Relevant bibliographies by topics / Safe sex in AIDS prevention

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Safe sex in AIDS prevention'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Safe sex in AIDS prevention"

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Chacón Ortiz, Manuel, Kenia Barrantes, Rosario Achí, Mary Comerford, and Clyde McCoy,. "Sex practices and knowledge about HIV/AIDS among drug users in a low-income urban community of Costa Rica." Health and Addictions/Salud y Drogas 14, no. 1 (March 11, 2014): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v14i1.199.

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HIV/AIDS transmission among drug users is associated with education, sex practices and substance use. This study examined 159 drugs users’ knowledge, beliefs and sex behavior related to HIV/AIDS risk in Costa Rica. Results showed considerable use of marihuana, alcohol, crack and cocaine and a very low lifetime incidence of other drugs. All substance use patterns were higher than national averages. Respondents showed a high level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention. However, there did not seem to be a relationship between knowledge and practice. Unprotected sex was common and having an HIV/AIDS test was not a regular practice. Knowledge about HIV/AIDS is not a determinant factor for condom use among this group. It is concluded that having the proper knowledge about transmission and prevention does not guarantee safe sex practices. Further research and public health evidence based practices for HIV/AIDS prevention should target drug user population
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Sah, RB, A. Ghimire, and P. Parajuli. "Knowledge and attitude on sexual behaviour among school adolescents." Health Renaissance 10, no. 3 (December 4, 2012): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v10i3.7140.

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Background: Most of the adolescents of remote areas of Nepal lack the basic knowledge about sex due to which they are suffering from various sex related problems. Objective: To identify the level of knowledge and attitude about sex, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) especially HIV/AIDS and their prevention in adolescents. Methods: This crosssectional study was conducted in various secondary schools of Dhankuta district involving 200 adolescent students aged between 13 to19 years. Collected data was entered in microsoft excel and analysed. Results: Regarding safe sex, most of the students (26%) believe that safe sex is having sex with single partner only and about 13% percent of them had no idea about safe sex. Most of them (94%) think that HIV/AIDs can be transmitted from one person to another person from unsafe sexual contact. Most of the students (93%) believe that avoiding sex with multiple partners could prevent from getting HIV/AIDs. Conclusion: The perception about sexually transmitted diseases varies among school students. Some still had misconception regarding the route and cause of transmission of STI. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v10i3.7140 Health Renaissance; September-December 2012; Vol 10 (No.3);224-228
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Mahmood, Shakeel Ahmed Ibne. "HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh: The Role of Government in Health and Human Services Administration." Journal of Health and Human Services Administration 30, no. 2 (June 2007): 129–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107937390703000203.

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Explore the susceptibility of the People of Bangladesh to HIV/AIDS. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the neighboring countries may have reasonable proportions of impact in our country. According to the data provided by a Bangladesh University, the number of detected People living with HIV/AIDS reached 567 as of Dec 2005. Importance of appropriate education on safe sex, violence, HIV/AIDS at all levels of our society, including counseling and advocacy, is emphasized and recommends governmental policy and research for prevention of HIV/AIDS.
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Hunter, Joyce, and Robert Schaecher. "AIDS Prevention for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adolescents." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 75, no. 6 (June 1994): 346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438949407500603.

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Knowledge alone is not sufficient to motivate adolescents to adopt safer sex behaviors. Most efforts to address the AIDS crisis among adolescents have focused on providing information about how HIV is transmitted and describing ways to prevent infection. However, recent studies demonstrate that many adolescents lack knowledge and share misconceptions about HIV and do not practice safer sex. The authors present a successful cognitive–behavioral model for HIV prevention. Different modes of clinical intervention are presented within the context of the model.
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Leal, Andréa Fachel, Daniela Riva Knauth, and Márcia Thereza Couto. "The invisibility of heterosexuality in HIV/AIDS prevention for men." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 18, suppl 1 (September 2015): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4503201500050011.

