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Journal articles on the topic 'Safety related automotive software'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Lucas Automotive. "Safety-related design in microprocessor-based automotive applications." Microprocessors and Microsystems 14, no. 5 (June 1990): 318–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-9331(90)90125-f.

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2

Ward, David D. "MISRA Activities for Safety-Related Software Development." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems 1, no. 1 (April 14, 2008): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-0660.

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3

Alcaide, Sergi, Leonidas Kosmidis, Hamid Tabani, Carles Hernandez, Jaume Abella, and Francisco J. Cazorla. "Safety-Related Challenges and Opportunities for GPUs in the Automotive Domain." IEEE Micro 38, no. 6 (November 1, 2018): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mm.2018.2873870.

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4

Schlummer, Marco, Dirk Althaus, Andreas Braasch, and Arno Meyna. "ISO 26262 - The Relevance and Importance of Qualitative and Quantitative Methods for Safety and Reliability Issues Regarding the Automotive Industry." Journal of Konbin 14-15, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10040-008-0175-7.

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ISO 26262 - The Relevance and Importance of Qualitative and Quantitative Methods for Safety and Reliability Issues Regarding the Automotive IndustrySafety and reliability are key issues of today's and future automotive developments, where the involved companies have to deal with increasing functionality and complexity of software-based car functions. New functionalities cannot only be found in the area of driver assistance - most of the new car functions are and will be safety related as for example in vehicle dynamics control or active and passive safety systems. The development and integration of those functions will strengthen the need of safe processes during the system development. The new upcoming automotive standard on functional safety (ISO 26262), which is derived from the generic functional safety standard IEC 61508 to comply with the specific needs to the application sector of E/E-systems in road vehicles, will provide guidance to avoid the increasing risks from systematic faults and random hardware faults by providing feasible processes and requirements. It is evident that aspects and methods of the safety and reliability engineering are implemented and suited methods are performed in the development process at an early stage. This is one of the requirements of the new ISO 26262, which introduces a so called automotive safety lifecycle to handle all those activities that are necessary to guarantee the functional safety of automotive E/E-systems. In the following, a brief overview of the upcoming automotive standard, its new safety life cycle and the connected activities in order to ensure functional safety for safety related systems will be given. The main aim of this paper is to show the relevance and importance of one of the major tasks within the ISO 26262: the process of the hazard analysis and risk assessment as it is currently performed in the automotive industry. With the help of an example from the automotive sector, the basic steps of this method to determine the automotive safety integrity level (ASIL) are explained. Depending on the ASIL, safety requirements need to be derived as a result of the new standard regarding safety integrity attributes. Furthermore, the connection of the automotive functional safety process with methods for qualification and quantification of safety and reliability issues will be explained in this paper. The Fault Tree Analysis will be used to exemplify one of these methods which are applied subsequent to the hazard analysis and risk assessment and which make a contribution to the validation and verification of the safety process.

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Debouk, Rami. "Overview of the Second Edition of ISO 26262: Functional Safety— Road Vehicles." Journal of System Safety 55, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.56094/jss.v55i1.55.

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Functional safety is of the utmost importance in the development of safety-critical automotive systems, especially with the introduction of driver assist and automated driving systems. ISO 26262: Functional Safety – Road Vehicles, has been the de facto standard for functional safety in the automotive electronics domain since the release of its first edition in 2011. It is currently available in its second edition, published in December 2018. In this paper, we present an overview of the standard, which applies to all activities during the safety lifecycle of system development. In the concept phase of ISO 26262, the hazard and risk assessment process focuses on identifying possible hazards caused by malfunctioning behavior of electrical/electronic (E/E) safety-related systems and mitigating them through the identification of safety goals. The design phase includes system, hardware, and software development, with requirements developed from the safety goals. ISO 26262 also prescribes the functional safety management activities to be performed during the safety lifecycle and provides requirements for the supporting processes. In addition to presenting an overview of the standard, this paper highlights some major changes introduced in the second edition of ISO 26262.

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6

Yin, Xiao Qin, and Ming Xia Wang. "Safety Distance Mathematical Model of Pro-Active Head Restraint Based on Fuzzy Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 710–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.710.

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Pro-active head restraint is a new automotive safety device. It can make a pre-estimation of the occurrence possibility of rear-end collision. Thus, the whiplash injury can be effectively reduced or even prevented. One of the key elements in rear-end collision avoidance system is to establish an effective safety distance mathematical model. Based on the running state of front car, the related calculation models of safety distance are established by means of dynamical and kinematical analysis of vehicle braking process and following process. Taken randomness of parameters into consideration, the fuzzy relations between these parameters should be validated by means of fuzzy theory. By using the MATLAB software, the study shows that safety distance model and the methods used to determine parameters are reasonable, and the false alarm can be effectively minimized.

