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Habibzadeh, Zahra Haji. "The influence of safety measures on workers' safety perception and behavior." Phd thesis, Faculty of Medicine, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10594.
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Agarwal, Nithin K. "ESTIMATION OF PEDESTRIAN SAFETY AT INTERSECTIONS USING SIMULATION AND SURROGATE SAFETY MEASURES." UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/835.
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With the number of vehicles increasing in the system every day, many statewide policies across the United States aim to increase the use of non- motorized transportation modes. This could have safety implications because the interaction between motorists and non-motorists could increase and potentially increasing pedestrian-vehicle crashes. Few models that predict the number of pedestrian crashes are not sensitive to site-specific conditions or intersection designs that may influence pedestrian crashes. Moreover, traditional statistical modeling techniques rely extensively on the sparsely available pedestrian crash database.
This study focused on overcoming these limitations by developing models that quantify potential interactions between pedestrians and vehicles at various intersection designs using as surrogate safety measure the time to conflict. Several variables that capture volumes, intersection geometry, and operational performance were evaluated for developing pedestrian-vehicle conflict models for different intersection designs. Linear regression models were found to be best fit and potential conflict models were developed for signalized, unsignalized and roundabout intersections. Volume transformations were applied to signalized and unsignalized conditions to develop statistical models for unconventional intersections.
The pedestrian-vehicle conflicting volumes, the number of lanes that pedestrians are exposed to vehicles, the percentage of turning vehicles, and the intersection conflict location (major or minor approach) were found to be significant predictors for estimating pedestrian safety at signalized and unsignalized intersections. For roundabouts, the pedestrian-vehicle conflicting volumes, the number of lanes that pedestrians have to cross, and the intersection conflict location (major or minor approach) were found to be significant predictors. Signalized intersection models were used for bowtie and median U-turn intersections using appropriate volume transformations. The combination of signalized intersection models for the intersection area and two-way unsignalized intersection models for the ramp area of the jughandle intersections were utilized with appropriate volume transformations. These models can be used to compare alternative intersection designs and provide designers and planners with a surrogate measure of pedestrian safety level for each intersection design examined.
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Worrall, Stewart. "Providing situation awareness in complex multi-vehicle operations." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18222.
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This thesis addresses the problem of safety in complex multi-vehicle interactions, initially in the domain of the mining industry. Operating a vehicle in a mining environment can be particularly dangerous due to the difficult environment, lack of visibility from the vehicle cabin, long shifts and many other factors that result in many accidents and near misses each year. The state of the art in vehicle safety systems do not address all of these problems. Current systems lack the ability to effectively determine the risks and threats that are important, and to be able to communicate these to an operator in a complex situation. This thesis introduces the concept of situation awareness into the mining domain. Situation awareness provides a model of the way humans take in information from their surroundings, process this information and predict the future state of the environment. Human error in vehicle accidents can be attributed to deficiencies in one or more of these components. The aim of a safety system is to improve situation awareness, while minimising or eliminating the negative impact on situation awareness caused by the introduction of the technology. The requirements for determining and distributing vehicle state information are examined and tested. The concept of context is introduced as a means of filtering out unnecessary information and false alarms to the operator, as well as providing higher level information that requires less mental bandwidth to process. This is important as false alarms and unnecessary information annoys the operators and distracts them from the important task of controlling the vehicle. The quality of the vehicle state information is shown to be improved using localisation algorithms introduced in this thesis. These algorithms utilise the context information, digitised maps and a model of the vehicle dynamics to estimate and predict vehicle state information. The theory and testing of these algorithms are an important contribution of this thesis. The methods of providing feedback to the operator are introduced, and the role of assistive, reactive and preventative feedback is discussed. A measure of vehicle safety is provided using metrics based on the known safe rules of operation within a mine. An important contribution of this thesis is the real time feedback of safety performance based on these metrics which are known to contribute to the risk of an accident. Comprehensive experimental results are provided for the concepts introduced in this thesis from system installations in several mines in Australia and Indonesia.
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Aldridge, Jesse Philmore. "The role of health physicists in contemporary radiological emergency response." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19434.
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Islam, Md Sariful. "LIGHTNING HAZARD SAFETY MEASURES AND AWARENESS IN BANGLADESH." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1541548576157365.
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So, Koon-leung, and 蘇冠良. "A review of safety startegies of Mass Transit Railway in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3195232X.
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Long, Jieling. "Design for patient safety : a prospective hazard analysis framework for healthcare systems." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708636.
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Acar, Erdem. "Aircraft structural safety effects of explicit and implicit safety measures and uncertainty reduction mechanisms /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0015222.
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Li, Yi-man. "Effectiveness of various construction safety measures in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKU Scholars Hub, 2006. http://lookup.lib.hku.hk/lookup/bib/B37938459.
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Zhao, Dong. "Exploring Construction Safety and Control Measures through Electrical Fatalities." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71712.
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Globally, construction is considered a hazardous industry with a disproportionate amount of fatal and non-fatal injuries as compared to other industries. Electrocution is named as one of the "fatal four" causes for construction injuries by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). In the United States, an average of 47.9% electrical fatalities occurred in the construction industry from 2003 to 2012, according to the U.S. Department of Labor. These fatalities include both electrical workers and non-electrical workers. Such a disproportionate rate suggests a need of research to improve construction safety and reduce injuries due to electrocution. However, there is a lack of understanding of causation mechanisms surrounding fatal accidents by electrocution using a systems approach; and there is a disconnection between the mechanism of fatal electrocution accidents and the associated control measures, which may lead to less effective prevention in construction.
This dissertation has three objectives, including: (a) establishing a sociotechnical system model that reflects the electrocution occurrence in the U.S. construction industry and identify the associations among its internal subsystems; (b) determining specific electrocution patterns and associated mechanism constraints; and (c) examining hierarchy of control (HOC) measures and determining their appropriateness.
Findings from his research include: (a) the identification of three system patterns of electrocution in construction work systems and the associations between personnel, technological, organizational/managerial subsystems, and the internal and external environment for each of the three patterns, using a macroergonomics framework; (b) the identification of five features of work, and map out their decision-making chains, critical decision-making points and constraints, as an interpretation of electrocution mechanisms in the workplace; and (c) revealing that behavioral controls remain prevalent in electrical hazard mitigation even though the knowledge of construction safety and health has increased in the past decades, and that the effectiveness of controls is not statistically different by construction type nor occupation.
Based on these findings, the research also suggests corresponding mitigation recommendations that construction managers shall strictly follow HOC rules by giving priority to higher level of controls and upgrading the industry's prevention strategy by introducing more technological innovations and encouraging prevention through design (PtD) strategies.Ph. D.
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Kim, Mark Euno. "Evaluation of performance measures as leading indicators of safety." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0015846.
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Thurgood, Daniel J. "Analyzing the Effectiveness of Safety Measures Using Bayesian Methods." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2453.