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ABSTRACTHeterosexual men have been a forgotten group for HIV/AIDS interventions and research. Our goal was to identify the different elements that interfere in the prevention of HIV/AIDS among heterosexual men, covering both traditional methods of prevention (especially safe sex practices and testing) and new strategies for prevention (pre- and post-sexual exposure prophylaxis, prevention treatment, and circumcision) in this population. This exploratory article consists of a nonsystematic review of the literature. We discuss the invisibility of heterosexual men in policies, in programs, and in health services. The several interventions analyzed are still poorly monitored and evaluated, so there is a lack of consistent evidence regarding the impact of prevention strategies in this population. Different masculinities, including hegemonic conceptions of masculinity, must be the foundation for interventions targeting men. Men must not be seen merely as a "bridge" in the spread of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, but also as victims of gender patterns that make them vulnerable.
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Bassman, Lynette E. "Reality Testing and Self-Reported Aids Self-Care Behavior." Psychological Reports 70, no. 1 (February 1992): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.70.1.59.

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This investigation examined the relationship between reality testing and AIDS self-care behavior for 509 urban college students. It was hypothesized that reality testing may become impaired in sexual interactions that carry the risk of HIV infection, leading to imperfect adoption of safer sex practices. Reality testing, measured by the Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory, was significantly related to AIDS knowledge as measured by the AIDS Prevention Survey of Thomas and not significantly related to self-reported safer sex behavior, measured by Bassman's HIV Infection Prevention Scale.
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Strebel, Anna. "Whose Epidemic is it? Reviewing the Literature on Women and AIDS." South African Journal of Psychology 25, no. 1 (March 1995): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639502500102.

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AIDS is widely presented as a critical problem for women, which raises special issues of prevention and care. Although it is suggested that women are particularly vulnerable physiologically to HIV infection, biomedical research into treatment and prevention options specifically for women has been limited. Considerable social science research at both the theoretical and applied level has been documented. While analyses have tended to highlight broad structural factors, interventions have often been at individual/group level. The literature demonstrates the dilemma of AIDS being seen as women's responsibility, although they lack the power and means to implement safe sex. Gender imbalances in depictions of and responses to AIDS need to be attended to if the epidemic is to be effectively addressed.
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Feeney, Judith A., and Beverly Raphael. "Adult Attachments and Sexuality: Implications for Understanding Risk Behaviours for HIV Infection." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 26, no. 3 (September 1992): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679209072062.

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In response to the AIDS epidemic, there has been an intensification of interest in human sexuality research in general and “safe sex” practices in particular. Most research models have been somewhat mechanistic in focus, however, with little recognition of the significance of affectional needs in the formation and maintenance of sexual relationships. In this paper we propose that relationship issues are central to an understanding of the expression of sexuality, and that attachment theory provides a useful perspective on human sexual bonds. It is suggested that future research could usefully extend the conceptualisation of adult attachment styles by exploring the meaning of attachment relationships for gay and heterosexual couples, and the implications of attachment style for the behaviours associated with sexual relationships, including the negotiation of safe sex practices. Such research would have direct relevance for prevention programs relevant to HIV/AIDS.
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Ozgulnar, N., F. Sasaoglu, M. Cokar, F. Kayaturk, and B. Eren. "T12-P-05 Prevention of HIV/AIDS through empowerment of safe sex practices among sex workers, Istanbul, Turkey." Sexologies 17 (April 2008): S165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1158-1360(08)72978-5.

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Breny, Jean M., and Deirdre C. Lombardi. "‘I don’t want to be that guy walking in the feminine product aisle’: a Photovoice exploration of college men’s perceptions of safer sex responsibility." Global Health Promotion 26, no. 1 (February 2, 2017): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975916679362.

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Incidence and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) continue to increase among young heterosexual men and women in the United States. Although research studies examine the reasons why these young people are not engaging in safe sex behavior, many have not explored factors beyond individual behaviors. Much of the current research focuses on young women, for the most part leaving men out of the equation. In this study, a Photovoice methodology was used to examine social norms, media messaging and perceptions of responsibility surrounding safe sex practices, specifically condom use, among male heterosexual undergraduate students. Results showed that college-aged men are still prioritizing pregnancy prevention over disease prevention, which leads to assumptions that their female partners are on birth control and they do not need to use condoms. Participants pointed to media messages and condom placement that supports women’s responsibility for safer sex and condom negotiation. Future health promotion research and practice should focus on including men in the design and implementation process to address social norms and increase their sense of responsibility.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Safe sex in AIDS prevention"

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Simpson, Malcolm Robert. "Knowledge of safe sex practices and HIV transmission, propensity for risk taking, and alcohol/drug use in the aetiology of unprotected sex." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007421.