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Juraj Pancik, Peter Drgona, and Marek Paskala. "Functional Safety for Developing of Mechatronic Systems – Electric Parking Brake Case Study." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 22, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2020.4.134-143.

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The electric parking brake (EPB) system as the complex mechatronic system consists of the actuators that generate the clamping force necessary to hold the vehicle safe, the conventional calipers that convert clamp force into brake torque, electronic hardware with the Electronic Control Unit (ECU), cable harness and switches and especially the control software providing the functions that the driver will experience. Like most of the modern automotive components, the EPB is equipped with embedded electronic systems that include ECU, electronic sensors, signals, bus systems, and coding. Due to the complex application in electrical, electronics and programmable electronics, the need to carry out detailed safety analyses that are focused on the potential risk of malfunction is crucial for automotive systems. This paper describes a possible division of the EPB sub-functions between the supplier the wheel brakes and the supplier which supplying the ECU. Functional safety must be a guarantee with concerning the overall vehicle system. Functional safety is according to the requirements of the ISO 26262 standard and in the context of this paper relates solely to the E/E components (electrical and/or electronic) of the EPB. This paper covers the hazard analysis and risk assessment relevant to the EPB control software, and the derived allocation of ASIL risk levels to the EPB software elements of the functional architecture of the EPB.

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8

Wang, Bo, and Yijie He. "Hardware Loop Simulation of Distributed Embedded Integrated Circuits." Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2022 (June 30, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4824247.

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In order to improve the performance of the automotive active safety system, the author proposes a distributed embedded ACCS hardware loop simulation system. The automotive adaptive cruise control system (ACCS) is a completely distributed embedded control system. The author adopts the method of hardware loop simulation, an ARM-based automotive ACCS simulation platform is designed, and the hardware structure and software design of the platform are introduced. The simulation results show that the performance of single-node and double-node responses to step change is basically the same. There is a network in the two-node control loop, the carrying capacity and communication bandwidth of the network are limited, which will inevitably cause information collision and retransmission, which will inevitably cause a delay in the information transmission process, with a delay of about 4.5 seconds. The system opens up the design idea of ACCS and also lays a foundation for future research in related directions, which has a certain enlightenment effect.

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9

Soufhwee, A. R., A. Hambali, M. A. Rahman, and H. Hanizam. "Development of an Integrated FMEA (i-FMEA) Using DAIREC Methodology for Automotive Manufacturing Company." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.176.

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Quality, reliability, and safety of products are the most important requirement of manufacturer in order to maintain their product competitiveness in market. Customers needs related to quality product in the market therefore drive the design and process activities to a high quantity of analysis. One possibility to reduce the number of activities is to integrate FMEA (i-FMEA) to merge Design FMEA (DFMEA) and Process (PFMEA) through DAIREC methodology. In this paper, a regression analysis between critical dimensional decided during design stage and key process factor in current process control is analyzed using MINITAB software. A judgment on a new ranking has been decided based on process performance indices (Ppk) for improvement lot.

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10

Drlik, Michal. "METHODOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF SOFTWARE FOR SAFETY-RELATED PARTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS IN STAGE TECHNOLOGY." MM Science Journal 2019, no. 5 (December 11, 2019): 3673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17973/mmsj.2019_12_2019154.

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11

Mata, H., Renato Natal Jorge, A. A. Fernandes, Robertt Angelo Fontes Valente, and M. P. L. Parente. "FEM Analysis of Sandwich Shells with Metallic Foam Cores." Key Engineering Materials 473 (March 2011): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.473.659.

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Traffic-related accidents are a major threat to life in the European Union, plus all the associated social and economic costs, remain unacceptable. It is generally considered that the number of traffic-related accidents is an unacceptable high burden for Europe´s society and economy. World-wide vehicles safety experts agree that significant further reductions in fatalities and injuries can be achieved as a result of the use of new energy absorbing materials. In this field, passive safety systems still have great potential to reduce fatalities and injuries, as in the case of using new lightweight energy-absorbing materials. The main goal of this project is the development and evaluation of an innovative system able to perform reliable panels of sandwich sheets with metallic foam cores for industrial applications, especially in automotive and aeronautical industries. In this work, we first made an approach to analyze sandwich shells with metal cores forms. To this end we used a numerical model based on the finite element method using commercial software ABAQUS.