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Recent research has shown that traditional safety evaluation methods have been inadequate in accurately determining the effectiveness of roadway safety measures. In recent years, advanced statistical methods have been utilized in traffic safety studies to more accurately determine the effectiveness of roadway safety measures. These methods, particularly hierarchical Bayesian statistical techniques, have the capabilities to account for the shortcomings of traditional methods. Hierarchical Bayesian modeling is a powerful tool for expressing rich statistical models that more fully reflect a given problem than a simpler model could. This paper uses a hierarchical Bayesian model to analyze the effectiveness of two types of road safety measures: raised medians and cable barriers. Several sites where these safety measures have been implemented in the last 10 years were evaluated using available crash data. This study analyzes the effectiveness of raised medians and cable barriers of roadway safety by determining the effect each has on crash frequency and severity at selected locations. The results of this study show that the installation of a raised median is an effective technique to reduce the overall crash frequency and severity on Utah roadways. The analysis of cable barriers showed that cable barriers were effective in decreasing cross-median crashes and crash severity.
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Simpson, Andrew C. "Safety through security." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4a690347-46af-42a4-91fe-170e492a9dd1.
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In this thesis, we investigate the applicability of the process algebraic formal method Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) [Hoa85] to the development and analysis of safetycritical systems. We also investigate how these tasks might be aided by mechanical verification, which is provided in the form of the proof tool Failures-Divergences Refinement (FDR) [Ros94]. Initially, we build upon the work of [RWW94, Ros95], in which CSP treatments of the security property of non-interference are described. We use one such formulation to define a property called protection, which unifies our views of safety and security. As well as applying protection to the analysis of safety-critical systems, we develop a proof system for this property, which in conjunction with the opportunity for automated analysis provided by FDR, enables us to apply the approach to problems of a sizable complexity. We then describe how FDR can be applied to the analysis of mutual exclusion, which is a specific form of non-interference. We investigate a number of well-known solutions to the problem, and illustrate how such mutual exclusion algorithms can be interpreted as CSP processes and verified with FDR. Furthermore, we develop a means of verifying the faulttolerance of such algorithms in terms of protection. In turn, mutual exclusion is used to describe safety properties of geographic data associated with Solid State Interlocking (SSI) railway signalling systems. We show how FDR can be used to describe these properties and model interlocking databases. The CSP approach to compositionality allows us to decompose such models, thus reducing the complexity of analysing safety invariants of SSI geographic data. As such, we describe how the mechanical verification of Solid State Interlocking geographic data, which was previously considered to be an intractable problem for the current generation of mechanical verification tools, is computationally feasible using FDR. Thus, the goals of this thesis are twofold. The first goal is to establish a formal encapsulation of a theory of safety-critical systems based upon the relationship which exists between safety and security. The second goal is to establish that CSP, together with FDR, can be applied to the modelling of Solid State Interlocking geographic databases. Furthermore, we shall attempt to demonstrate that such modelling can scale up to large-scale systems.
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Fulcher, TJ. "The development of an interlock and control system for a clinical proton therapy system." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1483.
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Thesis (Masters Diploma (Technology))--Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 1995The development of a 200 MeV clinical proton therapy facility at the National Accelerator Centre required an interlock and control system to supervise the delivery of radiation to a patient. The interlock and control system is responsible for ensunng that nobody enters the treatment vault during an irradiation, the extraction of the beamstop devices 'from the beam-line to allow the irradiation of the patient and the insertion of those beam-stop devices when an error condition is detected. Because of its nature, the interlock and control system should be designed so that in the event of an error condition being detected, it should fail to a safe state. This is achieved by modelling the interlock and control system with an appropriate modeling method. This thesis describes a graphical modelling method called Petri-nets, which was used to model the system, and the software developed from the model.
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Hyde, Deborah Hayes. "Architectural education for building safety." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23075.
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Cronje, Riaan. "A description of maritime safety in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51563.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The increasing financial pressures exerted on ship owners in recent years due to cost inflation, overtonnage and low freight rates in many sectors, have forced ship owners to increase cost savings and contain costs. That induced certain shipowners to operate substandard ships. The cost advantages in substandard ships are through failing to maintain safety equipment and procedures, employing cheap and untrained crews, repairing only essential equipment on breakdown and register under flags that do not comply with all the international regulatory, economic and social requirements for ships. Those ships undercut the true costs of operating a ship and eventually drive the obedient shipowner out of the market at the cost of safe and clean seas. Because of the complex international environment in which shipping operates an international regulatory framework is needed to ensure safety at sea. This assignment gives a layout of that framework, which is co-ordinated by the International Maritime Organisation (!MO), as well as the ways in which it is implemented and regulated in individual countries, with reference to South Africa. The functioning of the South African Maritime Safety Agency (SAMSA), which has been established on 1 April 1998, is also discussed. The benefit of safe ports is highlighted and also the cost savings in marine insurance if ships are classified as safe. A brief description of the navigation instruments that SAMSA use to assist in achieving maritime safety is given. Finally, the diseconomies of substandard ships are debated against quality ships for cleaner seas.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die toenemende finansiële druk op skeepseienaars, as gevolg van koste inflasie, oortonnemaat en lae vragtariewe in verskeie sektore, het hulle gedwing om oor die laaste aantal jare hul kostes te beperk. Gedwonge kostebesparings gee aanleiding daartoe dat sekere skeepseienaars onveilige skepe bedryf. Kostevoordele in onveilige skepe word bereik deur veiligheidstoerusting en -prosedures nie in stand te hou nie, goedkoop en onopgeleide bemanning aan te stel, slegs die nodige herstelwerk aan toerusting te doen en deur te registreer onder vlae wat nie voldoen aan internasionale regulering, ekonomiese en sosiale vereistes vir skepe nie. Eienaars van sulke skepe, onderskruip die ware bedryfskoste van 'n skip en uiteindelik dryf dit die wetsgetroue skeepseienaars uit die mark ten koste van 'n veilige en skoon see. As gevolg van die komplekse internasionale omgewmg waann skeepvaart funksioneer, word 'n internasionale reguleringsraamwerk benodig om veiligheid ter see te verseker. Hierdie werkstuk gee 'n uitleg van daardie raamwerk, wat gekoordineer word deur die Internasionale Maritieme Organisasie (!MO), asook die manier waarop dit geïmplementeer en gereguleer word in individuele lande met verwysing tot Suid-Afrika. Die funksionering van die Suid-Afrikaanse Maritieme Veiligheids Agentskap (SAMSA), wat tot stand gebring is op 1 April 1998, word bespreek. Die voordele van veilige hawens word uitgelig, sowel as die besparings in maritieme versekeringskoste indien 'n skip as veilig geklassifiseer word. 'n Kort beskrywing van navigasie-instrumente wat SAMSA gebruik om maritieme veiligheid te bewerkstellig, word kortliks bespreek. Ten slotte, die dis-ekonomie van onveilige skepe word gedebateer teenoor die kwaliteit van skepe vir 'n skoner see.
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Carelse, Valery Vanessa. "An analysis of the safety practices at Sasol Polymers by applying a safety culture framework." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/8523.
