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Lucic, Ivan. "Risk and safety in engineering processes." Thesis, City University London, 2010. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/8719/.
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This research project focused on the treatment of safety risks in railways. Existing methodologies for assessment and management of the safety risk on railways are mostly empirical and have been developed out of a need to satisfy the regulatory requirements and in response to a number of major accidents. Almost all of these processes and methodologies have been developed in support of approvals of specific products or very simple systems and do not add up to a holistic coherent methodology suited for analysis of modern, complex systems, involving many vastly different constituents (software, hardware, people, products developed in different parts of the world, etc.). The complexities of modern railway projects necessitate a new approach to risk analysis and management. At the outset, the focus of the research was on the organisation of the family of existing system analysis methodologies into a coherent, heterogeneous methodology. An extensive review of existing methodologies and processes was undertaken and is summarised in this thesis. Relationships between different methodologies and their properties were investigated seeking to define the rules for embedding these into a hierarchical nest and relating their emergent properties. Four projects were utilised as case studies for the evaluation of existing methodologies and processes and initial development. This thesis describes the methodology adopted in support of development of the System Safety Case and the structure of the document. Based on that experience and knowledge a set of high level requirements was identified for an integrated, holistic system safety analysis and management process. A framework consisting of existing and novel methodologies and processes was developed and trialled on a real life project. During the trial several gaps in the process were identified and adequate new methodologies or processes defined and implemented to complete the framework. The trial was very successful and the new framework, referred to as the Engineering Safety Case Management Process is implemented across the London Underground Upgrades Directory.
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Kamtekar, Darshana M. "Implementation of functional safety in a robotic manufacturing cell using IEC 61508 standard and Siemens technology /." Online version of thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11174.
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Castellanos, Ardila Julieth Patricia. "Facilitating Automated Compliance Checking of Processes against Safety Standards." Licentiate thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Inbyggda system, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-42752.
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A system is safety-critical if its malfunctioning could have catastrophic consequences for people, property or the environment, e.g., the failure in a car's braking system could be potentially tragic. To produce such type of systems, special procedures, and strategies, that permit their safer deployment into society, should be used. Therefore, manufacturers of safety-critical systems comply with domain-specific safety standards, which embody the public consensus of acceptably safe. Safety standards also contain a repository of expert knowledge and best practices that can, to some extent, facilitate the safety-critical system’s engineering. In some domains, the applicable safety standards establish the accepted procedures that regulate the development processes. For claiming compliance with such standards, companies should adapt their practices and provide convincing justifications regarding the processes used to produce their systems, from the initial steps of the production. In particular, the planning of the development process, in accordance with the prescribed process-related requirements specified in the standard, is an essential piece of evidence for compliance assessment. However, providing such evidence can be time-consuming and prone-to-error since it requires that process engineers check the fulfillment of hundreds of requirements based on their processes specifications. With access to suitable tool-supported methodologies, process engineers would be able to perform their job efficiently and accurately. Safety standards prescribe requirements in natural language by using notions that are subtly similar to the concepts used to describe laws. In particular, requirements in the standards introduce conditions that are obligatory for claiming compliance. Requirements also define tailoring rules, which are actions that permit to comply with the standard in an alternative way. Unfortunately, current approaches for software verification are not furnished with these notions, which could make their use in compliance checking difficult. However, existing tool-supported methodologies designed in the legal compliance context, which are also proved in the business domain, could be exploited for defining an adequate automated compliance checking approach that suits the conditions required in the safety-critical context. The goal of this Licentiate thesis is to propose a novel approach that combines: 1) process modeling capabilities for representing systems and software process specifications, 2) normative representation capabilities for interpreting the requirements of the safety standards in an adequate machine-readable form, and 3) compliance checking capabilities to provide the analysis required to conclude whether the model of a process corresponds to the model with the compliant states proposed by the standard's requirements. Our approach contributes to facilitating compliance checking by providing automatic reasoning from the requirements prescribed by the standards, and the description of the process they regulate. It also contributes to cross-fertilize two communities that were previously isolated, namely safety-critical and legal compliance contexts. Besides, we propose an approach for mastering the interplay between highly-related standards. This approach includes the reuse capabilities provided by SoPLE (Safety-oriented Process Line Engineering), which is a methodological approach aiming at systematizing the reuse of process-related information in the context of safety-critical systems. With the addition of SoPLE, we aim at planting the seeds for the future provision of systematic reuse of compliance proofs. Hitherto, our proposed methodology has been evaluated with academic examples that show the potential benefits of its use.AMASS
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Huang, Haitao. "Quantitative analysis of chemical processes for safety and flexibility." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7476.
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Mattsson, Olle. "Quantified safety modeling of autonomous systems with hierarchical semi-Markov processes." Thesis, KTH, Optimeringslära och systemteori, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276959.
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In quantified safety engineering, mathematical probability models are used to predict the risk of failure or hazardous events in systems. Markov processes have commonly been utilized to analyze the safety of systems modeled as discrete-state stochastic processes. In continuous time Markov models, transition time between states are exponentially distributed. Semi-Markov processes expand this modeling framework by allowing transition time between states to follow any distribution. This master thesis project seeks to extend the semi-Markov modeling framework even further by allowing hierarchical states, which further relaxes Markov-assumptions by allowing models to keep memory even in state transition. To achieve this, the master thesis proposes a method using the phase-type distribution to replace Markov-chains of states to a single state. For application purposes, it is shown how semi-Markov chains with phase-type distributed transitions can be evaluated by a method using the Laplace-Stieltjes transform. Furthermore, to replace semi-Markov chains, a method to approximate these by the phase-type distribution is presented. This is done by deriving the moments of the time to absorption in a semi-Markov process with a method using the Laplace-Stieltjes transform, and fitting a phase-type distribution with these moments. To evaluate the methods, some case studies are performed on appropriate models. Analytical results are compared with Monte-Carlo simulations and Laplace-transform inverse methods. The results are used to show how hierarchical semi-Markov models can be replaced in an exact manner, and how semi-Markov models can be replaced approximately with varying accuracy. An important conclusion is that by enabling hierarchical modeling, it is possible to predict the safety of systems which demand a more realistic model, as relaxing Markov assumptions allows for more complexity.Matematiska sannolikhetsmodeller används inom kvantifierad säkerhetsteknik för att utvärdera risken för fel eller farliga olyckor i system. Ett vanligt sätt att analysera säkerheten i system som kan modelleras som stokastiska processer med diskreta tillstånd är att använda Markovprocesser. I tidskontinuerliga Markovprocesser är tidsövergången mellan tillstånd exponentialfördelade. Semi-Markov processer utökar denna modelleringsteknik ytterligare genom att tillåta tidsövergångar som är fördelade enligt alla möjliga fördelningar. Detta examensarbete har som mål att utöka modelleringsmöjligheterna med Semi-Markov processer genom att tillåta hierarkiska tillstånd, som därmed ytterligare utmanar antaganden inom Markov-modeller genom att bibehålla minne efter tillståndsövergång. För att uppnå detta föreslås i denna rapport en metod som använder phase-type-fördelningen för att byta ut Markovkedjor med ett enda tillstånd. För att tillämpa metoden visas hur semi-Markov kedjor kan utvärderas med hjälp av Laplace-Stieltjes-transformen. För att kunna ersätta semi-Markov kedjor med samma metod presenteras även en approximationsmetod för att åter igen använda phase-type-fördelningen. Detta görs genom att använda Laplace-Stieltjes-transformen för att generera momenten av tiden till absorption i semi-Markov processer, och anpassa dessa till momenten av en phase-type-fördelning. För att utvärdera metoderna presenteras en del exempel. Analytiska resultat jämförs med Monte-Carlo simulering och inverteringsmetoder för Laplace-transformen. Resultaten används för att visa hur hierarkiska Markov modeller kan ersättas exakt, och hur semi-Markov processer kan approximeras med varierande noggrannhet. En viktig slutsats är att genom att tillåta hierarkisk modellering är det möjligt att utvärdera säkerheten i system som kräver mer realistiska modeller, då detta öppnar upp för mer komplexitet.
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Kaalen, Stefan. "Semi-Markov processes for calculating the safety of autonomous vehicles." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-252331.
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Several manufacturers of road vehicles today are working on developing autonomous vehicles. One subject that is often up for discussion when it comes to integrating autonomous road vehicles into the infrastructure is the safety aspect. There is in the context no common view of how safety should be quantified. As a contribution to this discussion we propose describing each potential hazardous event of a vehicle as a Semi-Markov Process (SMP). A reliability-based method for using the semi-Markov representation to calculate the probability of a hazardous event to occur is presented. The method simplifies the expression for the reliability using the Laplace-Stieltjes transform and calculates the transform of the reliability exactly. Numerical inversion algorithms are then applied to approximate the reliability up to a desired error tolerance. The method is validated using alternative techniques and is thereafter applied to a system for automated steering based on a real example from the industry. A desired evolution of the method is to involve a framework for how to represent each hazardous event as a SMP.Flertalet tillverkare av vägfordon jobbar idag på att utveckla autonoma fordon. Ett ämne ofta på agendan i diskussionen om att integrera autonoma fordon på vägarna är säkerhet. Det finns i sammanhanget ingen klar bild över hur säkerhet ska kvantifieras. Som ett bidrag till denna diskussion föreslås här att beskriva varje potentiellt farlig situation av ett fordon som en Semi-Markov process (SMP). En metod presenteras för att via beräkning av funktionssäkerheten nyttja semi-Markov representationen för att beräkna sannolikheten för att en farlig situation ska uppstå. Metoden nyttjar Laplace-Stieltjes transformen för att förenkla uttrycket för funktionssäkerheten och beräknar transformen av funktionssäkerheten exakt. Numeriska algoritmer för den inversa transformen appliceras sedan för att beräkna funktionssäkerheten upp till en viss feltolerans. Metoden valideras genom alternativa tekniker och appliceras sedan på ett system för autonom styrning baserat på ett riktigt exempel från industrin. En fördelaktig utveckling av metoden som presenteras här skulle vara att involvera ett ramverk för hur varje potentiellt farlig situation ska representeras som en SMP.
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Thörn, Jonathan. "Test Framework Quality Assurance: Augmenting Agile Processes with Safety Standards." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-48188.
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Quality of embedded systems is often demonstrated by performed tests and guaranteed by the quality of the tools used to perform them. Test automation is important in agile development and test frameworks can be considered mission-critical. Thus, it is important to ensure the quality of tools used for quality assurance.This thesis explores how industries with agile processes can learn from safety-related development with plan-driven processes for increased test framework quality. Safety standards often rely on plan-driven processes, focused on discipline in long term prospects with substantial documentation and extensive upfront plans and designs. Agile approaches instead focus on quick adaptation, where software is evolved, undergoes continuous improvements and is delivered incrementally. A case study was performed as an industry collaboration. A literature study extracted approaches from articles and safety standards. Analysis and processing resulted in candidate solutions, principles and practices iteratively refined for general applicability and the industrial context. Insights on implications and perceived industrial value resulted from a focus group, with qualitative and quantitative data collected through moderated group discussions and complementary activities. Finally, this thesis proposes guidelines intended to be generally applicable, with a suggested augmented agile process of sequential ”mini V-models” inherently controlled by Definition of Dones. A case-specific set of proposed guidelines extends the suggestion while embracing insights from the focus group. Also identified was the importance of perceiving the framework as a tool-chain and not a single tool, where interaction sequences and intermediate results can be identified and utilized for analysis and applicable measures. Future work could refine the proposed guidelines with an industrial dynamic validation, and also extend the literature study and expand the focus group for diverse contexts and industrial perspectives.
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McEwen, Timothy Ryan. "Creating Safety in the Diagnostic Testing Processes of Family Medical Practices." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1243428996.
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Stephen, Cynthia. "Impediments to Effective Safety Risk Assessment of Safety Critical Systems: An Insight into SRM Processes and Expert Aggregation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99144.