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12

Song, Cheng Li, and Yong Dan. "Stress Analysis of the Underground Gas Storage Well Stored CNG Based on the Finite Element Method." Advanced Materials Research 704 (June 2013): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.704.338.

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Currently CNG has been widely used as an automotive fuel, and the security problems about CNG storage well are prominent which poses a serious threat to life and property.This indicates that the safety of the underground gas storage well stored CNG is of great importance. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the section of gas storage well that is the joint of casing and coupling based on the finite element method,as this section is the most dangerous.Using ANSYS software,the stress field of this section will be acquired.An example of a finite element model will be used to demonstrate the main section related to gas storage well failure is the root of the first engaged tooth of a joint between coupling and casing.

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13

Blom, Hans, De-Jiu Chen, Henrik Kaijser, Henrik Lönn, Yiannis Papadopoulos, Mark-Oliver Reiser, Ramin Tavakoli Kolagari, and Sara Tucci. "EAST-ADL." International Journal of System Dynamics Applications 5, no. 3 (July 2016): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsda.2016070101.

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EAST-ADL is an Architecture Description Language (ADL) initially defined in several European-funded research projects and aligned with AUTOSAR and ISO26262. It provides a comprehensive approach for defining automotive electronic systems through an information model that captures engineering information in a standardized form. Aspects covered include vehicle features, requirements, analysis functions, software and hardware components and communication. The representation of the system's implementation is not defined in EAST-ADL itself but by AUTOSAR. However, traceability is supported from EAST-ADL's lower abstraction levels to the implementation level elements in AUTOSAR. In this article the authors describe EAST-ADL in detail, show how it relates to AUTOSAR as well as other significant automotive standards and present recent research work on using and advancing EAST-ADL, the functional safety standard ISO 26262, heterogeneous multi / many core architectures, security and for multi-objective optimization.

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Singh, Neeraj Kumar, Yamine Aït-Ameur, Romain Geniet, Dominique Méry, and Philippe Palanque. "On the Benefits of Using MVC Pattern for Structuring Event-B Models of WIMP Interactive Applications." Interacting with Computers 33, no. 1 (January 2021): 92–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iwcomp/iwab016.

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Abstract This paper presents a formal development approach for designing interactive applications using a correct-by-construction approach. In this work, we propose a refinement strategy using model-view-controller (MVC) to structure and design Event-B formal models of the interactive application. The proposed MVC-based refinement strategy facilitates the development of an abstract model and a series of refined models by introducing the possible modes, controller’s behaviour and visual components of the interactive application while preserving the required interaction-related safety properties. To demonstrate the effectiveness, scalability, reliability and feasibility of our approach, we use a small example (from automotive domain) and real-life industrial case studies (from aviation). The entire development is realized in Event-B and the associated Rodin tool is used to analyse and verify the correctness of the formalized model. Finally, the developed Event-B models are used to generate source code using EB2ALL tool for going from the specification to the implementation of the interactive application.

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15

Shahapure, Sachin B., Vandana A. Kulkarni, and Sanjay M. Shinde. "A Technology Review of Energy Storage Systems, Battery Charging Methods and Market Analysis of EV Based on Electric Drives." International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 10, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.100104.

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The transportation sector is by far the largest oil consumer making it a prime contributor to air pollution. EVs (Electric vehicles) will be beneficial to the environment and will help to alleviate the energy crisis due to their low dependence on oil and negligible emissions. Technology innovation in EVs is of significant interest to researchers, companies, and policy-makers in many countries. EVs integrate various kinds of distinct technologies where some of the important factors in considerations related to EVs are: a wide range of electrical drive configurations; advanced electronics that enable automotive innovations; meeting the challenges of automotive electronics; electrifying transportation in the future. This paper reviews the recent progress in EV technology, which consists of various motor drives applied in EV propulsion, classification of EVs such as BEV, PHEV, HEV, FCEV, and types of energy storage system with chargers, and software simulating devices. This paper also highlights the EV market with various challenges. The main findings of this research are: (1) Battery technology is the EV's bottleneck. Lithium-ion batteries for vehicles have high capacity and large serial-parallel numbers, which, coupled with problems such as safety, durability, uniformity, and cost, impose limitations on the wide application. (2) Incentives and encouragement for EV owners should be tailored to their specific needs in order to improve their socioeconomic standing. (3) Hyundai, MG Motors, Tesla, and Tata Motors appear to be the key players in India's critical subdomains of the EV market. (4) EV simulation software is necessary for vehicle design and development before the mass production of EVs. (5) PMSM has the potential to provide a high torque-to-current ratio, a high power-to-weight ratio, high efficiency, and robustness. Currently, the BLDC (Trapezoidal SPMSM) motors are the most preferred motors for electric vehicle applications due to their traction characteristics.

