improving the Safety Training Effect of Three Categories of Staff." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24022-5_16.
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Hansson, Sven Ove. "Zero Visions and Other Safety Principles." In The Vision Zero Handbook. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76505-7_2.
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AbstractSafety management is largely based on safety principles, which are simple guidelines intended to guide safety work. This chapter provides a typology and systematic overview of safety principles and an analysis of how they relate to Vision Zero. Three major categories of safety principles are investigated. The aspiration principles tell us what level of safety or risk reduction we should aim at or aspire to. Important examples are Vision Zero, continuous improvement, ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable), BAT (best available technology), cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, risk limits, and exposure limits. The error tolerance principles are based on the insight that accidents and mistakes will happen, however much we try to avoid them. We therefore have to minimize the negative effects of failures and unexpected disturbances. Safety principles telling us how to do this include fail-safety, inherent safety, substitution, multiple safety barriers, redundancy, and safety factors. Finally, evidence evaluation principles provide guidance on how to evaluate uncertain evidence. Major such principles are the precautionary principle, a reversed burden of proof, and risk neutrality.
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Hansson, Sven Ove. "Zero Visions and Other Safety Principles." In The Vision Zero Handbook. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_2-2.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSafety management is largely based on safety principles, which are simple guidelines intended to guide safety work. This chapter provides a typology and systematic overview of safety principles and an analysis of how they relate to Vision Zero. Three major categories of safety principles are investigated. The aspiration principles tell us what level of safety or risk reduction we should aim at or aspire to. Important examples are Vision Zero, continuous improvement, ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable), BAT (best available technology), cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, risk limits, and exposure limits. The error tolerance principles are based on the insight that accidents and mistakes will happen, however much we try to avoid them. We therefore have to minimize the negative effects of failures and unexpected disturbances. Safety principles telling us how to do this include fail-safety, inherent safety, substitution, multiple safety barriers, redundancy, and safety factors. Finally, evidence evaluation principles provide guidance on how to evaluate uncertain evidence. Major such principles are the precautionary principle, a reversed burden of proof, and risk neutrality.
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Hansson, Sven Ove. "Zero Visions and Other Safety Principles." In The Vision Zero Handbook. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_2-1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSafety management is largely based on safety principles, which are simple guidelines intended to guide safety work. This chapter provides a typology and systematic overview of safety principles and an analysis of how they relate to Vision Zero. Three major categories of safety principles are investigated. The aspiration principles tell us what level of safety or risk reduction we should aim at or aspire to. Important examples are Vision Zero, continuous improvement, ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable), BAT (best available technology), cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, risk limits, and exposure limits. The error tolerance principles are based on the insight that accidents and mistakes will happen, however much we try to avoid them. We therefore have to minimize the negative effects of failures and unexpected disturbances. Safety principles telling us how to do this include fail-safety, inherent safety, substitution, multiple safety barriers, redundancy, and safety factors. Finally, evidence evaluation principles provide guidance on how to evaluate uncertain evidence. Major such principles are the precautionary principle, a reversed burden of proof, and risk neutrality.
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Mashko, Alina, and Adam Orlický. "Drowsiness in Drivers of Different Age Categories While Performing Car Following Task." In Vision Zero for Sustainable Road Safety in Baltic Sea Region. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22375-5_23.
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Kaplan, Yusuf Cem, and Hilal Erol-Coskun. "Safety Parameters and Risk Categories Used for Psychotropic Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation." In Perinatal Psychopharmacology. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92919-4_3.
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Abebe, Henok Girma, Sven Ove Hansson, and Karin Edvardsson Björnberg. "Arguments Against Vision Zero: A Literature Review." In The Vision Zero Handbook. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76505-7_3.
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AbstractDespite Vision Zero’s moral appeal and its expansion throughout the world, it has been criticized on different grounds. This chapter is based on an extensive literature search for criticism of Vision Zero, using the bibliographic databases Philosopher’s Index, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Phil Papers, and by following the references in the collected documents. Even if the primary emphasis was on Vision Zero in road traffic, our search also included documents criticizing Vision Zero policies in other safety areas, such as public health, the construction and mining industries, and workplaces in general. Based on the findings, we identify and systematically characterize and classify the major arguments that have been put forward against Vision Zero. The most important arguments against Vision Zero can be divided into three major categories: moral arguments, arguments concerning the (goal-setting) rationality of Vision Zero, and arguments aimed at the practical implementation of the goals. We also assess the arguments. Of the 13 identified main arguments, 6 were found to be useful for a constructive discussion on safety improvements.