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Safety risk assessment forms an integral part of the design and development of Safety Critical Systems. Conventionally in these systems, standards and policies have been developed to prescribe processes for safety risk assessment. These standards provide guidelines, references and structure to personnel involved in the risk assessment process. However, in some of these standards, the prescribed methods for safety decision making were found to be deficient in some respects. Two such deficiencies have been addressed in this thesis.
First, when different safety metrics are required to be combined for a safety related decision, the current practices of using safety risk matrices were found to be inconsistent with the axioms of decision theory. Second, in the safety risk assessment process, when multiple experts are consulted to provide their judgment on the severity and/or likelihood of hazards, the standards were lacking detailed guidelines for aggregating experts' judgements. Such deficiencies could lead to misconceptions pertaining to the safety risk level of critical hazards. These misconceptions potentially give rise to inconsistent safety decisions that might ultimately result in catastrophic outcomes.
This thesis addresses both these concerns present in SRM processes. For the problem of combining safety metrics, three potential approaches have been proposed. Normative Decision Analysis tools such as Utility Theory and Multi-attribute Utility Theory were proposed in the first and second approaches. The third approach proposes the use of a Multi-Objective Optimization technique - Pareto Analysis. For problems in Expert Aggregation, behavioral and mathematical solutions have been explored and the implications of using these methods for Safety Risk Assessment have been discussed. Two standard documents that contain the Safety Risk Management Processes of the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) and the U.S. Navy were used to structure the case studies.
This thesis has two main contributions. First, it evaluates the use of decision analysis in safety decision process of Safety Critical Systems. It provides guidelines to decision makers on how to meaningfully use and/or combine different safety metrics in the decision process. Second, it identifies the best practices and methods of aggregating expert assessments pertaining to safety decision making.Master of Science
Safety risk assessment forms an important part of the design and development of Safety Critical Systems. Safety Critical Systems are those systems whose failure could potentially result in the loss of human life. Commonly in these systems, standards and policies have been developed to prescribe processes for safety risk assessment. These standards provide guidelines, references and structure to personnel involved in the risk assessment process. However, in some of these standards, the prescribed methods for safety decision making were found to be deficient in some respects. Two such deficiencies have been addressed in this thesis. First, when different safety metrics are required to be combined to provide information for a safety related decision, the current practices of the safety risk assessment do not yield consistent recommendations. Second, in the safety risk assessment process, often multiple experts are consulted to provide their judgment on the criticality of a potential safety risk of the system. The standards and policies that are currently being used, do not provide clear instructions on how to synthesize the judgements of multiple experts. This lack of clear guidelines could potentially lead to an incorrect final judgement on the criticality of the risk and ultimately result in choosing an improper method to reduce the safety risk. This thesis addresses both these concerns present in safety risk assessment process of Safety Critical Systems. For the problem of combining safety metrics, three approaches have been proposed. Two of the proposed approaches make use of normative decision analysis practices and therefore the recommendations reached using these methods will be consistent with the safety objective of the decision maker. The third approach makes use of a traditional concept called -Pareto Analysis which provides a visual method to analyze the advantages and drawbacks of a given safety concern for a system. For problems in combining the judgements of multiple experts a variety of methods was studied. The methods include group consensus and mathematical techniques and the implications of using these methods in safety risk assessment was discussed. The FAA and the U.S. Navy's standard documents and policies were used to frame the discussions. This thesis has two main contributions. First, it evaluates the use of Normative Decision Analysis methods in safety decision process of Safety Critical Systems. It provides guidelines to decision makers on how to meaningfully use and/or combine different safety metrics in the decision process. Second, it identifies the best practices and methods of aggregating expert assessments pertaining to safety decision making.
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Van, der Merwe Jacobus Johannes. "An assessment of the safety culture in a manufacturing plant." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97365.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Manufacturing plants should strive towards achieving and maintaining good safety records. It is however difficult for plants to identify specific safety problem areas that can be improved on. One way to identify specific safety areas that needs improvement is by conducting a safety culture survey. A manufacturing plant within South Africa realised the need to improve on its safety performance. However, it was not clear which aspects of its work and safety related practices were at risk. Management therefore decided to obtain an assessment of the safety culture profile of the plant. The assessment was done by way of a plant-wide safety culture survey. The safety culture questionnaire was developed, as part of this research, through an in-house consultation process. This process resulted in identifying 16 different safety-related themes. With the help of literature, these themes were further explored to design the questionnaire. The identified safety themes were measured during the survey and results obtained for each of the plant’s identified safety practices. The survey also provided an overall mean score of the plant’s safety culture, providing management with a better understanding of where they stand in their safety improvement journey. The plant’s equipment, materials and tools; overall rules and regulations; environment, health and safety suggestions; rewards and reinforcement; and management involvement practices was identified as practices that require an immediate response. The plant’s incident reporting and investigation, discipline and training safety practices were identified as less urgent risks.
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Deighan, Carolyn. "Psychological and social processes influencing health and safety in small to medium-sized enterprises." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2008. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7715.
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Aim: Small and medium sized enterprises have notable difficulties in engaging with health and safety activity and experience proportionally higher levels of accidents than larger businesses. SMEs have also been described as problematic to access for research and intervention purposes. The aim of this research was to investigate the role of psychosocial factors in health and safety behaviour among small or medium sized enterprises (SMEs). Methodology: The research employed a mixed method design over two phases of study. In the first phase, fifty semi-structured telephone interviews were used to derive behaviours that the SMEs considered relevant to their type of business. In addition, the SMEs provided views on the rationale for, perceived effectiveness and facilitators of health and safety behaviour they had undertaken. In the second phase, a questionnaire survey was conducted using key SME health and safety behaviours and health and safety-related attitudes derived from the telephone interviews and key theoretical construct domains. Three hundred and thirteen SMEs completed questionnaires distributed at trade shows in Scotland and England. Results: Overall, the level of health & safety activity undertaken by SMEs was reported to be low (with 59% spending one hour or less in a typical week according to questionnaire responses, the figure was 60% for the telephone interviews). Smaller businesses notably the micro business, spent significantly less time on health and safety activity compared with larger organisations. Those spending approximately one day per week or more on health and safety activity were found to be the largest SMEs in the sample. Hierarchical regressions performed on the survey data highlighted five key predictors of health and safety activity. These were positive and negative beliefs regarding resources, relationships with suppliers, and decision making by middle and junior level staff. It is notable that after taking into account the influence of the size of the company, these factors remained of significant importance. This suggests that the influence of these factors persist despite previous findings related to the size of the SME. Results also suggest that beliefs associated with the consequences of health & safety behaviour tend to lead to increased activity. Further, organisational design was found to mediate this effect. Conclusion: Interventions designed to increase health and safety in SMEs would be advised to take into account the psychosocial influences on health and safety behaviour, in particular those highlighted in this study, as these may have implications for uptake and sustainability of any new initiatives requiring such activity.
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Westergård, Morten Jarvis. "A comparison of engineering processes related to safety between the offshore and railway sectors." Thesis, KTH, Marina system, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-198504.
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After a period of high activity within the offshore sector in Norway, they now experience a decrease in activity. At the same time, the railway sector is experiencing high activity and new investments. This leads to a shift in the need of engineering expertise. A relevant area of expertise is the designand engineering processes related to safety. This is a study of such processes in the two industries, based on a comparison of the relevant industry standards, and supported by impressions collected in interviews. The purpose of this study is to investigate into the agility of transfer of safety engineers from the offshore industry and into the railway industry. The study shows that the principles of safety engineering are built on the same grounds. There is however a difference in management approach, and in the use of certain tools and methods. The offshore industry has a more developed quantitative approach, while the railway industry relies more solely on qualitative methods. The offshore industry seems to be more narrow and specialized in their approaches, while the railway industry rely on a broader concept of safety engineering. The study shows that safety engineers are not very dependent of deep technical knowledge, but they need to be able to control the processes in a manner that utilize the knowledge of other experts, to analyse the systems under consideration. Even if the technical skills might not be crucial, it seems evident that being able to communicate on the premises of the industry is vital. This seems like an area relevant for specific training, for new safety engineers entering the railway industry. Railway RAMS1 management has been implemented during the last decade, where quantitative methods are gradually being introduced. Safety engineering has historically been based on the experience of the engineers in the railway industry. The new approach, with an increased focus on reliability and availability, can be a good chance for offshore engineers to bring their expertise to use within a new field of engineering. Even if the overall concept of the industry applications is somewhat different, this study shows that the structure and working methods are similar enough for an agile transfer between the industries.
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Akins, Ralitsa B. "Critical processes and performance measures for patient safety systems in healthcare institutions: a Delphi study." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1042.
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This dissertation study presents a conceptual framework for implementing and assessing patient safety systems in healthcare institutions. The conceptual framework consists of critical processes and performance measures identified in the context of the 2003 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) Health Care Criteria for Performance Excellence.
Methodology: The Delphi technique for gaining consensus from a group of experts and forecasting significant issues in the field of the Delphi panel expertise was used. Data collection included a series of questionnaires where the first round questionnaire was based on literature review and the MBNQA criteria for excellence in healthcare, and tested by an instrument review panel of experts. Twenty-three experts (MBNQA healthcare reviewers and senior healthcare administrators from quality award winning institutions) representing 18 states participated in the survey rounds. The study answered three research questions: (1) What are the critical processes that should be included in healthcare patient safety systems? (2) What are the performance measures that can serve as indicators of quality for the processes critical for ensuring patient safety? (3) What processes will be critical for patient safety in the future?
The identified patient safety framework was further transformed into a patient safety tool with three levels: basic, intermediate, and advanced. Additionally, the panel of experts identified the major barriers to the implementation of patient safety systems in healthcare institutions. The identified "top seven" barriers were directly related to critical processes and performance measures identified as "important" or "very important" for patient safety systems in the present and in the future.
This dissertation study is significant because the results are expected to assist healthcare institutions seeking to develop high quality patient safety programs, processes and services. The identified critical processes and performance measures can serve as a means of evaluating existing patient safety initiatives and guiding the strategic planning of new safety processes. The framework for patient safety systems utilizes a systems approach and will support healthcare senior administrators in achieving and sustaining improvement results. The identified patient safety framework will also assist healthcare institutions in using the MBNQA Health Care Criteria for Performance Excellence for self-assessment and quality improvement.
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Wei, Hua. "Assuring food safety of packaged ready-to-eat salad by combination processes and protective culture." Beuren Stuttgart Grauer, 2005. http://d-nb.info/989887197/04.
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Jakobsson, Marianne. "Decisions with Medium to Long-Term Consequences : Decision Processes and Structures." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Psykologiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-95260.
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All of us make more or less important decisions during our entire lives, in private and professional arenas. Some decisions have consequences for an individual or organization in the short term, others have long lasting consequences. This thesis concerns studies of decision processes and structures involved indecision-making with medium to long-term consequences for an organization or individual. Study I and II focus decision-making theory and judgments in procurement. Study III concerns real-life, individual career decision-making. Study I used a laboratory context for an investigation of willingness to pay (WP) for the creation of a procurement offer. Study II investigated organizational decision processes and structures of procurement of large projects in a nuclear power plant organization. Study III investigated the decision process used to make a choice between two professional training programs leading to psychotherapist certification. Study I found, that participants used a multiplicative combination of probability and profit when judging WP for the creation of a bid. Scales of subjective probability had smaller ranges than objective probability. In this context, participants were more sensitive to variation in monetary value than to probability. In Study, II it was possible to describe the procurement process in a framework of information search and decision theory. A Multi Attribute Utility Theory-inspired model was used by the staff, in the evaluations of procurement alternatives. Both compensatory (e.g. negative aspects can be compensated by positive aspects) and non-compensatory (particular “pass” levels of attributes have to be exceeded for acceptance of a choice alternative) decision rules were used. In study III it was found that a development and extension of Differentiation and Consolidation theory described individual reasons pro and con alternatives before and after the choice of a professional training program.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Submitted.
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Rao, Vikram Mohan. "Investigation of Decision Processes in Chemical Substitution Decision Making." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2021. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=28261055.