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16

Palkovics, László. "Kiberbiztonság a járműiparban." Scientia et Securitas 1, no. 1 (December 17, 2020): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/112.2020.00001.

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Összefoglalás. Jelen cikk célja a járműipar egyes területeit érintő kiberbiztonsági kockázatok vizsgálata. Fentiekkel összhangban a cikk első részében a járműipar kiberbiztonsági szempontból releváns területei kerülnek meghatározásra. Ezt követően megtörténik a 2018. évben rögzített járműipari kibertámadások kockázatalapú értékelő elemzése. Summary. Nowadays, cybersecurity has a critical impact to our lives. The Internet has also got a substantial role in our days since many people are constantly connected to the Internet (e.g., through online social networks) (Török et al. 2020a). Besides, numerous personal and individual devices are connected. The growing number of connected devices and cyberspace expansion make our lives easier. However, this affects our privacy, with the potential for unauthorized use of personal information. In summary, life in a networked world carries unknown dangers. In the future, many new risk factors are expected to occur, which will significantly increase the level of cybersecurity threats. Examining the aspects of the automotive industry, we should mention the summary of Cheng et al., which explores the field’s problems through novel theoretical solutions and related practical considerations. The book pays special attention to vehicle communication and networked systems. This book examines three main scientific directions for 5G-compliant vehicle-to-vehicle communication and cooperative vehicle control: modeling and testing capabilities for vehicle-to-vehicle communication, state-of-the-art technologies related to the physical layer, and MAC design procedures (Cheng et al. 2019). Cheng and colleagues (Cheng et al. 2019) examined the communication channels currently applied in the automotive industry or that are expected to be applied soon. Particular attention has been paid to examining the tasks and challenges that need to be addressed in order to support the spread of the connected transport systems in the future. The evaluation focused on the cooperation of connected vehicles. Their study also outlined the most important security risks and challenges associated with new communication solutions. In the light of the above-mentioned considerations, it can be said that the emergence of connected and autonomous vehicles can make a significant contribution to the positive effects of cyberspace, but can also have a disadvantageous impact on the vulnerability of transport processes. In line with this, it is important to examine and understand the vulnerabilities of connected and autonomous vehicles, the threats to vehicles. With this knowledge, automotive cybersecurity professionals’ responsibility is to develop appropriate security functions and capabilities for connected and autonomous vehicles and transport systems. This enables the systems to detect, evaluate, and, if necessary, treat different attacks and malicious interventions. Along with the above objectives, many research studies in the automotive segment have already focused on identifying cybersecurity assessment frameworks for motor vehicles. Among these, it is worth highlighting the projects “HEAling Vulnerabilities to ENhance Software Security and Safety” and “E-safety vehicle intrusion protected applications” (Cheah et al. 2018).

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Chatzoglou, Efstratios, Georgios Kambourakis, and Vasileios Kouliaridis. "A Multi-Tier Security Analysis of Official Car Management Apps for Android." Future Internet 13, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13030058.

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Using automotive smartphone applications (apps) provided by car manufacturers may offer numerous advantages to the vehicle owner, including improved safety, fuel efficiency, anytime monitoring of vehicle data, and timely over-the-air delivery of software updates. On the other hand, the continuous tracking of the vehicle data by such apps may also pose a risk to the car owner, if, say, sensitive pieces of information are leaked to third parties or the app is vulnerable to attacks. This work contributes the first to our knowledge full-fledged security assessment of all the official single-vehicle management apps offered by major car manufacturers who operate in Europe. The apps are scrutinised statically with the purpose of not only identifying surfeits, say, in terms of the permissions requested, but also from a vulnerability assessment viewpoint. On top of that, we run each app to identify possible weak security practices in the owner-to-app registration process. The results reveal a multitude of issues, ranging from an over-claim of sensitive permissions and the use of possibly privacy-invasive API calls, to numerous potentially exploitable CWE and CVE-identified weaknesses and vulnerabilities, the, in some cases, excessive employment of third-party trackers, and a number of other flaws related to the use of third-party software libraries, unsanitised input, and weak user password policies, to mention just a few.

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18

Oţăt, Oana Victoria, Ilie Dumitru, Victor Oţăt, Dragos Tutunea, and Lucian Matei. "An Applied Study on the Influence of the Vehicle Body Shape on Air Resistance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 896 (February 2020): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.896.141.