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Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Many organisations have reached plateaus in their safety performance and are constantly exploring new methods to improve. Traditional safety practices e.g. engineering solutions, safety management systems, and other administrative controls do not enable organisations to make the required step change in safety performance. Safety culture is a new safety “buzz word” and is promoted as a phenomenon that could assist organisations in improving safety performance in their endeavour to safety excellence. It is however, a relatively new concept and research in this field was completed during the past two decades only. Safety culture is a multi-dimensional, dynamic and complex concept. An improved understanding of the safety culture concept is required to enable organisations to determine the value of pursuing safety culture enhancement in their quest for superior safety performance.
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Simsekler, Mecit Can Emre. "Design for patient safety : a systems-based risk identification framework." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708577.
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Nichita, Eleodor Marian. "A heterogeneous finite element method and a leakage corrected homogenization technique." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17655.
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Walraven, Lynne Louise. "Identification and analysis of manual materials handling tasks within a commercial warehouse in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015722.
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Lifting and overstraining are major causative factors related to musculoskeletal injuries and low back pain. A great number of work-related injuries arise from the handling and/or mishandling of materials. Hence there is a need to quantify risk factors in situ and develop guidelines for safe lifting practises in industry. The aim of this study was to make appropriate in situ quantification, within a commercial warehouse, of the stresses and physical demands imposed on the worker when performing two handed lifts in the sagittal plane. The performance of employees was assessed under normal working conditions through an observational methodology of data collection. Task performance evaluation was based on detailed measurement of all containers handled, an activity and time analysis, and the 'Work Practices Guide to Manual Lifting’ (NIOSH, 1981) which was used as the primary guide to developing theoretical recommendations to probable MMH risk factors for the workers involved. Of the 191 tasks analysed 103 were deemed unsuitable. Appropriate task factor adjustments were made where necessary to both the frequency and Hfactors (horizontal distance between the centre of gravity of the container and that of the worker) in order to reduce the risk factor for the workers
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Mhlanga, Mabuyi. "Investigation of the road safety measures around schools in Ethekwini." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29828.
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Globally, road traffic injury is a leading cause of death and disability in children aged 15 to 19 and the second leading cause of death in children between the ages 10 to 14 years. This thesis reviewed literature regarding the extent of road traffic injuries involving child pedestrians, the risk factors for child pedestrians and the effectiveness of interventions aimed at road safety improvement. EThekwini Metro was used as a case study for investigating the magnitude of road traffic crashes involving child pedestrians around primary schools. The schools with the highest road traffic crashes were used to investigate the road and environment contributory factors to crashes and finally the interventions in place at these schools to reduce road traffic injuries. The magnitude of crashes was quantified by using road accident data obtained from eThekwini Metro and the investigation of the interventions applied at the schools was conducted using Google Earth imagery, onsite inspections and administering a questionnaire to educators at the schools chosen for the case study. Results suggest that, in eThekwini, 32% of pedestrian crashes involve children from 0 to 19 years. The 6 to 10 year age group has the highest risk of road traffic injury and boys are 20% more likely to be involved in a crash compared to girls. The top ten primary schools with the highest road traffic crashes are located in middle and low income areas in eThekwini, these are, Sydenham, Jacobs and Umlazi Township. Most crashes took place where three or more schools are located within a kilometre radius of each other. Child behaviour contributed to 77% of the road traffic crashes. Scholar transport driver behaviour was highlighted as a major contributor to crashes by the respondents and environmental factors that resulted in reduced visibility of the child pedestrian contributed to 6% of the crashes. The main cause of road traffic injury, 68%, was crossing the road when it was unsafe to do so. Most crashes took place away from the intersection (58%), under clear and dry weather conditions (95%) during daylight (87%), between 13h00 to 15h30 (41%). Mondays and Fridays had highest incidents of road traffic crashes compared to other days of the week. Forty five percent (45%) of crashes took place on Class 5 local roads but all top ten schools with the highest road traffic crashes are located within a kilometre of a Class 3 distributor road or a class 4 collector road and these higher order roads have the highest crashes per road associated with the primary schools in their vicinity. Traffic calming, in the form of speed humps are only provided on roads where school entrances are located and are not provided on other roads even the roads with the highest road traffic crashes. Pedestrian crossings that direct pedestrians to a safe crossing location, road signs and road markings that warn drivers about the school are also generally not provided. The study revealed that road safety education is not formally provided in the school’s curriculum, it is taught as part of the Life Skills subject. The content and type of training is decided upon by the Life Skills teachers. Practical training is only provided at two of the schools, in all other schools, road safety education is taught and tested in a classroom environment. The author recommends that further studies be conducted on child pedestrian road safety around schools to obtain a full understanding of the road and environmental risk factors, that the municipality adopts the school zone concept and develops a policy for road safety interventions within the school zones. The municipality must also constantly monitor road traffic crashes involving child pedestrians, collect necessary data and test the effectiveness of measures applied to reduce the risks for child pedestrian crashes, investigate the possibility of providing grade separated pedestrian crossing facilities on higher order roads within a kilometre radius of the schools, initiate a scholar transport driver training programme and to assist the schools in the provision of road safety education by providing facilities where practical road safety training can be taught.
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Dean, Elizabeth A. "The perceived effects of Indiana's School Safety Specialist Program." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1285411.
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In 1999, Indiana's General Assembly enacted law requiring every Indiana school"% corporation to designate a Safety Specialist. A training and certification program was established which required the designated Safety Specialist to attend six days of training in 1999-2000, and to attend subsequent annual training.In this study, a survey was conducted among the 294 Safety Specialists from the first group of trainees to determine the impact the Safety Specialist program has had in Indiana school corporations in such areas as school climate, student behavior, administrator/teacher behavior, safety awareness, and the implementation of "best practice" programs. Variables such as school size, location, occupation of the Safety Specialist, number of buildings in the corporation, and full-time vs. part-time status of the Safety Specialist, were considered. The survey return rate was 73%.Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and a t-test. ANOVA indicated that school size, location, and the occupation of the Safety Specialist were significant (F scores greater than 1.0) in determining changes in overall safety awareness and "best practice."School corporations with more than 2000 students showed greater safety awareness and implemented "best practice" programs more often than corporations with fewer than 2000 students; urban schools indicated higher levels of safety awareness and utilized "best practice" programs more often than suburban or rural schools; schools where the Safety Specialist is the superintendent, assistant superintendent, or "other" had "best practice" programs in place and had more safety awareness than schools where the Safety Specialist was the principal, assistant principal, or teacher.Pearson correlation testing indicated little correlation between the number of school buildings and any of the research topics. However, a positive correlation of .806 did exist between school climate and administrator/teacher behavior.The t-test revealed no differences in any category between part-time and full-time Safety Specialists; mean scores in each category were similar.A follow-up case study conducted in five schools of varying size and location revealed results similar to the survey: Safety Specialists in the majority of schools considered the training to have, been worthwhile, its overall impact positive, and their schools to be safer than ever before.Department of Educational Leadership
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Acharya, Gautam. "Legal aspects of aviation security measures taken at airports." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98600.
