Journal articles: 'SAFRANALE'

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A. Mahdi, Farah, and Munaf H. Zalzala. "Protective Effects of Safranal Against Selenite-Induced Cataract in Rats." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512) 30, no. 1 (June 19, 2021): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol30iss1pp196-203.

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Cataract, which is the opacity inside clear ocular lens of eye, result in the scattering of visible light as it passes via the lens and consequently deterioration in optical image. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether safranal, an active constituent of Crocus sativus L. stigmas, has a protective effect on the cataract in the rat's pups. The animals were randomly divided into five groups, each of which consisted of 7 rat pups. Group I served as normal control (vehicle administration). For testing cataract induction, animals of Groups II, III, and IV were administered a single subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite on postpartum day 12. After sodium selenite intoxication, Group II served as control selenite, Groups III-IV received intraperitoneal safranal at doses of 200, and 300 mg/kg, respectively from the 11th day through the 17th day, while group V receive only safranal (300 mg/kg). On postpartum day 30, the rat pups were examined for cataract formation, and the lenses were isolated for further analysis. This study found that selenite caused significant (p < 0.05) cataract formation. Through the effects of selenite on the level of lipid peroxidation (MDA) which was upregulated. Furthermore, the antioxidant enzymes levels GSH levels and NRF2 protein were downregulated. In contrast, treatment with safranal could significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorate cataract formation and oxidative damage in the lens. Moreover, safranl administration significantly increased the protein expressions of Nrf2 and the GSH level, in addition to reducing the level both the MDA and the level soluble proteins in the lens. Taken together, safranal is a prospective anti-cataract agent that probably delays the onset and progression of cataracts induced by sodium selenite.

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Patil, P. J., S. P. Chaudhari, J. R. Patil, and N. B. Bhandurge. "ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY OF LAMOTRIGINE POLYMERIC MICELLE AND SAFRANAL NIOSOMAL FORMULATION AGAINST STRYCHNINE-INDUCED CONVULSION." INDIAN DRUGS 53, no. 02 (February 26, 2016): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.53.02.10261.

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Lamotrigine is currently available as a tablet which is administered 2-3 times per day as divided doses of 25-600 mg. Oral liquid formulations with additional sustained release properties are always preferred for pediatric, geriatric even dysphagic patients, due to their ease of administration and patient compliance even at the time of epileptic attack. Hence, polymeric micelle formulation of lamotrigine and safranol niosomal nasal formulation were studied. Polymeric micelles containing lamotrigine were prepared by direct dissolution technique using block copolymer (Pluronic L81, Pluronic F68) in combination (1:1) ratio. Niosomes containing safranal were prepared by modified ether injection technique using non-ionic surfactants (Span 80 and Tween 20 & 80), gelucire 44/50, pluronic f-127 and cholesterol at different ratios. In this test, strychnine (4 mg/kg) was injected to the animal subcutaneously (s.c.) beneath the loose folds of neck skin. Fifteen minutes post administration of lamotrigine and safranal administration by intravenous route. Animals were observed for 10 min for occurrence and onset on various seizures. Latencies were noted in seconds. The present study is to evaluate anticonvulsant activity of lamotrigine (LTG) polymeric miceller formulation and safranal niosomal formulation on strychnine induced convulsions in mice. Vehicle failed to protect the mice from generalized clonic-tonic convulsions induced by strychnine. Lamotrigine significantly delay the onset of myoclonic, clonic and tonic extensor by all three routes i.e. nasal, intravenous and oral as compared to vehicle group. Effect of lamotrigine by nasal route is similar to the effect by intravenous route. Lamotrigine by nasal and intravenous route have shown more effect when given by oral route. Lamotrigine and safranal significantly delay the onset of myoclonic, clonic and tonic extensor by I.V. route as compared to vehicle group.

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Al-Saigh, Noor Nadhim, and Shtaywy Abdalla. "Safranal Induces Vasorelaxation by Inhibiting Ca2+ Influx and Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger in Isolated Rat Aortic Rings." Molecules 27, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 4228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134228.

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Introduction: Safranal, which endows saffron its unique aroma, causes vasodilatation and has a hypotensive effect in animal studies, but the mechanisms of these effects are unknown. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of safranal vasodilation. Methods: Isolated rat endothelium-intact or -denuded aortic rings were precontracted with phenylephrine and then relaxed with safranal. To further assess the involvement of nitric oxide, prostaglandins, guanylate cyclase, and phospholipase A2 in safranal-induced vasodilation, aortic rings were preincubated with L-NAME, indomethacin, methylene blue, or quinacrine, respectively, then precontracted with phenylephrine, and safranal concentration–response curves were established. To explore the effects of safranal on Ca2+ influx, phenylephrine and CaCl2 concentration–response curves were established in the presence of safranal. Furthermore, the effect of safranal on aortic rings in the presence of ouabain, a Na+-K+ ATPase inhibitor, was studied to explore the contribution of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger to this vasodilation. Results: Safranal caused vasodilation in endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortic rings. The vasodilation was not eliminated by pretreatment with L-NAME, indomethacin, methylene blue, or quinacrine, indicating the lack of a role for NO/cGMP. Safranal significantly inhibited the maximum contractions induced by phenylephrine, or by CaCl2 in Ca2+-free depolarizing buffer. Safranal also relaxed contractions induced by ouabain, but pretreatment with safranal totally abolished the development of ouabain contractions. Discussion/Conclusion: Inhibition of Na+-K+ ATPase by ouabain leads to the accumulation of Na+ intracellularly, forcing the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger to work in reverse mode, thus causing a contraction. Inhibition of the development of this contraction by preincubation with safranal indicates that safranal inhibited the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. We conclude that safranal vasodilation is mediated by the inhibition of calcium influx from extracellular space through L-type Ca2+ channels and by the inhibition of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger.

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Huang, Xiaocheng, Manlian Zhu, Ying Hua, Xiumei Yan, and Ruilai Jiang. "Withdrawn: Safranal induces autophagy by AMPK activation and protects neurons against amyloid beta in Alzheimer’s disease." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 18, no. 3 (May 12, 2021): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v18i3.2.

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This article has been withdrawn by the Editor Purpose: To investigate autophagic induction by safranal and neuroprotection against amyloid beta in Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: Primary neurons and SH-SY5Y cells were used in this study. Assessment of cell proliferation and neuroprotection by safranal against amyloid beta was done by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. AMPK activation and mTOR inhibition were determined by western blot. Changes in intracellular calcium level, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were assessed by flow cytometry. Results: Safranal protected neurons against amyloid beta toxicity. Furthermore, safranal activated AMPK pathway by activation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKKβ) to induce autophagy in both cell lines. The toxicity induced by amyloid beta in primary neurons and SH-SY5Y cells were attenuated by safranal. Moreover, amyloid beta-induced calcium levels were significantly decreased by safranal while ROS and MMP loss produced by amyloid beta was attenuated by safranal. Conclusion: These findings suggest that safranal protects neurons against amyloid beta by inducing autophagy via AMPK pathway. Therefore, safranal is a probable therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s disease.

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Mardani, Hossein, John Maninang, Kwame Sarpong Appiah, Yosei Oikawa, Majid Azizi, and Yoshiharu Fujii. "Evaluation of Biological Response of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and Weeds to Safranal Allelochemical of Saffron (Crocus sativus) by Using Static Exposure Method." Molecules 24, no. 9 (May 8, 2019): 1788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091788.