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The current high-geared developments within the automotive sector have triggered a series of performance, comfort, safety and design-related issues. Hence, oftentimes manufacturers are challenged to combine various elements so as to achieve an attractive design, without diminishing the vehicle’s dynamic performance. Under the circumstances, the shape of the vehicle body becomes the key element that connects the design component with the performance requirement, since it directly influences the value of the resistance forces, and, respectively the air resistance. Aerodynamics is the branch of mechanical engineering that deals with the movement of gases (especially the air) and their effects on fluids. As far as the automotive sector is concerned, aerodynamics focuses mainly on the flow of the air currents over the vehicle body. When designing vehicle, the positive or negative displacement of the airflow is studied in aerodynamic tunnels. It is preferable for the negative displacement to push the vehicle as close to the ground as possible. In what follows we set out to study the influence of the drag coefficient and, implicitly, of the air resistance on vehicle performance. Hence, we will carry out comparative analysis of two vehicles with similar technical characteristics, but with different bodies, i.e. a hatchback and a sedan. The results obtained are then compared both by means of the analytical determination of the air resistance and via a simulation performed within the Virtual Crash software platform. The results recorded show that of the two vehicles, with the considered aerodynamic coefficients, hatchback type vehicle displays lower values in terms of air resistance.

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Zhang, Jun, Jiang Li, and Yan Wu. "A Study of Metro Organization Based on Multi-objective Programming and Hybrid Genetic Algorithm." Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 45, no. 4 (August 23, 2017): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pptr.9586.

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Based on the train routing mode ascertained by suitability analysis, we construct a multi-objective problem to optimize the train routing, marshaling number and train headway from the perspective of general cost and segment load ratio by analyzing relevant characteristics like trip time, trip cost, operation cost, spatial distribution characteristics etc. Then the Singular Value Decomposition method and simulation software RailSys have been adopted to calibrate related parameters for the subsequent calculation. By comparison, the Genetic Algorithm is recommended to get an optimal solution to this multi-objective problem, and we improve the traditional algorithm by modifying the coding type, fitness function and crossover operation to enhance the efficiency and convergence. Finally, an operational mode which both satisfies the technological and passenger conditions has been identified to guarantee travellers’ safety, improve operation efficiency, save trip time and decrease cost.

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Seyedi, MohammadReza, MohammadReza Koloushani, Sungmoon Jung, and Arda Vanli. "Safety Assessment and a Parametric Study of Forward Collision-Avoidance Assist Based on Real-World Crash Simulations." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (December 31, 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4430730.

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In this study, we selected four real-world rear-end crash scenarios with different crash characteristics. The vehicles involved in those crashes were not equipped with any crash avoidance systems. We then used the accident reconstruction method to build those crash scenarios in PC-Crash software. Then, different FCW/AEB safety algorithms have been defined for a subject vehicle model in each crash scenario and each scenario was simulated for a set of input parameters such as vehicle speed, brake intensity, and driver reaction time. The range and distribution of input parameters were extracted from the related field crash data and available literature. A total number of 16000 simulations have been conducted which produced input-output datasets for further investigations. Finally, the effects of input parameters on simulation outcomes including crash occurrence, AEB activation, injury risk, and vehicle damage have been quantified using the Boruta algorithm. The results indicated that the overall effectiveness of the AEB system was a 57% reduction of rear-end crashes, a 52% reduction of injury severity (striking vehicle’s passengers), and a 47% reduction of damages for striking vehicles. The results also showed that the available AEB algorithms were more effective for the average speed equal to or less than 80 kmph. The speed of the subject vehicle, type of AEB algorithm, sensor detection range, and driver reaction time were the most important parameters on crash outcomes. In addition, the results indicated that the performance of FCW had a direct impact on the effectiveness of the AEB system for the integrated FCW + AEB system.

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GIRMA, Mulugeta, and Berhanu WOLDETENSAE. "PASSENGERS’ PERCEPTIONS ON SECURITY AND SAFETY IN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN ETHIOPIA: A CASE STUDY OF ADDIS ABABA." Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 113 (December 1, 2021): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2021.113.5.