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Second year psychology students (N=176) from Rhodes University were surveyed using an anonymous questionnaire to obtain information on sexual behaviour and knowledge of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among young people. The following information was obtained: Knowledge of safe sex practices and HIV transmission was high although a number of misconceptions were noted. Only fifty six percent of students viewed oral sex with a condom as safe and thirty one percent do not consider mutual masturbation with a condom safe. Thirteen percent and twenty five percent respectively identified insects and saliva as being routes of HIV transmission. Magazines (96%), informal discussions with friends (95%), public pamphlets (86%) and public television (79%) were preferred sources of information. The students' knowledge did not appear to significantly affect sexual behaviour. Eighty percent of respondents were intimately involved with another person during the past twelve months, and only fifteen percent always made use of a latex barrier when being sexually intimate. Despite high rates of alcohol and/or drug consumption (80% of students use such substances), and the belief by the majority of respondents that alcohol and/or drugs facilitate higher risk behaviours, no support for the alcohol/risky sex hypothesis was found. Students were found to score highly on proneness to psychological and behavioural risk taking, and no significant relationship between this and unprotected sex was found. It can be concluded that educational programmes need to focus on what constitutes safe sexual practices in order to equip young adults with the knowledge they need to make informed choices regarding the relative risks of various sexual activities.
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Agocha, V. Bede. "Safer-sex decision making : a motivated cognition explanation of its underlying mechanisms /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3036803.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2001.
Library wanting Figure 11 which is missing from manuscript. Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-120). Also available on the Internet.
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Begum, Khurshida Pimonpan Isarabhakdi. "Impact of HIV/AIDS prevention program on safe sex practice among brothel based commercial sex workers in Bangladesh /." Abstract, 2003. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2546/cd357/4538001.pdf.

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Kosay, Homenouhak Jutatip Sillabutra. "Safe sex intention toward HIV/AIDS prevention among high school students of Khammoune province, Lao P.D.R. /." Abstract, 2008. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2551/cd415/5038112.pdf.

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Haochu, Li Pimpawun Boonmongkon. "Homosexuality in contemporary chinese society : implications for HIV/AIDS prevention /." Abstract, 2006. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2549/cd388/4737913.pdf.

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Kumarawansa, W. K. W. S. Boonyong Keiwkarnka. "Safe sex intention towards HIV/AIDS prevention among secondary school students of Khon Pathom province, Thailand /." Abstract, 2006. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2549/cd387/4837998.pdf.

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Shaw, Patricia M. "Lesbian women and AIDS : a literature review and discussion group for lesbian women on sexual health and safer sex education for prevention of HIV infection." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=118289.

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Research on AIDS and women is recent and focuses almost exclusively on the heterosexual population. Despite research on the sexual behavior of young women which asserts that lesbians are at low risk for exposure to HTV, many lesbians engage in high risk practices and are therefore at risk for infection. In order for AIDS education for this population to be effective, it must be designed spedfically to meet identified needs. [...]
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Kyaw, Soe Nyunt Boonyong Keiwkarnka. "Safe sex behavior towards HIV/AIDS among Myanmar reproductive aged migrants in Muang district, Samutsakhon province, Thailand /." Abstract, 2008. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2551/cd414/5038029.pdf.