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Safranal, the main volatile chemical of Saffron (Crocus sativus) was studied to estimate its allelopathic effects on the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, leaf electrolyte leakage, fresh weight, catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX) activity of the test plant Lettuce (Lactuca sativa). In this study, the effective concentration (EC50) of safranal on CAT was estimated to be 6.12 µg/cm3. CAT activity was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the increase in the safranal concentration while POX activity was increased. Moreover, Safranal caused significant physiological changes in chlorophyll content, leaf electrolyte leakage, and fresh weight of several weed species with Lolium multiflorum being the most sensitive. Furthermore, 5 µM Safranal showed significant inhibitory activity against dicotyledonous in comparison to the monocotyledons under greenhouse conditions. The inhibition of the CAT by safranal was similar to those of uncompetitive inhibitors, and therefore the decline in carbon fixation by plants might be the mechanism behind the inhibitory activity of safranal.

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Qin-Xiao, Qin-Xiao, Zhan-Jun Lu, Tian-Zi Zhang, Shan-Shan Li, Ting Hua, Suriguga Suriguga, Wen-Lin Chen, et al. "Inhibitory effects of safranal on laser-induced choroidal neovascularization and human choroidal microvascular endothelial cells and related pathways analyzed with transcriptome sequencing." International Journal of Ophthalmology 14, no. 7 (July 18, 2021): 981–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2021.07.04.

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AIM: To determine the effects of safranal on choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and oxidative stress damage of human choroidal microvascular endothelial cells (HCVECs) and its possible mechanisms. METHODS: Forty-five rats were used as a laser-induced CNV model for testing the efficacy and safety of safranal (0.5 mg/kg·d, intraperitoneally) on CNV. CNV leakage on fluorescein angiography (FA) and CNV thickness on histology was compared. HCVECs were used for a H2O2-induced oxidative stress model to test the effect of safranal in vitro. MTT essay was carried to test the inhibition rate of safranal on cell viability at different concentrations. Tube formation was used to test protective effect of safranal on angiogenesis at different concentrations. mRNA transcriptome sequencing was performed to find the possible signal pathway. The expressions of different molecules and their phosphorylation level were validated by Western blotting. RESULTS: On FA, the average CNV leakage area was 0.73±0.49 and 0.31±0.11 mm2 (P?=?0.012) in the control and safranal-treated group respectively. The average CNV thickness was 127.4±18.75 and 100.6±17.34 μm (P=0.001) in control and safranal-treated group. Under the condition of oxidative stress, cell proliferation was inhibited by safranal and inhibition rates were 7.4%-35.4% at the different concentrations. For tube formation study, the number of new branches was 364 in control group and 35, 42, and 17 in 20, 40, and 80 μg/mL safranal groups respectively (P<0.01). From the KEGG pathway bubble graph, the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway showed a high gene ratio. The protein expression was elevated of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and the phosphorylation level of PI3K, phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1/2 (PDK1/2), AKT and Bcl-2 associated death promoter (BAD) was also elevated under oxidative stress condition but inhibited by safranal. CONCLUSION: Safranal can inhibit CNV both in vivo and in vitro, and the IRS-PI3K-PDK1/2-AKT-BAD signaling pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of CNV.

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Alavi, Mohaddeseh Sadat, Sahar Fanoudi, Ameneh Veisi Fard, Mohammad Soukhtanloo, Mahmoud Hosseini, Hanif Barzegar, and Hamid R. Sadeghnia. "Safranal Attenuates Excitotoxin-Induced Oxidative OLN-93 Cells Injury." Drug Research 69, no. 06 (November 21, 2018): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0790-8200.

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Abstract Objectives Researches have been shown that glutamic acid (GA) or quinolinic acid (QA) can play role in neuroinflammatory and demyelinating diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), mainly via oligodendrocytes activation and extreme free radicals generation. Recent studies have demonstrated that safranal, an active constituent of Crocus sativus, has several pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Since there is no data about the impact of safranal on MS, this study was designed to investigate the protective effect of safranal on OLN-93 oligodendrocytes injury induced by GA or QA. Materials and Methods At first, the potential toxic effect of safranal on OLN-93 viability was evaluated. Also, the cells were pretreated with safranal (0.1, 1, 10, 50, 100 and 200 μM) for 2 h and then subjected to GA (16 mM) or QA (8 mM) toxicity for 24 h, in which the same treatments were applied. The cell viability and parameters of redox status such as the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation were measured. Results Safranal at concentration ranges of 1–800 μM had no toxic effect on cell viability (p>0.05). Treatment with safranal significantly increased cell viability following GA or QA insults at concentrations higher than 1 μM (p<0.01). The cytoprotective potential of safranal was also accompanied by decreased ROS accumulation (p<0.001) and malondialdehyde level (p<0.001) following GA or QA insults. Conclusion The data suggests that safranal exhibits oligoprotection potential by means of inhibiting oxidative stress parameters.

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ETYEMEZ, Muhammed, and Mehmet Şükrü GÜLAY. "The effects of safranal against bisphenol AF on some reproductive parameters in male new zealand rabbits." Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi Erken Görünüm (December 3, 2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.24880/maeuvfd.1138340.

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Bisphenol AF (BPAF) is used as an analog of the endocrine disruptor BPA, whereas safranal is a powerful antioxidant obtained from the saffron plant. In the current study, the possible effects of BPAF and Safranal on some spermatological parameters, reproductive hormones, oxidant/antioxidant enzymes, and histopathological parameters were investigated. A total of 24 male New Zealand rabbits were divided into 4 groups (n= 6 for each group). The groups and the treatments they received by oral gavage for 9 weeks are as follows: The control group received 1 ml/day of corn oil, the BPAF group received 20 mg/kg/day of bisphenol AF, the Safranal group received 100 mg/kg/day safranal, and the treatment group received 20 mg/kg/day bisphenol AF and 100 mg/kg/day safranal. Although the spermatological parameters prior to the experiment revealed no differences among the groups, BPAF treatment reduced sperm quantity and motility, and elevated seminal plasma estrogen levels at the end of the study. BPAF treatments also had a negative impact on testicular MDA and GSH levels. It also caused seminiferous tubule degeneration in testicular tissue. On the other hand, the administration of safranal with BPAF decreased estrogen levels while increasing sperm concentration and motility to control group levels. Thus, the results suggested that safranal could have a beneficial effect in reducing BPAF-induced tissue damage. In conclusion, BPAF may have potentially harmful to the male reproductive system and safranal may exhibit a protective effect against BPAF exposure.

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Karafakıoğlu, Yasemin Sunucu, Mehmet Fatih Bozkurt, Ömer Hazman, and A. Fatih Fıdan. "Efficacy of safranal to cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity." Biochemical Journal 474, no. 7 (March 20, 2017): 1195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20160971.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of safranal on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups. The control group received physiological saline; animals in Group 2 received only safranal and in Group 3 received only cisplatin; 5 days of safranal treatment was performed following administration of cisplatin for the animals in Group 4; 5 days of safranal pretreatment was applied to the animals in Group 5 before administration of cisplatin. Cisplatin (7 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected as a single dose and safranal (200 mg/kg) was administered by gavage. Biochemical and histopathological methods were utilized for evaluation of the nephrotoxicity. The concentrations of creatinine and urea in plasma and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) were determined in kidney tissue. Administration of cisplatin to rats induced a marked renal failure, characterized with a significant increase in plasma creatinine and urea concentrations. MDA and TOS levels of rats that received cisplatin alone were not significantly different compared with those of the control group, but GSH and TAS levels in the only cisplatin-administered group were significantly decreased. Safranal administration produced amelioration in biochemical indices of nephrotoxicity in both plasma and kidney tissues when compared with the only cisplatin-administered group, pretreatment with safranal being more effective. As a result, safranal treatment might have a protective effect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rat.