Conference papers on the topic "SAFTY CATEGORIES"
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Wilday, A. J. "Safety categories for safety devices used in electrical equipment for use in potentially explosive atmospheres." In International Conference on Explosion Safety in Hazardous Areas. IEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19991072.
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Hsu, Gee-Sern, Pendry Alexandra, Jiun-Chang Chen, Fang Yeh, and Ming-Hong Chen. "License plate recognition for categorized applications." In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icves.2011.5983818.
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Tommasi, Tatiana, Francesco Orabona, and Barbara Caputo. "Safety in numbers: Learning categories from few examples with multi model knowledge transfer." In 2010 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2010.5540064.
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Artem, Vitkovsky, and Alexey Yakovlev. "Screening for Future Coronary Heart Disease in Oilfield Personnel by Using Risk Factor Categories." In International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/157533-ms.
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Wang, Hao, Deming Zhong, Yukun Zhao, and Rui Sun. "A Model-Based Safety Analysis Method for Hybrid Systems Based on Multiple Hazard Factor Categories." In 2019 International Conference on Sensing, Diagnostics, Prognostics, and Control (SDPC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sdpc.2019.00181.
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Guimarães, Marcela Silva, Hiago Henrique Gomes de Araújo, Thais Campos Lucas, Márcio das Chagas Moura, Isis Didier Lins, and Rômulo Fernando Teixeira Vilela. "An NLP and Text Mining–based Approach to Categorize Occupational Accidents." In Proceedings of the 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL). Research Publishing Services, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-14-8593-0_4565-cd.
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Bell, C. D., C. T. Watson, J. Howson, and A. E. Walker. "Safety Classification Informed Structural Integrity Assessment of Nuclear Plant Components." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25309.
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A methodology has been developed for establishing the structural integrity demonstration requirements for nuclear plant components. The methodology determines the safety classification of components based upon the consequences of loss of safety functions, which together with an assessment of the potential for failure enables risk categories to be assigned to the components. The appropriate structural integrity assessment and manufacturing inspection requirements are then determined based upon the component risk categories. Adherence to the new methodology, which is supplemental to the requirements of Section III of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, provides, where appropriate, additional assurance of component structural integrity that meets with the UK safety targets. This paper provides the background and an overview of the methodology. Examples of the application of the methodology to nuclear plant components are also included in the appendices of the paper.
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Zeng, Wei, and Hongxing Yu. "On the Use of Binary Importance Decision for Risk-Informed Categorization of SSCs." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75071.
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The categorization of Structures, Systems and Components (SSCs) is one of the foundations in the design of the nuclear reactor. The regulation requirements based on the current deterministic categorization are over-conservative in some aspects; on the other hand, some requirements for the nonsafety-related components are too loose. In order to make the requirements reasonable, the risk-informed significance categorization of SSCs has been presented. Risk-informed significance categorization (RISC) is to categorize structures, systems, or components (SSCs) of a nuclear power plant (NPP) into two or more groups, according to their significance using both probabilistic and deterministic insights. The SSCs are quantitatively categorized by their importance measures; Fussell–Vesely (FV) and Risk Achievement Worth (RAW) are widely used. But in conventional methods for the RISC, first, a component will be categorized as significance once the value of FV or RAW is over the thresholds. So the significant components are treated equally regardless of the difference between FV and RAW, that is not suitable. Second, the component RAW derived from the sum or maximum of the basic events is not realistic. Third, the categorization threshold for FV is not uniform, different reactors have the different thresholds. The three key problems will be researched in this paper, the quartered way will be presented base on the discussion about combination of the two importance measures (binary importance decision). And then through transferring the additivity from FV to RAW, the realistic component RAW derived from FV will be got. Finally, according to the relationship between FV and RAW, the threshold for FV will be gained similar to RAW. In the study, the author will use the new method to make a practice on the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant, 43% components of the low pressure safety injection system which are safety-related are categorized as low significant; 2.6% components which are nonsafety-related of the auxiliary feed water system are categorized as significant.
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OLEJNICZAK-SZUSTER, K. "Factors Determining the Perception of OHS by Socially Responsible Entrepreneurs." In Quality Production Improvement and System Safety. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902691-49.
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Abstract. The study identifies the factors which determine the perception of occupational health and safety by socially responsible entrepreneurs. The research task set was carried out on the basis of an analysis of the literature on the subject and the results of surveys conducted in the third quarter of 2021, conducted among 164 entrepreneurs. In the empirical analysis workshop, logit models were estimated, in which determinants belonging to 5 categories were considered. On this basis, using the Gretl software, 8 logit models (4 full and 4 reduced) were built, indicating the relationships between the studied variables.