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Due to its low fares, public bus transportation as a means of urban road mobility is a popular choice, particularly among city inhabitants. However, owing to its high level of crowdedness, it poses a greater risk of security and safety, particularly during peak hours. Moreover, passengers have continued to voice their dissatisfaction about the services offered, as well as the criminality that occurs in the station and on the bus. The problem is exacerbated in developing countries due to increased travel demand and a lack of appropriate and integrated solutions. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to evaluate commuters' perceptions of their concerns about using public bus transportation in the city, with an emphasis on security and safety in bus operations. A questionnaire survey was used to obtain data from 500 users in the city for the study. Using the SPSS software, the data was analyzed. To find out what they think, a descriptive analysis was used. Overcrowding of buses, personal insecurity, and infrequent bus service are the three biggest concerns in using public bus transportation in the city, according to the results. Furthermore, most of the respondents were concerned about crime; specifically, pickpockets, inappropriate touching, and disrespectful language of drivers and conductors are the three top types of crime that concern passengers who use public bus transportation in the city. Additionally, most people felt more insecure while riding the bus and getting on/off the bus, particularly in the evening and between 9:00 and 12:00 p.m. local time. Thus, it is advised that the Addis Ababa City Transport Authority, the Public Bus Transport Enterprise, and other interested parties place a strong emphasis on security and safety when providing public transportation in the city. Furthermore, it is critical to perform regular victim surveys of passengers (as well as operators) to establish whether they have been criminally victimized on the bus system and by what type of crime. Equally important, regularly assess the likely usefulness of new crime prevention measures for reducing bus-related offenses and prepare an annual bus crime reduction strategy.

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Azevedo, Luis da Silva, David Parker, Martin Walker, Yiannis Papadopoulos, and Rui Esteves Araujo. "Assisted Assignment of Automotive Safety Requirements." IEEE Software 31, no. 1 (January 2014): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ms.2013.118.

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23

Messnarz, Richard, Hans-Leo Ross, Stephan Habel, Frank König, Abdelhadi Koundoussi, Jürgen Unterrreitmayer, and Damjan Ekert. "Integrated Automotive SPICE and safety assessments." Software Process: Improvement and Practice 14, no. 5 (September 2009): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/spip.429.

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24

Trapp, Mario, Soeren Kemmann, Ralf Kalmar, and Christian Denger. "Efficient Safety Analysis of Automotive Software Systems." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems 2, no. 1 (April 20, 2009): 258–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-0749.

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25

Jesty, Peter H. "Software in safety-related systems." Microprocessors and Microsystems 17, no. 1 (January 1993): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-9331(93)90120-v.

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26

Park, Gee-Yong, Dong Hoon Kim, and Dong Young Lee. "Software FMEA analysis for safety-related application software." Annals of Nuclear Energy 70 (August 2014): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2014.02.025.

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27

Wang, Bin, Xue Xun Guo, Wei Zhang, Bo Yang, and Jie Zhang. "Visual Calculation and Analysis System of Automotive Active Safety." Applied Mechanics and Materials 157-158 (February 2012): 546–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.157-158.546.

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Considering the importance of vehicle active safety system, this article designs the manageable man-machine interactive software that can help engineers to design the vehicle active safety system. Engineers can interact with the software and involve in most processes of active safety system design through the visual software. And the software can improve design efficiency, shorten the design cycle, and reduce design costs. Through the successful development of the software, the paper shows the important role VC++ plays in vehicle active safety system design and this will be instructive.

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Braun, Jürgen, Dirk Geyer, and Jürgen Mottok. "Alternative Measure for Safety-Related Software." ATZelektronik worldwide 7, no. 4 (August 2012): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s38314-012-0106-1.

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29

Chaya Addagarrala, Krishna, and Patrick Kinnicutt. "Safety critical software ground rules." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.28 (May 16, 2018): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.28.13209.

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Safety critical software development field is one of the active research areas in many industries like automotive, medical, railways, nuclear and aerospace are placing increased value on safety and reliability. Safety critical software systems are those systems whose failure could result in the death or a serious injury to the people’s life, security is one of the important topics in the field of safety-critical systems and it must be addressed completely in order to operate safety critical software successfully. In this paper we present a study about the set of standards and different ground rules to be followed in critical software development practices in different industries and the challenges in applying these standards. We also discuss the role of static analysis and software integrity levels in these standards, similarities in these standards and the set of activities followed in the development process of these standards.

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30

Au, Edward. "Functional Safety-Related Standards in IEEE [Standards]." IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine 17, no. 1 (March 2022): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2021.3127085.

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Vergari, Fabrizio. "Software-Defined Radio: Finding Its Use in Public Safety." IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine 8, no. 2 (June 2013): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2013.2252292.

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Stringfellow, M. V., N. G. Leveson, and B. D. Owens. "Safety-Driven Design for Software-Intensive Aerospace and Automotive Systems." Proceedings of the IEEE 98, no. 4 (April 2010): 515–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2009.2039551.

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Nause, Marc, and Frank Höwing. "Functional Safety as a Paradigm Software Development in Automotive Security." ATZelektronik worldwide 11, no. 3 (June 2016): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38314-016-0030-x.