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Deldar, Nafise, Malihezaman Monsefi, Mohsen Salmanpour, Mohadeseh Ostovar, and Mojtaba Heydari. "Wound Healing Potential of Crocin and Safranal, Main Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), the Active Constituents in Excision Wound Model in Rats." Galen Medical Journal 10 (February 5, 2021): 1900. http://dx.doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v10i0.1900.

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Background: Saffron is traditionally suggested for wound healing in Persian medicine. It is investigated for wound healing effect in multiple studies with promising results. It is not examined that which ingredient of saffron contributes more to this effect. This study was aimed to evaluate and compare the wound healing potential of saffron and its active constituents, crocin, and safranal, in rats. Materials and Methods: Forty female adult rats with induced excision wounds were randomly divided into four groups to receive topical formulation of saffron, crocin, safranal, and placebo for seven days. The Wound area and histopathologic stage of wound healing were evaluated as outcome measures. Results: The wound area was significantly lower in treatment groups (saffron, crocin, and safranal) compared to the control group on day 7 of the intervention. Compared to the control group, the wound in all treated groups showed a decreased inflammatory response and more progression to the proliferation phase. The saffron group showed more advanced healing phase with complete epithelialization of the wound on day 7 of study when partial and no epithelialization was observed in safranal and crocin groups. Conclusion: The study showed the wound healing properties of both safranal and crocin with the slight superiority of safranal. However, saffron seems to be more potent in wound healing effect compared to safranal and crocin as its main active constituents. [GMJ.2021;10:e1900]

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Alonson, G. L., M. R. Salinas, M. A. Sánchez-Fernández, and J. Garijo. "Note. Safranal Content in Spanish Saffron." Food Science and Technology International 7, no. 3 (June 2001): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1106/wt2h-dqvp-nk9e-hwat.

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Safranal is the compound mainly responsible for the aroma of saffron spice and can be used as a measure of saffron quality. It is described a “safranal value” of 269 (mostly Spanish) saffron samples by means of a spectrophotometric method based on ISO 3632 and the safranal content using a thermal desorption-gas chromatography method. The variation range of safranal was obtained from both methods, although there was no acceptable lineal correlation between them. Among all saffron samples the Spanish ones had the highest levels and those from Iran the lowest, which might be attributed to the different processes used for dehydrating the stigmas.

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Moras, Benjamin, Camille Pouchieu, David Gaudout, Stéphane Rey, Anthony Anchisi, Xavier Saupin, and Patrick Jame. "Authentication of Iranian Saffron (Crocus sativus) Using Stable Isotopes δ13C and δ2H and Metabolites Quantification." Molecules 27, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 6801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206801.

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Saffron is a very high value-added ingredient used in the food supplement market and contains a high level of safranal. Adding synthetic safranal to saffron, which is significantly cheaper, and falsifying the origin of saffron may represent recurrent fraud. Saffron from different countries was analyzed to determine the stable isotope ratios δ13C and δ2H from safranal by gas chromatography coupled with isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C/P-IRMS) and the concentration of saffron metabolites with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (UHPLC-DAD). The isotopic analysis highlighted a higher ratio of δ2H in synthetic safranal than in natural safranal; the mean values were 36‰ (+/− 40) and −210‰ (+/− 35), respectively. The δ13C between Iranian, Spanish and other saffron was significantly different and represents median values of −28.62‰, −30.12‰ and −30.70‰, respectively. Moreover, linear and quadratic discriminant analyses (LDA and QDA) were computed using the two isotope ratios of safranal and the saffron metabolites. A first QDA showed that trans-crocetin and the δ13C of safranal, picrocrocin, and crocin C3 concentrations clearly differentiated Iranian saffron from other origins. A second model identified δ13C, trans-crocetin, crocin C2, crocin C3, and picrocrocin as good predictors to discriminate saffron samples from Iran, Spain, or other origins, with a total ability score classification matrix of 100% and a prediction matrix of 82.5%. This combined approach may be a useful tool to authenticate the origin of unknown saffron.

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Samarghandian, Saeed, Reza Afshari, and Aghdas Sadati. "Evaluation of Lung and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Oxidative Stress Indices for Assessing the Preventing Effects of Safranal on Respiratory Distress in Diabetic Rats." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/251378.

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We investigated the effects of antioxidant activity of safranal, a constituent ofCrocus sativusL., against lung oxidative damage in diabetic rats. The rats were divided into the following groups of 8 animals each: control, diabetic, and three diabetic + safranal-treated (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mg/kg/day) groups. Streptozotocin (STZ) was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a single dose of 60 mg/kg for diabetes induction. Safranal was administered (i.p.) from 3 days after STZ administration to the end of the study. At the end of the 4-week period, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue. Safranal in the diabetic groups inhibited the level of MDA and NO in BALF supernatant and lung homogenate. The median effective dose (ED50) values were 0.42, 0.58, and 0.48, 0.71 mg/kg, respectively. Safranal in the diabetic groups increased the level of GSH and the activity of CAT and SOD in BALF supernatant and lung homogenate. The ED50values were 0.25, 0.33, 0.26 in BALF and 0.33, 0.35, 0.46 mg/kg in lung, respectively. Thus, safranal may be effective to prevent lung distress by amelioration oxidative damage in STZ diabetic rats.

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Asadpour, E., and H. R. Sadeghnia. "Effect of safranal, a constituent of crocus sativus, on MK-801-induced behavioral and memory deficits in rat." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73047-4.

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The psychotomimetic MK-801, non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, induce behavioral and cognitive impairments similar to those seen in schizophrenia. Safranal, a constituent of Crocus sativus (saffron), was found to have anti-seizure and anti-ischemic effects. In the present study, we investigated the effect of safranal on behavioral changes and spatial memory deficits induced by MK-801 in adult male Wistar rats, using radial maze. Safranal (72.75, 145.5 and 291 mg/kg, i.p.) was administrated 30 min before MK-801 (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Single systemic injection of MK-801 significantly increased locomotion, stereotypic behavior (rearing, grooming, sniffing) and ataxia (p < 0.01) which became evident on day 1. Moreover, average reference and working memory errors were significantly increased within 10 days after MK-801 administration (p < 0.05).Pretreatment with safranal (291 mg/kg) significantly reduced locomotor hyperactivity and behavioral changes elicited by MK-801 (p < 0.001). Average reference errors were also significantly decreased in comparison with MK-801 treated animals (p < 0.01). These data indicated that treatment with safranal attenuated behavioral and spatial memory deficits in a rat model of an acute psychotic episode.

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Amin, Faiq, Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim, Syed Rizwan-ul-Hasan, Saima Khaliq, Gamal A. Gabr, Muhammad, Asra Khan, et al. "Interactions of Apigenin and Safranal with the 5HT1A and 5HT2A Receptors and Behavioral Effects in Depression and Anxiety: A Molecular Docking, Lipid-Mediated Molecular Dynamics, and In Vivo Analysis." Molecules 27, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 8658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248658.