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Aviation and the internet are two conveniences without which the modern world would almost grind to a halt given our current dependence levels (on them). If both were to suddenly vanish, mankind would be thrown back to the late 19th century reminiscent of a world which was once a smaller place.Aviation plays a critical role in our daily life transporting man and material over vast distances in a relatively short period of time. A vital cog in this wheel is the airport that 'facilitates' the safe loading, unloading, take-off and landing of aircraft.
For some time now, aircraft have been the target of various terrorist groups and militant factions seeking to make a point to the world in the most dramatic fashion possible. To maintain the security of civil aviation, laws have been promulgated (both nationally and internationally) to ensure that the perpetrators (of the crime) when caught, will be adequately punished and in a manner that will deter others from committing crimes against civil aviation. However this law-making process (in large part initiated by the International Civil Aviation Organization) has not sufficiently addressed airports and the security therein.
This paper seeks to examine---and in some cases suggest improvements to---aviation security laws at large, with a specific emphasis on airports. It is believed that a more comprehensive set of laws governing aviation security would result in greater efficacy of airport security procedures thus reducing the need for prospective judicial intervention and concomitant lengthy court proceedings.
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Kilminster-Binder, Sandra. "A report on nurses' response to occupational injuries and exposures to hazards in a Californian community hospital." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2001. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1033.
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This study set out to determine the reasons for underreporting of occupational injuries and exposures in the American health care environment. A cross sectional survey was used to report the responses and opinions of nurses who failed to report all occupational injuries and exposures, and the type of injuries that are least likely to be reported. The participants were a random sample of Registered Nurses employed in a California Health Care Center, who responded to a simple self-reporting questionnaire. The study revealed that the majority of occupational injuries, accidents and exposures by this group in the previous twelve month period had gone unreported. Ineffective education, unfamiliarity with methods of reporting and poor staffing ratios were factors that led to poor compliance of reporting. Other factors such as length of service and experience did not influence reporting habits. The originality of this research was that the questionnaire looked at the compliance of health and safe practices with consideration of the personal beliefs and attitudes that nurses hold in the workplace. Its significance is that it identified and documented appropriate strategies for employers to use to rectify the problem of reporting occupational injuries and accidents as well as described and analyzed the current systems in place.
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Leung, Shui-cheung, and 梁瑞祥. "A study of safety in lift industry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30409172.
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Wong, Kai-fat, and 王啟發. "Review of rockfall mitigation measures in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42576088.
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Laxton, Travis Clark. "Refining the construct of school safety : an exploration of correlates and construct validity of school safety measures /." view abstract or download file of text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3181107.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-125). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Shapiro, Stephen Mark. "Development, evaluation, and implementation of safety measures to prevent marine accidents." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01122010-020105/.
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Ameer, Ahmed. "Safety measures to reduce medication administration errors in Paediatric Intensive Care Unit." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/16352.
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Objective: Medicine administration is the last process of the medication cycle. However, errors can happen during this process. Children are at an increased risk from these errors. This has been extensively investigated but evidence is lacking on effective interventions. Therefore, the aim of this research is to propose safety measures to reduce medication administration errors (MAE) in the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Method: The research was carried out over five studies; 1) systematic literature review, 2) national survey of PICU medication error interventions, 3) retrospective analysis of medication error incidents, 4) prospective observation of the administration practice, and 5) survey of PICU healthcare professionals' opinions on MAE contributory factors and safety measures. Results: Hospital MAE in children found in literature accounted for a mean of 50% of all reported medication error reports (n= 12552). It was also identified in a mean of 29% of doses observed (n= 8894). This study found MAE retrospectively in 43% of all medication incidents (n= 412). Additionally, a total of 269 MAEs were observed (32% per dose observation). The characteristics of the interventions used to reduce MAE are diverse but it illustrated that a single approach is not enough. Also for an intervention to be a success it is fundamental to build a safety culture. This is achieved by developing a culture of collaborative learning from errors without assigning blame. Furthermore, MAE contributing factors were found to include; interruptions, inadequate resources, working conditions and no pre-prepared infusions. The following safety measures were proposed to reduce MAE; 1) dose banding, 2) improved lighting conditions, 3) decision support tool with calculation aid, 4) use of pre-prepared infusions, 5) enhance the double-checking process, 6) medicine administration checklist, and 7) an intolerant culture to interruption. Conclusion: This is one of the first comprehensive study of to explore MAE in PICU from different perspectives. The aim and objectives of the research were fulfilled. Future research includes the need to implement the proposed safety measures and evaluate them in practice.
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Waters, Joanna. "Perceptions of personal safety on university campuses." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2006. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/perceptions-of-personal-safety-on-university-campuses(34446044-5628-4879-903d-318cf291b304).html.
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Recent research in the United Kingdom has indicated that many students experience high levels of fear of crime and victimisation on university campuses. Furthermore, research has recognised that positive feelings of safety can be engendered through changes to the physical environment of the campus. However, existing campus safety research focuses predominantly on student vulnerability and relies typically on quantitative methodologies.
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Malowaniec, Leah. "An analysis of opportunities and barriers related to the establishment of safer injection rooms in Canada /." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33464.
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Increasing rates of infectious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis C, overdose deaths, and social concerns around injection drug use have resulted in the need to evaluate new initiatives for harm reduction in Canada. This study examined experts' views on the feasibility of, benefits of, and barriers to the establishment of safer injection rooms in Canada. The qualitative model involved interviews (N = 6) with a range of professionals in the area of addictions. Analysis of the data revealed that there is an urgent need for expanded and improved harm reduction strategies, that safer injection rooms could offer many benefits to Canadians, that several debates exist with regard to the policies and services related to safer injection rooms, and that safer injection rooms, as well as alternative initiatives, must be considered if Canada wishes to promote health among drug users and wider communities. The implications of the findings for social work and further research are discussed. Recommendations include expanded educational initiatives for professionals and the public, intensive research related to the specific Canadian context, and the establishment of a trial protocol.
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Jun, Jungwook. "Potential Crash Measures Based on GPS-Observed Driving Behavior Activity Metrics." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19832.
Full textAbstract:
Identifying and understanding the relationships between observed driving behavior over long-term periods and corresponding crash involvement rates is paramount to enhancing safety improvement programs and providing useful insights for transportation safety engineers, policy markers, insurance industries, and the public. Unlike previous data collection methods, recent advancement in mobile computing and accuracy of global positioning systems (GPS) allow researchers to monitor driving activities of large fleets of vehicles, for long-time study periods, at great detail.
This study investigates the driving patterns of drivers who have and who have not experienced crashes during a 14-month study period using the longitudinally collected GPS data during a six-month Commute Atlanta study. This investigation allows an empirical investigation to assess whether drivers with recent crash experiences exhibit different driving or activity patterns (travel mileage, travel duration, speed, acceleration, speed stability duration, frequency of unfamiliar roadway activities, frequency of turn movement activities, and previous crash location exposures). This study also discusses various techniques of implementing GPS data streams in safety analyses. Finally, this study provides useful guidance for researchers who plan to evaluate the relationships between driver driving behavior and crash risk with large sample data and proposes driving behavior activity exposure metrics of individual drivers for possible safety surrogate measures as well as for driver re-training and education programs.