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Macher, Georg, Michael Stolz, Eric Armengaud, and Christian Kreiner. "Filling the gap between automotive systems, safety, and software engineering." e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik 132, no. 3 (April 29, 2015): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00502-015-0301-x.

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Park, Jihyun, and Byoungju Choi. "ASFIT: AUTOSAR-Based Software Fault Injection Test for Vehicles." Electronics 9, no. 5 (May 20, 2020): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9050850.

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With recent increases in the amount of software installed in vehicles, the probability of automotive software faults that lead to accidents has also increased. Because automotive software faults can lead to serious accidents or even mortalities, vehicle software design and testing must consider safety a top priority. ISO 26262 recommends fault injection testing as a measure to verify the functional safety of vehicles. However, the standard does not clearly specify when and where faults should be injected, and the tools to support fault injection testing for automotive software are also insufficient. In the present study, we define faults that may occur in Automotive Open System Architecture (AUTOSAR)-based automotive software and propose a fault injection method to be applied during the software development process. The proposed method can inject different types of faults that may occur in AUTOSAR-based automotive software, such as access, asymmetric, and timing errors, while minimizing performance degradation due to fault injection, and without using any separate hardware devices. The superior performance of the proposed method is demonstrated through empirical studies applied to fault injection testing of a range of vehicle electronic control unit software.

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Chae, Hyeona, Byoungju Choi, and Hoon Jang. "Software-Implemented Fault Injection Test Case Generation Technique for Safety Diagnosis of Automotive Software." KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices 26, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5626/ktcp.2020.26.1.1.

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Feinauer, Lynn R. "Compiler Issues Associated with Safety-Related Software." Nuclear Technology 93, no. 1 (January 1991): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nt91-a34523.

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Rowland, J. J., and D. Rowland. "Professional competence in safety-related software engineering." Software Engineering Journal 10, no. 2 (1995): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/sej.1995.0007.

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Baur, P., and R. Lauber. "Design Verification for (Safety-Related) Software Systems." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 18, no. 12 (October 1985): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)60080-6.

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Amponsah-Tawiah, Kwesi, and Justice Mensah. "The impact of safety climate on safety related driving behaviors." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 40 (July 2016): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.04.002.

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Török, Árpád, and Zsombor Pethő. "Introducing Safety and Security Co-engineering Related Research Orientations in the Field of Automotive Security." Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 48, no. 4 (August 7, 2020): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pptr.15850.

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Since modern vehicles are connected and their transport processes are strongly supported by different automated functions, malicious external interventions can impair safety integrity. Therefore, it seems to be reasonable in the future to introduce safety and security co-engineering approaches in the automotive industry. With regard to the performed evaluation, three main promising research orientations have been identified. Automotive safety and security related development of co-engineering methodology and validation framework are of key importance from the viewpoint of autonomous transportation. Accordingly, a scenario based, integrated evaluation of automotive safety and security would be closely fit to the concept of SOTIF and the SoS approach. Beyond this, the communication and network security of "vehicle to everything" channels have to also be in the focus of automotive researches. Additionally, the development of automotive anomaly detection systems, especially focusing on the complex SoS operation processes will be a highly important research orientation.

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Bharathi R and Selvarani R. "Software Reliability Assessment of Safety Critical System Using Computational Intelligence." International Journal of Software Science and Computational Intelligence 11, no. 3 (July 2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssci.2019070101.

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In the recent past, automotive industries are concentrating on software controlled automatic functions for its safety operations. The automotive safety and reliability lie in its design, construction, and software implementation. To assess the software reliability, the hidden design errors are classified and quantified. The temporal characteristic of numerical error is analyzed and its probabilistic behavior is explored using a novel framework called software failure estimation with numerical error (SFENE). Here, a model is devised to assess the probability of occurrence of the numerical error and its propagations from the initial to various other states using a Hidden Markov Model. It is seen that the framework SFENE supports classifying and quantifying the behavior of numerical errors while interacting across its system components and aids in the assessment on software reliability at design stage. The sensitivity and precision are found to be satisfactory. This attempt will support in the development of cost effective and error free safety critical software system.

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Jiang, Linru, Xiaohong Diao, Yuanxing Zhang, Jing Zhang, and Taoyong Li. "Review of the Charging Safety and Charging Safety Protection of Electric Vehicles." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 4 (October 12, 2021): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040184.