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Background: The current study utilizes in silico molecular docking/molecular dynamics to evaluate the binding affinity of apigenin and safranal with 5HT1AR/5HT2AR, followed by assessment of in vivo effects of these compounds on depressive and anxious behavior. Methods: The docking between apigenin and safranal and the 5HT1A and 5HT2A receptors was performed utilizing AutoDock Vina software, while MD and protein-lipid molecular dynamics simulations were executed by AMBER16 software. For in vivo analysis, healthy control (HC), disease control (DC), fluoxetine-, and apigenin-safranal-treated rats were tested for changes in depression and anxiety using the forced swim test (FST) and the elevated plus-maze test (EPMT), respectively. Results: The binding affinity estimations identified the superior interacting capacity of apigenin over safranal for 5HT1A/5HT2A receptors over 200 ns MD simulations. Both compounds exhibit oral bioavailability and absorbance. In the rodent model, there was a significant increase in the overall mobility time in the FST, while in the EPMT, there was a decrease in latency and an increase in the number of entries for the treated and HC rats compared with the DC rats, suggesting a reduction in depressive/anxiety symptoms after treatment. Conclusions: Our analyses suggest apigenin and safranal as prospective medication options to treat depression and anxiety.

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Mardani, Hossein, Takayuki Sekine, Majid Azizi, Maryia Mishyna, and Yoshiharu Fujii. "Identification of Safranal as the Main Allelochemical from Saffron (Crocus sativus)." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 5 (May 2015): 1934578X1501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501000519.

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Dried parts of 75 medicinal plant species collected from different regions in Iran were assayed by the Dish Pack Method for volatile allelopathic activity, using Lactuca sativa (lettuce) as the test plant. The highest (60%) inhibition was observed for saffron (stigma of Crocus sativus), followed by Dracocephalum kotschyi, Solanum nigrum and Artemisia aucheri. Safranal was identified as the main chemical by Headspace Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) analyses of saffron. Moreover, the EC50 of safranal was evaluated as 1.2 μg/L (ppb). This is the first report on allelopathic activity of safranal as a bioactive compound identified from saffron.

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Alam, Pravej, Shereen F. Elkholy, Munetaka Hosokawa, Sabry A. Mahfouz, and Mahmoud A. Sharaf-eldin. "SIMULTANEOUS EXTRACTION AND RAPID HPLC BASED QUANTIFICATION OF CROCIN AND SAFRANAL IN SAFFRON (CROCUS SATIVUS L.)." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 8, no. 10 (August 23, 2016): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i10.12172.

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Objective: Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is one of the most valuable crops with high medicinal values used in many diseases. The aim of the study was to establish the reliability and rapid HPLC method for analysis of crocin and safranal concentration present in stigmata of saffron in the market as well as field grown samples.Methods: Field grown and market stigmata of saffron were used for extraction of crocin and safranal. The linear dynamic ranges were established after validating the robustness of critical method parameters. The Agilent1260-Infinity Quaternary LC system was used for the preparation of calibration standards and quantification of crocin and safranal in C. sativus stigmata.Results: A good linearity was achieved in the range of 10-30 µg for each compound with the determination coefficient (R2). The calibration curves revealed linear regression (r. 0.997) for this rapid HPLC method and limit of quantifications (LOQs) were achieved in the range of 3.4 µg/ml for crocin and 10.2 µg/ml for safranal. The limit of detection (LODs) for all standards was ≤4.2 µg/ml. The range of crocin content (10.43-16.32 mg/g) and safranal (5.19-5.21 mg/g) was estimated in saffron samples.Conclusion: This method may serve the purpose of accurate quantification of crocin and safranal present in the stigmata of the plant in a quick time period.Keywords: Saffron, Crocin, Safranal, Extraction, Quantification, HPLC

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DÜZ, M., and A. F. FIDAN. "Effects of Safranal on Tissue Oxidative Stress in Sub-Chronic Thinner-Addicted Rats." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 71, no. 1 (April 14, 2020): 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.22942.

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The present study was carried out to determine the effects of sub-chronic thinner addiction on the oxidant-antioxidant balance and oxidative stress on certain tissues and the possible protective effect of safranal against thinner toxication in rats. Adult male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups of 10 animals each as follows: control (C), safranal (S), thinner (T) and thinner+safranal (T+S). The control group received 1cc saline by gastric gavage. Safranal was administered to S and T+S groups by using gastric gavage at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day and volume of 0.1 mL/kg/day. Thinner inhalation was applied to T and T+S groups in a container with NaOH tablets twice a day. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NOx) metabolites, total antioxidant capacity (TAS) and total oxidant capacity (TOS) were determined in liver, lung, brain, kidney and testis tissues of the rats. In the T+S group, it was observed that the MDA levels significantly decreased in all tissues, except the kidney, in comparison to the thinner inhalation group (p = 0.000). When the NOx levels of the T+S group were compared with the levels of the T group, it was concluded that there existed a statistically significant decrease in the NOx levels in alltissues (p = 0.000). In T+S group, it was observed that safranal either eliminated or mitigated oxidative stress that developed in tissues through decreasing MDA and TOS levels and increasing GSH and TAS levels and caused significant decreases in NOX levels in all tissues. As a result, it was determined that safranal, although not uniform for all tissue types, had a protective potential against the damaging effects of oxidative stress caused by sub-chronic thinner inhalation.

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Revelou, Panagiota-Kyriaki, Spyridoula Mouzoula, Marinos Xagoraris, Haralambos Evangelaras, George K. Papadopoulos, Christos S. Pappas, and Petros A. Tarantilis. "Optimized Isolation of Safranal from Saffron by Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) and Rotatable Central Composite Design-Response Surface Methodology (RCCD-RSM)." Separations 9, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9020048.

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Safranal is the main aroma component of saffron stigmas. It is also a great antioxidant with known pharmacological properties and is a potent indicator for the grading and authentication of saffron. In this study, the optimum extraction conditions of safranal from saffron stigmas were investigated using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) and response surface methodology (RSM). A rotatable-central composite design was applied, and a linear regression model has been used for the model building. The optimized factors were as follows: sample weight (15 mg), water volume (4 mL), exposure time in the headspace (20 min), and extraction temperature (45 °C). All factors were found significant; however, extraction temperature and exposure time were the most important for the isolation of safranal. The obtained model was successfully validated with a test set of saffron samples analyzed under the optimum extraction conditions. The optimized SPME extraction conditions of safranal found in this study contribute to the efforts towards the detection of saffron authentication and adulteration.

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Zalzala, Munaf Hashim, and Victoria S. Kareem. "Safranal Effect against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Liver Injury." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512) 30, no. 2 (December 11, 2021): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol30iss2pp208-213.

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The liver is the primary organ for drug metabolism, elimination, Cyclophosphamid is the classical alkylating agent nitrogen mustard, its metabolism into two cytotoxic metabolites, and increase reactive oxygen species that is make liver toxicity. Safranal as the most abundant chemical in saffron essential oil, it have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptic and free radical scavenger activity. The aim of study is to assess the protective effects of safranal on the cyclophosphamide-induce liver toxicity in rat model. This occur by using five different groups of rats; control group, treatment group, cyclophosamide group (intraperitoneal i.p), cyclophosamide and (50mg and 100mg) oral safranal treatment groups. This study showed this protective by decreasing liver parameter enzyme (aminotransferase enzyme) and MDA level, increases glutathione and NRF2

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Nelson, David Roy, Ala’a Al Hrout, Amnah Salem Alzahmi, Amphun Chaiboonchoe, Amr Amin, and Kourosh Salehi-Ashtiani. "Molecular Mechanisms behind Safranal’s Toxicity to HepG2 Cells from Dual Omics." Antioxidants 11, no. 6 (June 7, 2022): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061125.