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Tays, Jeffrey K. "Shielding effectiveness of an 18 MeV medical accelerator room's hanging door." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17068.
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Van, der Merwe Jacobus Johannes. "An assessment of the safety culture in a manufacturing plant." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97365.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Manufacturing plants should strive towards achieving and maintaining good safety records. It is however difficult for plants to identify specific safety problem areas that can be improved on. One way to identify specific safety areas that needs improvement is by conducting a safety culture survey. A manufacturing plant within South Africa realised the need to improve on its safety performance. However, it was not clear which aspects of its work and safety related practices were at risk. Management therefore decided to obtain an assessment of the safety culture profile of the plant. The assessment was done by way of a plant-wide safety culture survey. The safety culture questionnaire was developed, as part of this research, through an in-house consultation process. This process resulted in identifying 16 different safety-related themes. With the help of literature, these themes were further explored to design the questionnaire. The identified safety themes were measured during the survey and results obtained for each of the plant’s identified safety practices. The survey also provided an overall mean score of the plant’s safety culture, providing management with a better understanding of where they stand in their safety improvement journey. The plant’s equipment, materials and tools; overall rules and regulations; environment, health and safety suggestions; rewards and reinforcement; and management involvement practices was identified as practices that require an immediate response. The plant’s incident reporting and investigation, discipline and training safety practices were identified as less urgent risks.
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Geminiani, Franco Luciano. "A model to improve the effectiveness of the Occupational Health and Safety Inspectorate function relative to South African construction." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/719.
Full textAbstract:
Irrespective of all the efforts made by the Department of Labour (DoL) and other relevant stakeholders to improve the performance of Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) in construction. In the Construction Industry, there is still a very high level of accidents and fatalities in South Africa. Injuries and accidents to workers do not help a community in any nation. The construction industry in South Africa is generally known to be one of the most hazardous and has one of the most dismal OH&S records among all industrial segments with an unacceptably high level of injuries and fatalities resulting in considerable human suffering. A doctoral study was recently conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness and performance of the DoL OH&S Inspectorate in South Africa. The empirical study was conducted among a range of stakeholders: civil engineering and building contractors; OH&S consultants; project managers; DoL inspectors; and designers by means of a questionnaire survey. The methodology adopted in this study included the exploratory and descriptive methods, which entails the technique of observation including the use of questionnaires and data analysis. The salient findings of the study are presented and elucidate that the DoL OH&S Inspectorate is not effective in terms of OH&S relative to the construction industry in South Africa. Conclusions and recommendations included expound that the DoL OH&S Inspectorate is not effectively conducting their duties reinforcing the need for a reviewed OH&S Inspectorate model framework. The proposed structured normative model consists of fundamental elements which would improve the effectiveness of the DoL OH&S Inspectorate. The findings of the study with recommendations are included.
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Griffis, Neale Jeff. "Performance evaluation of the Dosicard electronic personal dosimeter." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16991.
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Blyth, Annie. "The effects of different types of mouthguards on ventilation /." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81600.
Full textAbstract:
Athletes wear mouthguards to decrease the risk of injuries. However, many athletes resist wearing mouthguards due to problems with speech and breathing during play. Breathing difficulties may suggest limitations with ventilation. The purpose of this study was to examine peak inspiratory and peak expiratory air flow at different ventilatory rates using various types of mouthguards and a no mouthguard condition. Mouthguards were fitted into a dental model and air was ventilated through the model at three flow rates (30, 45, 60 strokes·min-1) using 2 and 3 L syringes. Flows were recorded using a Medisoft Ergocard. Peak flows (L·s -1) were recorded for 10 strokes during each condition. At 180 L·min -1, only bimolar mouthguards impeded air flow compared to the no mouthguard condition. In addition, the Shock Doctor bimolar mouthguard experienced decreased peak values compared to several mouthguards. Results suggest that peak flow is lowered at high ventilation with bimolar mouthguards.
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吳楚儀 and Chor-yi Ng. "Radiation hazards of building materials." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3121051X.
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Rogers, Paul. "Modelling the crashworthiness of specialist wheelchair devices." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2008. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/modelling-the-crashworthiness-of-specialist-wheelchair-devices(b789c8e3-0998-4560-a991-d53b968769bc).html.
Full textAbstract:
A small percentage of wheelchair users are unable to transfer from their wheelchair to a vehicle during transportation. Reasons for an occupant to remain in the wheelchair during transport may be the inability to safely transfer to a vehicle seat, the occupant's requirement of a specialist postural management wheelchair seating system or reliance on life support equipment attached to the wheelchair. The Rehabilitation Engineering Unit at Rookwood Hospital deal with people who require either a specialist postural support wheelchair seating system, life support equipment or both. To cater for such equipment the wheelchairs have to be modified to some degree and sometimes completely custom made. In performing modifications to the wheelchairs the Rehabilitation Engineering Unit take on the manufactures responsibilities, one of which is to ensure that the wheelchair is safe for use in transport. Standard crash tests for production wheelchairs are destructive so are impractical to use for bespoke wheelchair designs meaning that the Clinical Engineers at the Hospital have to rely on their best engineering judgement as to whether a wheelchair design is crash worthy or not. It was proposed that by using computer crash simulation techniques an informed judgement of the crashworthiness of the bespoke wheelchair designs could be attained. A series of computer models of occupied wheelchairs were created and validated against physical crash data performed on surrogate wheelchairs. These validated wheelchair computer models were then used to examine a series of different crash scenarios that provided the Clinical Engineers at Rookwood hospital with an informed process for virtually assessing the crashworthiness of their wheelchair designs. The validation results showed that the wheelchair crashworthiness could feasibly be predicted by computer simulation. This thesis concluded that attaching equipment to the wheelchair can increase both its horizontal displacement and the forces on the tiedowns securing the wheelchair to the vehicle chassis. Skewed impact simulations also highlighted the poor lateral restraint ability of the 4-point webbing tie-down system and also the importance of sufficient lateral support on the wheelchair for occupant protection.
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Johnson, Todd Robert. "Safety at Half-Signal Intersections in Portland, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2015. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2200.
Full textAbstract:
The safety at half-signalized intersections in Portland, Oregon is analyzed in this thesis using 10 years of crash history and analysis of video that was collected at a subset of intersections. A half-signalized intersection has a standard red-yellow-green traffic signal for automobiles on the major road, a stop sign for motorists on the minor road, and a pedestrian signal with actuation for pedestrians and/or bicyclists on the minor road. Although prevalent in Canada, this type of intersection control is not typically found in the United States because the MUTCD explicitly prohibits its use. Half-signal use is limited mostly to two cities in the Pacific Northwest. In Portland, Oregon there are forty-seven intersections where half-signals are used but the last installation was in 1986; Seattle has over 100 intersections with half-signals and installs these in new locations where warranted.
