Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Safety testing'
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Vedder, Benjamin. "Testing Safety-Critical Systems using Fault Injection and Property-Based Testing." Licentiate thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Centrum för forskning om inbyggda system (CERES), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-28173.
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Testing software-intensive systems can be challenging, especially when safety requirements are involved. Property-Based Testing (PBT) is a software testing technique where properties about software are specified and thousands of test cases with a wide range of inputs are automatically generated based on these properties. PBT does not formally prove that the software fulfils its specification, but it is an efficient way to identify deviations from the specification. Safety-critical systems that must be able to deal with faults, without causing damage or injuries, are often tested using Fault Injection (FI) at several abstraction levels. The purpose of FI is to inject faults into a system in order to exercise and evaluate fault handling mechanisms. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how knowledge and techniques from the areas of FI and PBT can be used together to test functional and safety requirements simultaneously. We have developed a FI tool named FaultCheck that enables PBT tools to use common FI-techniques directly on source code. In order to evaluate and demonstrate our approach, we have applied our tool FaultCheck together with the commercially available PBT tool QuickCheck on a simple and on a complex system. The simple system is the AUTOSAR End-to-End (E2E) library and the complex system is a quadcopter simulator that we developed ourselves. The quadcopter simulator is based on a hardware quadcopter platform that we also developed, and the fault models that we inject into the simulator using FaultCheck are derived from the hardware quadcopter platform. We were able to efficiently apply FaultCheck together with QuickCheck on both the E2E library and the quadcopter simulator, which gives us confidence that FI together with PBT can be used to test and evaluate a wide range of simple and complex safety-critical software.This research has been funded through the PROWESS EU project (Grant agreement no: 317820), the KARYON EU project (Grant agreement no: 288195) and through EISIGS (grants from the Knowledge Foundation).
PROWESS
KARYON
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Lunglhofer, Jon R. (Jon Richard). "Complete safety software testing : a formal method." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/88311.
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Stenlund, Sebastian. "Testing Safety Critical Avionics Software Using LBTest." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Programvara och system, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-133645.
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A case study for the tool LBTest illustrating benets and limitations of the tool along the terms of usability, results and costs. The study shows the use of learning based testing on a safety critical application in the avionics industry. While requiring the user to have the oretical knowledge of the tools inner workings, the process of using the tool has benefits in terms of requirement analysis and the possibility of finding design and implementation errors in both the early and late stages of development
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Bjørgan, Arne. "Testing of safety mechanisms in software-intensive systems." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for datateknikk og informasjonsvitenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-13992.
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As software systems increasingly are used to control critical infrastructure, transportation systems and factory equipment, the use of proper testing methods has become more important. Systems that can cause harm to people, equipment or the environment they operate in are called safety critical systems.The suppliers of safety critical systems makes use of safety analysis methods to investigate possible hazards. The ouput from the analysis are possible causes and effects of the hazards found. These results are a large part of the basis for writing safety requirements for the system.The safety requirements should be tested thoroughly to avoid accidents. It is important that the right testing technique is applied to test these systems. The consequences of a system failure can be very high, so it is crucial to make use of a testing technique that has an approach that fits safety testing best. This thesis presents an experiment that looks into these questions. Also, the experiment investigates how the barrier model and safety analysis results helps in writing test cases for these systems.
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Woodward, Joseph H. "Safety enhancement of composites via periodic proof testing." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA275662.
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Johnsson, Rebecca, and Nathalie Svensson. "Effects of Mutation Testing on Safety Critical Software." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-143689.
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For avionic systems, the safety requirements are stricter than for non-safety critical systems due to the severe consequences a failure could cause. Depending on the consequences of a failure, the software needs to fulfill different testing criterias. More critical software needs more extensive testing. The question is whether the extra testing activities performed for software of higher criticality level results in discovery of more faults. Mutation testing has been used in this thesis as a method to evaluate the quality of test suites of avionic applications from different safety critical levels. The results showed that the extra activities performed at the higher levels do not necessarily result in finding more faults.
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Doric, Igor. "A generalised approach to active pedestrian safety testing." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/95636/.
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Active pedestrian safety systems can help to significantly increase pedestrian road safety, but must be tested very carefully before used in series application. Since there is usually a very small amount of time to prevent the collision, the activation of an emergency brake is always a critical decision. On the other hand, of course, false triggerings must be prevented. Aiming to increase pedestrian and vehicle safety, this thesis presents a novel approach for the test of active pedestrian safety systems. From the question "What is needed to test and compare future active pedestrian safety systems?" are resulting the following questions: 1. What are the significant characteristics of real pedestrians? 2. How can this features be mapped to a test system? This thesis presents characteristic features of pedestrians from the perspective of automotive surround sensors and introduces a novel test system approach including a realistic pedestrian dummy which is able to replicate those characteristics. Furthermore it introduces a novel active pedestrian safety test methodology, based on the variation of target characteristics, environmental conditions and driver behaviour. The proposed pedestrian dummy was set up in real size and tested on the test track in vehicle tests. A video of the described test and the novel pedestrian dummy can be seen here: https://youtu.be/eF5IkqsknBE
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Poorman, Kenneth E. (Kenneth Earl) 1967. "On the complete testing of simple safety-related software." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36439.
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Chinn, B. P. "Injuries to motorcyclists' legs : testing procedures and protection." Thesis, Brunel University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370275.
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Simmons, Martin Christopher. "Safety through novel dynamic pressure testing of aircraft structural panels." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417174.
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Mendoza, PhD Carlos. "Government Rule Compliance, Safety, and the Influence of Regulation on Railroad Trainmen." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4654.