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The spice saffron (Crocus sativus) has anticancer activity in several human tissues, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its potential therapeutic effects are poorly understood. We investigated the impact of safranal, a small molecule secondary metabolite from saffron, on the HCC cell line HepG2 using untargeted metabolomics (HPLC–MS) and transcriptomics (RNAseq). Increases in glutathione disulfide and other biomarkers for oxidative damage contrasted with lower levels of the antioxidants biliverdin IX (139-fold decrease, p = 5.3 × 105), the ubiquinol precursor 3-4-dihydroxy-5-all-trans-decaprenylbenzoate (3-fold decrease, p = 1.9 × 10−5), and resolvin E1 (−3282-fold decrease, p = 45), which indicates sensitization to reactive oxygen species. We observed a significant increase in intracellular hypoxanthine (538-fold increase, p = 7.7 × 10−6) that may be primarily responsible for oxidative damage in HCC after safranal treatment. The accumulation of free fatty acids and other biomarkers, such as S-methyl-5′-thioadenosine, are consistent with safranal-induced mitochondrial de-uncoupling and explains the sharp increase in hypoxanthine we observed. Overall, the dual omics datasets describe routes to widespread protein destabilization and DNA damage from safranal-induced oxidative stress in HCC cells.

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Sadeghnia, Hamid, Miguel Cortez, Dick Liu, Hossein Hosseinzadeh, and O. Carter Snead. "Antiabsence Effects of Safranal in Acute Experimental Seizure Models: EEG and Autoradiography." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (May 16, 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/j38g6j.

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PURPOSE: We examined the effect of safranal, a constituent of Crocus sativus, in acute experimental animal models of generalized absence seizures. METHODS: We further characterized its effects on the GABAergic system through the regional modification of [3H] flunitrazepam, a benzodiazepine agonist binding site and [3H] CGP54626A, a GABAB receptor antagonist binding site in mouse brain. RESULTS: The systemic administration of safranal resulted in a significant and dose-dependent attenuation in experimental absence seizures elicited by either ?-butyrolactone (GBL), baclofen (BAC) or low doses of GABAA receptor antagonists; pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), picrotoxin (PTX) and bicuculline (BMC). After a single intraperitoneal administration of safranal (291 mg/kg), no changes in baseline electrocorticographic (ECoG) recording were observed, however, a significant decrease in [3H] flunitrazepam binding was seen in the cortex (33.16%, p<0.001), hippocampus (27.36%, p<0.01) and thalamus (29.91%, p<0.01) of mouse brain, while the [3H] CGP54626A binding did not show any modification in the same brain regions. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that there is an antiabsence seizure property in safranal and its effect may be due to modifications on the benzodiazepine binding sites of the GABAA receptor complex.

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Azarhazin, Ebrahim, Mohammad Izadyar, and Mohammad Reza Housaindokht. "Drug–DNA interaction, a joint DFT-D3/MD study on safranal as an anticancer and DNA nanostructure model." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 97, no. 2 (February 2019): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2018-0126.

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In this research, using a combination of quantum mechanics and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, the interaction of safranal (2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-dien-1-carboxaldehyde) as an anti-cancer drug and Dickerson B-DNA was studied. MD simulations were executed for 35 ns in water. Binding energy analysis in three definite parts of the B-DNA and comparison between different contributions of the binding energy shows that the van der Waals energy part of the interaction is impressive among the standard molecular mechanic energy terms. On the basis of Gibbs energies, it is confirmed that the most important interactions in the safranal complex are related to the A–T and C–G rich regions, which is in agreement with the experimental data. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules and natural bond orbital analyses were applied. A diminution in the electronic chemical potential of the safranal–DNA complex in comparison with the isolated DNA, 0.026 and 0.022 au for the S1 region and 0.012 and 0.017 au for the S2 region, was obtained in the gas phase and water, respectively, which increases the complex stability. An enhancement in the electrophilicity character, during the complexation process, shows the electron charge flux between the safranal and DNA, especially in water. The strengths of the CH⋯O bonds at the center of safranal–DNA interaction were also evaluated. A mean value of 0.06 au for the electron density of the bond critical point of the H⋯O in the complex confirms the H-bond formation during the complexation.

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Samarghandian, Saeed, Abasalt Borji, Mohammad Bagher Delkhosh, and Fariborz Samini. "Safranal Treatment Improves Hyperglycemia, Hyperlipidemia and Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 16, no. 2 (August 8, 2013): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/j3zs3q.

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Purpose. Clinical research has confirmed the efficacy of several plant extracts in the modulation of oxidative stress associated with diabetes mellitus. Findings indicate that safranal has antioxidant properties. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of possible protective effects of safranal against oxidative damage in diabetic rats. Methods. In this study, the rats were divided into the following groups of 8 animals each: control, untreated diabetic, three safranal (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 mg/kg/day)-treated diabetic groups. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in rats. STZ was injected intraperitoneally at a single dose of 60 mg/kg for diabetes induction. Safranal (intraperitoneal injection) was administered 3 days after STZ administration; these injections were continued to the end of the study (4 weeks). At the end of the 4-week period, blood was drawn for biochemical assays. In order to determine the changes of cellular antioxidant defense systems, antioxidant enzymes including glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were measured in serum. Moreover we also measured serum nitric oxide (NO) and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, a marker of lipid peroxidation. Results. STZ-induced diabetes caused an elevation (p < 0.001) of blood glucose, MDA, NO, total lipids, triglycerides and cholesterol, with reduction of GSH level and CAT and SOD activities. The results indicated that the significant elevation in the blood glucose, MDA, NO, total lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol and reduction of glutathione level and CAT and SOD activity were ameliorated in the safranal–treated diabetic groups compared with the untreated groups, in a dose dependent manner (p < 0.05, p<0.01, p < 0.001). Conclusion. These results suggest that safranal has antioxidant properties and improves chemically-induced diabetes and its complications by modulation of oxidative stress. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.

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Tamilalagan, R., R. Tamilarasan, M. Kumar, and V. Chithambaram. "Senegalia Catechu activated carbon incorporated Ba-alginate composite beads for the removal of Safranine B: modeling studies." Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 17, no. 4 (December 22, 2022): 1369–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2022.174.1369.

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The present investigation depicts the removal of Safranine-Bdye from aqueous solution using senegalia Catechu activated carbon incorporated Ba-alginate composite beads. The alginate beads were synthesized by metal encapsulation technique using BaSO4 as an encapsulating agent. The Safranine-B dye removal efficiency was determinedby the modeling equations like Langmuir and Freundlich. The nature of physical, chemical force of attractionbetween the adsorbate vs. adsorbent and feasibility was determined using pseudo order equations of first andsecond. The progressiveness of the interaction process was predicted by intraparticle diffusion, enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy model equations. Experimentally obtainedoutcomes were implied that the adsorption of Safranine-Bwas feasible for all the parameters used in this study. Furthermore, the predicted diffusion valueswere revealedthat the contact between Safranine-B versus composite beads was well diffused. The surface morphology of virgin and Safranine-B loaded images confirms that the Safranine-B was strappinglybind on outerlayer of the composite. The results of the FTIR spectrum indicatethe Safranine-Bwas intensively attached on thecomposite surface. The TGA result revealsthat the Ba composite bead has predominant temperature bearing nature.

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Hosseinzadeh, Hossein, Mohammad Hadi Modaghegh, and Zahra Saffari. "Crocus sativusL. (Saffron) Extract and its Active Constituents (Crocin and Safranal) on Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rat Skeletal Muscle." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 6, no. 3 (2009): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nem125.