To explore the safety records of these intersections in Portland, crash data from 2002-2011 was analyzed. A total of 442 crashes over the ten-year period at half-signals were observed. Sixteen of these 442 crashes involved pedestrians. In the crashes involving pedestrians, significant differences were found between the approach street of the vehicle and whether the pedestrian or driver was at fault. In the crash error reports, it was found that significantly more of the crashes involving pedestrians were the fault of motorists departing from the minor road who collided with pedestrians crossing the major street. Further crash analysis at half-signals was performed by developing matched comparison groups of minor stop controlled and fully signalized intersections. Crash rates were 0.158 and 0.178 crashes per million entering vehicles for 3-leg and 4-leg half-signals and these rates did not differ significantly from the minor street stop controlled and signalized comparison groups. Results from the matched comparison showed that the half-signalized group had more rear-end crashes when compared with the minor stop controlled group. This was the only result that held significance when crash rates were considered. It was also observed that the minor stop controlled group had a higher proportion of angle crashes when compared with the half-signal group but this did not influence the crash severity. Pedestrian crashes were more prevalent in the half-signal group when compared with the fully-signalized group. Pedestrian volumes were not available which would be used to determine if this significant measure is a result of higher pedestrian use at half-signals.
In addition to crash analysis, video was captured at five half-signalized intersections totaling 180 hours. Traffic volumes, pedestrian and bicycle volumes, and signal actuations were collected over a twenty-four hour period. Over this twenty-four hour period the five intersections averaged daily counts of 18613 vehicles on the major street, 591 vehicles on the minor street, 263 pedestrians crossing the major street, 285 pedestrians crossing the minor street, 52 bicycles on the major street, 37 bicycles on the minor street, and 126 signal actuations. Twenty-four hour observations from each of the intersections were used to study conflicts and compliance. No conflicts were observed that reflect the left-turning from the minor street pedestrian crashes that were identified in the crash history. Compliance of the half-signal by vehicles and pedestrians was comparable to compliance at fully-signalized intersections found in other studies with one exception. Across the intersections where video was collected, consisting of four 4-leg intersections and one 3-leg intersection, seven left turn on red violations were observed which had a significant impact on the time after red that red light violations were made. It is hypothesized that at half-signals vehicles on the major street make a left turn on the red signal very late into the red phase because there is not a risk of colliding with a vehicle traveling on the minor street since traffic volumes on the minor street are comparably low. The observed left turn on red violations did not put pedestrians at risk since by that point into the signal pedestrians were already clear of the intersection.
Finally, a stop compliance logistic regression model was developed at four four-leg intersections to see what factors had an effect on minor street vehicle stop compliance. All 166 hours of video were used to observe vehicles that arrived at the half-signal during the pedestrian phase. The dependent variable collected was whether a vehicle came to an acceptable stop. Independent variables collected included the vehicle's queue position, if it was the peak school period, if there was a vehicle across the street on the minor road, if a vehicle was stopped at the signal on the major street, if a pedestrian was present when the vehicle arrived, and the movement that the vehicle made from the minor street. Independent variables used in the model included the vehicle's queue position, if a vehicle was stopped at the signal on the major street, if a pedestrian was present, and if the vehicle made a right turn at the signal. Pedestrian presence and right turning vehicles had a positive impact on stop compliance. Vehicles being further back in the queue and cars stopped at the signal on the major street had a negative impact on stop sign compliance. In the model, pedestrian presence had the largest positive impact on stop compliance. When pedestrians were present, a motorist on the minor street was four times more likely to stop at the sign.
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Walsh, Wendy. "Hazardous substances legislation in the educational environment : strategies for compliance." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1997.
Find full textAbstract:
The Queensland Workplace Health and Safety Act 1995, Regulation,Compliance Standards and Advisory Standards provide a framework for improving levels of workplace health and safety. The Act outlines particular health and safety obligations placed on all members of the workforce. In 1995, the Workplace Health and Safety (Hazardous Substances) Compliance Standard was released. This compliance standard was based on National
Model Regulations for Hazardous Substances. This legally binding compliance standard has prompted the Department of Education, Queensland to begin
appraising its position in light of new regulations.
The aim of this study was to examine the most appropriate method for achieving compliance with Hazardous Substances legislation in the Educational Environment. The population of the study was drawn from the Department of
Education, Queensland which is diverse in both educational environment and geographical location. The study consisted of the distribution and analysis of a
survey to two sample populations of school Principals (n=90) and regional Occupational Health and Safety Advisers (n=11) of which 77 and 11 surveys were completed and returned respectively. The results highlighted the fact that although 87% of school Principals sampled
were aware of Hazardous Substances Legislation only 62% had altered their practices in order to comply with the law. Major barriers were identified to achieving compliance including insufficient resources, insufficient time and the complexity of the legislation.
The literature highlighted the nature of hazardous substances in the educational
setting as opposed to that in heavy industry. The differences emphasising the
probable time, resources and interpretation of law when numerous substances
in small controlled amounts are in use as opposed to large volumes of a few
substances.
Principals and Regional Occupational Health and Safety Advisers identified
methods of assistance that would be of most benefit to educational facilities. They were eager to receive assistance that would minimise time and resource
expenditure such as generic assessments of risk, a state wide systems approach in the form of a support document and access to training. Access to disposal assistance and advice was another form of assistance sought . Although disposal is not specifically addressed in the Workplace
Health and Safety (Hazardous Substances) Compliance Standard, 1995, the
ultimate outcome of compliance requires the disposal of excess quantities of
substances not in current use.It was concluded that although the hazardous substances legislation is
mandatory, many schools in Queensland are currently unable to comply without a statewide strategy of assistance. The use of the theory of Participative
Management in the collection of information was useful in obtaining relevant and meaningful data. Recommendations drawn from this study based on the requirements for legislative compliance and the requirements of educational locations within the Department of Education (Queensland) were as follows:
• Development of a support document providing a clear process for the
management of hazardous substances in schools.
• Provision of a coordinated, statewide approach to purchasing and disposal of
hazardous substances.
• Development of generic strategies through the shared use of knowledge and
expertise available.
• Development of policy reflecting the response of the Department of Education to the requirements of school locations.
The effectiveness of the implementation of these recommendations and the benefits of participative management in the development of policy may provide
topics for further research within this area.
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Tam, Yuen-chi, and 譚遠志. "The effectiveness of the safety management system on the MTR." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4257514X.
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Lam, Tin-sing Enoch, and 林天星. "An analysis of the Hong Kong government's construction safety policy in the 1990's." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3196526X.
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Lawrie, Matthew John. "Developing measures of readiness to change and safety culture in an organisation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.695866.