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In recent years, new regulatory guidance has spurred organizations to replace hazardous chemicals with safer alternatives. The factors and influences that shape decisions to transition to safer chemicals are of interest to decision scientists. Previous studies have examined the role that various factors, such as regulation, health impacts, and environmental impacts, have played in shaping such decisions. However, two key research gaps have been identified. First, existing semi-quantitative-based studies do not adequately capture the complexity of decision-making. Second, no in-depth qualitative study of a current substitution process, elucidating decision-making mechanisms at various stages of the design process, has yet been performed. The current research addresses these gaps. The first component of the study is an extensive survey of product and chemical manufacturers to elicit potential tradeoffs concerning final product design and redesign decisions. Such tradeoffs are characterized by a set of six factors affecting product design, which are further disaggregated into thirty-three attributes distributed across these factors. Statistical methods including Bayesian Dirichlet modeling and Principal Component Analysis were used to show: 1) two factors were statistically significantly different than other factors, 2) how features such as company size and time of decision affected factor weighting, and 3) that nine principal components explain 79% of the variance in the attribute scores. The second component of the study was a phenomenological assessment of a current substitution process: replacement of cadmium with Zn-Ni for aircraft components, undertaken by the U.S. Navy and Air Force. This study synthesized existing research in cognition, decision-making, and knowledge management. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants representing engineering, environmental, safety, and management disciplines. Qualitative analysis was used to identify and characterize the underlying mechanisms guiding the decision process, including external/internal influences, organizational structure and inertia, and innovative team problem solving. The results from this research contribute to theoretical knowledge in decision-making and cognition, as well as practical knowledge for organizations and policymakers. The broader implications of this research study include a realization that decision tradeoffs vary based on decision contexts, indicating that sector-specific future policy and guidance efforts are needed.
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Guldbrandsson, Karin. "Child health promotion : analyses of activities and policy processes in 25 Swedish municipalities /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-399-X/.
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Wetzel, Eric Michael. "The Use of a BIM-Based Framework to Support Safe Facility Management Processes." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73414.
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According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, 293 people lost their life from 2008-2012 in the field of Facility Management (FM). In that same timeframe, private employers recorded 98,420 cases of occupational injuries and illness, with 26,190 cases requiring a minimum of 31 days away from work. Workers in this field are at constant risk of electrical shock, falls, crushing, cuts, and bruises and as a result, have a much higher rate of injury and illness than the national average.
Case study analysis confirms that many of the recorded accidents could have been avoided had the victim followed appropriate hazard mitigation steps to safely execute a facility repair and maintenance task, defined in this research as safety protocol. Currently, safety related information is conveyed to FM staff through training seminars, OandM manuals, plans and specifications, database storage, safety meetings, and safety literature. This information, although comprehensive, often remains fragmented among multiple resources and is left up to the worker's discretion whether the information is relevant. Research has shown that the more time and effort, known as inconvenience, an individual must spend obtaining information, the less likely they are to retrieve the information and obey the stated warnings.
This research focuses on the identification, categorization, transference, and delivery of safety related information applicable to facility management staff. This is executed by, obtaining safety inputs through various mechanisms of data collection, categorizing the safety inputs, transferring the information utilizing existing BIM-based software and research methods into a data storage repository, and designing a data retrieval and processing system (DRPS), integrated into the repository to interact with the data. The DRPS adds structure and relationships through a UML Class Diagram and Sequence Diagram. Additionally, standardized safety properties are developed for asset groups using the Asset Safety Identification Tool (ASIT). Finally, a conceptual graphical user interface (GUI) is developed to represent the interaction between the DRPS and the FM Worker. By combining the DRPS with a GUI, a FM worker can efficiently interact with a singular repository for safety information, eliminating the need to reference multiple resources in order to obtain comprehensive safety information. The goal of this research is to mitigate the fragmentation and timing inefficiencies within safety related information retrieval by developing a BIM-based framework to categorize, consolidate, and deliver job specific safety information, eliminating the need to reference multiple documents in order to develop a comprehensive, task specific safety plan.Ph. D.
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Vurma, Mustafa. "Development of Ozone-Based Processes for Decontamination of Fresh Produce to Enhance Safety and Extend Shelflife." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1238099278.
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Lin, Yanhui. "A holistic framework of degradation modeling for reliability analysis and maintenance optimization of nuclear safety systems." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC002/document.
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Composants de systèmes de sûreté nucléaire sont en général très fiable, ce qui conduit à une difficulté de modéliser leurs comportements de dégradation et d'échec en raison de la quantité limitée de données disponibles. Par ailleurs, la complexité de cette tâche de modélisation est augmentée par le fait que ces systèmes sont souvent l'objet de multiples processus concurrents de dégradation et que ceux-ci peut être dépendants dans certaines circonstances, et influencé par un certain nombre de facteurs externes (par exemple la température, le stress, les chocs mécaniques, etc.).Dans ce cadre de problème compliqué, ce travail de thèse vise à développer un cadre holistique de modèles et de méthodes de calcul pour l'analyse basée sur la fiabilité et la maintenance d'optimisation des systèmes de sûreté nucléaire en tenant compte des connaissances disponibles sur les systèmes, les comportements de dégradation et de défaillance, de leurs dépendances, les facteurs influençant externes et les incertitudes associées.Les contributions scientifiques originales dans la thèse sont:(1) Pour les composants simples, nous intégrons des chocs aléatoires dans les modèles de physique multi-états pour l'analyse de la fiabilité des composants qui envisagent dépendances générales entre la dégradation et de deux types de chocs aléatoires.(2) Pour les systèmes multi-composants (avec un nombre limité de composants):(a) un cadre de modélisation de processus de Markov déterministes par morceaux est développé pour traiter la dépendance de dégradation dans un système dont les processus de dégradation sont modélisées par des modèles basés sur la physique et des modèles multi-états; (b) l'incertitude épistémique à cause de la connaissance incomplète ou imprécise est considéré et une méthode volumes finis est prolongée pour évaluer la fiabilité (floue) du système; (c) les mesures d'importance de l'écart moyen absolu sont étendues pour les composants avec multiples processus concurrents dépendants de dégradation et soumis à l'entretien; (d) la politique optimale de maintenance compte tenu de l'incertitude épistémique et la dépendance de dégradation est dérivé en combinant schéma volumes finis, évolution différentielle et non-dominée de tri évolution différentielle; (e) le cadre de la modélisation de (a) est étendu en incluant les impacts des chocs aléatoires sur les processus dépendants de dégradation.(3) Pour les systèmes multi-composants (avec un grand nombre de composants), une méthode d'évaluation de la fiabilité est proposé considérant la dépendance dégradation en combinant des diagrammes de décision binaires et simulation de Monte Carlo pour réduire le coût de calculComponents of nuclear safety systems are in general highly reliable, which leads to a difficulty in modeling their degradation and failure behaviors due to the limited amount of data available. Besides, the complexity of such modeling task is increased by the fact that these systems are often subject to multiple competing degradation processes and that these can be dependent under certain circumstances, and influenced by a number of external factors (e.g. temperature, stress, mechanical shocks, etc.). In this complicated problem setting, this PhD work aims to develop a holistic framework of models and computational methods for the reliability-based analysis and maintenance optimization of nuclear safety systems taking into account the available knowledge on the systems, degradation and failure behaviors, their dependencies, the external influencing factors and the associated uncertainties.The original scientific contributions of the work are: (1) For single components, we integrate random shocks into multi-state physics models for component reliability analysis, considering general dependencies between the degradation and two types of random shocks. (2) For multi-component systems (with a limited number of components):(a) a piecewise-deterministic Markov process modeling framework is developed to treat degradation dependency in a system whose degradation processes are modeled by physics-based models and multi-state models; (b) epistemic uncertainty due to incomplete or imprecise knowledge is considered and a finite-volume scheme is extended to assess the (fuzzy) system reliability; (c) the mean absolute deviation importance measures are extended for components with multiple dependent competing degradation processes and subject to maintenance; (d) the optimal maintenance policy considering epistemic uncertainty and degradation dependency is derived by combining finite-volume scheme, differential evolution and non-dominated sorting differential evolution; (e) the modeling framework of (a) is extended by including the impacts of random shocks on the dependent degradation processes.(3) For multi-component systems (with a large number of components), a reliability assessment method is proposed considering degradation dependency, by combining binary decision diagrams and Monte Carlo simulation to reduce computational costs
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Pitchai, Karthik Raja. "An executable meta-model for safety oriented software and systems development processes within the avionics domain in compliance with RTCA DO 178 B." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-19296.
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"There are two critical points in every aerial flight—its beginning and its end." — Alexander Graham Bell, 1906. From beginning till the end, the safety critical software plays a vital role in avionics and hence its development and its certification are indispensable. “RTCA DO-178B- Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification” provides the normative guidelines to develop such systems. In particular, this standard provides the safety protocol and processes that should be followed to achieve safe systems. The safety guideline of DO178B emphasizes more on better documentation, communication and visibility into actual process. For realizing the guidelines of DO178B, a well-defined and collectively accepted (at least at the development team–level) interpretationof the protocol and processes is needed. To achieve such interpretation, a well-defined modeling language that models the process with safety construct is essential. The Object Management Group’s Software and System Process Engineering Metamodel SPEM 2.0 standard provides specification for modeling software and systems development processes. SPEM2.0, however, is a general purpose language and does notprovide sufficient coverage in terms of language constructs to address safety concerns. This thesis proposes S-SPEM, an extension of the SPEM2.0 to allow users to specify safety-oriented processes for the development of safety critical systems in the context of RTCA DO 178B. The DO178B is analyzed to capture the safety related process elements and SPEM 2.0 is extended to include those safety concepts. Moreover, to simulate and validate the modeled processes, S-SPEMconcepts are mapped onto XML Process Definition Language (XPDL) concepts and a transformation algorithm is sketched. Finally, a case-study will illustrate theusage and effectiveness of the proposed extension.
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Tissington, Patrick. "Emergency decision making by fire commanders." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.484299.
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Tabibi, Zahra. "The development of road safety related skills : the effect of distractors and the role of attentional processes." Thesis, University of Lincoln, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400891.
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Zavalis, Tommy Georgios. "Mathematical Models for Investigation of Performance, Safety, and Aging in Lithium-Ion Batteries." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Tillämpad elektrokemi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-122308.