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Saffron and its constituents have been shown to decrease ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in kidney or brain tissues. In this study, the effects of saffron ethanolic extract and its constituents, crocin and safranal, were evaluated in skeletal muscle during I/R injury. Hind limb ischemia was induced using clamping the common femoral artery and vein. After 2 h ischemia, the clamp of the femoral vessels of animals was taken off and the animal underwent 1h reperfusion. Muscle injuries were evaluated by recording of the electromyographic (EMG) potentials and performing some biochemical analysis including thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total sulfhydryl (SH) groups and antioxidant capacity of muscle (using FRAP assay). The ethanolic extract of saffron (5, 20 and 80 mg kg−1), crocin (50, 200 and 400 mg kg−1), safranal (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 ml kg−1) and normal saline (10 ml kg−1) were administered intraperitoneally 1 h prior reperfusion. The average peak-to-peak amplitude during I/R was significantly increased in extract, crocin and safranal groups in comparison with control-ischemic group. Following saffron, crocin and safranal administration, the total SH contents and antioxidant capacity were elevated in muscle flap. The MDA level was declined significantly in test groups. It is concluded that saffron extract and its constituents show a protective effect against lower limb I/R in rat.

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ALONSO, G. L., M. R. SALINAS, and J. GARIJO. "Method to Determine the Authenticity of Aroma of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.)." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 1525–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.11.1525.

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A thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique was applied to 252 different Spanish saffron samples (from La Mancha and Teruel). The average safranal content made up of 60% of the volatile fraction of the saffron. All the chromatograms obtained showed an interval between 8 and 18 min (retention time of safranal ± 5 min) in which the silhouette of the chromatographic peaks was similar in all the samples. Therefore this interval can be used as a “fingerprint.” Two examples are given which demonstrate the ability to use this “fingerprint” to detect adulteration.

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Zheng, Yue Ping, Chu Wu, and Jia Liang Ruan. "Isolation and Characterization of a Safranine T Degrading Stain." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 2008–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.2008.

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A bacterial strain WZS-A which could effective decololorize Safranine T, was screened and isolated from soil sample in Wenzhou. It was preliminary identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa according to its 16S rDNA gene sequence. The strain WZS-A can use Safranine T as the sole carbon and energy source. The isolate grow optimally at 30°C and pH 7.0 respectively, and its decoloration rate for 250mg/L Safranine T could achieve 90%.

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Malaekeh-Nikouei, Bizhan, Seyed Hadi Mousavi, Shabnam Shahsavand, Soghra Mehri, Horiyeh Nassirli, and Seyed Adel Moallem. "Assessment of Cytotoxic Properties of Safranal and Nanoliposomal Safranal in Various Cancer Cell Lines." Phytotherapy Research 27, no. 12 (March 11, 2013): 1868–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4945.

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Zwane, Busisiwe N., Guy P. Kamatou, Alvaro M. Viljoen, Georges Betti, and Mathias Schmidt. "Variation in Headspace Volatiles of Saffron Determined by GC×GC-ToF-MS." Natural Product Communications 15, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 1934578X2096761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x20967612.

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Saffron, obtained from the stigmas of Crocus sativus L (Iridaceae), is the most expensive spice traded worldwide. In addition to its culinary uses, various medicinal properties have been confirmed for saffron, which has recently captured the interest of the phytotherapy industry. The quality of saffron is determined by the presence of 3 compounds, namely, crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal, with the latter being responsible for the distinct aroma characteristic of saffron. To determine the volatiles and assess possible geographical variation, headspace analysis using 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional gas chromatography (GC) on 26 samples collected from 9 countries was undertaken. The major constituents identified include safranal, 4-ketoisophorone, acetic acid, 2(5H)-furanone, and 1,4-cyclohexanedione-2,2,6-trimethyl. Quantitative rather than a qualitative variation was noted in the samples from different origins. The levels of safranal ranged from 22.1% to 62.4%. This study represents the first report on the headspace volatiles of saffron using GC×GC-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry and clearly demonstrates the superior chromatographic potential of 2-dimensional GC compared with conventional 1-dimensional GC.

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Andersen, Eskil M. E., Hsin Wang, Joshua S. H. Khoo, Jose F. Cerda, and Ronald L. Koder. "Oxidation-reduction and photophysical properties of isomeric forms of Safranin." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 24, 2022): e0265105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265105.

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Safranine O is widely used in the bioenergetics community as an indicator dye to determine membrane potentials and as an electron transfer mediator in potentiometric titrations. Here we show that two different commercial preparations of Safranine O contain less than sixty percent by weight of the title compound, with the rest primarily consisting of two closely related safranine isomers. All three major isomer components were isolated using reverse phase HPLC and their structures determined using mass spectrometry and two-dimensional NMR. These Safranines have two-electron midpoint potentials ranging from −272 to −315 mV vs. SHE. We have also investigated the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the compounds and found that they display distinct spectral and photophysical properties. While this mixture may aid in Safranine O’s utility as a mediator compound, membrane potential measurements must take this range of dye potentials into account.

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Alonso, G. L., M. R. Salinas, M. A. Sánchez-Fernández, and J. Garijo. "Note. Safranal Content in Spanish Saffron." Food Science and Technology International 7, no. 3 (June 1, 2001): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108201301772660187.

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Mykhailenko, O. O. "Investigation of the biological active compounds of crocus sativus stigmas (saffron) from Ukraine." Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal, no. 6 (December 21, 2019): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.6.19.08.

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Saffron, the most expensive spice in the world, comes from the Crocus sativus stigmas. Saffron grows well in the areas with the cold winters and warm dry summers, which have a positive effect on the quality of the raw material obtained. This explains the interest in saffron cultivation and production in Ukraine. Since 2015, large-scale saffron cultivation for food purposes has been started in various regions of Ukraine. Cultivation methods, environmental factors of different regions differ and directly affect on the composition and quality of biologically active compounds of raw materials. In addition, according to recent pharmacological studies, saffron stigma exhibit a wide range of biological activity: anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anticonvulsant and other actions that are caused by the composition of biologically active compounds of the saffron stigmas – crocin, picrocrocin and safranal. Therefore, the aim of the work was to establish the content of crocin, safranal and picrocrocin in Crocus rstigmas grown in different regions of Ukraine in accordance with the requirements of ISO 3632. For research, we used saffron stigmas (Crocus sativus L.) harvested in Kherson, Zaporizhia, Vinnytsia, Odessa, Chernihiv regions in Ukraine in October 2018 and the sample of commercial saffron from Italy (Migros Bio, 2018). The quality of the raw material was established in accordance with ISO 3632 according to the indicators: weight loss of drying, ash total, content of picrocrocin, crocin and safranal by UV-Vis spectroscopy. In the saffron samples the weight loss of during and the ash total ranged from 6.7–9.2% to 4.3–6.4%, respectively. The content of picrocrocin ( 257 нм nm) in saffron samples ranged from 90 in Kherson and up to 101 in the Chernihiv sample; safranal content ( 330 nm) ranged from 34 for Chernihiv to 42 in the Kherson sample; crocin content ( 440 nm) of 228 in Vinnitsa and up to 262 in Zaporozhye. The obtained data showed that all samples of Ukrainian saffron belong to the first quality category according to ISO classification. In the commercial sample from Italy, the test showed a high content of safranal (330 nm was 59) and crocin (440 nm was 259). Different values between regions and a commercial sample are usually due to different environmental conditions and cultivation practices. Crocus sativus is an important medicinal and food plant that has been successfully cultivated in Ukraine for food purposes and is of great economic importance. The quality of Ukrainian saffron from different regions has been determined to ISO 3632. The 2018 crop samples are in compliance with international standards and are of category I. It is important that crocin and safranal exhibit high anticancer and antioxidant activity, so growing in our country stable high content of BACs, makes it possible to use saffron not only in the food industry, but also makes it a potentially relevant raw material for the pharmaceutical industry. This study provides significant information on the quality and prospects of saffron production in Ukraine, as both the food and pharmacological raw materials.