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Operational testing of railroad trainmen on federal government safety rules is a daily occurrence on every railroad in the United States. This constant testing and resulting discipline distracts trainmen from the task at hand, causing a loss of focus which could lead to injury or accidents. Using the social construction framework, this research sought to gain an understanding of trainmen's perception on how operational testing impacts their workplace safety, as well as how they perceive the U.S. federal government influences regulation and discipline. This phenomenological study investigated a segment of railroad employees, the trainmen, because they are operationally tested more than other employees. A representative sample of trainmen (n = 20), managers (n = 7), retirees (n = 4), and U.S. federal government officials (n = 4) who oversee railroad safety, were interviewed using a semistructured interview protocol. The transcribed interviews were analyzed for patterns and trends of safety and testing outcomes. The software analysis provided frequencies of qualitative features in the participants' responses such as stressor words and fear of discipline. Government reports regarding incident rates across U.S. railroads demonstrated that private rail companies are about equal in their incident rates. Considering incidents occur equally, the interviewees indicated that some companies test more frequently than others. This study concluded that excessive operational testing does not positively impact safety nor reduce incidents, but creates a potential for distraction among trainmen. By taking the opinion of employees into consideration, railway managers can create a safer work environment, as well as a more coherent and less stressful workplace for their employees.
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McGuire, James Gary. "The compatibility of non-metallic materials in high pressure oxygen." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357733.
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Raghib, Hala, and halaraghib@yahoo com. "Death By QT: A New Safety Challenge." RMIT University. Medical Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080812.162252.
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The HERG gene encodes for the delayed rectifier K+ channel in human cardiac tissue and contributes to the repolarization phase of the ventricular action potential. Defects in its activity underlies a cardiac disorders linked to a prolongation in the QT interval known as acquired long QT syndrome. The channel has structural properties that lead to its unintentional inhibition by various classes of drugs and is a source of drug induced cardiac toxicity. To date, no assay has been set as a standard due to variability across laboratories and the use of animals providing variable results due to differences in the ion channels involved in repolarisation. This thesis focuses on the development of testing assays for HERG using animal-free methodology. In Chapter 2, a human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell line was cultured and transfected with the human HERG gene using animal-free methodologies. The success of the transfection was confirmed using PCR, patch clamp electrophysiology and a non-radioactive rubidium assay. Using a non-radioactive rubidium assay, drug inhibition on the transfected cell line was measured. The IC50 values obtained for a range of drugs were compared to those obtained using electrophysiological studies in the literature and there was a high correlation (r2 = 0.76). In Chapter 3, a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) was tested for its validity for testing the effect of drugs on the endogenously expressed HERG K+ channel. The drug IC50 values obtained using the Rb+ assay were well correlated (r2= 0.82) with patch clamp studies in HERG transfected HEK293 cells in the literature. Clomipramine a clinically used antidepressant causes prolongation in the QT interval, however its mechanism of action on cardiac cells leading to this cardiotoxic effect is unclear. In this study, clomipramine was tested using HERG transfected HEK293 cells and the neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) using a rubidium assay and whole cell patch clamp. Clomipramine inhibited HERG with an IC50 value of 8.35 µM and 2.18 µM in HERG transfected HEK293 cells and the neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) using the rubidium assay respectively. Clomipramine inhibited HERG currents with an IC50 value of 0.50 µM using the patch clamp technique in HEK293 cells. The results indicate that the prolongation in the QT interval caused by clomipramine may involve HERG inhibition. The HERG K+ channel is regulated by several protein kinases including protein kinase A and protein kinase B. In Chapter 5, the specific PKC activator and phorbol ester PDA was used to study HERG regulation by PKC in HERG transfected HEK293 cells. PDA caused a reduction in HERG currents in HEK293 cells. The PKC pseudo substrate inhibitor PKC [19-36] did not inhibit the effect of PDA on HERG currents. The results of the study suggest that (1) PDA could be acting directly on the channel and inhibiting its function or (2) PDA is activating other proteins which are affecting HERG currents in the HERG transfected HEK293 cells.
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McKnight, Christopher William. "Design and safety analysis of an in-flight, test airfoil." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4398.
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The evaluation of an in-flight airfoil model requires extensive analysis of a variety of
structural systems. Determining the safety of the design is a unique task dependant on
the aircraft, flight environment, and physical requirements of the airfoil. With some
areas of aerodynamic research choosing to utilize flight testing over wind tunnels the
need to design and certify safe and reliable designs is a necessity.
Commercially available codes have routinely demonstrated an ability to simulate
complex systems. The union of three-dimensional design software with finite element
programs, such as SolidWorks and COSMOSWorks, allows for a streamlined approach
to the iterative task of design and simulation. The iterative process is essential to the
safety analysis of the system. Results from finite-element analysis are used to determine
material selection and component dimensions. These changes, in turn, produce different
stress profiles, which will affect other components.
The unique case presented in this study outlines the process required to certify a
large swept-wing model mounted to a Cessna O-2 aircraft. The process studies the affect
of aerodynamic loading on the hard-point structure inside the wing, as well as the model
mounting structure, and support strut.
The process does not end when numerical simulations indicate that each system
is safe. Following numerical work, a series of static tests are used to verify that no
unforeseen failures will occur. Although the process is tailored to one specific example,
it outlines an approach that could be applied to any test platform. A different model may
create a physically different system, but the safety analysis would remain the same.
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Kemp, Paul Michael. "Psychometric testing and cerebral perfusion in amateur boxers and controls." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307282.
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McEwen, Timothy Ryan. "Creating Safety in the Diagnostic Testing Processes of Family Medical Practices." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1243428996.
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Perez, Virginia. "Fire safety and interior textiles." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41706.
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The role of the interior designer in providing for fire safe interiors is an important one. The textile end-products they specify play an important part in the start and/or spread of interior fires. Furthermore, the rate of developments in textile testing and products makes it difficult for designers to keep abreast of the latest information. This thesis provides a program for updating interior designers on fire safe interior textiles. A one hour update program was developed as part of the thesis and delivered to members of the Southwest Regional Chapter of ASID in Roanoke, Virginia.
An analysis of data from a survey showed that participants believe there is a need for an educational program such as this course and that they would attend a five hour CEU course developed on this subject. Responses to questions on textile fibers, standard tests, and new products on the market supported the perceived need for continuing education on the subject of fire safe textiles. The course evaluation in turn, determined that some areas of the program needed to be revised. This thesis provides a packaged program which can be easily updated. Furthermore, anyone with a textile background can use this program in preparing and delivering a CEU course on fire safety and interior textiles.Master of Science
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Luchscheider, Philipp [Verfasser]. "Strategic Black-Box Testing of Automotive Safety Electronic Control Units / Philipp Luchscheider." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2014. http://d-nb.info/106322151X/34.