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Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries have both the power and energy capabilities to be utilized in hybrid electric vehicles and other power demanding applications. However, there are obstacles primarily related to reliability in safety and lifetime. Additionally, there is still room for improvement in the battery performance. In this work, physics-based mathematical models have been successfully set-up and numerically solved to investigate performance, safety, and aging in lithium-ion battery systems. This modeling approach enabled a detailed analysis of the electrochemical processes related to these issues. As the models included many parameters and spatial resolution of several variables with time or frequency, strategies for investigation needed to be developed for most of the work. The accuracy of the investigation was consolidated by the utilization of parameters characterized from experimental work. The performance expressed in terms of polarization was determined for a power-optimized battery cell undergoing various operating conditions. A methodology that separated and quantified the contribution of each process to the polarization was set up, allowing the study of the contributions as a snapshot in time and as an average over a cycle. Mass transport in electrolyte was shown to be a crucial feature to improve especially if the battery is expected to undergo high current-loads for long periods of time. Safety-concerns when a battery cell is short-circuited were investigated for three types of short-circuit scenarios. All scenarios raised the temperature to the point where exothermic side reactions were initiated. The similarities between the scenarios in temperature increase were a result of the limiting current being reached. The differences, however small, were related to the placement of the short-circuit. Especially when the current collectors were not directly connected by the short circuit, an increased electronic resistance was observed which lowered both the generated current and heat. The aging of a battery cell was investigated by model analysis of electrodes harvested from fresh and aged cells. A methodology was used where a frequency-dependent model was fitted to three-electrode impedance experiments by tuning parameters associated to electrode degradation. For cycled cells, electrolyte decomposition products inhibiting the mass transport in the electrolyte and particle cracking in the positive electrode increased the impedance. A similar model was also set up for investigation of the lithium intercalation processes in PAN-based carbon fibers, showing it to have both good mass transport and kinetic capabilities.Laddningsbara litiumjonbatterier har både ur energi- och effektsynpunkt möjligheten att kunna användas i elhybridfordon och inom andra effektkrävande tillämpningsområden. Batteriets säkerhet och livslängd är dock inte helt tillförlitliga. Dessutom finns det fortfarande utrymme för förbättringar av litiumjonbatteriets prestanda. I det här arbetet har matematiska modeller baserade på fysikaliska egenskaper framgångsrikt ställts upp och lösts numeriskt för att studera prestandan, säkerheten samt åldrandet hos litiumjonbatterisystem. Denna typ av modellering gjorde det möjligt att detaljerat analysera hur de elektrokemiska processerna bidrar. Eftersom modellerna omfattade ett stort antal parametrar och har variabler som förändras i åtminstone en dimension med tid eller frekvens, krävdes det att tydliga strategier för arbetet ställdes upp. Modelleringsstudiens noggrannhet stärktes av att flertalet av de använda parametrarna hade bestämts experimentellt. Polarisationen som ett mått på prestanda bestämdes för ett effektoptimerat batteri under olika laster. En metodik som separerar och beräknar hur mycket varje process bidrar till polarisationen skapades och användes för att studera bidragen över tid eller över en hel lastcykel. Resultaten visade att masstransporten i elektrolyten påverkar till stor del och bör förbättras om batteriet förväntas belastas med hög ström under lång tid. Säkerheten i samband med kortslutning av en battericell undersöktes för tre olika fall av kortslutningar. Alla fall uppvisade en temperaturökning som skulle kunna bidra till att exoterma reaktioner startas och termisk rusning uppstår. Temperaturökningen var liknande i samtliga kortslutningsfall och berodde på att gränsströmmen nåddes inom cellen. Skillnaderna mellan kortslutningsfallen var inte så betydande men kunde härledas till kortslutningens placering. Framförallt fallet då strömtilledarna inte kontakterades av kortslutningen observerades en ökad elektronisk resistans som sänkte både strömmen och värmeproduktionen. Åldringen i en battericell undersöktes genom modellanalys av elektroder som tagits från nya eller åldrade celler. Som metod användes en frekvensberoende modell som anpassades till tre-elektrod-impedansmätningar genom förändring av parametrar som beskriver elektrodnedbrytning. Då cellerna cyklats, visade förändringen av dessa parametrar att impedansen ökar på grund av nedbrytningsprodukter från elektrolyten som hindrar masstransporten och att det aktiva materialet i positiva elektroden spricker. En liknande modell användes också till att undersöka PAN-baserade kolfibrers förmåga att interkalera litium och resultaten visade på att den har mycket goda elektrokemiska egenskaper.
QC 20130520
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Felice, Renee Jacqueline. "Sensory and Physical Assessment of Microbiologically Safe Culinary Processes for Fish and Shellfish." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42494.
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Numerous food-borne illnesses are associated with fish and shellfish annually due to consumers choosing to eat seafood raw or undercooked and consumers not properly handling and preparing seafood. The 2009 FDA Food Code suggests intact fish and shellfish should be cooked to an internal temperature of 63°C to target Salmonella spp. Selected fish and shellfish were cooked to 64°C ± 1 and 74°C ± 1 and evaluated for consumer acceptability, characteristics of doneness at temperature endpoints, and physical changes of texture (TPA, KSC, and WB), color, and cook loss. Temperature endpoints represented the recommended internal temperature and ten degrees higher to increase lethality of Salmonella spp. Differences (p < 0.05) in texture were determined among the methods and products tested. However, consumer acceptability (n = 50) for fish and shellfish products (salmon: baked, poached; tilapia: baked, pan-fried; and shrimp: boiled) cooked to 64°C ± 1 and 74°C ± 1 were liked equally (p > 0.05), with mean hedonic scores falling between 6 (like slightly) and 7 (like moderately). A trained descriptive panel (n = 7) reviewed visual and non-oral texture indicators of doneness to distinguish 64°C ± 1 and 74°C ± 1. Firmness and shape of shrimp, separation between muscle flakes and fillet edge color of baked tilapia, and firmness and edge color of the fillet for baked salmon were identified as indicators to determine doneness. Overall, 74°C could be recommended as the internal temperature for cooking fish/shellfish such as salmon, tilapia, and shrimp without diminishing eating quality or acceptability.Master of Science in Life Sciences
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Hadikusumo, Bonaventura H. W. "Virtually real construction sfite processes : hazard identification and accident precaution planning using design-for-safety-process (DFSP) tool /." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B24872829.
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Bondesson, Carl. "Modelling of Safety Concepts for Autonomous Vehicles using Semi-Markov Models." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Signaler och System, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353060.
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Autonomous vehicles is soon a reality in the every-day life. Though before it is used commercially the vehicles need to be proven safe. The current standard for functional safety on roads, ISO 26262, does not include autonomous vehicles at the moment, which is why in this project an approach using semi-Markov models is used to assess safety. A semi-Markov process is a stochastic process modelled by a state space model where the transitions between the states of the model can be arbitrarily distributed. The approach is realized as a MATLAB tool where the user can use a steady-state based analysis called a Loss and Risk based measure of safety to assess safety. The tool works and can assess safety of semi-Markov systems as long as they are irreducible and positive recurrent. For systems that fulfill these properties, it is possible to draw conclusions about the safety of the system through a risk analysis and also about which autonomous driving level the system is in through a sensitivity analysis. The developed tool, or the approach with the semi-Markov model, might be a good complement to ISO 26262.
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Thomson, Jim. "Cold Pasteurization Of Tender Coconut Water By A Batch And Flow Processes Using Glassbeads Coated With Phytochemicals Encapsulated Nano-Liposomes." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2330.
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Tender coconut water (TCW) is one of most consumed natural energy drinks. Although it is widely available in tropical countries, because of its natural health benefits it is increasingly consumed in other parts of the world. Therefore there has been an increased requirement for packaging and shipping. TCW is highly susceptible to microbial contamination during extraction and packaging, requiring pasteurization. Thermal pasteurization leads to loss of flavor and color of coconut water. The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of a non-thermal method of pasteurization of TCW using natural antimicrobials like curcumin, eugenol, and d-limonene with curcumin. The non-thermal pasteurization method was developed in two different processes, i.e. a batch and flow-filter process. Batch cold pasteurization process was conducted by suspending liposome encapsulated antimicrobials immobilized on glassbeads in TCW at 4oC by shake flask assay. Maximum Reduction of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli W1485 in pasteurized TCW were observed to be 5 log CFU per ml of TCW within 7 days of incubation under the presence of nano-liposomes containing 50 mM of curcumin, d- limonene or eugenol. There was no change in color and aroma of TCW after 1 month of storage at 4oC. the flow filter cold pasteurization process was developed using filter medium coated with nano-liposomes encapsulated antimicrobial leading to extended release of the natural antimicrobial curcumin to the coconut water in 4oC. Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli W1485 were used as model organisms to test effectiveness of cold pasteurization. Reduction of L. monocytogenes and E. coli W1485 in pasteurized TCW was observed to be 5.2 and 4.5 log10CFU/ml of TCW respectively within 17.25 min of incubation under the presence of nano-liposomes containing 50 mM of curcumin. There was no change in color and aroma of TCW after 1 week of storage at 4oC.
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Vanner, Catherine. "‘The Gateway to Everything’: The Relationship Between Gender Safety, Gender Violence and Learning Processes in Two Primary Schools in Kirinyaga County, Kenya." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36748.
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The ways in which gender violence in schools (GVS) relate to teaching and learning processes and the extent to which aspects of gender safety in school (GSS) create an empowering, protective learning environment form this study’s central topics of investigation. Using a multiple qualitative case study of two primary schools in Kirinyaga County, Kenya, this dissertation explores the elements of gender safety and gender violence that exist within each school and relate to student learning. The following qualitative methods were used over seven months in 2015: participant observation, individual teacher interviews, individual art-based student interviews and member-check interviews with teachers and students. GSS is promoted within the national policy framework and through teacher and student actions but is prevented from flourishing by a prioritization of discipline, authority, and examinations that reinforce traditional hierarchies, power discrepancies and competition. These practices define a school culture that enables GVS to continue and undermine efforts to promote GSS. Findings show that efforts to eradicate GVS cannot be designed in isolation from broader teaching and learning processes. Ensuring school safety and equality requires collaboration between education and child protection systems and reflection on current and historical power structures that shape school cultures. Efforts to eradicate GVS should build on existing opportunities for enhancing GSS and thus learning for girls and boys and address the systemic constraints that limit teachers’ ability to promote protection and equality for their students.
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Dunjó, Denti Jordi. "New trends for conducting hazard & operability (HAZOP) studies in continuous chemical processes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6481.
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Identifying hazards is fundamental for ensuring the safe design and operation of a system in process plants and other facilities. Several techniques are available to identify hazardous situations, all of which require their rigorous, thorough, and systematic application by a multi-disciplinary team of experts. Success rests upon first identifying and subsequently analyzing possible scenarios that can cause accidents with different degrees of severity. While hazard identification may be the most important stage for risk management, it depends on subjectivity issues (e.g., human observation, good judgment and intuition, creativity, expertise, knowledge) which introduce bias. Without a structured identification system, hazards can be overlooked, thus entailing incomplete risk-evaluations and potential loss. The present Thesis is focused on developing both managerial and technical aspects intended to standardize one of the most used techniques for hazard identification; viz. HAZard & Operability (HAZOP) study.
These criteria have been carefully implemented not only to ensure that most of the hazardous scenarios will be identified, but also that US OSHA PSM Rule, EPA RMP, and Seveso Directive requirements will be accomplished.
Chapter I pioneers the main research topic; from introducing the process safety concept up to the evidence of more detailed information is required from related regulations. A review of regulations (i.e., US, Europe legislation) focused on Hazard Identification has been conducted, highlighting, there is an absence of specific criteria for performing techniques intended to identify what can go wrong.
Chapter II introduces the risk management system required to analyze the risk from chemical process facilities, and justifies that hazard identification stage is the Process Safety foundation. Hereafter, an overview of the key Process Hazard Analyzes (PHA) has been conducted, and the specific HAZOP weaknesses and strengths have been highlighted to establish the first steps to focus on.
Chapter III establishes the scope, the purpose and the specific objectives that the research covers. It answers the following questions on the spot: why the present research is performed, which elements are included, and what has been considered for acquiring the final conclusions of the manuscript.
Chapter IV gathers HAZOP-related literature from books, guidelines, standards, major journals, and conference proceedings with the purpose of classifying the research conducted over the years and finally define the HAZOP state-of-the-art. Additionally, and according to the information collected, the current HAZOP limitations have been emphasized, and thus, the research needs that should be considered for the HAZOP improvement and advance.
Chapter V analyzes the data collected while preparing, organizing, executing and writing HAZOPs in five petroleum-refining processes. A statistical analysis has been performed to extract guidance and conclusions to support the established criteria to conduct effectively HAZOP studies.
Chapter VI establishes the whole set of actions that have to be taken into account for ensuring a wellplanned and executed HAZOP study. Both technical and management issues are addressed, criteria supported after considering the previous chapters of the manuscript. Chapter VI itself is the result of the present research, and could be used as a guideline not only for team leaders, but also for any related party interested on performing HAZOPs in continuous chemical processes.
Chapter VII states the final conclusions of the research. The interested parties should be released about the hazard identification related-gaps present in current process safety regulations; which are the key limitations of the HAZOP study, and finally, which are the criteria to cover the research needs that have been found
Annex I proposes the key tools (tables, figures and checklists "ready-to use'') to be used for conducting HAZOPs in continuous chemical processes. The information layout is structured according to the proposed HAZOP Management System. This information is intended to provide concise and structured documentation to be used as a reference book when conducting HAZOPs. Annex II is intended to overview the most relevant petroleum refining processes by highlighting key factors to take into account in the point of view of process safety and hazard identification, i.e. HAZOP. In this sense, key health and safety information of specific petroleum refining units is provided as a valuable guidance during brainstorming sessions. Annex III illustrates the complete set of data collected during the field work of the present research, and also analyzed in Chapter V of the manuscript. Additionally, it depicts a statistical summary of the key variables treated during the analysis. Finally, the Nomenclature,
References, and Abbreviations & Acronyms used and cited during the manuscript have been listed. Additionally, a Glossary of key terms related to the Process Safety field has been illustrated.