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Vambe, Debrah. "A study of KAP of circumcirsed men towards safe sex in Manakayabe District in Swaziland." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79956.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: World Health Organisation (WHO) and UNAIDS named male circumcision as a key intervention in halting the spread of HIV in Africa. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa with low levels of male circumcision (MC) and high HIV prevalence are scaling up MC services, Swaziland being one of them. Despite the circumcisions done in Swaziland it seems there is no significant decrease in HIV prevalence which might be due to various reasons. One of the reasons noted was the behaviour of men after circumcision because of the belief of total of immunity. This has led to an increase in high risk behaviour, increased promiscuity, multiple partners, more unsafe sex and failure to use condoms, thereby defeating the own stated purpose. Objectives: 1) To identify the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of circumcised men towards safe sex. 2) To establish the existing knowledge of the relationship between circumcision and HIV prevention. 3) To establish whether men in Swaziland take part in riskier sexual behaviour after or before being circumcised. 4) To make recommendations for the counseling programme. Methodology: A cross-sectional analytical study whereby both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection was used. Simple random sampling was used to select circumcised men from Mankayane hospital, Mankayane and Holy Rosary high schools and a total of 90(60 adults and 30 teenagers) filled in self- administered questionnaires and also took part in focus group discussions. Purposive sampling was used to choose the MC Counsellors and in-depth interviews were done to complement the information on knowledge, attitudes and practices of men towards safe sex before, during and after circumcision. An observation checklist was also used to check what they included in their counselling sessions. Results: The responses solicited from the men who participated in this study show that there is basic knowledge with regards to safe sex and the value of MC in the prevention of HIV. The pattern in the data however shows that those that were the most recent to undergo medical circumcision had the most varied opinions on the extent to which MC protect one from HIV. There was mixed attitude towards safe sex after circumcision, some wanting to maximise their satisfaction without using protection. The data also points to a pattern were the men have a high relationship turnover and this was more discernible among the teenagers who suggest that the relationships are not built on commitment but possible experimentation. While the study did not have control that tracked uncircumcised men for comparative purposes, the findings point to inconsistent use of condoms among men which heightens the risk of HIV transmission. The results point to a well-structured programme of counseling followed by MC counselors. Conclusion: The study was able to satisfy the aim and objectives. The research process was designed to collect the necessary data and be analysed in a manner that answered the research question. The research target population and subsequent sample represented the geographical scope of the study. The research tools were designed to be easy for the respondents to use. The distribution and collection method was designed to give the respondents less hassle as possible. This had a positive impact on the response rate, which increased the validity of the data collected. Both the literature review and primary research findings affirm that MC without behaviour change is not the panacea for prevention of HIV.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Wêreldgesondheidsorganisasie (WGO) en UNAIDS het manlike besnydenis as ’n belangrike intervensie uitgewys om die verspreiding van MIV in Afrika te stuit. Verskeie lande in Afrika suid van die Sahara met lae vlakke van manlike besnydenis (MB) en hoë vlakke van MIV is tans besig om MB-dienste uit te brei, en Swaziland is geen uitsondering nie. Ondanks die besnydenis wat in Swaziland gedoen word, blyk daar egter geen beduidende afname in MIV te wees nie. Dít kan aan verskillende redes toegeskryf word. Een daarvan is mans se gedrag ná besnyding vanweë hul oortuiging dat hul geheel en al immuun is. Dit het tot ’n toename in hoërisikogedrag, meer promiskuïteit, veelvuldige bedmaats, meer onveilige seks en ’n gebrek aan kondoomgebruik gelei, wat uiteraard die doel verydel. Oogmerke: 1) Om besnyde mans se kennis, houdings en praktyke met betrekking tot veilige seks te bepaal. 2) Om bestaande kennis oor die verband tussen besnydenis en MIV-voorkoming te bepaal. 3) Om vas te stel of mans in Swaziland voor of ná besnyding geneig is tot meer riskante seksuele gedrag. 4) Om aanbevelings te doen vir die MB-beradingsprogram. Metodologie: ’n Deursnee- analitiese studiebenadering met sowel kwalitatiewe as kwantitatiewe datainsamelingsmetodes is gevolg. Met behulp van eenvoudige ewekansige steekproefneming is mans van Mankayane-hospitaal en tienerseuns van Mankayane- en Holy Rosary-hoërskool gekies. Altesaam 90 respondente (60 volwassenes en 30 tieners) het vraelyste op hul eie ingevul en ook aan fokusgroepbesprekings deelgeneem. Doelbewuste steekproefneming is gebruik om ’n groep MB-beraders te kies, met wie daar diepteonderhoude gevoer is om die inligting oor mans se kennis, houdings en praktyke met betrekking tot veilige seks voor, gedurende en ná besnyding aan te vul. ’n Waarnemingskontrolelys is ook gebruik om af te merk wat die beraders by hul beradingsessies insluit. Resultate: Die antwoorde van die mans wat aan hierdie studie deelgeneem het, toon basiese kennis met betrekking tot veilige seks en die waarde van MB in die voorkoming van MIV. Die patroon in die data toon egter dat diegene wat mees onlangs mediese besnydenis ondergaan het, die mees uiteenlopende menings het oor die mate waarin MB jou teen MIV beskerm. Daar is ’n gemengde houding oor veilige seks ná besnyding: Party mans jaag eenvoudig so veel moontlik bevrediging na, sonder enige beskerming. Die data dui ook op ’n patroon van ’n hoë verhoudingsomset onder die respondente. Dít was veral waarneembaar onder die tieners, wat te kenne gee dat hul verhoudings nie op toewyding gegrond is nie, maar eerder moontlike eksperimentasie. Hoewel die studie geen kontrolegroep met onbesnyde mans vir vergelykende doeleindes gehad het nie, dui die bevindinge op inkonsekwente kondoomgebruik onder mans, wat op sy beurt die risiko van MIV-oordrag verhoog. Die resultate dui voorts daarop dat MB-beraders ’n goed gestruktureerde beradingsprogram volg. Gevolgtrekking: Die studie het in sy doel en oogmerke geslaag. Die navorsingsproses was ontwerp om die nodige data in te samel en te ontleed ten einde die navorsingsvraag te beantwoord. Die navorsing steikenpopulasie en gevolglike steekproef was verteenwoordigend van die geografiese studiebestek. Die navorsingsinstrumente was ontwerp vir maklike gebruik deur respondente. Die verspreidings- en insamelingsmetode is gekies om so min moontlik moeite vir respondente te veroorsaak. Dít het ’n positiewe impak op die reaksiesyfer gehad, wat weer die geldigheid van die ingesamelde data verhoog het. Sowel die literatuuroorsig as die primêre navorsingsbevindinge bevestig dat MB sonder gedragsverandering allermins ’n ‘wondermiddel’ vir MIV-voorkoming is.
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Kornhauzer, C. Monika (Cvetka Monika). "Sexual risk taking behaviors of women at risk for HIV." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35322.

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The number of women infected with the HIV virus through heterosexual contact is on the rise and expected to increase steadily throughout the 1990's. In order to prevent the further spread of HIV infection and AIDS, behavior change is essential. The focus of this study is on the sexual behaviors, safe sex practices, and the role that self-efficacy and self-assertiveness play in a woman's ability to put into effect preventative behaviors. The study sample consists of 40 heterosexual, English-speaking women from the Montreal area. The results indicate that just under half of this population are using condoms as a safe sex precaution, but they are being used inconsistently. Those participants who reported sometimes using condoms were also the same participants who more frequently reported modifying other aspects of their sexual behavior in order to reduce their risk of infection, as compared to those participants who did not report using condoms. It was also found that the participants' past sexual history, knowledge about HIV transmission, and awareness of risky sexual practices do not predict more cautious sexual behavior. One major factor which did seem to influence modification of risky sexual behaviors was the participants' perception of being at risk for HIV. The majority of the participants did not have difficulty in asserting their desire for safe sex. Their methods, however, in how they would choose to practise safe sex were dependent on the seriousness of the relationship, ability to trust their partner, and their current method of practising safe sex in their own sexual lives.
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Books on the topic "Safe sex in AIDS prevention"

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Daniel-Ange. Sida, safe-sexe ou save-sex?: Ce Tchernobyl ravageant l'amour --. Paris: Sarment-Fayard, 1997.

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Haylings, George W. A new safe sex despite deadly AIDS & STDs. Carlsbad, CA: Publico, 1992.

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Glenn, Swann, ed. Safe sex: The ultimate erotic guide. New York: New American Library, 1986.

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Clayton, Richard C. Gay now!: Play safe. Melbourne: Victorian AIDS Council, 1990.

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Fierstein, Harvey. Harvey Fierstein's safe sex. New York: Atheneum, 1988.

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Fierstein, Harvey. Harvey Fierstein's safe sex. New York: Atheneum, 1987.

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Ted, McIlvenna, Taylor Clark, and Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality., eds. The complete guide to safer sex. New York, N.Y: Barricade Books, 1999.

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Ted, McIlvenna, Taylor Clark 1937-, and Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality., eds. The Complete guide to safer sex. Fort Lee, N.J: Barricade Books, 1992.

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World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia. AIDS, no time for complacency. New Delhi: World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, 1997.

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Susan, Kippax, ed. Sustaining safe sex: Gay communities respond to AIDS. London: Falmer Press, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Safe sex in AIDS prevention"

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Inman, Marlene. "Sea, sand and safer sex: an alliance for HIV/AIDS prevention." In Alliances in Health Promotion, 187–94. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14297-2_19.