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Mbah, Rowland. "Using reliability growth testing to reveal systematic faults in safety-instrumented systems." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for produksjons- og kvalitetsteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25525.
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This master thesis studies the effects of systematic faults in the development phase of a safety-instrumented system, especially the relation between systematic faults and operational common-cause failures. Safety-instrumented systems are used widely in many industry sectors to detect on the onset of hazardous events and mitigate the consequences to humans, the environment and material assets. Systematic faults are non-physical faults introduced due to design errors or mistakes. Unidentified systematic faults represent a serious problem, as their safety effects are unpredictable and are not normally susceptible to a statistical analysis like random faults. In addition to safety effects, there can also be economic losses through product recalls, high warranty costs, customer dissatisfaction and loss of market share. Reliability growth testing is the same as TAAF (test-analyze-and-fix) testing of a product early in the design and development phases of the product life cycle when design changes can be made readily in response to observed failures. Reliability growth testing, if applied in the development phase of a safety-instrumented system helps to overcome the disadvantages of doing the test in other phases, because it can be costly, highly inconvenient and time consuming in these phases. The main focus of the thesis is to study, evaluate, and discuss to what extent reliability growth testing of safety-instrumented systems is a suitable approach for identifying and avoiding systematic faults, and develop guidelines for reliability growth testing to achieve this purpose. The thesis builds on concepts, methods and definitions adopted from two major standards for safety-instrumented applications: IEC 61508 and IEC 61511, and IEC 61014: Programmes for reliability growth. The development of procedures on how to identify and correct systematic faults by reliability growth testing are inspired by these three standards and other relevant literature found during the course of the master thesis project. The main contributions of this thesis are:1. Illustrative examples of fire and gas detection and mitigation systems, car airbag and mobile phone have been used to develop procedures on how reliability growth testing is used to identify and correct systematic faults.2. Detailed discussion of systematic faults, common-cause failures and the relationship between them have been presented. It has been established that systematic faults give rise to common-cause failures, which dominate the reliability of safety-instrumented systems.3. Detailed discussion of reliability growth testing, its models and methods, and strengths and weaknesses of the models and methods have been provided. Both continuous and discrete models are studied. The Duane model, which is an example of a continuous model is commonly used because of its simplicity and graphical presentation.4. The challenges and pitfalls of reliability growth testing in relation to systematic faults are discussed. The major challenge is the introduction of new failure modes, especially in case of software testing.5. Measures to handle systematic faults revealed during the test have been provided. The measures include: use of diverse and redundant channels, design reviews, use of simple designs, use of competent designers, training and re-training of designers and use of reliability analysis to identify causes of faults.
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Tal, Oded. "Software dependability demonstration for safety-critical military avionics systems by statistical testing." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266819.
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Greig, Alan J. "A cell-based assay for the safety testing of pertussis-containing vaccines." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10048192/.
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Since the advent of the acellular pertussis vaccine, safety testing has been carried out using the Histamine Sensitisation Assay (HIST assay). This assay is crude in nature and involves large numbers of mice to ensure statistically relevant output. In this work, a permeability assay is described that is a viable alternative to the HIST assay. Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) in co-culture with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were used in a permeability assay to distinguish a preparation of DTaP5-IPV-Hib vaccine spiked with pertussis toxin (PTx) from a second control preparation. Using this assay, permeability of the HUVEC monolayer was determined to be a reliable indicator of PTx activity. TNF-α secretion was quantified to determine if there was a correlation with permeability, however, it was highly variable between blood donors. Therefore, it was likely that the permeability was the result of direct interaction between PTx and the HUVECs. Tight junctional (TJ) dysregulation as demonstrated by immunostaining the TJ complex and measuring the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) was investigated as the primary cause of PTx-induced permeability. Subsequent investigation into gap junction functionality corroborated this as a reduction in connexin functionality was observed which can be partially explained by TJ dysfunction, however, PTx was also shown to impair connexin 43 deposition at the plasma membrane, demonstrating that TJ expression could be used as alternative and/or combination assay. Additionally, Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM) was carried out to directly image PTx activity within the HUVECs, by imaging endogenous NADH fluorescence. PTx activity was shown to be associated with a small increase in protein-bound NADH and since FLIM is non-destructive this allowed other experiments to be carried out on the same generation of HUVECs. In conclusion, the permeability assay described here is capable of detecting PTx in vaccine preparations at concentrations below the required threshold of 4 IU/ml PTx.
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Paquin, Jeremy(Jeremy David). "A systems-based analysis method for safety design in rocket testing controllers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122415.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2019Thesis: M.B.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2019
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 122-123).
Boeing is the prime contractor for building the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Space Launch System (SLS) core stage for upcoming exploration missions beyond low earth orbit. Due to the rigorous demands of safety on crew-rated spacecraft, the entire vehicle undergoes captive hot-fire testing before being delivered to NASA for actual flight operations. The hot-fire test is controlled by a suite of computers used to control the rocket segment and critical infrastructure interactions during the test. The complexity of the software and hardware used to control the test makes it difficult for traditional safety approaches to identify potentially unsafe system interactions by focusing only on component failures rather than overall system interactions. Traditional chain-of-failure safety analyses and reviews take significant resources and time to conduct while leaving possible gaps. This thesis discusses a method for analyzing safety of rocket test controllers by characterizing key indicators and developing a systems-based approach for hazard analysis using Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA). A resulting case study is applied for examination of a portion of the rocket testing controller system for comparison to traditional chain-of-failure events analyses. Appling STPA in the case-study resulted in 83% of the total work time needed to complete a comparable "ascent phase" analysis using FMEA. The STPA results are the same or meet a similar intent to those resolved in the FMEA with not gaps between the two methods. The recommended mitigation and constraints resulting from STPA are arguably more intuitive than those of the FMEA.
by Jeremy Paquin.
S.M.
M.B.A.