La present Tesis doctoral té com a objectiu estandarditzar l'aplicació d'una de les tècniques més utilitzades a la industria de procés per a la identificació de perills; l'anomenat HAZard & OPerability (HAZOP) study, específicament a processos complexes, com per exemple, unitat de refineria del petroli.
El capítol I defineix el concepte de Seguretat de Processos, i progressivament analitza les diferents regulacions relacionades amb la temàtica, detallant específicament les mancances i buits d'informació que actualment hi ha presents a la primera etapa de la gestió del risc en industries de procés: la identificació de perills.
El capítol II defineix el sistema de gestió del risc tecnològic que aplica a les industries de procés, i es justifica que l'etapa d'identificació de perills és el pilar de tot el sistema. Finalment, es mencionen algunes de les tècniques d'identificació més utilitzades, els anomenats Process Hazard Analysis (PHA), i es detallen les seves mancances i fortaleses, característiques que han acabat definint la temàtica específica de la Tesis. Concretament, es dóna èmfasis a la tècnica anomenada HAZard & OPerability (HAZOP) study, objecte principal de la recerca.
El capítol III defineix l'abast, el propòsit i els objectius específics de la recerca. La intenció d'aquest capítol és donar resposta a les següents qüestions: el perquè de la recerca, quins elements han estat inclosos i què s'ha considerat per tal d'assolir les conclusions de la Tesis.
El capítol IV descriu l'estat de l'art de la literatura relacionada amb el HAZOP. Aquesta revisió no només permet classificar les diferents línies de recerca relacionades amb el HAZOP, sinó que també permet assolir un coneixement profund de les diferents particularitats de la pròpia tècnica. El capítol finalitza amb un conjunt de mancances tant de gestió com tècniques, així com les necessitats de recerca que poden millorar l'organització i execució dels HAZOPs.
El capítol V analitza la informació que ha estat recopilada durant la fase experimental de la tesis. Les dades procedeixen de la participació en cinc estudis HAZOP aplicats a la industria de refineria del petroli.
En aquest sentit, el capítol V desenvolupa una anàlisi estadística d'aquestes dades per extreure'n conclusions quant a la preparació, organització i execució dels HAZOPs.
El capítol VI estableix el conjunt d'accions que s'ha de tenir en compte per tal d'assegurar que un estudi HAZOP estigui ben organitzat i executat (la metodologia). Es defineix un Sistema de Gestió del HAZOP, i a partir de les seves fases, es desenvolupa una metodologia que pretén donar suport a tots aquells punts febles que han estat identificats en els capítols anteriors. Aquesta metodologia té la intenció de donar suport i guia no només als líders del HAZOP, sinó també a qualsevol part interessada en aquesta temàtica.
El capítol VII descriu les conclusions de la recerca. En primera instància s'enumeren les mancances quant a la definició de criteris a seguir de diferents regulacions que apliquen a la Seguretat de Processos.
Seguidament, es mencionen les limitacions de la pròpia tècnica HAZOP, i finalment, es descriuen quins són els criteris establerts per donar solució a totes aquestes febleses que han estat identificades.
L'Annex I és una recopilació de diferents criteris que han estat desenvolupats al llarg de l'escrit en forma de taules i figures. Aquestes han estat ordenades cronològicament d'acord amb les diferents fases que defineixen el Sistema de Gestió HAZOP. L'annex I es pot utilitzar com a una referència concisa i pràctica, preparada i pensada per ésser utilitzada directament a camp, amb la intenció de donar suport a les parts interessades en liderar estudis HAZOP.
L'annex II recopila informació relacionada amb aspectes clau de seguretat i medi ambient en diferents unitats de refineria. Aquest informació és un suport per tal de motivar el "brainstorming" dels diferents membres que conformen l'equip HAZOP.
L'Annex III recopila les dades de les diferents variables que han estat considerades a la fase experimental de la recerca, juntament amb un conjunt de figures que mostren la seva estadística bàsica.
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Alwawi, Ibrahim. "Cognitive modelling and control of human error processes in human-computer interaction with safety critical IT systems in telehealth." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/2680.
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The field of telehealth has developed rapidly in recent years. It provides medical support particularly to those who are living in remote areas and in emergency cases. Although developments in both technology and practice have been rapid, there are still many gaps in our knowledge with regard to the effective application of telehealth. This study investigated human colour perception in telehealth, specifically the colour red as one of the key symptoms when diagnosing different pathologies. The quality of medical images is safety critical when transmitting the symptoms of pathologies in telehealth, as distorted or degraded colours may result in errors. The study focused on the use of digital images in teleconsultation, particularly on images showing cellulitis (bacterial skin infection) and conjunctivitis (red eye) as case studies, as both of these pathologies involve the colour red in their diagnosis. The study proposed and tested the use of an image quality scale, which represented the level of image resolution; a red colour scale, which represented the intensity of redness in an image; and a confidence scale, which represented the levels of confidence that telehealth users had when judging the colour red. The research involved a series of experiments using hypothetico-deductive and formal hypothesis testing with two groups of participants, medical doctors and non-medical participants. The experiments were conducted in collaboration with the local National Health Service (NHS) Accident and Emergency (A&E) department at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary (ARI). Medical experts in ophthalmology and dermatology were also involved in selecting and verifying the relevant images. The study found that doctors and non-doctors were consistent in the majority of the experiments. The accuracy of the participants was demonstrably higher when using a colour scale with pictures, more so for the non-doctor group than the doctor group. It also found that the level of accuracy for both doctors and nondoctors was higher when using red colour scale of three divisions than when using a scale of five divisions. This result was supported by previous studies, which used telehealth for diagnosing extreme cases. The study also found that when the image quality was poor the participants had higher error rates and less consistency in their answers. The study found poor correlation between accuracy, confidence and time for both participant groups. The study found that most participants in both doctor and non-doctor groups had high confidence most of the time, whether the accuracy was high or low. It was also found that medical background or clinical experience had no effect on the accuracy level across the experiment sets. In some cases, doctors with no or little experience had higher accuracy than those with greater experience. This result may have significant implications for the feasibility of involving non-doctors in the management of telehealth systems, especially in tasks not requiring medical skills, such as colour classification. This has the potential to provide a considerable saving in resources and costs for healthcare providers. An auto-evaluation system was introduced, and proposed for further study, in order to improve the current telehealth diagnostic protocol and to avoid or prevent errors by making red colour classification more objective and accurate.
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Balgheeth, Y. A. "Enhancing existing health and safety processes in public sector construction projects within Saudi Arabia using building information modelling approaches." Thesis, University of Salford, 2016. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/40489/.
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Current statistics on Health and Safety (H&S) outcomes the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) public construction sector demonstrate the need for academic and practical assessment of the current environment for the purpose of improving outcomes. Even though the construction public sector in Saudi Arabia has been rapidly expanding, the H&S record of this industry remains considerably poor, as evidenced by the rising figures of injuries and deaths. The purpose of this research is to assess the current use of H&S technologies and, therefore, possibilities for the use of building information modelling (BIM) in the industry. The research aims to enhance H&S management in Saudi public sector construction projects by exploring integrated approaches to project design and delivery using BIM-based technologies and processes This research uses a mixed method approach to assess the current H&S environment to develop a framework suitable for the unique environment aimed at improving the current outcomes. The data collected through a survey and interviews with subject matter experts has been analysed to outline the major issues facing the implementation of innovative technologies to improve current business processes and provide a roadmap to enhance the predominant H&S policies and activities in Saudi Arabia. Challenges identified through these efforts include the Saudi environment as having high levels of fragmentation, a low skilled, multilingual and multi-ethnic workforce and inefficient use of BIM technologies being made. Based on these findings, a framework, which incorporates BIM to include automated hazard identification and correction during design and during construction, has been developed. The framework is initially devised based on a synthesis of the literature and further refined based on findings from questionnaires. The result of this research is the identification of 18 factors impacting H&S. The framework is developed and validated using interpretive structural modelling (ISM). Through these methods, the key driving factors for improving H&S outcomes in the public construction sector in KSA are identified. Among these, better enforcement of regulations and laws is identified as the key factor needed for improving outcomes. The study concludes with a discussion of the applications of the proposed framework and recommendations for future research. Specifically, this research advocates for the inclusion of BIM technologies in H&S frameworks as a method of addressing the specific challenge of communicating with a predominately migrant workforce. This new approach for H&S analysis during construction focuses on the integration of construction simulation, 3D/4D/5D construction management and safety analysis through the incorporation of technology for both planning and communication.
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Rezvani, Arany Roushan. "Gaussian Process Model Predictive Control for Autonomous Driving in Safety-Critical Scenarios." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Reglerteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-161430.
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This thesis is concerned with model predictive control (MPC) within the field of autonomous driving. MPC requires a model of the system to be controlled. Since a vehicle is expected to handle a wide range of driving conditions, it is crucial that the model of the vehicle dynamics is able to account for this. Differences in road grip caused by snowy, icy or muddy roads change the driving dynamics and relying on a single model, based on ideal conditions, could possibly lead to dangerous behaviour. This work investigates the use of Gaussian processes for learning a model that can account for varying road friction coefficients. This model is incorporated as an extension to a nominal vehicle model. A double lane change scenario is considered and the aim is to learn a GP model of the disturbance based on previous driving experiences with a road friction coefficient of 0.4 and 0.6 performed with a regular MPC controller. The data is then used to train a GP model. The GPMPC controller is then compared with the regular MPC controller in the case of trajectory tracking. The results show that the obtained GP models in most cases correctly predict the model error in one prediction step. For multi-step predictions, the results vary more with some cases showing an improved prediction with a GP model compared to the nominal model. In all cases, the GPMPC controller gives a better trajectory tracking than the MPC controller while using less control input.
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Farshchi, Shahin, and Roy Rizk. "Prioritising Safe Trips Over Safe Policy Processes - A Pilot Study on the Appropriateness of the Participatory Value Evaluation Method for Encompassing (Feelings of) Safety (and Security) in Public Transport." Thesis, KTH, Systemanalys och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278991.
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It is becoming more important that transport agendas acknowledge complex social sustainability matters like feelings of safety and security. For developing knowledge in this context today, participatory descriptive assessments hold a strong position. However, quantitative methods providing popular transport appraisals, have a clearer impact focus, but struggle with encompassing social sustainability matters. Filling the methodological gap that exists between the participatory descriptive tradition and the quantitative impact tradition, can be vital in moving methods closer to public and policy demands and norms. This work uses independent interdisciplinary collaboration and assesses the appropriateness of the Participatory Value Evaluation (PVE) method for encompassing feelings of safety and security in public transport in the context of Stockholm, Sweden. The PVE method evaluates projects through participation and quantifies results without relying monetary valuation, while allowing for norms to be detected. By using in depth descriptive information as PVE input, this study aims to provide a methodological contribution by analysing the PVE method in a new complex setting with modifications made. Descriptive results from the PVE method is regarded to still advance knowledge on feelings of safety and security, while improving the impact focus of appraisals by evaluating projects. The method can benefit from a focus on transparency, attractive participation and quality in results and the amendment here called ‘re-categorisation’ was found necessary for PVE appraisals. Incentives to keep flawed processes can be found in political and policy realms and with no actor controlling the intersectoral (and interdisciplinary) issue of feelings of safety and security, traditions can have a strong impact. However, this study shows feasibility in improving appraisals given the contemporary public and policy standards.
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White, Becky A. "The perceptions and beliefs of nurses using Knowledge Based Medication Administration (KBMA) bar code scanning processes in regards to patient safety." Thesis, Blessing-Rieman College of Nursing, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1598248.