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Johnston, Glen Harvey George. "Evaluation of radiation and dust hazards associated with mineral sand processing." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1988. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/35942/1/35942_Johnston_1988.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Possible health hazards have been investigated in a mineral sand processing plant to determine the risks to workers contributed by four principal sources:
(i) External gamma radiation ii) Inhaled radioactivity in airborne dust particles (iii) Inhaled activity from airborne radon and radon daughter isotopes
(iv) Respirable free silica Gamma radiation surveys of the plant working environs using
a portable survey meter indicated possible exposure rates
ranging from 70 nSv h-1 to a maximum of 50 μsv h- 1 (near a large pile of monazite sand). The average exposure rate was 400 nSv h-1 • Assuming 100% worker occupancy time under this average rate, then a possible gamma radiation dose of 1 mSv could be received in one working year (2000 hours exposure). Airborne dust sampling in the dry mill of the process plant comprising samples obtained from a portable personal air sampler, stationary high volume samples and cascade impactor samples indicated an average gross alpha-activity or concentration range of 0.02 to 0.16 Bq m-3 (average = .07 Bq m-3 ), with an average activity median aerodynamic diameter (AMAD) of 3.2μm and an activity ratio of 2.4(± 0.4) activity air concentration value average thorium/uranium
1. The average alpha is about 12% of the
recommended derived air concentration limit.
Airborne radon-222 gas released from mineral sand products as detected using solid state nuclear track detectors (CR- 9 plastic). Gas concentrations in the dry mill were found to range from 30 to 220 Bq m~ (average= 35 ± 15 Bq m-3 ). Compared to an equilibrium equivalent recommended limit of
1500 Bq m-3 (International Commission on Radiological
Protection), the average radon-222 concentration is some 2% of the limit. X-ray diffraction measurements on eleven (11) samples of respirable dust revealed four (4) samples having quartz concentrations exceeding the recommended limits. The average percent quartz content in the plant was determined to (by mass) of airborne dust
be (22 + 7)%, with an average quartz mass concentration of 0.8 ± 0.5 mg m-3 •
This may be compared with a mass concentration limit of
0.93 mg m-3 > which places the average quartz concentration
at 86 % of the limit.
Respirable dust in the plant is the chief source of hazard from both a radiological and non-radiological standpoint. General recommendations for reduction of risk include: (i) Reduction of dust from the working environment (possibly enclosing and ventilating dust
producing machinery); (ii) Wearing of efficient respiratory protection apparatus by workers;
(iii)Reduction of worker occupancy time in dust
affected areas.
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Ale, Gom. "Safety Effectiveness and Safety-Based Volume Warrants of Right-Turn Lanes at Unsignalized Intersections and Driveways on Two-Lane Roadways." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/19235.
Full textAbstract:
Disagreements regarding to what degree right-turn lanes improve or worsen the safety of intersections and driveways provided the motivation and the need for this study. The objectives of this study were to: a) carry out an in-depth study to determine the safety impacts of right-turn movements in different contexts, and b) develop safety-based volume warrants for right-turn lanes if safety indeed improves. Lack of adequate study on the applicability of past warrants and guidelines for the specific context of right-turn movements made from major uncontrolled approaches at unsignalized intersections, and particularly driveways, on two-lane roadways provided the scope for this study. Five-year historical data of statewide traffic crashes reported on Minnesota's twolane trunk highways were analyzed using binary/multinomial logistic regressions. Conflicts due to right turns were analyzed by fitting least squares conflict prediction models based on the data obtained from field surveys and traffic simulations. The safety impacts of rightturn lanes were determined through crash-conflict relationships, crash injury severity, and crash and construction costs. The study found that the probabilities of right-turn movement related crash ranged from 1.6 to 17.2% at intersections and from 7.8 to 38.7% at driveways. Rear-end, samedirection- sideswipe, right-angle and right-turn crash types constituted 96% of right-turn movement related crashes. Rear-end crash probabilities varied from 13.7 to 46.4% at approaches with right-turn lanes and from 37.9 to 76.9% otherwise. The ratios of rearend/ same-direction-sideswipe crashes to conflicts were 0.759 x 10-6 at approaches with right-turn lanes and 1.547 x 10-6 otherwise. iv Overall, right-turn lanes reduced right-turn movement related crash occurrences and conflicts by 85% and 80%, respectively. Right-turn lanes also reduced crash injury severity, hence, reducing the economic cost by 26%. Safety benefits, in dollars, realized with the use of right-turn lanes at driveways were 29% and 7% higher compared to those at intersections at low and high speed conditions respectively for similar traffic conditions. Depending on roadway conditions, interest rate and construction costs, the safety-based volume thresholds ranged from 3 to 200 right turns per hour during the design hour at intersection approaches, and from 2 to 175 right turns at driveway approaches.Civil and Environmental Engineering
College of Engineering
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Simpson, Ian Robert Safety Science Faculty of Science UNSW. "An investigation into the use of positive performance indicators to measure OHS performance." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Safety Science, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/25732.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis describes the development, application and evaluation of an OHS measurement tool incorporating positive performance indicators to measure OHS performance in Australia Post, a large multi-site postal organisation. Positive Performance Indicators (PPIs) are identified as systematically implemented measures of the management processes initiated to achieve strategic goals. A literature review indicated that there was widespread support for the use of PPIs to measure OHS performance, with proponents advocating their use to monitor and promote implementation of target OHS strategies, and to evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies by using PPIs in conjunction with outcome indicators. Despite this widespread support, there was little practical guidance published on the development or application of PPIs, nor was there empirical evidence validating the claims of advocates. A series of research projects was undertaken to firstly develop - then evaluate - a set of OHS self-assessment tools incorporating PPIs. These projects comprised: review of the Australia Post OHS strategic plan, as the basis for the development of PPIs to measure that plan; development of a set of paper-based self-assessment tools incorporating quantitative OHS PPIs to measure the local implementation of the OHS strategic plan; quasi-experimental pilot study of the use of the OHS PPI self-assessment tools by Postal Managers, to investigate the reliability and effectiveness of the OHS PPI process in monitoring and driving conformance of OHS management processes; experimental study of the use of the OHS PPI self-assessment tools by Postal Delivery Facility Managers, to validate and extend the findings of the pilot study; development of a web-based software application to facilitate OHS PPI data collection and reporting; and, the use of correlation statistics to study the relationship of OHS PPIs with OHS outcome measures, and to assess their role in evaluating the effectiveness of specific OHS strategies. The studies demonstrated that the OHS PPI self-assessment tool could be effectively used by local facility managers to assess and report their implementation of the OHS strategic plan. In addition, the OHS PPI self-assessment process proved to strongly improve the local implementation of those OHS management processes measured. The study further showed that the consistent attention to OHS management processes driven by the OHS PPI measurement process assisted in the achievement of impressive OHS outcome improvements. However, the study showed that the use of correlation statistics to link OHS PPIs with outcome measures to evaluate the effectiveness of OHS management strategies has only limited value. Limitations in both the OHS PPI and outcome measurement data and in the correlation statistics restrict the extent to which findings can be interpreted or that conclusive judgements concerning the effectiveness of strategies can be drawn. The thesis concludes with an account of Australia Post's experiences in integrating OHS PPIs into its OHS management system.
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Deacon, Claire Helen. "The effect of the integration of design, procurement, and construction relative to health and safety." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/15038.