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Richter, Marlise, and Kholi Buthelezi. "Stigma, Denial of Health Services, and Other Human Rights Violations Faced by Sex Workers in Africa: “My Eyes Were Full of Tears Throughout Walking Towards the Clinic that I Was Referred to”." In Sex Work, Health, and Human Rights, 141–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64171-9_8.

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AbstractAn ethical and forward-looking health sector response to sex work aims to create a safe, effective, and non-judgemental space that attracts sex workers to its services. Yet, the clinical setting is often the site of human rights violations and many sex workers experience ill-treatment and abuse by healthcare providers. Research with male, female, and transgender sex workers in various African countries has documented a range of problems with healthcare provision in these settings, including: poor treatment, stigmatisation, and discrimination by healthcare workers; having to pay bribes to obtain services or treatment; being humiliated by healthcare workers; and, the breaching of confidentiality. These experiences are echoed by sex workers globally. Sex workers’ negative experiences with healthcare services result in illness and death and within the context of the AIDS epidemic act as a powerful barrier to effective HIV and STI prevention, care, and support. Conversely positive interactions with healthcare providers and health services empower sex workers, affirm sex worker dignity and agency, and support improved health outcomes and well-being. This chapter aims to explore the experiences of sex workers with healthcare systems in Africa as documented in the literature. Findings describe how negative healthcare workers’ attitudes and sexual moralism have compounded the stigma that sex workers face within communities and have led to poor health outcomes, particularly in relation to HIV and sexual and reproductive health. Key recommendations for policy and practice include implementation of comprehensive, rights-affirming health programmes designed in partnership with sex workers. These should be in tandem with structural interventions that shift away from outdated criminalized legal frameworks and implement violence prevention strategies, psycho-social support services, sex worker empowerment initiatives, and peer-led programmes.
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Larsson, Mariah. "Constructions of safe sex." In A Visual History of HIV/AIDS, 150–64. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315145310-11.

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Deering, Kathleen N., Kate Shannon, and Steffanie A. Strathdee. "Sex Work and HIV Prevention." In Encyclopedia of AIDS, 1–11. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9610-6_90-1.

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Deering, Kathleen N., Kate Shannon, and Steffanie A. Strathdee. "Sex Work and HIV Prevention." In Encyclopedia of AIDS, 1864–74. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7101-5_90.

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McBride, Dominica F. "Safe Sex Among Adolescents." In Encyclopedia of Primary Prevention and Health Promotion, 1446–56. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5999-6_169.

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Myers, T., R. G. Kurtz, F. Tudiver, E. Jackson, K. Orr, C. Rowe, S. Bullock, and M. Ennis. "Predictors of Change, Poor Outcome and Premature Drop-Out in a Randomized Control Study of AIDS Education: The Talking Sex Project." In Assessing AIDS Prevention, 158–67. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7211-9_15.

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Mimiaga, Matthew J., Elizabeth F. Closson, Amaya Perez-Brumer, and Jennifer A. Mitty. "HIV Prevention for Stimulant Using Men Who Have Sex with Men." In Encyclopedia of AIDS, 1–6. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9610-6_101-1.

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Mimiaga, Matthew J., Elizabeth F. Closson, Amaya Perez-Brumer, and Jennifer A. Mitty. "HIV Prevention for Stimulant Using Men Who Have Sex with Men." In Encyclopedia of AIDS, 782–87. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7101-5_101.

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Wu, Yu-Hua, Li-Shi Bai, Yan-Cheng Liu, and Zhong-Hou Zhao. "Men Who Have Sex with Men and HIV/AIDS Prevention in China." In AIDS in Asia, 365–77. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48536-7_26.

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Conference papers on the topic "Safe sex in AIDS prevention"

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Parung, Christina Albertina Ludwinia, and I. Gusti Ayu Maya Vratasti. "PSYCHOEDUCATION TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF HIV AMONG MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN IN SURABAYA CITY." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact015.