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Accurate and safe medication administration is an important aspect in the everyday care of the hospitalized patient. Patients put their trust and safety into the hands of those providing care and expect that care is provided in a safe and efficient manner. Nurses strive to provide high quality error free, patient care. With adult patients, medication administration accounts for 26% to 32% of hospital medication errors (Koppel, Wetterneck, Telles, & Karsh, 2008). Only 2% of administration errors are corrected before reaching the patient (Dwibedi, et al., 2011). Literature supports that knowledge based medication administration programs reduce medication administration errors (Fowler, Sohler, & Zarillo, 2009). The research question proposed was: What are the perceptions and beliefs of nurses using Knowledge Based Medication Administration (KBMA) bar code scanning processes in regards to patient safety? The design was a quantitative, descriptive study, using a convenience sample. The study site was west-central Illinois hospital. Data were collected and analyzed related to the perceptions and beliefs of the staff nurses using KBMA in regards to patient safety during medication administration processes. Staff nurses were surveyed using a Likert-like scale. Participants accessed the survey via My Netlearning which linked to Survey Monkey. Participation was voluntary and responses were anonymous. Future implications for quality improvement and education are considered.
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Cloud-Buckner, Jennifer M. "Managing Patient Test Data in Primary Care: Developing and Evaluating a System for Test Tracking to Enhance Processes, Safety, and Understanding of Performance." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1348258363.
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McLeod, M. C. "Medication administration processes and systems : exploring effects of systems-based variation on the safety of medication administration in the UK National Health Service." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1401849/.
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Medication administration errors (MAEs) in hospitals account for the majority of reported medication-related patient harm in the UK. Research suggests error-prevention strategies should focus on reducing error-producing conditions associated with systems and processes. However, medication administration is complex, and potential systems and process variations exist across the National Health Service (NHS) which present a barrier to prioritising and developing interventions to reduce error. This thesis investigates variations in hospital medication systems and their potential effects on the safety of medication administration. It also includes a systematic review summarising hospital MAE rates and the effects of methodological variations on reported MAE rates. An initial observational study of nurses administering medications on one ward identified several process variations and system factors that may contribute to MAEs, including potential inefficiencies and dose omissions related to medication storage. A novel meta-analysis of the literature revealed an MAE rate of 5.6% of non-intravenous doses. Dose omission was most common, of which 52-67% were because the drug was unavailable. A census of ward-based medication systems in English NHS hospitals identified the extent of inter- and intra-hospital variation, particularly in medication storage and medication safety related processes. A separate observational study documented variations among nurses in how they utilised systems, including the use of ‘temporary’ drug trolley alternatives. An ethnographic study of drug administration in three different hospital medication systems then revealed systems-related factors that both facilitated and hindered medication administration. Overall, the extent of a number of variations in hospital medication systems has been described, including more subtle variations than previously reported. Many variations were associated with both positive and negative effects on the safety of medication administration, which were often affected by situational factors. This emphasises the importance of considering potential unintended consequences of sociotechnical interactions when developing and implementing systems-based interventions to reduce MAEs.
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Ivanoff, Gregorio Bittar. "Ambientes e organizações virtuais: cultura de segurança e regulação entre o desenvolvimento de programas computacionais e estruturas e processos organizacionais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3141/tde-01122006-173728/.
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Estruturas e processos de desenvolvimento de programas computacionais e estruturas e processos organizacionais que incluem os programas, quando considerados separadamente, resultam em estudos de segurança de programas computacionais que, em geral, levam em conta apenas ambientes e organizações tradicionais. Ambientes e organizações virtuais podem ser utilizados para representar a regulação entre diferentes estruturas e processos, resultando em melhores interpretações sobre o desenvolvimento da segurança de programas computacionais. Esta atividade de pesquisa explora temas de conteúdo, práticas e artefatos como componentes da cultura de segurança em uma organização virtual de pequeno porte voltada para a inovação. Os temas de conteúdo propostos para a organização virtual específica são: adaptabilidade, dependabilidade, compatibilidade, credibilidade, confiança e mobilidade. As práticas e artefatos identificados envolvem, entre outros, a comunicação entre projetistas, desenvolvedores e usuários, a coordenação colaborativa de atividades, a gestão de dependências e o manejo de mudanças e da adaptação. A atividade de pesquisa foi baseada na metodologia Grounded Theory ou Teoria Fundamentada em Dados e identifica como desafios: a falta de adaptação dos programas computacionais a novas circunstâncias do ambiente, a falta de correspondência entre o programa computacional e a realidade, e a falta de credibilidade e confiança nos programas. As conclusões despertam a atenção para a exploração de limites de segurança na relação entre pessoas e programas computacionais, e especificamente, para a mudança de condições perigosas, para a possibilidade da mobilidade virtual em diferentes estruturas e processos, e para a necessidade de apoio à perspectiva de inteligência do ambiente.Software development structures and processes and organizational structures and processes that include the programs, when considered separately, result in studies of software safety and security that, in general, take into account only traditional environments and organizations. Virtual environments and organizations may be utilized to represent the regulation between different structures and processes, resulting in better interpretations of software safety and security development. This research activity explores content themes, practices and artifacts as components of the safety and security culture in a small virtual organization dedicated to innovation. Content themes proposed for the specific virtual organization are: adaptability, dependability, compatibility, credibility, trust and mobility. Practices and artifacts identified involve, among others, the communication between designers, developers and users, the collaborative coordination of activities, the dependencies management and the handling of changes and adaptation. The research activity is based on Grounded Theory methodology and identifies as challenges: the absence of software adaptation to new ambient circumstances, the absence of correspondence between software and reality, and the absence of credibility and confidence in software. Conclusions call the attention to the exploration of safety and security limits to the relation between people and software and specifically, to the change of dangerous conditions, to the possibility of virtual mobility in different structures and processes, and to the necessity of supporting the ambient intelligence perspective.
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Brabie, Dan. "On Derailment-Worthiness in Rail Vehicle Design : Analysis of vehicle features influencing derailment processes and consequences." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Farkost och flyg, Kungliga Tekniskan högskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4548.
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Ngwa, Macceline Bih. "The application of good manufacturing practices as a quality approach to food safety in a food manufacturing establishment in the Western Cape South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2525.
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Thesis (MTech (Quality (Engineering)))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) is a segment of quality assurance which guarantees that food products produced are uniform and controlled to the appropriate quality standards for their required use and as expected by the marketing authority. A survey was carried out to assess the awareness and implementation level of GMP guidelines amongst manufacturers in the Western Cape, South Africa. Based on a literature review on GMP in the food manufacturing establishments a research problem was identified forming the crux of the research which reads as follows: “the lack of enforcement of approved standards within the food manufacturing establishments in the Western Cape Province, South Africa may result in the food product quality being questioned by consumers”. The objective of this study was to assess the awareness and implementation of GMP among food manufacturing establishments in the Western Cape. The literature was reviewed to discover what is currently known concerning GMP in the food manufacturing industries. Fresh food produce manufacturing establishments in the Western Cape Province South Africa were targeted for this study, with 52 responding to the questionnaires. Data was collected by means of self-administered structured questionnaires and individual face-to-face interviews with six of the establishments that participated in the questionnaires. Data for the questionnaires was analysed by means Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 19 software programme in order to generate descriptive statistical results and to determine potential areas for improvement in the establishments surveyed. Data for individual face-to-face interview was recorded by transcribing and analysed by inductive reasoning. In particular, Cronbach’s alpha was utilized to test the reliability of the key items of GMP.
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Korszunowa, Alicja. "Implementering av SBAR- vägen till gemensamt lärande : Studie av implementering av SBAR på en kardiologisk vårdavdelning." Thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, HHJ. Kvalitetsförbättring och ledarskap inom hälsa och välfärd, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18814.
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Bakgrund: Bristande kommunikation och informationsöverföring är huvudorsaken till upp-komsten av vårdskador i hälso- och sjukvården. Komplexiteten i hälso- och sjukvårds organisat-ion i kombination med den mänskliga faktorn ställer krav på struktur i kommunikationen med hjälp av standardisering. En utmaning för hälso- och sjukvården är att implementera och studera standardiserade kommunikationsmetoder och studera effekten på patientsäkerhet och arbets-miljö. SBAR (Situation-Bakgrund-Aktuell Status-Rekommendation) är en kunskapsbaserad kommunikationsmetod, utvecklad för överföring av kritisk information i komplexa arbetssituat-ioner. Metoden hjälper till att skapa den struktur och förutsägbarhet som krävs för effektiv kommunikation i komplexa arbetssituationer såväl under normala förhållanden som under stress. Syfte: Att studera implementering av SBAR på en kardiologisk vårdavdelning med fokus på stra-tegier som kan underlätta processen. Metod: Studien är en kvalitativ intervjustudie med analytisk ansats. Den baseras på tio intervjuer med sjuksköterskor och läkare som arbetar på vårdavdelningen. Dessutom har en kvantitativ basundersökning om samarbets- och säkerhetsklimatet (enligt Safety Attitude Questionnaire) och kommunikationen genomförts under implementeringen, mars 2011-december 2011. Resultat: På vårdavdelningen har ca 95 % av sjuksköterskor och ca 70 % av läkare har fått ut-bildning i SBAR och flertalet av dessa har fått repetitionsutbildning. Sjuksköterskorna upplever en förbättring i den intraprofessionella kommunikationen efter att SBAR implementerats. Sjuk-sköterskorna beskriver att kommunikationen efter implementeringen följer SBAR strukturen i högre utsträckning, den är saklig och mer avgränsad samt innehåller i högre omfattning än tidi-gare en planering för och uppföljning av patientens vård. Endast enstaka läkare anger att de an-vänder SBAR i den intra- och interprofessionella kommunikationen. I den kvalitativa studien har såväl strategier som underlättar implementeringen av SBAR som fallgropar identifierats och beskrivits. De strategier som identifierats handlar om bl.a. ledningsan-svar, definiering av ansvar och roller i vård-teamet, skapande av mötesstrukturer för tvärprofess-ionellt samarbete, kommunikation och helhetssyn, identifiering och förebyggande av hierarkiska strukturer och introducering av förbättringskunskap i projektets genomförande. De fallgropar som identifierats har att göra med bristande föranalys, otydliga uppdrag, brister i resurser som metodstöd och tid, bemötande av kritiska röster, bristande läkarmedverkan, yttre påverkans fak-torer. Resultaten av den kvantitativa enkätundersökningen visade att det inte finns några skillna-der mellan läkarnas och sjuksköterskornas uppfattning om säkerhetsklimat eller samarrbete och kommunikation med den egna arbetsgruppen. Däremot finns det signifikanta skillnader mellan läkare och sjuksköterskor beträffande det gemensamma samarbetet och kommunikationen där sjuksköterskor uppfattar samarbetet och kommunikationen som mindre väl fungerande (Bilaga 1-3) Diskussion: Implementeringsprocessen visat sig vara kunskaps- och meningsskapande genom den ovan beskrivna analytiska ansatsen. Resultaten visar att implementeringen av SBAR behöver kompletteras med flera andra åtgärder som kan bidra till att skapa förutsättningar för ökat tvär-professionellt samarbete och kommunikation. Studien bekräftar det kommunikationsgap som finns mellan sjuksköterskor och läkare och behovet av förståelse för varandras olika roller och ansvar för att kunna skapa en helhetssyn med fokus på patienten i vården. Identifiering och före-byggande av de hierarkiska strukturer samt tydliggörande av innebörden i ledarskapet i vårdtea-met har visat sig vara avgörande. Implementering av SBAR är en satsning på en av de viktigaste patientsäkerhetsfrågorna och kräver tydlig och engagerat ledning.Background: Poor professional communication and information transfer are main causes for medical error in the health care systems. The complexity in health care organisations in combina-tion with human factors issues raises a demand for structured and standardised communication. One challenge is to implement standardised communication models and study its effect on pa-tient safety and working conditions. SBAR (Situation, Background, Assessment and Recommen-dation) is a knowledge based communication model, developed to transfer critical information in complex work environments, both in normal and stressful conditions. Aim: To study implementation of SBAR on a Cardiology ward with focus on strategies that could facilitate the process. Method: Ten qualitative interviews with members of staff during the implementation process and quantitative data (130 anonymous questionnaires among staff, Safety Attitude Questionnaire, SAQ, during the implementation of SBAR have been collected (March- December 2011) Results: 95 % of the nurses and 70 % of the physicians have received SBAR education. In the interviews, the nurses describe an improved intra-professional communication after the imple-mentation of SBAR. The nurses also describe the communication to be more focused on the patients’ care, follow the SBAR process. However, only a few physicians explain that they are using SBAR in the intra- and/or inter professional communication. Strategies (leadership, role definitions within the team, structure for multi-professional cooperation, identification and prevention of hierarchical structures and introduc-tion of improvement knowledge) and hinders (limited clinical analyses before the project, unclear assignment, limited resources e.g. time and methodology, handling critical voices, limited input from physicians and external impact factors) for implementation of the SBAR model were identi-fied. The response rate for the baseline SAQ questionnaire was 94 % among nurses and 69% among physicians. No differences were found in nurses and physicians’ attitudes on safety climate and teamwork within their own groups. Some significant differences however were found concerning cooperation and communication between the two groups; nurses were less satisfied with cooperation and communication compared to the level of satisfaction in the group of physi-cians. Discussion: The implementation process has been meaningful in regards to an increase in knowledge trough the analytic outlook of the study. The result indicates that the actual imple-menting of SBAR requires further steps to create optimal conditions to achieve better results in communication and collaboration in cross-professional teams. The study confirms the communi-cation gap that exist between doctors and nurses and highlights the need for a better understand-ing of each other`s roles and responsibilities, in order to achieve an integral patient-centred ap-proach. It is crucial to identify and to prevent existing structures of hierarchy and to clarify the meaning of leadership within the team. The process of implementing SBAR is an effort to ad-dress one of the most important issues in patient safety and requires firm and committed leader-ship.