Full textAbstract:
The rates of fatalities, injuries and diseases from work, has been a longstanding challenge for centuries. The challenge is validated by the fact that there is not a paper, or publication, that appears to have been written worldwide, without discussion regarding the extent of the problem in the construction industry. Despite there being prescriptive statutory requirements applicable to the sector, all attempts to reduce the reduce the accident rates in South Africa appear to have been largely unsuccessful. The review of literature indicates that most research has focused on design, designers, roles of stakeholders, inter alia that relate to construction health and safety. Given the situation noted, the research investigated design, various aspects of the construction process and stakeholders, and the inclusion of procurement as a major component of the construction process. A triangulated, or mixed methods research methodology was utilised for the thesis. The qualitative methodology utilised in Action Research (AR) and a total of three FGs’ sought to develop a theoretical model that would identify multi-stakeholder policies, practice and education requirements. An extensive international, African and South African literature review was conducted as part of the secondary research and the grounding for the mixed methodology of research. The information sought to contextualise the South African paradigm and practices. Two quantitative, multi-stakeholders’ studies were conducted during the development of the research. The quantitative aspect considers the perceptions of those practicing or involved in H&S, the interface regarding the stakeholders and ‘issues’ experienced in the challenges relating to daily work. Themes were developed, inter alia: a general; workers; management (including supervision, responsibilities and pricing); a stakeholders’ theme (including project managers; design and designers, and client), and the construction H&S theme (including the CHSA, construction H&S Manager (CHSM), construction H&S Officer (CHSO)). A total of 22 hypotheses were tested. The hypotheses considered all the stakeholders, within the framework of the research. Only 1 hypothesis was not supported, and hypothesis was partially supported. Three AR FGs’ were held in the Sarah Baartman District (a building focus) and at the Bhisho offices (a civil engineering focus) of the ECDRPW. The research considered the procurement processes that underpins a project, with some elements relative to the interface of H&S, design, the stages of work, and the current legislative framework. A validated theoretical model, the ‘Deacon Procurement, Design and Health and Safety Model’ emerged from the qualitative aspect of the research. The salient findings indicate a tendency in the industry to operate in silos, adhere to minimum levels of compliance, and not determining other aspects that could possibly reduce project and financial risk. Therefore, stakeholders need to work together, across the stages of work. Level of confidence is low among clients and built environment groups regarding H&S across the project life cycle, resulting in the non-compliance, and increased project risk. Clients such as the National Treasury do not identify H&S risks during project planning, resulting in the lack of adequate resources for projects, with supply chain management and procurement not ensuring compliance and technical expertise. Due to lack of knowledge CHSAs’, CHSMs’, and CHSOs,’ are not appointed timeously, resulting in noncompliance, and increased project risk. The construction H&S practitioners level of confidence is affected by lack of experience, not knowledge, in contrast to the lack of H&S knowledge of built environment professionals. A range of recommendations are provided that include, inter alia: development of policy, guidelines and practice notes regarding H&S, supply chain management and procurement; education and training, continuing professional development, training and workshops, and further research.
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Poon, Ping-yeung, and 潘炳揚. "Explaining changes in food safety institutions in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206349.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation examines changes in Hong Kong’s food safety institutions using an historical institutional approach. Hong Kong has faced enormous challenges in food safety over the last two decades. The avian flu crisis in 1997 and the malachite green crisis in 2005 were the two most notable examples. Both crises were recipes for institutional change. There was drastic reform in 2000 to form a unified food safety authority, the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, to replace the old legacy of municipal councils and municipal service departments. The established municipal councils failed to sustain themselves and the government replaced them with new institutions. Moreover, in 2005, the government proposed a new Food Safety, Inspection and Quarantine Department to overcome failings in food safety. These changes and reforms developed in variance from what could have been expected using theories of punctuated equilibrium and critical juncture (which emphasize exogenous shocks). My investigation suggests that we should not just focus on critical junctures and exogenous shocks but also study the processes and events outside these events. We cannot take it for granted that a significant exogenous shock will automatically result in institutional change without exploring the role they play and the mechanisms involved. Other endogenous processes or gradual changes may disrupt the mechanisms of institutional reproduction.
My research also suggests that the form of institutional change cannot be predicted based on critical junctures and exogenous events. Focusing on the features of political context and institutional properties, we can understand how it is possible to switch between different modes to fit the prevailing institutional and political context. Political appointees and senior civil servants, as change agents, need to focus on political barriers in the legislature before any institutional change in government can eventually succeed. Without major change in Hong Kong’s political system and landscape, there is less likelihood of introducing controversial policy changes, including institutional change. Change agents are more likely to make use of different modes of institutional change, such as layering and conversion, in order to circumvent political barriers and the stickiness of old institutions.published_or_final_version
Politics and Public Administration
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Shen, Yuzhong, and 申玉忠. "An investigation of safety climate on Hong Kong construction sites." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193457.
Full textAbstract:
Keeping stakeholders far from danger is even more urgent for the construction industry which features higher than average accident and fatality rates worldwide. Improving safety proactively and thus saving huge losses incurred through cultivating safety climate (i.e. people’s perception and attitude of safety policies, procedures, and practices at workplaces) has been advocated and studied since 1980s. Nevertheless, the issue remains that what are the antecedents and how do they impact on safety climate and hence safety behavior at the individual level. With the construction industry of Hong Kong in perspective, a plateau of accident statistics reached since the entry into the new millennium calls for research into possible human factors behind the scene. Against such backdrop, the investigation is carried out in an attempt to tackle the issue with both theoretical and practical implications.
With the aim at a better understanding of the research question, a two-stage mixed method research design featured with both qualitative and quantitative approaches is adopted. At the first stage, based on extant literature and 17 interviews with local construction practitioners, antecedents of safety climate are ascertained and categorized into five general perspectives, i.e. structural perspective, perceptual perspective, interactive perspective, cultural perspective, and to-be-confirmed perspective capturing factors not belonging to the first four perspectives. To increase the conceptual precision of safety climate and reveal the working mechanism of safety climate, a series of safety climate related outcomes are integrated into an initially hypothesized research model. Measurement instruments and practical relevance of latent constructs of interest are obtained by literature review and interviews. At the second stage, a large scale questionnaire survey targeting at construction practitioners across Hong Kong and case study of a local civil engineering project are conducted concurrently.
Based on 292 valid responses, most of the bi-variate correlations between constructs demonstrate support for the hypothesized relationships, despite of some unexpectedly weak effects implied by path coefficients of the initial structural model. After modification based on theory and practice, the modified structural model reveals four routes to forming safety climate, i.e. 1) sound organizational climate through fluent leader-member exchange; 2) client involvement via enforcing safety management system; 3) individualism leading to negative safety climate; and 4) sound supervisory practice contributing to positive safety climate. Furthermore, the revised model confirms the previously found relationships among safety climate and its related outcomes. Learning from the case study which involves six interviews, participant observations of onsite meetings, and analysis of documents including safety plan, safety manual, minutes of safety related meetings, and content analysis of the primary 17 interviews generally corroborate the findings. Taken together, the research achieves the established objectives, provides a framework for future investigations into antecedents of safety climate, and hence suggests that safety is an emergent property of a complicated socio-technical system, involving diversifying factors.
The implications of the findings have for devising safety interventions are discussed in the conclusion section, along with limitations and future research directions.published_or_final_version
Real Estate and Construction
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy