Academic literature on the topic 'SAFETY SYSTEMS'

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Journal articles on the topic "SAFETY SYSTEMS"

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Miller, D. W., B. K. Hajek, J. R. Fluhrer, J. W. Kines, A. C. Kauffman, G. L. Toth, G. Adams, I. Smith, and C. D. Wilkinson. "Dynamic Safety Systems in BWR plant safety systems." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 42, no. 4 (1995): 975–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.467763.

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Capelli-Schellpfeffer, Mary. "Signaling Systems Safety [Electrical Safety]." IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 17, no. 2 (March 2011): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mias.2010.939807.

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Kang, Young-Doo, and Kil-To Chong. "Safety Evaluation on Real Time Operating Systems for Safety-Critical Systems." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 11, no. 10 (October 31, 2010): 3885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2010.11.10.3885.

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Brown, S. J. "Functional safety of safety instrumented systems." Loss Prevention Bulletin 175, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/026095704772874084.

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Bell, R. "Operational Safety: Safety-Related Control Systems." Measurement and Control 21, no. 9 (November 1988): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002029408802100902.

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Lautieri, S. "De-risking safety [military safety systems]." Computing and Control Engineering 17, no. 3 (June 1, 2006): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cce:20060306.

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Babu Gollamudi, Ebinezaru. "Automated Safety Systems." IOSR Journal of Engineering 02, no. 05 (May 2012): 1121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3021-020511211123.

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&NA;. "Integrated Safety Systems." Journal of Clinical Engineering 39, no. 2 (2014): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jce.0000445962.10228.3e.

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Gustafsson, Fredrik. "Automotive safety systems." IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 26, no. 4 (July 2009): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2009.932618.

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Hovden, Jan. "Safety Management Systems." Safety Science 24, no. 2 (November 1996): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-7535(97)87882-4.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "SAFETY SYSTEMS"

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Bradley, Aaron R. "Safety analysis of systems /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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Dreany, Harry Hayes. "Safety Engineering of Computational Cognitive Architectures within Safety-Critical Systems." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10688677.

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This paper presents the integration of an intelligent decision support model (IDSM) with a cognitive architecture that controls an autonomous non-deterministic safety-critical system. The IDSM will integrate multi-criteria, decision-making tools via intelligent technologies such as expert systems, fuzzy logic, machine learning, and genetic algorithms.

Cognitive technology is currently simulated within safety-critical systems to highlight variables of interest, interface with intelligent technologies, and provide an environment that improves the system’s cognitive performance. In this study, the IDSM is being applied to an actual safety-critical system, an unmanned surface vehicle (USV) with embedded artificial intelligence (AI) software. The USV’s safety performance is being researched in a simulated and a real-world, maritime based environment. The objective is to build a dynamically changing model to evaluate a cognitive architecture’s ability to ensure safe performance of an intelligent safety-critical system. The IDSM does this by finding a set of key safety performance parameters that can be critiqued via safety measurements, mechanisms, and methodologies. The uniqueness of this research lies in bounding the decision-making associated with the cognitive architecture’s key safety parameters (KSPs). Other real-time applications (RTAs) that would benefit from advancing cognitive science associated with safety are unmanned platforms, transportation technologies, and service robotics. Results will provide cognitive science researchers with a reference for the safety engineering of artificially intelligent safety-critical systems.

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Reinhardt, Derek Wade. "Safety assurance of aviation systems." Thesis, University of York, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6208/.

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From review of historical projects, there is evidence that limitations in contemporary safety assurance approaches for software-dependent systems contribute to programmatic and certification difficulties, e.g. delays and risk retention. These difficulties arise particularly in relation to evaluating risk of systematic behavioural anomalies and evidence shortfalls or deficiencies. These findings question the effectiveness of current safety assurance approaches. Although these problems are general, this thesis is grounded in the context of Australian Defence Force aviation projects. Through analysing the purpose of safety assurance standards, this thesis establishes principles and guidelines for defining effective safety assurance frameworks for aviation systems. The principles and guidelines are used to define a novel integrated framework which is responsive to the specific challenges of military aviation systems acquisition. The framework qualifies knowledge of risks and uncertainty, focusing on product behaviour in the architectural context. It is based on evaluation of properties of architecture, including the prevention and tolerance of faults. Knowledge of product behaviours is informed by attributes of supporting evidence, and the tolerability of limitations in evidence. A key factor in the success of safety assurance standards, in an acquisition context, relates to their effectiveness for reducing uncertainty for supplier delivery of safety evidence across contracting processes. Thus this thesis also provides a method for contracting for the novel integrated framework. Evaluation of the principles, guidelines and framework has been conducted through peer review via workshop and survey questionnaire, analysis against real world aircraft architectures, analysis with respect to historical project data, a constructed example, anti-hypothesis analysis, and evaluation as an audit tool and contract evaluation aid on several projects. Evaluation on an actual project was not possible. A major factor identified in the effectiveness of safety assurance standards is how stakeholders are incentivised (or conversely discouraged) in decision making pertaining to product risk and evidence. This thesis shows that the novel integrated framework, through implementation of the principles and guidelines, could help to avoid the classes of project issues observed historically by enabling developers and assessors to focus on reasoning about the risks of behavioural properties of products, and in the production of evidence used to inform product behaviours. Further evaluation via application to actual projects is required to provide more definitive evidence of benefits and limitations.
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Masson, Lola. "Safety monitoring for autonomous systems : interactive elicitation of safety rules." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30220.

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Un moniteur de sécurité actif est un mécanisme indépendant qui est responsable de maintenir le système dans un état sûr, en cas de situation dangereuse. Il dispose d'observations (capteurs) et d'interventions (actionneurs). Des règles de sécurité sont synthétisées, à partir des résultats d'une analyse de risques, grâce à l'outil SMOF (Safety MOnitoring Framework), afin d'identifier quelles interventions appliquer quand une observation atteint une valeur dangereuse. Les règles de sécurité respectent une propriété de sécurité (le système reste das un état sûr) ainsi que des propriétés de permissivité, qui assurent que le système peut toujours effectuer ses tâches. Ce travail se concentre sur la résolution de cas où la synthèse échoue à retourner un ensemble de règles sûres et permissives. Pour assister l'utilisateur dans ces cas, trois nouvelles fonctionnalités sont introduites et développées. La première adresse le diagnostique des raisons pour lesquelles une règle échoue à respecter les exigences de permissivité. La deuxième suggère des interventions de sécurité candidates à injecter dans le processus de synthèse. La troisième permet l'adaptation des exigences de permissivités à un ensemble de tâches essentielles à préserver. L'utilisation des ces trois fonctionnalités est discutée et illustrée sur deux cas d'étude industriels, un robot industriel de KUKA et un robot de maintenance de Sterela
An active safety monitor is an independent mechanism that is responsible for keeping the system in a safe state, should a hazardous situation occur. Is has observations (sensors) and interventions (actuators). Safety rules are synthesized from the results of the hazard analysis, using the tool SMOF (Safety MOnitoring Framework), in order to identify which interventions to apply for dangerous observations values. The safety rules enforce a safety property (the system remains in a safe state) and some permissiveness properties, ensuring that the system can still perform its tasks. This work focuses on solving cases where the synthesis fails to return a set of safe and permissive rules. To assist the user in these cases, three new features are introduced and developed. The first one addresses the diagnosis of why the rules fail to fulfill a permissiveness requirement. The second one suggests candidate safety interventions to inject into the synthesis process. The third one allows the tuning of the permissiveness requirements based on a set of essential functionalities to maintain. The use of these features is discussed and illustrated on two industrial case studies, a manufacturing robot from KUKA and a maintenance robot from Sterela
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Almarshed, Amer. "Improving Safety in Hajj." Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2016. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/339.

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Sgueglia, John. "Managing design changes using safety-guided design for a safety critical automotive system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/106224.

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Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, System Design and Management Program, Engineering and Management Program, 2015.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 95-99).
The use of software to control automotive safety critical functions, such as throttle, braking and steering has been increasing. The automotive industry has a need for safety analysis methods and design processes to ensure these systems function safely. Many current recommendations still focus on traditional methods, which worked well for electro-mechanical designs but are not adequate for software intensive complex systems. System Theoretic Accident Model and Process (STAMP) and the associated System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) method have been found to identify hazards for complex systems and can be effective earlier in the design process than current automotive techniques. The design of a complex safety-critical system will require many decisions that can potentially impact the system's safety. A safety analysis should be performed on the new design to understand any potential safety issues. Methods that can help identify where and how the change impacts the analysis would be a useful tool for designers and managers. This could reduce the amount of time needed to evaluate changes and to ensure the safety goals of the system are met. This thesis demonstrates managing design changes for the safetyƯ-guided design of an automotive safetyƯ-critical shift-by-wire system. The current safety related analysis methods and standards common to the automotive industry and the system engineering methods and research in the use of requirements traceability for impact analysis in engineering change management was reviewed. A procedure was proposed to identify the impact of design changes to the safety analysis performed with STPA. Suggested guidelines were proposed to identify the impact of the change on the safety analysis performed with STPA. It was shown how the impact of the design changes were incorporated into the STPA results to ensure safety constraints are managed with respect to these changes to maintain the safety controls of the system throughout the design process. Finally the feasibility of the procedure was demonstrated through the integration of the procedure with requirements traceability based on system engineering practices
by John Sgueglia.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
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Zhou, Jun. "Determination of Safety/Environmental Integrity Level for Subsea Safety Instrumented Systems." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for produksjons- og kvalitetsteknikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23119.

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The master thesis describes, compares current methods in the literature, and proposes new methods for determination of safety/environmental integrity level of safety instrumented systems (SISs). These systems are used widely in many industry sectors to detect the onset of hazardous events and mitigate the consequences to humans, the environment and material assets. The main objective of this thesis has been to investigate the risk based approaches for determination of safety /environmental integrity level of SISs. The focus of the thesis is the risk graph and layer of protection analysis approach for subsea applications where the failure of such systems could lead to significant environmental consequences. The thesis builds on concepts, methods and definitions adopted in two main standards for SIS applications: IEC 61508 and IEC 61511. The proposals of new methods are inspired by these two standards and other relevant literature found during the master thesis project. The main contributions of this thesis are:1.Discussion on current environmental risk acceptance criteria used on Norwegian Continental Shelf and proposal of new environmental risk acceptance criteria based on release volume for subsea SISs applications where the consequences of hazardous events include environmental damages.2.A modified risk graph approach suited for SIL/EIL determinations for subsea SISs. This approach is demonstrated and tested in a case study.3.Detailed discussion on the effect of common cause failures between the designated SIS and the existing protection layers during SIL/EIL determination. A framework for determining SIL/EIL considering such CCFs is developed. This framework includes CCFs quantification in two phases: SIL determination phase and SIL realization phase. A checklist is developed for CCFs quantification in the early phase.
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Ojdanic, Milos. "SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW OF SAFETY-RELATED CHALLENGES FOR AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS IN SAFETY-CRITICAL APPLICATIONS." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-43980.

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An increased focus on the development of autonomous safety-critical systems requiresmore attention at ensuring safety of humans and the environment. The mainobjective of this thesis is to explore the state of the art and to identify the safetyrelatedchallenges being addressed for using autonomy in safety-critical systems. Inparticular, the thesis explores the nature of these challenges, the different autonomylevels they address and the type of safety measures as proposed solutions. Above all,we focus on the safety measures by a degree of adaptiveness, time of being activeand their ability of decision making. Collection of this information is performedby conducting a Systematic Literature Review of publications from the past 9 years.The results showed an increase in publications addressing challenges related to theuse of autonomy in safety-critical systems. We managed to identify four high-levelclasses of safety challenges. The results also indicate that the focus of research wason finding solutions for challenges related to full autonomous systems as well assolutions that are independent of the level of autonomy. Furthermore, consideringthe amount of publications, results show that non-learning solutions addressing theidentified safety challenges prevail over learning ones, active over passive solutionsand decisive over supportive solutions.
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Ota, Shuichiro Daniel. "Assuring safety in high-speed magnetically levitated (maglev) systems : the need for a system safety approach." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45258.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-145).
Magnetic levitation is a railway technology that enables vehicles to be magnetically suspended above their tracks. Although this technology is still under development, magnetically levitated (maglev) systems have great potential to introduce significant changes in today's transportation networks. This thesis proposes an approach to assuring safety in high-speed maglev systems. It examines characteristic features of the systems, and analyzes the Japanese commuter railway accident in 2005, using Systems Theory Accident Modeling and Processes (STAMP) and System Dynamics models. The characteristic features reveal that the likelihood and potential severity of accidents in maglev systems are higher than those in conventional railway systems because of their high speed, levitation technology, software intensiveness, and other factors. A primary lesson learned from the accident is the importance of risk/hazard analysis that can qualitatively focus on the severity of accidents and human factors. These findings are put together in the form of requirements of risk/hazard analysis and organizational structures. This thesis demonstrates that these requirements, which are not entirely consistent with current actual practices based on international railway standards, conform well to the fundamentals of System Safety, which is an organized and established method to assure safety in complex systems.
by Shuichiro Daniel Ota.
S.M.
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Mahmoudi, Fashandi Ali R. "Stochastic analysis of robot-safety systems." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0026/NQ36781.pdf.

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Books on the topic "SAFETY SYSTEMS"

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Germany) NATO Advanced Study Institute on Software Systems Safety (2013 Marktoberdorf. Software systems safety. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2014.

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Dale, Chris, and Tom Anderson, eds. Achieving Systems Safety. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2494-8.

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Lloyd, E. Systematic safety: Safety assessment of aircraft systems. London: Civil Aviation Authority, 1995.

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Wallace, Ian G. Developing effective safety systems. Houston: Gulf Pub., 1995.

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Safety-critical computer systems. Harlow, England: Addison-Wesley, 1996.

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Hughes, Donald. Electrical safety-interlock systems. Northwood, Middx: Science Reviews in association with H & H Scientific Consultants, 1985.

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1947-, Cox Tom, ed. Safety, systems, and people. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996.

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Dale, Chris, and Tom Anderson, eds. Advances in Systems Safety. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-133-2.

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Redmill, Felix, and Tom Anderson, eds. The Safety of Systems. London: Springer London, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-806-7.

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Pimentel, Juan R., ed. Safety-Critical Automotive Systems. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/pt-103.

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Book chapters on the topic "SAFETY SYSTEMS"

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Sebbane, Yasmina Bestaoui. "Safety Systems." In A First Course in Aerial Robots and Drones, 167–86. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003121787-8.

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Kiely, Philip. "Decision Systems." In Blood Safety, 83–122. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94436-4_5.

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King, Hal. "Systems." In Food Safety Management, 27–52. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6205-7_4.

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Raspor, Peter, Mojca Jevšnik, and Mateja Ambrožič. "Food Safety Systems." In Food Safety, 3–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39253-0_1.

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Coit, Marne, and Theodore A. Feitshans. "Food safety." In Food Systems Law, 49–78. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429426544-5.

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Semenov, Andrey B., Stanislav K. Strizhakov, and Igor R. Suncheley. "Fire safety." In Structured Cable Systems, 343–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10124-7_9.

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Pyrgidis, Christos N. "Railway safety." In Railway Transportation Systems, 415–48. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003046073-18.

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Barnard, Geoffrey S. "Safety Instrumented Systems." In Handbook of Loss Prevention Engineering, 555–92. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527650644.ch22.

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Hamsini, S., and M. Kathiresh. "Automotive Safety Systems." In Automotive Embedded Systems, 1–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59897-6_1.

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Dhillon, B. S. "Medical Systems Safety." In Applied Safety for Engineers, 85–96. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003212928-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "SAFETY SYSTEMS"

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Guillerm, R., H. Demmou, and N. Sadou. "Safety evaluation of complex system." In 2010 4th Annual IEEE Systems Conference. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/systems.2010.5482461.

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Menon, Catherine, and Tim Kelly. "Eliciting software safety requirements in complex systems." In 2010 4th Annual IEEE Systems Conference. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/systems.2010.5482343.

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Rao, Shrisha. "A foundation for system safety using predicate logic." In 2009 3rd Annual IEEE Systems Conference. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/systems.2009.4815769.

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Knight, John C. "Safety critical systems." In the 24th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/581339.581406.

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Corrie, J. D. "Safety assurance and safety assessment." In 11th IET Professional Development Course on Railway Signalling and Control Systems. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2006.0677.