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With the continuous development of society and the economy and the popularization of the environmental protection concept, more and more people have begun to turn to electric vehicles. The application of electric vehicles can effectively avoid the damage caused by automobile fuel emissions to the surrounding environment and promote the development and utilization of new energy. However, the development of the electric vehicle industry has led to frequent accidents related to charging safety. In order to prevent accidents related to the charging safety of electric vehicles and ensure proper safety of passengers and people, the charging safety and charging safety protection methods of electric vehicles have become the research priorities for scholars. This paper reviewed the existing research results on the charging safety of electric vehicles, analyzed the influencing factors of the charging safety of electric vehicles, summarized the charging safety protection methods, and forecast the future research direction of charging safety, which has reference value and reference significance for the charging safety research of electric vehicles.

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Inoue, Shinji, Takaji Fujiwara, and Shigeru Yamada. "Application of Software Reliability Model for Safety Assessment of E/E/PE Safety-Related Software." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 6, no. 4 (July 18, 2021): 1044–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2021.6.4.061.

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Quantitative and analytical safety assessment methods of E/E/PE safety-related software systems based on the SIL defined by IEC 61508 have been proposed. IEC 61508 does not provide us with quantitative and analytical methods for safety assessment of the software. Our methods give us quantitative information on safety measures for deciding the safety integrity level and testing time duration for achieving certain safety integrity level of E/E/PE software, respectively. Our stochastic modeling approaches are based on software reliability modeling and software reliability assessment techniques. Numerical examples for our methods have been shown for explaining how to use our software safety assessment approaches conforming IEC 61508.

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Pavlenko, Viacheslav, Volodymyr Kuzhel, Antonina Buda, Pavlo Chernenko, and Oleksandr Korniev. "Intellectualization of electronic systems and software of modern cars." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Transport 16, no. 2 (January 17, 2023): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/2413-4503-2022-16-2-88-95.

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This work aims to study the issue of saturation and improvement of software and electronic systems within the development of modern cars. The trends that exist today in the automotive industry create complexities and uncertainties associated with hardware, the near foreseeable future is likely to be disruptive for software and electronic architecture.Already now, the car has changed irrevocably. Electrification and artificial intelligence have improved safety, efficiency and productivity in road transport. While most drivers think about how fast they will get to where they are going, in technical terms, more and more attention is now being paid to traffic conditions and safety while traveling - how passengers will feel, and how they will get to their final destination, and monitoring the performance of all vehicle systems.The authors of the article substantiate the urgency of the problem and prove that the main need for cars is the safety and quality of automotive electronics and safety software that create an even greater level of autonomy. All this requires the automotive industry to rethink the current steps towards the development of car software, electronic and electrical architecture.The aim of the work is to study the state and prospects of development of various electronic systems and technological software of modern cars and to consider hypotheses of the future electrical and electronic architecture of road transport.In the result of the work, it is proved that intelligent vehicles created with the help of semiconductors, databases and artificial intelligence for decision-making, leads to an exponential increase in the complexity of automotive systems and requires more sophisticated design and testing technologies. To achieve the required performance as well as the goals of sustainable design and safe operation, these elements can no longer be designed separately. A new paradigm of collaborative design must be adopted, where engineers from different disciplines come together to achieve a common goal.

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Ziari, Hasan, and Mohammed M. Khabiri. "APPLIED GIS SOFTWARE FOR IMPROVING PEDESTRIAN amp;BICYCLE SAFETY." TRANSPORT 20, no. 4 (August 30, 2005): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2005.9638014.

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People are important in towns. They are the foundation of the social and economic processes that drive the urban system and sustain the urban fabric. While people spend much of their time inside buildings ‐ at home, at work, and at play ‐ it is the movement of people, whether in vehicles or on foot, that is indicative of the vibrancy of the town. Comfort and safety are important for people movement. The crash data in cities, provinces started with the Traffic Organization of Inner Ministry looking at access management controls on functionally classified streets. Safety is a driving factor in access management and the crash reports are the best indicator of the lack of safe roads. This paper presents the development and findings of crash data from police reports and how they are being used in Geographic Information System (GIS). This tool generates a contour map identifying areas of high crash occurrence determined by crash density and clusters of crashes involving pedestrians or bicyclists. Summary statistics of the selected zones can be generated and displayed in a table or chart form.

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Lutz, Robyn R. "Targeting safety-related errors during software requirements analysis." ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 18, no. 5 (December 1993): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/167049.167069.

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Pymm, P. "Integrated Software Maintenance Environment for Safety-Related Systems." Measurement and Control 26, no. 3 (May 1993): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002029409302600303.

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Chapront, P. "Vital Coded Processor and Safety Related Software Design." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 25, no. 30 (October 1992): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)49421-3.

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Lutz, Robyn R. "Targeting safety-related errors during software requirements analysis." Journal of Systems and Software 34, no. 3 (September 1996): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0164-1212(95)00077-1.

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