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KADHIM, Shafq, Osama Q. FADHIL, Zahraa SAAD, and Dhafir QAHTAN. "SAFETY AND MISUSE OF PRESCRIBED MEDICATIONS DURING PREGNANCY." In VI.International Scientific Congress of Pure,Applied and Technological Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/minarcongress6-15.
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The unique nature and physiology of pregnancy represents a challenge for choosing suitable, efficacious and safe drug therapy. Pharmacokinetic of medicines is very complicated during pregnancy as many important physiological changes happen during this period. FDA classifies medicines used in pregnancy into five categories A, B, C, D and X. Category A is considered the safest category while X is absolutely contraindicated in pregnancy. This a descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to demonstrate safety of prescribed drugs and the extent of drug misuse during pregnancy. The results demonstrated that 82% of prescriptions lack the full scientific information and 75% of prescriptions containing drugs fall within C and D categories. Moreover, the results showed that 29% of drugs are category C (most commonly prescribed drug was hyoscin butylbromide), and 14% of drugs are category D (most commonly prescribed drug was phenoparbiton). A high percentage of prescriptions was seen with multiple items that can increase the associated side effects and about 22 % of prescriptions were refilled many times and more than half of this percentage used them without medical consultations; this indicates that many pregnant women may misuse these drugs. From this study we concluded that there is a misuse of medicines during pregnancy and a high percentage of pregnant women have used unsafe medications. Therefore prescribing drugs during this period needs a special care as this issue can be dangerous for mother and her fetus.
Reports on the topic "SAFTY CATEGORIES"
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Rudner, Tim, and Helen Toner. Key Concepts in AI Safety: An Overview. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20190040.
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This paper is the first installment in a series on “AI safety,” an area of machine learning research that aims to identify causes of unintended behavior in machine learning systems and develop tools to ensure these systems work safely and reliably. In it, the authors introduce three categories of AI safety issues: problems of robustness, assurance, and specification. Other papers in this series elaborate on these and further key concepts.
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Knepper, Randy. NAPSR-C11 State Pipeline Safety Requirements-Initiatives Providing Increased Public Safety Levels vs CFR. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011864.
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Over 1,150 specific safety enhancements described in 22 categories ranging from enhanced reporting to record-keeping to cathodic protection to design and installation requirements have been adopted by states to help enhance pipeline safety. Formalized pipeline replacement programs have been employed by many states to address the aging pipeline infrastructure. To date, 45 states have at least one initiative above and beyond the minimum Code of Federal Regulations applying to one or more pipeline operators within their state. It is hoped this report will serve as a detailed resource for examining some of the pipeline safety best practices established by states.
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Rudner, Tim, and Helen Toner. Key Concepts in AI Safety: Interpretability in Machine Learning. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20190042.
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This paper is the third installment in a series on “AI safety,” an area of machine learning research that aims to identify causes of unintended behavior in machine learning systems and develop tools to ensure these systems work safely and reliably. The first paper in the series, “Key Concepts in AI Safety: An Overview,” described three categories of AI safety issues: problems of robustness, assurance, and specification. This paper introduces interpretability as a means to enable assurance in modern machine learning systems.
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Rudner, Tim, and Helen Toner. Key Concepts in AI Safety: Robustness and Adversarial Examples. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20190041.
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This paper is the second installment in a series on “AI safety,” an area of machine learning research that aims to identify causes of unintended behavior in machine learning systems and develop tools to ensure these systems work safely and reliably. The first paper in the series, “Key Concepts in AI Safety: An Overview,” described three categories of AI safety issues: problems of robustness, assurance, and specification. This paper introduces adversarial examples, a major challenge to robustness in modern machine learning systems.
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King, Lucy. FSA Consumer segmentation. Food Standards Agency, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.bmo506.
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For our audiences, it is important to find out how their attitudes and behaviours relating to food safety differ, in order to understand who is more likely to take food safety risks and in what context. This is essential for effective communications and helps us to shape food safety policy. The audiences in these documents have been created using attitudinal and behavioural segmentation that categorises people based on their attitudes to food and their reported hygiene and food safety behaviours.
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Rduner, Tim G. J., and Helen Toner. Key Concepts in AI Safety: Specification in Machine Learning. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20210031.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is the fourth installment in a series on “AI safety,” an area of machine learning research that aims to identify causes of unintended behavior in machine learning systems and develop tools to ensure these systems work safely and reliably. The first paper in the series, “Key Concepts in AI Safety: An Overview,” outlined three categories of AI safety issues—problems of robustness, assurance, and specification—and the subsequent two papers described problems of robustness and assurance, respectively. This paper introduces specification as a key element in designing modern machine learning systems that operate as intended.