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"Sexual transmission of HIV among Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) is believed to be one of the sources of the AIDS epidemic. Nowadays, governments, communities, and NGOs are taking action to prevent its spread by assisting and educating groups of MSM in their countries. This assistance involves experts in many fields of study, including psychology. In the field of psychology, psychoeducation is believed to be one of the ways to assist the MSM groups. In September to December 2019, the authors conducted a mentoring effort to the MSM community at the MSM community gathering location called Gang Pattaya, in the city of Surabaya, the second largest and densely populated city in Indonesia The existence of this community is disguised by the general public, but is well known by NGOs. Community members do MSM out of their liking, although some do it in exchange for money. However, safety factors, such as using condoms for MSM, are not a priority for this community. They do MSM whether they receive a reward or not, just out of a boost of pleasure. There is no attempt to find out the health of the partner once they are attracted to each other. In general, they do not know whether they are infected with HIV. Most of them feel healthy and since they do not show any symptoms, they think it is not necessary to get tested. In the mentoring process, we conduct psychoeducation, which begins with an approach to certain individuals so that they are comfortable with our presence, then increasing awareness of safer sex behavior for HIV prevention for groups in the form of counseling using the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) approach. Counseling is carried out in various forms including roleplay, games, and seminars. The number of participants was 11 people as agents of changes of the community, varying from 19 - 47 years old. Pretest related to knowledge of safer sex was carried out before conducting the intervention and post-test after the intervention. The normality test used is the Shapiro-Wilk analysis. Different tests on the data obtained were carried out using the non-parametric Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. None of the participants had lower post-test knowledge scores than the pre-test. Prestest and post test for safer sex behavior showed 2 participants with safer sex behavior did not change. Both belong to the senior group, while other participants have an improvement in their safer sex behavior. These findings suggest that intervention programs for MSM as an effort to reduce HIV transmission should pay attention to affective and cognitive coping strategies."
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Fibriana, Arulita, and Muhammad Azinar. "Peer Education: Increased Knowledge and Practice of HIV/AIDS Prevention in Female Sex Workers." In Proceedings of the 5th International Seminar of Public Health and Education, ISPHE 2020, 22 July 2020, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.22-7-2020.2300253.

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Oliveira, Cristhiane Campos Marques de, Marihá Thaís Trombeta, Alvaro Macedo de Carvalho, Daniel Martins Borges, Izabela Junqueira Magalhães, Luiza de Lima Pereira, Pâmela Araújo da Silva, Thays da Silva Queiroz, Fabiana Nunes de Carvalho Mariz, and Carla Nunes de Araújo. "Sexually transmitted infection campaigns focusing on key populations promoted by the Ministry of Health." In XIII Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de DST - IX Congresso Brasileiro de AIDS - IV Congresso Latino Americano de IST/HIV/AIDS. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/dst-2177-8264-202133p218.

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Introduction: According to the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for the management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) from the Brazilian Ministry of Health, it is necessary to stimulate combined prevention in addition to advertising campaigns aimed at reaching key population. These include gays and other men who have sex with men (MSM), people who use alcohol and other drugs, people deprived of their liberty, sex workers, and transgender people. The goal of this strategy is an effective promotion of sexual health facing the HIV epidemic. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess STI prevention and communication campaigns aimed on the aforementioned key populations through documentary research in Brazil. Methods: This analysis was based on data from advertising pieces of national HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns carried out between 1998 and 2020. The search for these advertising pieces was carried out at the National Department for the Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections, HIV/AIDS and Viral Hepatitis, on the Ministry of Health website. Results: During the period, 64 STI/HIV/AIDS campaigns were performed and only nine were aimed at gays and other MSM, sex workers, and transgender people. Between 1998 and 2001, there were no campaigns for this audience, the last one being held in 2015. Thus, it was observed there were no campaigns for the past 6 years aimed at this vulnerable population. Conclusion: There is a lack of STI campaigns that target key population despite their high-risk behavior. As a result, there is less information reaching these individuals, which leads to a deficient health education and is unable to interrupt the chain of transmission not only of HIV but also of other STIs.
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Pradnyawati, Luh. "Educational Development and Sexual Networking and HIV/AIDS Prevention in Male Sex Couples (MSM) in Denpasar City." In Proceedings of the 1st Warmadewa International Conference on Science, Technology and Humanity, WICSTH 2021, 7-8 September 2021, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. EAI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.7-9-2021.2317726.

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Hubaybah, Hubaybah, and Adelina Fitri. "Evaluation of Hiv-Aids Prevention Program in Homosexual Men in Jambi." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.34.