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Tan, Hexin, Xianghui Chen, Nan Liang, Ruibing Chen, Junfeng Chen, Chaoyang Hu, Qi Li, et al. "Transcriptome analysis reveals novel enzymes for apo-carotenoid biosynthesis in saffron and allows construction of a pathway for crocetin synthesis in yeast." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 18 (May 6, 2019): 4819–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz211.

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Liu, Xingyuan. "Electrochemical Sensor for Determination of Parathion Based on Electropolymerization Poly(Safranine) Film Electrode." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/986494.

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Parathion has been determined with voltammetric technique based on a novel sensor fabricated by electropolymerization of safranine on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrochemical behavior of poly(safranine) film electrode and its electrocatalytic activity toward parathion were studied in detail by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). All experimental parameters were optimized, and LSV was proposed for its determination. In optimal working conditions, the reduction current of parathion at this poly(safranine)-modified electrode exhibited a good linear relationship with parathion concentration in the range of3.43×10−8to3.43×10−5 molL−1. The detection limit was1.0×10−8 molL−1. The high sensitivity and selectivity of the sensor were demonstrated by its practical application for the determination of trace amounts of parathion in fruit samples.

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Choi, Hee-Seon. "Spectrofluorimetric determination of free cyanide ion with fluorescent safranine-O." Analytical Science and Technology 25, no. 3 (June 25, 2012): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5806/ast.2012.25.3.159.

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Halim, Raihana, Najia Sherzay, Nazifa Faqeryar, and M. Homayoun Hashimi. "Quantification of Afghan Saffron’s Moisture and Main Compounds (Crocin, Picrocrocin and Safranal) for Quality Evaluation." Scientific Research Communications 2, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/src.2022.003.

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Saffron, the stigmasof the plant Crocus sativusL.,hasattracted the worldwide interest for its specific organoleptic and pharmacological characteristics. Cultivation of saffron in Afghanistan began in recentyears and in very short time Afghan saffron hit higher record. Till now,there is no scientific study which has analyzed its characteristicsaccording to ISO methods. In this study, the maincomponentsof Afghan saffron have been described, and quality parameters along with its characteristics were analyzed accordingto ISO-3632-2test methods. The results of moisture analysis (5.12 to 5.74%)and determination of crocin (230.52-255.15) of Afghan saffron were at the range of standard as described for category I of saffron in ISO 3632-2 test methods. However, the results of some samples for safranal and picrocrocin (38.52-40.21 for safranal and 68.86-72.63 for picrocrocin) were higher than the range of category I of ISO 3632-2.

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Predieri, Stefano, Massimiliano Magli, Edoardo Gatti, Francesca Camilli, Pamela Vignolini, and Annalisa Romani. "Chemical Composition and Sensory Evaluation of Saffron." Foods 10, no. 11 (October 27, 2021): 2604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10112604.

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The quality and economic value of saffron, one of the most counterfeited spices, are based on three key substances that are relatively easy to measure: crocines (colour); picrocrocines (bitter); safranal (odour impact). Despite being well-known, as their concentration is correlated to sensory intensity, a detailed sensory evaluation, performed by a trained panel, supported by advanced analytical approaches, may better show the relationships between saffron composition and sensory perception. Three saffron samples of different Italian origins (Sardinia and Tuscany) were evaluated by a trained sensory panel and their chemical composition was determined by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) and spectrophotometry. Safranal concentration and the perceived odour intensity were positively correlated while relationships between picrocrocine and bitter perception were more complex to detect. By correlating (Multiple Factor Analysis) saffron sensorial and chemical profiles, this work aims at improving saffron characterisation while providing better information on the quality of this valuable spice.

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Jameel, Qaswaa Yousif, Nameer Khairullah Mohammed, and Mohammed Abdullah Ajeel. "Fabrication of Nutraceutical Beverage from Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Extract and Studying Its Health Effects." International Journal of Food Science 2023 (January 13, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/7130266.

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A saffron extract-based beverage (SEBB) was formulated and characterized based on its sensory attributes and health benefits. The main bioactive compounds of saffron extract (crocin and safranal) were quantified. Three formulations of SEBB were prepared based on the sucrose concentration: SEBB 1 contained 65 g of sucrose per 500 ml, SEBB 2 contained 17.5 g, and SEBB 3 contained 79.5 g. The SEBB most desired by consumers was then subjected to biochemical analysis to evaluate its antioxidative effects on the damage induced by food contaminated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Fifteen albino rats were split into five groups and treated with different doses of CCl4 or SEBB according to the planned animal experiment for 62 days. Sensory evaluation illustrated that SEBB 1 had the highest acceptability scores. The content of crocin and safranal was 23.039 and 4.135 ppm, respectively. The SEBB ameliorated the increased activity of enzymes involved in liver and kidney function and improved the total antioxidant capacity, blood glucose, and lipid profile.

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Mykhailenko, O. O., A. G. Kotov, E. E. Kotova, L. M. Sira, V. M. Kovalyov, and V. A. Georgiants. "Development of methods for standardization of Crocus sativus (saﬀron) stigmas for inclusion in the draft monograph of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine." Journal of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry 19, no. 1(73) (March 15, 2021): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24959/ophcj.21.179933.

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Crocus sativus L. from the Iridaceae family is a medicinal and edible plant that has recently been actively cultivated in Ukraine. Saﬀron spice is crocus ﬂower stigmas exhibiting a wide range of the pharmacological activity due to its three main bioactive compounds: crocin, picrocrocin and safranal. The quality of this raw material is regulatedby various normative documents, but there is no monograph in the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (SPhU). Aim. To perform a comparative analysis of the monograph “Saﬀron for homoeopatic preparations” from the Ph. Eur. 9.0, “Saﬀron. Croci stigma” from the Deutscher arzneimittel codex (DAC) and “Spices – Saﬀron (Crocus sativus L.)” from the ISO 3632 by the following indicators: description, identifcation (microscopy and TLC), impurities, loss on drying, total ash and quantifcation of crocin, picrocrocin and safranal by UV-Vis-spectrophotometry to clarify the possibility of harmonizing the requirements of the national legal framework for Crocus stigmas withthe Ph. Eur. 9.0, DAC and ISO 3632. The results of the analysis will be taken into account in the development of the monograph of the national part of the SPhU “Crocus stigmas (saﬀron)”.Results and discussion. The quality indicators of Crocus stigmas and their standardization determinedby the monograph in the Ph. Eur. 9.0, DAC and ISO 3632 on the raw material studied have been analyzed; some diﬀerences in the regulated quality indicators of the raw material have been found. The results of our own research have shown that the samples of the Ukrainian Crocus (saﬀron) meet all these requirements. The results of the macro- and microscopic examination of the raw material are given. The chromatographic examination hasbeen performed in accordance with the Ph. Eur. 9.0 and DAC using crocin as a standard compound; the quantitative determination of crocin, picrocrocin and safranal in 8 samples of Crocus stigmas has been performed by UV-Vis-spectrophotometry in accordance with the ISO 3632. It has been proposed to introduce the following indicators to determine the specifc absorption rate: for crocin (C44H64O24; Mw – 976.70) not less than 180, for safranal (C10H14O; Mw – 150.22) – not less than 30, for picrocrocin (C16H26O7; Mw – 330.37) – not less than 60 calculated with reference to the dried raw material.Experimental part. For analysis the dried stigmas of Crocus sativus (saﬀron) collected in the villageLyubimivka, Kherson region, Ukraine (2016-2018), as well as commercial samples of saﬀron from Morocco,Azerbaijan, Spain were used. The analysis of the leading normative documents containing monographs “Crocus stigmas”, among them the Eur. Ph. 9.0, DAC and ISO 3632, was performed. The studies included description of the appearance of the whole Crocus stigmas; loss on drying and the mass fraction of volatile compounds (105 °C, 16 h); the mass fraction of total ash. The amount of picrocrocin, safranal and crocin was measured by direct reading of the absorption of 1 % aqueous solution of stigmas at 257 nm, 330 nm and 440 nm, respectively, usinga UV-Vis-spectrophotometer.Conclusions. The analysis of the requirements to quality of the medicinal raw material – stigmas of Crocus sativus – has been performed based on the monographs: “Saﬀron for homoeopatic preparations” from the Ph. Eur. 9.0, “Saﬀron. Croci stigma” from the Deutscher arzneimittel codex and “Spices – Saﬀron (Crocus sativus L.)” from the ISO 3632. The main criteria for standardization of the raw material have been determined. It has been proposed to introduce the monograph to the national part of the SPhU “Crocus stigmas (saﬀron)” according to the following requirements: identifcation (macro- and microscopic signs; thin-layer chromatography (crocin); the quantitativedetermination (the content of crocin, picrocrocin and safranal) adapted to the ISO 3632, performed by UV-Vis-spectrophotometry; impurities; loss on drying; total ash.Key words: standardization; State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine; Crocus sativus stigma; saﬀron; crocin