S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
M.B.A. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management
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Volland, Kirk N. "Design, construction and testing of a prototype holonomic autonomous vehicle." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Dec%5FVolland.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Applied Physics)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007.Thesis Advisor(s): Harkins, Richard. "December 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 24, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 189-192). Also available in print.
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Hakkarainen, Tuula. "Studies on fire safety assessment of construction products /." Espoo [Finland] : Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2002. http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/2002/P459.pdf.
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Mastrippolito, Luigi. "NETWORKED DATA ACQUISITION DEVICES AS APPLIED TO AUTOMOTIVE TESTING." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/606740.
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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 20-23, 2003 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, NevadaThe US Army Aberdeen Test Center (ATC) is acquiring, transferring, and databasing data during all phases of automotive testing using networked data acquisition devices. The devices are small ruggedized computer-based systems programmed with specific data acquisition tasks and then networked together with other devices in order to share information within a test item or vehicle. One of the devices is also networked to a ground-station for monitor, control and data transfer of any of the devices on the net. Application of these devices has varied from single vehicle tests in a single geographical location up to a 100-vehicle nationwide test. Each device has a primary task such as acquiring data from vehicular data busses (MIL-STD-1553, SAE J1708 bus, SAE J1939 bus, RS-422 serial bus, etc.), GPS (time and position), analog sensors and video with audio. Each device has programmable options, maintained in a configuration file, that define the specific recording methods, real-time algorithms to be performed, data rates, and triggering parameters. The programmability of the system and bi-directional communications allow the configuration file to be modified remotely after the system is fielded. The primary data storage media of each device is onboard solid-state flash disk; therefore, a continuous communication link is not critical to data gathering. Data are gathered, quality checked and loaded into a database for analysis. The configuration file, as an integral part of the database, ensures configuration identity and management. A web based graphical user interface provides preprogrammed query options for viewing, summarizing, graphing, and consolidating data. The database can also be queried for more detailed analyses. The architecture for this network approach to field data acquisition was under the Aberdeen Test Center program Versatile Information System Integrated On-Line (VISION). This paper will describe how the merging of data acquisition systems to network communications and information management tools provides a powerful resource for system engineers, analysts, evaluators and acquisition personnel.
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Bourne, David. "Alternative dynamic impact testing : component screening of FMH-energy absorber safety plastic\2122." Thesis, University West, Department of Technology, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-833.
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Nitsche, Philippe. "Safety-critical scenarios and virtual testing procedures for automated cars at road intersections." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2018. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/34433.
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This thesis addresses the problem of road intersection safety with regard to a mixed population of automated vehicles and non-automated road users. The work derives and evaluates safety-critical scenarios at road junctions, which can pose a particular safety problem involving automated cars. A simulation and evaluation framework for car-to-car accidents is presented and demonstrated, which allows examining the safety performance of automated driving systems within those scenarios. Given the recent advancements in automated driving functions, one of the main challenges is safe and efficient operation in complex traffic situations such as road junctions. There is a need for comprehensive testing, either in virtual testing environments or on real-world test tracks. Since it is unrealistic to cover all possible combinations of traffic situations and environment conditions, the challenge is to find the key driving situations to be evaluated at junctions. Against this background, a novel method to derive critical pre-crash scenarios from historical car accident data is presented. It employs k-medoids to cluster historical junction crash data into distinct partitions and then applies the association rules algorithm to each cluster to specify the driving scenarios in more detail. The dataset used consists of 1,056 junction crashes in the UK, which were exported from the in-depth On-the-Spot database. The study resulted in thirteen crash clusters for T-junctions, and six crash clusters for crossroads. Association rules revealed common crash characteristics, which were the basis for the scenario descriptions. As a follow-up to the scenario generation, the thesis further presents a novel, modular framework to transfer the derived collision scenarios to a sub-microscopic traffic simulation environment. The software CarMaker is used with MATLAB/Simulink to simulate realistic models of vehicles, sensors and road environments and is combined with an advanced Monte Carlo method to obtain a representative set of parameter combinations. The analysis of different safety performance indicators computed from the simulation outputs reveals collision and near-miss probabilities for selected scenarios. The usefulness and applicability of the simulation and evaluation framework is demonstrated for a selected junction scenario, where the safety performance of different in-vehicle collision avoidance systems is studied. The results show that the number of collisions and conflicts were reduced to a tenth when adding a crossing and turning assistant to a basic forward collision avoidance system. Due to its modular architecture, the presented framework can be adapted to the individual needs of future users and may be enhanced with customised simulation models. Ultimately, the thesis leads to more efficient workflows when virtually testing automated driving at intersections, as a complement to field operational tests on public roads.
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Dupuy, Arnaud (Arnaud Guillaume) 1973. "Safety-critical software testing in airborne systems : the modified condition/decision coverage criterion." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9478.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1999.Includes bibliographical references (p. 112-113).
In order to be certified by the FAA, airborne software must comply with the D0-178B standard. For the unit testing of safety-critical software, this standard requires the testing process to meet a strong source code structure coverage criterion, referred to as Modified Condition/Decision Coverage criterion. This part of the standard is controversial in the aviation community, in particular because the coverage criterion is apparently not related to the safety of the software. In this thesis, we follow the letter of the D0-1788 standard to perform the unit testing of the Attitude Control Sy stem of the HETE-2 satellite. This allowed us to gain some insights on the D0- 1788 testing procedure, and to prove that in the case of the considered software, this method was well adapted.
by Arnaud Dupuy.
S.M.
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Sánchez, Vivas Lorena. "Bamboo as a Sustainable Engineering Material: Mechanical Properties, Safety Factors, and Experimental Testing." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7925.
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With exponential global population growth occurring and associated environmentally destructive consumption of natural resources, alternative materials that are fast growing and sustainable are being sought out to satisfy human needs. One material that is fast growing and sustainable that can be used to meet most basic needs of humans (i.e. shelter, food, tools) is the plant bamboo, of the grass family Poaceae. Bamboo was used in the past by native peoples who lived in the environment where bamboo natively grows (all continents except Europe and Antarctica) with proven success for uses such as shelter, piping, tools, wells, food, fencing, baskets and much more. These practices were mostly abandoned and deemed obsolete due to the introduction of long lasting ‘modern’ building materials of steel and concrete which gained popularity in the 1800s. Now, in the current century with much advancement in science, technology, and education, humanity is reconsidering many practices and returning to more ancient practices and ways that are better for human health, the environment, and overall sustainability.