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Vartak, Smruti Chandrakant. "Association between organizational factors and quality of care: an examination of hospital performance indicators." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2784.
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The recent reports by Institute of Medicine, `To Err is Human' and `Crossing Quality Chasm', revealed a large prevalence of medical errors and substandard care in US hospitals. Since then there has been a substantial increase in the efforts to measure and improve quality of care. The objective of this study was to compare the quality of care across hospitals using available performance indicators and examine the association between organizational factors and hospital performance. The main focus of this study was on important structural attributes of hospitals, namely - teaching status, location and market competition. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample for years 2003 and 2005, and the State Inpatient Database for years 2004 to 2006 were used for analyses. Two types of hospital performance indicators were examined to compare quality of care - Patient safety indicators developed by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and process of care indicators developed by Centers for Medicare and Medicaid services. Multivariable regression analyses were performed using generalized estimating equations and random effects regression models. Several organizational factors as well as patient characteristics were included in the multivariable models as control variables.
Overall, the results from this study showed an inconsistent relationship between teaching status, location of hospitals or market competition and quality of care in hospitals. In addition, the results demonstrated that isolating potential effects of hospital structure on outcomes requires controlling for the variation in patient characteristics, such as age and comorbidities, which increase patients' risk for incurring patient safety events. The findings from this study provide useful insight into the areas where the patient safety and quality initiatives should be focused. Moreover, the results identified the organizational factors that are relevant to certain types of hospitals and which should be considered before evaluating quality of care and enacting any policies about publicly reporting of performance or payment initiatives that are relevant to these hospitals.
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Dyrna, Jonathan, David Gnauck, and Björn Kasper. "Das integrierte Lernszenario für proaktive Produktsicherheit im Maschinenbau – ein innovatives und nachhaltiges Lehrkonzept für die universitäre Ausbildung?" TUDpress, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33830.
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Arbeitsschutz erzielt dann seine größte Wirksamkeit, wenn er bereits im Rahmen der Konzeption und Planung von Maschinen vollumfänglich berücksichtigt wird. Etwaige Versäumnisse hinsichtlich einer sicheren Produktgestaltung in diesem Stadium können unzureichend sichere Produkte und kostenintensive Nacharbeiten zur Folge haben (Klein, 2013). Deshalb benötigen künftige Maschinenbauer und Produktdesigner für ihre spätere berufliche Praxis Fachwissen zur proaktiven sicheren und gesundheitsgerechten Gestaltung von Maschinen. Die voranschreitende digitale Transformation führt jedoch in Wechselwirkung mit weiteren Faktoren dazu, dass sich derartiges Wissen heutzutage ständig entwickelt und erweitert (Korunka & Kubicek, 2013). Fachkräfte sind entsprechend gefordert, ihr Fachwissen im Rahmen ihrer Arbeitsprozesse fortlaufend zu aktualisieren. Dabei wird der Betrieb mehr denn je zum Lernort und setzt zunehmend technologieunterstützte Lernformen ein, die Mitarbeitenden einen selbstgesteuerten Wissenserwerb nach individuellem Bedarf ermöglichen sollen (BMAS, 2017). Selbstgesteuerte Lernprozesse setzen jedoch spezifische Kompetenzen voraus, die zunächst entwickelt und gefördert werden müssen. Zu diesem Zwecke entwickeln die Autoren derzeit ein Lehrkonzept, das es angehenden Produktgestaltenden ermöglichen soll, bereits im Rahmen der universitären Ausbildung sicherheitstechnisches Fachwissen zu erwerben und dabei auch in der heutigen Informationsgesellschaft essentielle Erfahrungen mit selbstgesteuertem Lernen zu sammeln.
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Kaymaz, I. Ali. "Control strategies for exothermic batch and fed-batch processes : a sub-optimal strategy is developed which combines fast response with a chosen control signal safety margin : design procedures are described and results compared with conventional control." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4217.
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There is a considerable scope for improving the temperature control of exothermic processes. In this thesis, a sub-optimal control strategy is developed through utilizing the dynamic, simulation tool. This scheme is built around easily obtained knowledge of the system and still retains flexibility. It can be applied to both exothermic batch and fed-batch processes. It consists of servo and regulatory modes, where a Generalized Predictive Controller (GPC) was used to provide self-tuning facilities. The methods outlined allow for limited thermal runaway whilst keeping some spare cooling capacity to ensure that operation at constraints are not violated. A special feature of the method proposed is that switching temperatures and temperature profiles can be readily found from plant trials whilst the addition rate profile Is capable of fairly straightforward computation. The work shows that It is unnecessary to demand stability for the whole of the exothermic reaction cycle, permitting a small runaway has resulted in a fast temperature response within the given safety margin. The Idea was employed for an exothermic single Irreversible reaction and also to a set of complex reactions. Both are carried out in a vessel with a heating/cooling coil. Two constraints are Imposed; (1) limited heat transfer area, and (11) a maximum allowable reaction temperature Tmax. The non-minimum phase problem can be considered as one of the difficulties in managing exothermic fed-batch process when cold reactant Is added to vessel at the maximum operating temperature. The control system coped with this within limits, a not unexpected result. In all cases, the new strategy out-performed the conventional controller and produced smoother variations in the manipulated variable. The simulation results showed that batch to batch variations and disturbances In cooling were successfully handled. GPC worked well but can be susceptible to measurement noise.
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Mohan, Naveen. "Architecting Safe Automated Driving with Legacy Platforms." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Mekatronik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-223687.
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Modern vehicles have electrical architectures whose complexity grows year after year due to feature growth corresponding to customer expectations. The latest of the expectations, automation of the dynamic driving task however, is poised to bring about some of the largest changes seen so far. In one fell swoop, not only does required functionality for automated driving drastically increase the system complexity, it also removes the fall-back of the human driver who is usually relied upon to handle unanticipated failures after the fact. The need to architect thus requires a greater rigour than ever before, to maintain the level of safety that has been associated with the automotive industry. The work that is part of this thesis has been conducted, in close collaboration with our industrial partner Scania CV AB, within the Vinnova FFI funded project ARCHER. This thesis aims to provide a methodology for architecting during the concept phase of development, using industrial practices and principles including those from safety standards such as ISO 26262. The main contributions of the thesis are in two areas. The first area i.e. Part A contributes, (i) an analysis of the challenges of architecting automated driving, and serves as a motivation for the approach taken in the rest of this thesis, i.e. Part B where the contributions include, (ii) a definition of a viewpoint for functional safety according to the definitions of ISO 42010, (iii) a method to systematically extract information from legacy components and (iv) a process to use legacy information and architect in the presence of uncertainty to provide a work product, the Preliminary Architectural Assumptions (PAA), as required by ISO 26262. The contributions of Part B together comprise a methodology to architect the PAA. A significant challenge in working with the industry is finding the right fit between idealized principles and practical utility. The methodology in Part B has been judged fit for purpose by different parts of the organization at Scania and multiple case studies have been conducted to assess its usefulness in collaboration with senior architects. The methodology was found to be conducive in both, generating the PAA of a quality that was deemed suitable to the organization and, to find inadequacies in the architecture that had not been found earlier using the previous non-systematic methods. The benefits have led to a commissioning of a prototype tool to support the methodology that has begun to be used in projects related to automation at Scania. The methodology will be refined as the projects progress towards completion using the experiences gained. A further impact of the work is seen in two patent filings that have originated from work on the case studies in Part B. Emanating from needs discovered during the application of the methods, these filed patents (with no prior publications) outline the future directions of research into reference architectures augmented with safety policies, that are safe in the presence of detectable faults and failures. To aid verification of these ideas, work has begun on identifying critical scenarios and their elements in automated driving, and a flexible simulation platform is being designed and developed at KTH to test the chosen critical scenarios.Efterfrågan på nya funktioner leder till en ständigt ökande komplexitet i moderna fordon, speciellt i de inbyggda datorsystemen. Införande av autonoma fordon utgör inte bara det mest aktuella exemplet på detta, utan medför också en av de största förändringar som fordonsbranschen sett. Föraren, som ”back-up” för att hantera oväntade situationer och fel, finns inte längre där vid höggradig automation, och motsvarande funktioner måste realiseras i de inbyggda system vilket ger en drastisk komplexitetsökning. Detta ställer systemarkitekter för stora utmaningar för att se till att nuvarande nivå av funktionssäkerhet bibehålls. Detta forskningsarbete har utförts i nära samarbete med Scania CV AB i det Vinnova (FFI)-finansierade projektet ARCHER. Denna licentiatavhandling har som mål att ta fram en metodik för konceptutveckling av arkitekturer, förankrat i industriell praxis och principer, omfattande bl.a. de som beskrivs i funktionssäkerhetsstandards som ISO 26262. Avhandlingen presenterar resultat inom två områden. Det första området, del A, redovisar, (i) en analys av utmaningar inom arkitekturutveckling för autonoma fordon, vilket också ger en motivering för resterande del av avhandlingen. Det andra området, del B, redovisar, (ii) en definition av en ”perspektivmodell” (en s.k. ”viewpoint” enligt ISO 42010) för funktionssäkerhet, (iii) en metod för att systematiskt utvinna information från existerande komponenter, och (iv) en process som tar fram en arbetsprodukt för ISO 26262 – Preliminära Arkitektur-Antaganden (PAA). Denna process använder sig av information från existerande komponenter – resultat (iii) och förenklar hantering av avsaknad/osäker information under arkitekturarbetet. Resultaten från del B utgör tillsammans en metodik för att ta fram en PAA. En utmaning i forskning är att finna en balans mellan idealisering och praktisk tillämpbarhet. Metodiken i del B har utvärderats i flertalet industriella fallstudier på Scania i samverkan med seniora arkitekter från industrin, och har av dessa bedömts som relevant och praktiskt tillämpningsbar. Erfarenheterna visar att metodiken stödjer framtagandet av PAA’s av lämplig kvalitet och ger ett systematiskt sätt att hantera osäkerhet under arkitekturutvecklingen. Specifikt så gjorde metoden det möjligt att identifiera komponent-felmoder där arkitekturen inte var tillräcklig för åstadkomma önskad riskreducering, begränsningar som inte hade upptäckts med tidigare metoder. Ett prototypverktyg för att stödja metodiken har utvecklats och börjat användas på Scania i projekt relaterade till autonoma fordon. Metodiken kommer sannolikt att kunna förfinas ytterligare när dessa projekt går mot sitt slut och mer erfarenheter finns tillgängliga. Arbetet i del B har vidare lett till två patentansökningar avseende koncept som framkommit genom fallstudierna. Dessa koncept relaterar till referensarkitekturer som utökats med policies för personsäkerhet (Eng. ”safety”) för att hantera detekterbara felfall, och pekar ut en riktning för framtida forskning. För att stödja verifiering av dessa koncept har arbete inletts för att identifiera kritiska scenarios för autonom körning. En flexibel simuleringsplattform håller också på att designas för att kunna testa kritiska scenarios.