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Latha, Vijaya, Anu Sukhdev, Pradeep Bhaskar, P. R. Deepthi, P. Mohan Kumar, and A. S. Manjunatha. "Decolourization of Safranine Dye by Iron(II)/HClO4/CAB System from Wastewater Assisted by Response Surface Modeling." Asian Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 9 (2022): 2297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2022.23873.

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The response surface methodology (RSM) is applied for predictive estimation and optimization of decolourization of safranine, a phenazine dye by a chemical oxidation process using iron(II) as homogeneous catalyst and chloramine B (CAB) as an oxidant in acid medium. All experiments were based on the statistical designs in order to develop the predictive regression models and for optimization. Four independent variables (temperature, catalyst, CAB and acid concentration) were chosen to optimize the decolourization of safranine. When variance was analyzed (ANOVA), values of R2 and adjusted R2 were 0.9618 and 0.9262, respectively. The data derived from the experiments were in alignment with a second order regression model. In order to achieve a maximum decolourization, the optimal settings were found to be 0.0178 M HClO4, 0.004 M CAB, 0.0016 M iron(II) and 43.1 ºC, respectively. Under optimal reaction conditions, effect of temperature (15, 25, 35, 45 ºC) on decolourization rate was studied. Data received were in congruence with the second order kinetics. Thermodynamic parameters were also computed for the decolourization process. Maximum percentage of decolourization of safranine was predicted and experimentally validated.

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Farahzad, JabbariAzad, Saeed Samarghandian, MohammadEbrahim Shoshtari, Javad Sargolzaei, and Hosna Hossinimoghadam. "Anti-tumor activity of safranal against neuroblastoma cells." Pharmacognosy Magazine 10, no. 38 (2014): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.133296.

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Pradhan, Rohan, Dharmalingam Subramaniam, Sivapriya Ponnurangam, Animesh Dhar, Shrikant Anant, E. M. Khan, and Subhash Padhye. "Safranal Analogs as Antiproliferative Agents Against Pancreatic Cancer." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacology 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jpsp.2017.1068.

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Kanakis, Charalabos D., Petros A. Tarantilis, Heidar-Ali Tajmir-Riahi, and Moschos G. Polissiou. "Interaction of tRNA with Safranal, Crocetin, and Dimethylcrocetin." Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 24, no. 6 (June 2007): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2007.10507142.

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Razavi, Bibi Marjan, Mojtaba Alipoor Amanloo, Mohsen Imenshahidi, and Hossein Hosseinzadeh. "The Relaxant Activity of Safranal in Isolated Rat Aortas is Mediated Predominantly via an Endothelium-Independent Mechanism - Vasodilatory mechanism of safranal -." Journal of Pharmacopuncture 19, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3831/kpi.2016.19.034.

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46

Mohamadi Sani, Ali, and Sharare Mohseni. "Effect of type and concentration of solvent on chemical properties of saffron edible extract." Nutrition & Food Science 44, no. 1 (February 4, 2014): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-12-2012-0131.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study was to find a suitable solvent to produce saffron edible extract with improved chemical properties. Design/methodology/approach – Dried and pulverized stigmas of Crocus sativus L. (10 g) was extracted with 300 ml of solvents including distillated water (DW), ethanol/DW, methanol/DW, propylene glycol/DW, heptan/DW and hexan/DW, for three days at 25°C and then centrifuged at 3,000 rpm. Then, the extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporator at 40°C. The fiber and solvent-free extracts were then analyzed by UV spectrophotometer to detect saffron quality parameters including crocin, picrocrocin and safranal. Findings – Distilled water/ethanol mixture as the extraction solvent caused larger amounts of the plant constituents to diffuse out to the extract compared to other treatments and also control. Polar solvents including distilled water, ethanol and propylene glycol (except methanol) were more effective in extracting crocin, picrocrocin and safranal than non-polar solvents. Originality/value – No research had been done on production of saffron edible extract using the solvent studied in this survey. The novelty of this research is high and the results can be used industrially.

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Chaouqi, Soukaina, Natalia Moratalla-López, Gonzalo L. Alonso, Cándida Lorenzo, Abdelmjid Zouahri, Nazha Asserar, El Mehdi Haidar, and Taoufiq Guedira. "Effect of Soil Composition on Secondary Metabolites of Moroccan Saffron (Crocus sativus L.)." Plants 12, no. 4 (February 6, 2023): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040711.

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Climate and soil are important factors that affect the quality of saffron. Saffron quality is determined by the marked content of secondary metabolites. The objective of this work was to study the effect of soil physicochemical properties on the secondary metabolites of saffron. Our study concerned the analysis of saffron samples by high-performance liquid chromatography-detection by diode array (HPLC-DAD). Soil samples were analyzed by physicochemical methods, ED-XRF fluorescence and X-ray diffraction to determine the different types of clays. Saffron samples grown in loam–clay–sand soils contained high values of crocins and kaempferol 3-sophoroside 7-glucoside but low values of safranal. In addition, saffron samples grown in soils rich in organic matter, phosphorus and potassium contained high values of crocins and kaempferol 3-sophoroside 7-glucoside but low values of safranal. This original approach was carried out for the first time in our study, both by ED-XRF fluorescence and by X-ray diffraction, to determine what elements affect the quality of saffron. Thus, we concluded that clays containing low amounts of iron could have a positive effect on the coloring strength of saffron.

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Broglia, Martín F., María L. Gómez, Sonia G. Bertolotti, Hernán A. Montejano, and Carlos M. Previtali. "Photophysical properties of safranine and phenosafranine." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 173, no. 2 (July 2005): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.01.010.

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Neumann, Miguel G., Marisa Spirandeli, and Fergus Gessner. "Photoreduction of safranine by substituted anilinomethanesulphonates." Journal of Photochemistry 32, no. 3 (March 1986): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2670(86)87085-x.

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Gupta, Mehak, Abubakar Wani, Aitizaz Ul Ahsan, Mehboob Ali, Pankaj Chibber, Surjeet Singh, Sanjeev K. Digra, et al. "Safranal inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by preventing ASC oligomerization." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 423 (July 2021): 115582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2021.115582.

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Journal articles on the topic 'SAFRANALE'

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