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DeRobertis, Michelle, Christopher E. Ferrell, Richard W. Lee, and David Moore. City Best Practices to Improve Transit Operations and Safety. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1951.
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Public, fixed-route transit services most commonly operate on public streets. In addition, transit passengers must use sidewalks to access transit stops and stations. However, streets and sidewalks are under the jurisdiction of municipalities, not transit agencies. Various municipal policies, practices, and decisions affect transit operations, rider convenience, and passenger safety. Thus, these government entities have an important influence over the quality, safety, and convenience of transit services in their jurisdictions. This research identified municipal policies and practices that affect public transport providers’ ability to deliver transit services. They were found from a comprehensive literature review, interviews and discussions with five local transit agencies in the U.S., five public transportation experts and staff from five California cities. The city policies and practices identified fall into the following five categories: Infrastructure for buses, including bus lanes, signal treatments, curbside access; Infrastructure for pedestrians walking and bicycling to, and waiting at, transit stops and stations; Internal transportation planning policies and practices; Land development review policies; Regional and metropolitan planning organization (MPO) issues. The understanding, acknowledgment, and implementation of policies and practices identified in this report can help municipalities proactively work with local transit providers to more efficiently and effectively operate transit service and improve passenger comfort and safety on city streets.
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Risk Assessment, FSA Regulated Products. Safety Assessment: Outcome of the assessment of 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL) as a novel food. Food Standards Agency, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.crr177.
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The novel food is 3-FL which is intended to be used as a source of human identical milk oligosaccharides. 3-FL is manufactured by microbial fermentation using a genetically modified strain of Escherichia coli K-12, and then refined to yield the purified novel food. This new application is seeking to use the novel food within the food following categories: dairy products and analogues, bakery wares, foods for special groups, beverages, and also as a food supplement. Food supplements are not intended to be used if other foods with added 3-FL or breast milk are consumed the same day. To support the FSA and FSS in their evaluation of the application, the Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes (ACNFP) were asked to review the safety dossier and supplementary information provided by the applicant. The Committee concluded that the applicant had provided sufficient information to assure the novel food, 3-FL, was safe under the proposed conditions of use. The anticipated intake levels and the proposed use in foods and food supplements was not considered to be nutritionally disadvantageous and does not mislead consumers. The views of the ACNFP have been taken into account in the regulatory assessment which represents the opinion of the FSA and FSS.
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Kennedy, Alan, Jonathon Brame, Taylor Rycroft, et al. A definition and categorization system for advanced materials : the foundation for risk-informed environmental health and safety testing. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41803.
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Novel materials with unique or enhanced properties relative to conventional materials are being developed at an increasing rate. These materials are often referred to as advanced materials (AdMs) and they enable technological innovations that can benefit society. Despite their benefits, however, the unique characteristics of many AdMs, including many nanomaterials, are poorly understood and may pose environmental safety and occupational health (ESOH) risks that are not readily determined by traditional risk assessment methods. To assess these risks while keeping up with the pace of development, technology developers and risk assessors frequently employ risk-screening methods that depend on a clear definition for the materials that are to be assessed (e.g., engineered nanomaterial) as well as a method for binning materials into categories for ESOH risk prioritization. In this study, we aim to establish a practitioner-driven definition for AdMs and a practitioner-validated framework for categorizing AdMs into conceptual groupings based on material characteristics. The definition and categorization framework established here serve as a first step in determining if and when there is a need for specific ESOH and regulatory screening for an AdM as well as the type and extent of risk-related information that should be collected or generated for AdMs and AdM-enabled technologies.
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Solka, Bruce H., and Amir Attari. PR-190-628-R01 Suitable Tracer Gas for Detection of Natural Gas Migration and Leaks. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011938.
Full textAbstract:
This report presents the results of an extensive literature survey to collect and assemble information on the current state of the tracer technology with the objective of selecting promising techniques that could serve to Positively identify and distinguish the source of leaking and migrating natural gas from other nearby sources of methane or natural gas and not merely indicate the presence of a gas leak. While no single tracer technique was found that would adequately serve this purpose in all situations, however. enough information was collected on potentially useful techniques that merit further study and development. Eighteen different techniques were selected and classified in three broad categories of physical-chemical and nuclear methods. Each cited method was then appraised on the basis of health and safety specificity, economy, ease of application, and status of their commercial development. Of the 18 cited tracer methods, five were recommended for further study and near term application to the gas industry problems.