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Gario, Ahmed, and A. von Mayrhauser Andrews. "Fail-Safe Testing of Safety-Critical Systems." In 2014 23rd Australian Software Engineering Conference (ASWEC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aswec.2014.19.

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Floyd, H. Landis. "A systems safety approach to occupational electrical safety." In 2014 IEEE-IAS/PCA Cement Industry Technical Conference. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/citcon.2014.6820101.

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Franekova, Maria, and Karol Rastocny. "Safety model of safety-related fieldbus transmission systems." In IECON 2010 - 36th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecon.2010.5675057.

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Taneva, Svetlena, Jacqueline Higgins, Anthony Easty, and Bernhard Plattner. "Approaching the hotspot increases the impact: Process breakdowns in a safety-critical system-of-systems." In 2009 3rd Annual IEEE Systems Conference. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/systems.2009.4815767.

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Rajabalinejad, Mohammad. "Safe Integration for System of Systems: The Safety Cube Theory." In 2019 14th Annual Conference System of Systems Engineering (SoSE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sysose.2019.8753867.

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Reports on the topic "SAFETY SYSTEMS"

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Edwards, Lawyn C., and Patrick V. Adamcik. MANPRINT/Systems Safety Interface. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada228290.

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Schyve, Paul M. Systems Thinking and Patient Safety. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada434169.

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Binkley, David W. C++ in safety critical systems. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5769.

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JANICEK, G. P. Sub system & component level safety classification evaluation & identification for tank farm safety systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/807460.

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Grant, G. M., C. L. Atwood, and C. D. Gentillon. Operational reliability of standby safety systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/90939.

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Liu, James C. Radiation Safety Systems for Accelerator Facilities. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/798881.

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Konkel, H. The Dynamic Balancer electrical safety systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/677010.

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Backstrom, Robert, and David Dini. Firefighter Safety and Photovoltaic Systems Summary. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/kylj9621.

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Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Fire Prevention and Safety Research Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service concerns of photovoltaic (PV) systems. These concerns include firefighter vulnerability to electrical and casualty hazards when mitigating a fire involving photovoltaic (PV) modules systems. The need for this project is significant acknowledging the increasing use of photovoltaic systems, growing at a rate of 30% annually. As a result of greater utilization, traditional firefighter tactics for suppression, ventilation and overhaul have been complicated, leaving firefighters vulnerable to potentially unrecognized exposure. Though the electrical and fire hazards associated with electrical generation and distribution systems is well known, PV systems present unique safety considerations. A very limited body of knowledge and insufficient data exists to understand the risks to the extent that the fire service has been unable to develop safety solutions and respond in a safe manner. This fire research project developed the empirical data that is needed to quantify the hazards associated with PV installations. This data provides the foundation to modify current or develop new firefighting practices to reduce firefighter death and injury. A functioning PV array was constructed at Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL to serve as a test fixture. The main test array consisted of 26 PV framed modules rated 230 W each (5980 W total rated power). Multiple experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of power isolation techniques and the potential hazard from contact of typical firefighter tools with live electrical PV components. Existing fire test fixtures located at the Delaware County Emergency Services Training Center were modified to construct full scale representations of roof mounted PV systems. PV arrays were mounted above Class A roofs supported by wood trusses. Two series of experiments were conducted. The first series represented a room of content fire, extending into the attic space, breaching the roof and resulting in structural collapse. Three PV technologies were subjected to this fire condition – rack mounted metal framed, glass on polymer modules, building integrated PV shingles, and a flexible laminate attached to a standing metal seam roof. A second series of experiments was conducted on the metal frame technology. These experiments represented two fire scenarios, a room of content fire venting from a window and the ignition of debris accumulation under the array. The results of these experiments provide a technical basis for the fire service to examine their equipment, tactics, standard operating procedures and training content. Several tactical considerations were developed utilizing the data from the experiments to provide specific examples of potential electrical shock hazard from PV installations during and after a fire event.
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Ferreira, Summer Rhodes, David Conover, Alice Baca Muna, Chris Bensdotter LaFleur, Pam Cole, and David Martin Rosewater. DOE OE Energy Storage Systems Safety Roadmap. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1367188.

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Roberts, E. W., J. L. Edson, and A. C. Udy. Aging of safety class 1E transformers in safety systems of nuclear power plants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/201806.

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