These environmental considerations are drivers of this research, which focuses on how to use bamboo for engineering applications. First, in order to use a material for engineering and design applications, a material must be destructively tested to attain material property values. Therefore, a critical examination of the bamboo mechanical property values published literature was performed. It was found that although many scientists all over the world have been working on mechanical property testing of bamboo, their results have been published in different journals, in different languages, and had not yet been aggregated and compared. This led to the first study in this work that analyzed mechanical property data from 43 bamboo peer-reviewed publications written in English, Spanish, and Portuguese (the three main languages in which bamboo literature is published). This study focused on aggregating mechanical property values, establishing a range of values for each property as well as an average, and correlating the difference in property values to bamboo variables stated in bamboo literature (age, bamboo species, density, moisture content, post-harvest treatment, and testing standard employed). The five mechanical properties reviewed were: shear strength, compressive strength, tensile strength, bending strength / modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elasticity (MOE) and their average values were 9 MPa, 52 MPa, 159 MPa, 120 MPa, and 16 GPa, respectively. Although a thorough graphical set of analyses were performed attempting to correlate the difference in mechanical property values to the previously listed variables, and only main variables found to influence strength values were moisture content and specific testing standard employed.
The results of the high range of mechanical property values with no variable with which to separate the results to lower the range, led to the second part of the research. It incorporated the high range of values reported in the literature but was able to establish safety factors and reduction factors alongside corresponding failure rates. This work allows for a designer to use bamboo culms choosing a failure rate he/she deems appropriate for structural bamboo construction. The analyses in this work were performed using Allowable Stress Design (ASD) and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) equations applied to bamboo as well as Monte Carlo statistical analyses for verification. The raw data and statistically analyzed data of 25 publications were used for this analysis, yielding 3806 strength test values (shear strength, compressive strength, bending strength / modulus of rupture, and tensile strength). Shear strength safety factors ranged from 1.38-3.58 for failure ratios from 1:6-1:25000; compressive strength from 1.30-2.79; bending strength from 1.43-4.03; tensile strength from 1.66-7.43. No singular safety factor is suggested for design as that is due to the judgment of the designer of what failure ratio he/she deems appropriate for the specific application.
Although many compression tests have been performed on bamboo, there are no known tests which destructively test bamboo after an extended period of time after harvesting (more than ~3 months). This experiment conducted a field experiment to test the functionality of using bamboo for the application of installing bamboo wells to provide groundwater. The bamboo tested in the third part of the study was of two species, Dendrocalamus giganteus and Dendrocalamus asper half of which were 1) air-dried in a laboratory for 3.5 years and the other half of which was 2) inserted in the ground as bamboo wells. The bamboo culms (or poles) had been separately treated in three different ways right after cutting: 1/3 with a borax and boric acid solution (most conventional treatment in the industry), 1/3 with coconut oil (experimental treatment in the literature), and 1/3 air-dried, a non-treated control. Bamboo wells are said to be used in ancient times as well as in more recent applications in the 1990s in India by small scale farmers. The publication of bamboo well studies have been very few and nearly no scientific analyses had been performed on them. Therefore, six bamboo wells were assembled and installed at the University of South Florida Geopark, the first of their kind in the U.S. These wells were half of species D. giganteus and half of species D. asper and also treated individually using the three different treatments described above. The wells were monitored for pH and presence of leached boron for a 3.5-year monitoring period and then removed. Upon removal, the bamboo well casings were examined for molds present as well as by mechanical compression testing to assess degradation in comparison to each other (of different treatments) and to air-dried control samples maintained in the laboratory for 3.5 years. The mold fc. Acrodictys was observed to cover the entire inner portion of the bamboo (inner diameter), from the surface level up to the water table. The lab air-dried control samples had compression strength and compressive modulus of elasticity values correlating to those found in the literature, 44-90 MPa (72 MPa average) and 15-31 GPa, respectively. Removed well samples exhibited compressive strengths and compressive modulus of elasticity values of 22-61 MPa (39 MPa average) and 7-25 GPa, respectively. This study revealed that bamboo wells were feasible and although their compressive strengths lowered by around a half after being in the ground for 3.5 years, their compressive strength and compressive modulus of elasticity values were still in the range of bamboo tested in the literature.
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Storey, Andrew Wilson. "Design Optimization of Safety Benches for Surface Quarries through Rockfall Testing and Evaluation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34810.
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The research presented in this thesis results from efforts to evaluate current design methodologies for safety benches in surface aggregate quarries. Proper bench design is important for preventing rockfall related accidents and injuries without wasting the reserves held in the benches. An in depth analysis has been performed using the results from 230 rockfall tests conducted at two surface quarries. The goal of this project is to give practitioners the tools they need for improved bench design.
Principal Components and Cluster Analysis, techniques not previously applied to rockfall investigations, have been performed on the test data. The results indicate that both are valid analytical methods which show that the factors affecting the rollout distance of a rock are wall configuration, rock dimensions, and rock energy. The test results were then compared to the Ritchie Criteria, Modified Ritchie Criterion, Ryan and Pryor Criterion, Oregon Department of Transportation design charts, and RocFall computer simulations.
Analysis shows that the lognormal distribution curves fitted to the test data provide an excellent yet quick design reference. The recommended design method is computer simulation using RocFall because of the ease of simulation and the site specific nature of the program. For the two quarries studied, RocFall analysis showed that 20 ft benches with a 4 ft berm will hold over 95% of rockfalls, a design supported by the field testing. Conducting site-specific rockfall testing is also recommended to obtain realistic input parameters for the simulations and to provide design justification to regulatory agencies.Master of Science
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Tracey, Nigel James. "A search-based automated test-data generation framework for safety-critical software." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325796.
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Balkhyour, Mansour. "Factors that affect respirator fit-testing programs." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289239.
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Respirators are used to minimize the exposure to air contaminants. A good fit is essential for the effective functioning of a respirator. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires an annual respirator fit testing. Respirator fit can be assessed either qualitatively or quantitatively. Two studies were conducted to assess the fit testing program with specific objectives to: (1) assess leak rates in full and half mask respirators; (2) assess the effectiveness of "feedback"1 on the quality of fit; (3) evaluate the effect of daily beard growth on respirator leak rates. In the first study, it was found that the half mask respirator has a significantly lower leak rate than the full face respirator. A significant reduction in leak rate in both respirator types with "feedback" was also observed. The finding that half mask respirators have lower leak rates directly contradicts American National Standard Institute's (ANSI) guidelines of higher Assigned Protection Factor (APF) for full mask respirator. Further studies are necessary to determine these findings and to amend respirator recommendations in the future. As expected in the second study, beard growth was associated with respirator leak rate. The effect of daily growth on leak rate over a period of twelve days could be defined by a second order regression equation. An attempt was made to describe some characteristics of beard that affect the leak rate. After 12 days of beard growth, it was found that the aspect ratio (length/diameter) of hair was inversely correlated with leak rate (r = 0.64). 1Feedback: A numerical value measuring the minimum leak rate that can be gotten from a respirator fitting with a normal donning.
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Penn, Chérie A. "Substance testing in the fire service: making public safety a matter of national policy." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/41430.
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CHDS State/LocalThe state of fire service substance-testing policy nationwide, and what it should be, is the subject of this project. This thesis analyzed 12 substance-testing policies from fire departments across the country. The project looked at the language fire departments were using to convey the intent, process, and consequences of their policy. Common themes emerged as each policy was examined. However, upon closer examination, more inconsistency was found than uniformity. Differences ranged from policy purposes to prevailing guidance to types of substances tested for, threshold levels, and employee treatment, with the greatest difference found in the terminology. As a result of the analysis, this thesis identifies best practices and required components of a standardized national substance-testing policy, and asserts that such a national model should be implemented.
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Ho, Yuk-yi Ella, and 何玉儀. "Risk factors associated with HIV testing among Hong Kong young adults: implications for blood safety." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30252726.
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Ho, Yuk-yi Ella. "Risk factors associated with HIV testing among Hong Kong young adults implications for blood safety /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B23295119.
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Yeddanapudi, Neelima 1976. "Strategies for designing, testing and demonstrating safety : what synthetic biology can learn from retrospective cases." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59692.
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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2009.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-101).
Synthetic biology is an emerging technology field within the realm of genetic engineering, differing from traditional genetic engineering in that it focuses on the modularization of genetic parts and the creation of de novo organisms. Significant concerns over safety have been expressed. This research explores traditional engineering and biotechnology practices for overarching principles of design, testing and demonstration that address safety concerns. The information is used to assess the current state of design, testing and demonstration in current synthetic biology projects addressing safety. Component and system design literature provide an engineering backbone of safety systems however, biological attributes such as mutation, growth, and multiplication create safety gaps, where biological engineering practices are needed. These principles are organized into categories of design and testing, and testing and demonstration to gain greater insight on where gaps in the literature might lie. Retrospective cases of traditional engineering and current cases of biotechnologies provide external validation and further illustrate which practices address which design, testing and demonstration needs. While most of the traditional engineering cases addressed safety through design and testing, when they were faced with questions of safety, they presented specific efforts to gain public confidence. The pro-biotics case was different in that the safety concerns came from the scientific community since history is being used as the convincing demonstration of safety. The three synthetic biology research projects cross the divide between traditional engineering and biotechnologies, but theses efforts are firmly in the area of design and testing. These efforts begin to show the tradeoff between implementing safety and faster technical results. Strategies for further research are explored.
by Neelima Yeddanapudi.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
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Ness, Jacob Raymond. "Development of guidelines for the aesthetic surface treatment of safety-shaped median barriers." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1297.
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Safety-shaped median barriers have long been employed to keep misguided vehicles on the roadway. In recent years there has been a growing national desire for more aesthetically pleasing roadside safety systems. Adding surface texture is one of the most popular ways to make a more aesthetically pleasing barrier. This practice of adding surface texture can potentially reduce the safety performance of the barrier.
The purpose of this research was to develop guidelines for the aesthetic surface treatment of safety-shaped median barriers. Numerical simulation was utilized to develop these guidelines. This was done by first validating the vehicle model that was used in this research, which was the National Crash Analysis Center (NCAC) 2000P Detailed Pickup Truck model. The validity of the vehicle model could be determined by comparing the vehicle dynamics of the simulation to the actual crash test data for the smooth surfaced Single Slope and New Jersey Safety-Shaped barriers. Crash tests involving concrete median barriers most commonly fail crash testing criteria given by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350 by excessive Occupant Compartment Deformation (OCD). OCD is excessive deformation of the occupant compartment that would cause severe harm to the occupant. Current simulation vehicle models do not give reliable direct measurement of OCD. To take the place of direct measurement, several parameters were measured to find the best surrogate measure of OCD. The internal energy of the floorboard in the NCAC 2000P Detailed Pickup Truck model gave the best correlation to OCD. By simulating several different past crash tests with passing and failing OCD, limits of internal energy in the floorboard could determine if a simulation had passing, marginal, or failing amounts of OCD.
Using the surrogate measure of OCD a parametric study was then evaluated by NCHRP Report 350 standards. The parametric study of 29 simulations varied width and depth of recess between asperities for two different angles of asperities. Guidelines were determined for the 45? and 90? angles of asperities as a curve on depth vs. width of recess between asperities from the results of this parametric study.
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Nylén, Christoffer. "Improving MCDC adequate test sets for safety critical software to be RORG adequate." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Programvara och system, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-121729.
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A number of logical code coverage criteria have been used throughout the years in the testing of safety-critical software. Kaminski, et al. proposed Relational Operator Replacement Global (RORG), a method to bring benefits from ROR mutation to Modified Condition / Decision Coverage (MCDC), which is widely used in the avionics industry. However, there is a lack of studies in the industry to support this method. In this thesis, we report on the results of applying RORG to avionic code, augmenting an MCDC adequate test set to satisfy RORG, evaluating its ability to find real faults in industrial software. Conclusions drawn from this thesis are: (1) Faults in relational operators in avionic code are rare, no faults were found in this study. (2) 24% of the relational operators in our study would require additional software requirements to be verified for RORG coverage. (3) 37% of the relational operators in our study were infeasible to test due to program semantics. (4) 84% of the tests added covered enumeration comparisons.