Vinnova-FFI funded Project ARCHER
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Agostini, Maria Stella [UNESP]. "Análise de riscos envolvendo reações exotérmicas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99331.
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Uma reação descontrolada pode levar a uma série de efeitos, como o transbordo do conteúdo de um reator e até mesmo à sua ruptura, e é fonte de constante atenção dos profissionais de engenharia que atuam na indústria química. Se materiais inflamáveis participam ou são produtos da reação, a ruptura do vaso pode causar fogo e explosão. As ondas de choque e o efeito míssil resultante dessa explosão podem causar sérios danos materiais e às pessoas. Se materiais tóxicos estão envolvidos pode haver a formação de nuvem de gás tóxica. O presente trabalho discorre sobre o mecanismo exotérmico das reações químicas e sobre o sistema de transferência de calor em reatores encamisados como ferramentas de suporte ao gerenciamento de segurança de processos químicos industriais. Salienta, também, a importância do gerenciamento das modificações dos processos e instalações, cuja falta contribui com os acidentes industriais, uma vez que alteram o nível de segurança original de um projeto. A apresentação do estudo de caso de um incidente relacionado com reação química descontrolada permite a aplicação dos conceitos de reações exotérmicas, transferência de calor e segurança de processo no gerenciamento dos riscos e manutenção da segurança das instalações e das pessoas. Conclui-se, então, que é importante o envolvimento dos profissionais das diferentes áreas como: projetos, manutenção, produção, tecnologia de produtos, segurança do trabalho e meio ambiente, na segurança das instalações industriais. Esse inter-relacionamento é uma das formas de assegurar a sustentabilidade empresarial e social por meio da preservação das instalações e da integridade física das pessoas.
A runaway reaction can result in serious effects, since a process-vessel overflow until its rupture. It is a dauly concern of the engineers working in chemical industries. If flammable products are present or if they are finished products of the process, the vessel rupture can result in fire and explosion. Installations and people can suffer consequences of the shock wave and missile effect of this explosion. If toxic products are involved, it can cause a toxic gas cloud. This work present the kinetic parameters of exothermic reactions and heat transfer in process vessel jackets as a tool for process safety management in chemical industries. It mentions also the needs of management of changes, whose absence can contribute to industrial incidents once they can change the original safety level of the projects. The case study, an incident related to a runaway reaction, allows the application of exothermic reactin concepts, as well heat transfer and process safety management. Risk assessment concept and its importance in maintaining the installation and people's safety level are also described. Finally, it is noticed how important is the commitment of experts from different departments, asproject, maintenance, production, product technology, occupational safety and environmental protection, to guarantee industrial process safety. This inter-departmental relationship is a way to warrantee business and social sustainability once it maintains the safe facilities and the people's health.
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Long, Suella. "Systematic generation of engineering line diagrams." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14135.
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This thesis describes research into a methodology for the systematic development of engineering line diagrams (ELOs) from process tlowsheets with a particular emphasis on safety, health and environmental (SHE) and operability issues. The current approach to the consideration of safety in design is largely reactive, relying on design reviews such as the HAZOP. If design safety is to be improved, then a comprehensive system, incorporating both proactive and reactive methods, must be adopted. The facility to develop proactive safety systems relies upon the presence of a systematic design procedure. Since design at this stage seems generally to be rather haphazard, there is a need to introduce structure to the design task before any progress can be made in the improvement of safety. Introducing structure to the design task not only provides a framework for the incorporation of SHE and operability issues, but should also improve the effectiveness of the overall design and the efficiency with which it is completed. More specifically, fewer good design opportunities should be lost due to poor information handling and thc amount of rework arising from misunderstandings between different disciplines should be minimised. In addition, learning how to perform the design task should become easier for new recruits. Relevant work in the fields of process design, process safety, engineering drawings and ELO development is discussed. An analysis of perceptions of the design task within industry is presented. The generation of a systematic method by iterative case study work with designers is described. The structural features of this method are explained. Some examples of the application of the method are given and the results of a trial within industry are discussed. This research has shown that there is no existing work which captures the logic for the order in which decisions for developing a first ELO are made. Neither is there a complete analysis of the activities and issues contributing to ELO development. A novel method for the systematic generation of ELOs has been produced and used as a framework for the incorporation of SHE and operability issues into design. Trials of the method within industry have shown it to be successful.
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Williamson, Loni S. "An Evaluation of Attributes and Competencies for Manufacturing Engineering Technology Graduates." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/807.
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The purpose of this study is to determine the required attributes and competencies required for a graduate from a manufacturing engineering technology baccalaureate program. A document called “Competencies of Manufacturing Engineering Technology Graduates” was compiled in October 2004. This document lists twelve attributes thought to be important for MET graduates: Leadership, Professionalism, Creativity and Problem Solving, Management, Materials, Processes, Quality, Systems, Design, Communication, Safety and Environmental Issues, and Global Awareness. Under each attribute is a list of five to seven competencies creating a total of seventy-three competencies for graduates of an MET baccalaureate program. This list of attributes and competencies was converted into a survey for the purpose of evaluation by two manufacturing groups: educators and industry representatives. Overall, educators and industry representatives rated the attributes and competencies as important. Ninety-nine percent of the combined educator's and industry representative's competency questions had a mean response of 3.50 and above. Therefore, the competencies are relevant for MET graduates. It was determined that educators did significantly differ from industry representatives for their ratings of the attributes, but educators did not significantly differ from industry representatives for their ratings of the competencies. Generally, industry representatives rated attributes less highly than educators; however, the pattern of responses was similar across educators and industry representatives. The rankings of each attribute section from those rated most important to those rated least important were as follows: Professionalism, Communication, Creativity and Problem Solving, Manufacturing Processes, Design, Safety and Environmental Issues, Quality, Materials, Leadership, Management, Manufacturing Systems, and Global Awareness. Current literature mentions aspects of manufacturing that are considered important and these include: global or international awareness, lean manufacturing, life long learning, and communication. This survey indicated that the Global Awareness section was rated the least important of any section. The lean manufacturing competency had an average ranking out of all seventy-three competencies. Communication has been an important concern for MET graduates since the earliest studies and the survey results suggest that communication continues to be highly valued. MET educational programs should provide many opportunities for students to improve their communication skills.
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Agostini, Maria Stella. "Análise de riscos envolvendo reações exotérmicas /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99331.
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Resumo: Uma reação descontrolada pode levar a uma série de efeitos, como o transbordo do conteúdo de um reator e até mesmo à sua ruptura, e é fonte de constante atenção dos profissionais de engenharia que atuam na indústria química. Se materiais inflamáveis participam ou são produtos da reação, a ruptura do vaso pode causar fogo e explosão. As ondas de choque e o "efeito míssil" resultante dessa explosão podem causar sérios danos materiais e às pessoas. Se materiais tóxicos estão envolvidos pode haver a formação de nuvem de gás tóxica. O presente trabalho discorre sobre o mecanismo exotérmico das reações químicas e sobre o sistema de transferência de calor em reatores encamisados como ferramentas de suporte ao gerenciamento de segurança de processos químicos industriais. Salienta, também, a importância do gerenciamento das modificações dos processos e instalações, cuja falta contribui com os acidentes industriais, uma vez que alteram o nível de segurança original de um projeto. A apresentação do estudo de caso de um incidente relacionado com reação química descontrolada permite a aplicação dos conceitos de reações exotérmicas, transferência de calor e segurança de processo no gerenciamento dos riscos e manutenção da segurança das instalações e das pessoas. Conclui-se, então, que é importante o envolvimento dos profissionais das diferentes áreas como: projetos, manutenção, produção, tecnologia de produtos, segurança do trabalho e meio ambiente, na segurança das instalações industriais. Esse inter-relacionamento é uma das formas de assegurar a sustentabilidade empresarial e social por meio da preservação das instalações e da integridade física das pessoas.Abstract: A runaway reaction can result in serious effects, since a process-vessel overflow until its rupture. It is a dauly concern of the engineers working in chemical industries. If flammable products are present or if they are finished products of the process, the vessel rupture can result in fire and explosion. Installations and people can suffer consequences of the shock wave and missile effect of this explosion. If toxic products are involved, it can cause a toxic gas cloud. This work present the kinetic parameters of exothermic reactions and heat transfer in process vessel jackets as a tool for process safety management in chemical industries. It mentions also the needs of management of changes, whose absence can contribute to industrial incidents once they can change the original safety level of the projects. The case study, an incident related to a runaway reaction, allows the application of exothermic reactin concepts, as well heat transfer and process safety management. Risk assessment concept and its importance in maintaining the installation and people's safety level are also described. Finally, it is noticed how important is the commitment of experts from different departments, asproject, maintenance, production, product technology, occupational safety and environmental protection, to guarantee industrial process safety. This inter-departmental relationship is a way to warrantee business and social sustainability once it maintains the safe facilities and the people's health.
Orientador: José Antonio Perrella Balestieri
Coorientador: Paulo Magalhães Filho
Banca: João Andrade de Carvalho Júnior
Banca: Messias Borges Silva
Mestre
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Nakath, Richard. "Sieden in Anwesenheit von Borverbindungen in Leichtwasserreaktoren." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-154457.
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Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Auswirkungen der im Kühlmittel von Leichtwasserreaktoren zur Reaktivitätssteuerung eingesetzten Borverbindungen auf Siedeprozesse – und damit indirekt auf die Wärmeabfuhr der Brennelemente – zu untersuchen. Bei den Siedeversuchen, die Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit sind, wurde besonders auf eine realitätsnahe Annäherung an die Reaktorparameter Wert gelegt. Als Unterstützung zur Interpretation der Ergebnisse dienten eigene Messungen von signifikanten physikalischen Stoffdaten an wässrigen Borsäure- und Pentaboratlösungen. Die Siedeprozesse wurden in einer eigens für diese Analysen konzipierten und errichteten Versuchsanlage SECA unter Verwendung eines Leitfähigkeitsgittersensors sowie einer Hochgeschwindigkeitskamera bei Drücken von maximal 40 bar und Temperaturen bis zu 250 °C untersucht.
Entsprechend der in den Untersuchungen gewonnenen Erkenntnis wird für reale Reaktoren fol-gendes angenommen: Die Anwesenheit von Borsäure hat keinen Einfluss auf großvolumige Sie-devorgänge im betrachteten Störfallszenario eines Druckwasserreaktors, und die Auswirkungen auf das unterkühlte Sieden sind vernachlässigbar gering. Es ist nicht zu erwarten, dass der Wärmeübergang von den Brennelementen an das Kühlmittel beeinflusst wird. Bei einer Einspeisung von Pentaborat in Siedewasserreaktoren kann jedoch davon ausgegangen werden, dass der Wärmeübergang durch eine Verkleinerung der Blasen verbessert wird. Weitere Untersuchungen bezüglich des Austrages von Pentaborat an der Phasengrenze sowie der Bildung von Schäumen sind jedoch notwendig, und es ist den Fragen nachzugehen, ob sich diese Schäume auch bei der Einspeisung von Pentaborat in einen Siedewasserreaktor bilden können und welche Auswirkungen diese auf die oberhalb des Kerns befindlichen Dampfabscheiderzyklone und Dampftrockner haben.