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Frykman, Daniel, and Henrik Wemmersten. "Automation of Electrical Fault Induction for Safety Testing of the Power Train Software in Heavy Vehicles." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-141656.
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En av de främsta prioriteringarna vid utveckling av mjukvara till tunga lastbilar på Scania är att verifiera att lastbilens beteende är säkert. Således spenderas mycket tid på säkerhetstester vars syfte är att verifiera att ny mjukvara inte medför säkerhetskritiska förändringar i fordonets beteende. De säkerhetstester som behandlas i rapporten testar beteendet av mjukvaran i motorns styrenhet när den utsätts för elektriska fel. Bakgrunden till varför säkerhetstesterna genomförs beskrivs i ett säkerhetskritiskt och juridiskt perspektiv samt vilken testmetodik som används. Dessutom tydliggörs vilken del av utvecklingsprocessen som testerna genomförs i. Slutligen utvecklas ett automatiskt testsystem för att effektivisera samt höja kvalitén av säkerhetstesterna som genomförs på Scania. De elektriska fel som kan induceras med det automatiska testsystemet är kortslutning avstyrenhetens kablage mot lastbilens batteri samt kabelbrott. Resultaten ifrån tester genomförda på det automatiska testsystemet visar att säkerhetstesterna utförda manuellt respektive automatiskt är ekvivalenta. Vidare så minskar exekveringstiden för ett testfall signifikant samt att valideringsmöjligheterna förbättras genom bättre dokumentation och ökad repeterbarhet.In the development of software for heavy-duty trucks at Scania one of the main priorities is to ensure that the behavior of the truck is safe. Hence, much time is spent on safety tests where the purpose is to verify that new software does not imply safety critical changes in the behavior of the vehicle. The safety tests treated in this thesis are about testing the reliability of thesoftware in the electronic control unit while it is exposed to electrical malfunctions.The background of why the safety tests are performed is describedin a legal and safety critical perspective and also what test methodology thatis used. Further the phase in which the safety tests are carried out in thedevelopment process is highlighted.Finally, an automated test system is developed for increasing the e-ciency as well as the quality of the safety tests performed at Scania. Theelectrical malfunctions that are possible to induce with the automated test system are short-circuiting to battery of the truck and disconnections. The results from the tests performed on the automated test system indicate that the safety tests that are performed manually respectively automatically are equivalent. Further, the results show that the time to perform the tests signicantly decreases and the possibility for validation is improved through better documentation and increased repeatability.
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Nocentini, Alessandro [Verfasser], and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Siefer. "Identification and testing of measures to improve motorway work zone safety / Alessandro Nocentini ; Betreuer: Thomas Siefer." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1175817511/34.
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Janich, Elena [Verfasser]. "Safety of Xenotransplantation: Development of screening methods and testing for porcine viruses / Elena Janich geb. Plotzki." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1176708104/34.
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Mountain, Gary. "'Bite characteristics of children and the fidelity of testing methods as they apply to toy safety'." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496138.
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Conchie, Stacey Michelle. "The role of trust in offshore safety : the development and testing of a new measurement tool." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415649.
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Feole, Meghan. "Do Safety-related Fields Change Organizational Attractiveness and Job Pursuit Intentions When Drug-testing for Selection?" Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10685553.
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Drug-testing for employment is still a controversial topic decades after being widely implemented by organizations as experts on both sides of the debate cite ethical and legal concerns among others. The public’s attitudes toward drug-testing, specifically Organizational Attractiveness (OA) and Job Pursuit Intentions (JPI), have predominantly been negative, although when there is a safety element to the job the view towards drug screening is more positive. The aim of this study was to examine if attitudes changed if safety-related jobs were involved. The participants were 106 students at a Midwestern university. Participants took either a pencil and paper or an online version of the survey, both which included job ads and follow up questionnaires testing OA, JPI, and attitudes toward drug-use. A 2x2 MANOVA found that participants had more OA toward organizations that did not drug-test for employment that toward those that did. Other hypotheses were not supported. Opportunities for additional research and possible limitations of the study are discussed.
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Björklund, Fredrik, and Elin Karlström. "Enabling Testing of Lateral Active Safety Functions in a Multi-rate Hardware in the Loop Environment." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-139076.
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As the development of vehicles moves towards shorter development time, new ways of verifying the vehicle performance is needed in order to begin the verification process at an earlier stage. A great extent of this development regards active safety, which is a collection name for systems that help both avoid accidents and minimize the effects of a collision, e.g brake assist and steering control systems. Development of these active safety functions requires extensive testing and verification in order to guarantee the performance of the functions in different situations. One way of testing these functions is to include them in a Hardware in the Loop simulation, where the involved hardware from the real vehicle are included in the simulation loop. This master thesis investigates the possibility to test lateral active safety functions in a hardware in the loop simulation environment consisting of multiple subsystems working on different frequencies. The subsystems are all dependent of the output from other subsystems, forming an algebraic loop between them. Simulation using multiple hardware and subsystems working on different frequencies introduces latency in the simulation. The effect of the latency is investigated and proposed solutions are presented. In order to enable testing of lateral active safety functions, a steering model which enables the servo motor to steer the vehicle is integrated in the simulation environment and validated.
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Sebald, Jens. "System oriented concept for testing and assessment of the slip resistance of safety, protective and occupational footwear." Berlin Pro Business, 2007. http://d-nb.info/993947115/04.
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An, Hong. "Computer-aided applications in process plant safety." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6418.
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Process plants that produce chemical products through pre-designed processes are fundamental in the Chemical Engineering industry. The safety of hazardous processing plants is of paramount importance as an accident could cause major damage to property and/or injury to people. HAZID is a computer system that helps designers and operators of process plants to identify potential design and operation problems given a process plant design. However, there are issues that need to be addressed before such a system will be accepted for common use. This research project considers how to improve the usability and acceptability of such a system by developing tools to test the developed models in order for the users to gain confidence in HAZID s output as HAZID is a model based system with a library of equipment models. The research also investigates the development of computer-aided safety applications and how they can be integrated together to extend HAZID to support different kinds of safety-related reasoning tasks. Three computer-aided tools and one reasoning system have been developed from this project. The first is called Model Test Bed, which is to test the correctness of models that have been built. The second is called Safe Isolation Tool, which is to define isolation boundary and identify potential hazards for isolation work. The third is an Instrument Checker, which lists all the instruments and their connections with process items in a process plant for the engineers to consider whether the instrument and its loop provide safeguards to the equipment during the hazard identification procedure. The fourth is a cause-effect analysis system that can automatically generate cause-effect tables for the control engineers to consider the safety design of the control of a plant as the table shows process events and corresponding process responses designed by the control engineer. The thesis provides a full description of the above four tools and how they are integrated into the HAZID system to perform control safety analysis and hazard identification in process plants.
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Roger, Isabella. "Safety leadership in the energy industry : the development and testing of a framework outlining key behaviours of senior managers." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=201976.
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Managing safety in the energy industry requires continuous assessment of the factors with potential to contribute to accidents. Investigations into major incidents across highhazard industries have repeatedly highlighted the critical role of management factors in relation to safety performance. As leadership from site-level managers has been identified as a key non-technical skill with potential to measurably affect safety variables, this thesis investigates how the concept of ‘safety leadership,’ a term commonly used in the energy industry, might be applied at the level of senior management. After a review of the empirical literature revealed minimal consistency across existing work on this topic, four studies were conducted to support the operationalisation of the term ‘safety leadership’ in language relevant to practicing managers. In the first study (Study 1) semistructured interviews with subject matter experts (19 senior managers, 3 health and safety professionals) supported the identification of a set of behavioural ‘elements’ of safety leadership. In Study 2, a second set of interviews with contractors (n=11) and regulators (n=11) facilitated the refinement of the element set, and a preliminary safety leadership framework was proposed wherein behavioural elements were organised into broader categories. In Study 3, a documentary analysis study, data from published incident reports from the energy industry were used to test the preliminary safety leadership framework and assess the framework’s capacity to encompass senior-level behaviours that have been implicated in major investigations. Finally, Study 4 used structured interviews with experienced senior managers (n=15) to assess the face and content validity of the framework. This research informed the development of a behavioural framework, labelled the safety leadership framework (SLF), that includes three categories (Maintaining risk awareness, Leads by example, Setting and managing safety standards) encompassing seven safety leadership elements (Promotes continuous exchange of safety information, Monitors the reality of operations, Incorporates safety into decision-making, Acts as a safety role model, Provides direction, Reinforces with rewards and consequences, Supports and motivates)
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Moore, Albert W. "A computer-based training course for assessing material safety data sheet comprehension." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06232009-063332/.
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Ambrose, Lucy Jane. "Identifying and testing a conceptual model of the individual factors that influence patient safety learning for medical students." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2011. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/da6559bb-7c5e-4f9f-846f-3c49a87b06df.
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Introduction: The field of patient safety has increased in prominence over the last decade in response to information about the harm that occurs to patients in their journeys through healthcare. Healthcare education has also responded with the introduction of patient safety into many undergraduate and postgraduate curricula. Understanding how to influence healthcare worker behaviours is key to these responses. A vital area is the influence that individual factors have on patient safety behaviours. A model of the influences on patient safety has been proposed (Jackson 2008). There is little research in undergraduates that explores this area. This thesis presents a longitudinal series of studies following a cohort of students through a medical curriculum to answer the primary question: which individual factors influence learning about patient safety? Additionally to this how could these factors be tested in relation to patient safety for medical students? Methods: The series of studies used the Medical Research Council’s framework for the evaluation of complex interventions together with Kirkpatrick’s framework to test a conceptual model of individual factors relevant to medical students in patient safety. Measurable outcomes relevant to medical students needed to be identified for each level in Kirkpatrick’s hierarchy. Study 1 used focus group data, when the students were in year 1 of the curriculum, to identify the conceptual model of the influences on patient safety for medical students at level Kirkpatrick’s level 1. Study 2 tested the conceptual model at level 2a when the cohort of students was in year 3. The study used validated questionnaires to test associations between reflective ability, and knowledge and attitudes to patient safety (Kember 1999, Patey 2007). Study 3 occurred in year five. This study identified associations between reflective ability, safe behaviours and error behaviours, in a standardised simulated ward setting. This was used to establish an association between individual factors and behaviours at level 3. Results: Pilot/Study 1: The interpretation of data from seven focus groups involving sixty students identified reflection and intellectual development as individual factors which influenced learning about error. Study 2: Sixty-one students participated and the questionnaires showed acceptable levels of reliability; Cronbach alpha for the reflection questionnaire was 0.71 and the patient safety questionnaire 0.90. The following significant associations were demonstrated: • Reflection and knowledge of actions to take for patient safety, correlation coefficient 0.44 (p=0.0002). • Critical reflection and intentions regarding patient safety, correlation coefficient 0.40 (p=0.0007) Study 3: Forty-eight students participated and the self-administered questionnaires showed acceptable levels of internal consistency, Cronbach alpha for reflection was 0.70 and for critical reflection was 0.78. The generalisability coefficient for the judgments about safe behaviour was 0.84 and for the error behaviours was 0.52. The following significant association was demonstrated: • Reflection and knowledge based errors, correlation coefficient r -0.30 (p=0.03) There were no significant correlations between critical reflection and error, and reflection and safe behaviour. Discussion: The results of these studies in a single cohort identify reflection as an individual factor that influences error behaviours as shown below add greater depth to Jackson’s model (Jackson 2008). The link between reflective thinking and a reduced rate of knowledge-based errors appears to be associated with thoughtful action with reflection rather than critical reflection transforming meaning frameworks. This series of studies identify an association between reflection and error and give a new perspective on the use of reflection in patient safety education.