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Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains a global public health concern. According to data in 2018, 37.9 million people in the world are infected with HIV. In Indonesia, the three most risky populations of HIV infection were injecting drug users (56%), homosexual men (18%), heterosexual (17%), and the others (9%), from April to June 2019. The reported data from the Integrated Biological and Behavioral Survey (IBBS) in 2015 showed that the significantly increased number of 2.5 times in the prevalence of HIV infection among homosexual men compared to the data from 2013. This study aimed to investigate the evaluation of HIV-AIDS prevention program in homosexual men in Jambi. Subjects and Method: This was a qualitative study conducted at Kanti Sehati Sejati Foundation, Jelutung, Jambi, from April to July 2020. The study informants were head of the foundation, head of population outreach program, field accessor of the population outreach program, and assisted homosexual client. The data were collected by in-depth interviews and document reviews. The data were analyzed by reduction, displaying, and drawing conclusions/ verification. Results: The input of the HIV-AIDS prevention was systematically programmed, including education on the used of lubricants and protection/ condoms, budget monitoring and evaluation, and counseling to homosexual men. The process of program had been implemented in accordance with the existing program implementation guidelines. The inhibiting factor of the program was the stigma of homosexual men families not supporting to seek health services. The output of the HIV-AIDS prevention program showed that homosexual men had improved the awareness of not changing partners, using condoms while having sex, and finding new cases of HIV. Conclusion: HIV-AIDS prevention programs have been well implemented based on input, process, and output system approach. Peer group support is needed to persuade understanding of families from homosexual men to overcome the inhibiting factor of the program implementation. Keywords: HIV-AIDS, prevention program, homosexual men Correspondence: Hubaybah. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Jambi. Jl. Letjend Soeprapto No 33 Telanai Pura Jambi. Email: hubaybah@unja.ac.id. Mobile: +628117453224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.34
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Aziz Sadiq Kasnazany, Taib. "Prosecute and punish the perpetrators of sexual violence against Yazidis as a crime against humanity, even the possible genocide committed by ISIS." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/61.

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"Abstract On the 3rd of August 2014, ISIS fighters attacked the Sinjar region in northern of Iraq, mostly populated by Yazidis, a religious minority. In almost 3 days, most of the villages in the region were vacated and their residents captured. These events mark the beginning of a campaign of extreme violence that has left men and women apart. Adult men were massacred while girls and women were held for sale as sex slaves. More than 7 years after these events, no prosecution has been brought by International Criminal Court. States are unwilling to try their nationals guilty of crimes of genocide against the Yazidis. This paper aims to analyze the genocide of the Yazidis from the perspective of sexual violence and in particular to determine whether it can be considered to the status of genocide. The origins and legal sources of the genocide are first analyzed. This violence is then examined in the light of certain elements constituting the crime of genocide. Finally, the challenges to be met in the fight against impunity in International Criminal Court are mentioned in the conclusion."
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Marques, Cristhiane Campos, Fabiana Nunes de Carvalho Mariz, Berenice Moreira, Thaisa Campos Marques, and Carla Nunes de Araújo. "Sexual Behavior and Factors Associated with Syphilis among Patients at a Sexual Health Center." In XIV Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de DST - X Congresso Brasileiro de AIDS - V Congresso Latino Americano IST/HIV/AIDS. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/dst-2177-8264-202335s1072.

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Background: Syphilis has resurfaced epidemically worldwide and knowledge of at-risk populations can contribute to disease prevention and control. Objective: To assess the detection rate of syphilis among patients of a sexual health center and its association with sexual and social behaviors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Counselling and Testing Center (CTC) in Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil. We analyzed retrospective data from standardized CTC forms from patients followed in 2018. Results: A total of 3,526 patient forms were included in the analysis. The number of patients testing positive for syphilis was 344 (9.76%), mostly men (57.56%, p-value [p]=0.0093), more than 8 years of schooling (61.22%, p=0.0017), a tendency to age between 20 and 39 years (63.08%, p=0.0683), and not married (62.07%, p=0.0042). There were no differences between races. Individuals who reported multiple partners (p<0.0001, odds ratio [OR]=0.546), homosexual relationships (p<0.0001, OR=2.931), and use of drugs (p<0.0001, OR=1.291) were more frequently diagnosed with the disease. Men who have sex with men (MSM) tended to not use condoms with steady partners (72.0%, p=0.3257), presented previous sexually transmitted infections (STI) (p=0.0088, OR=2.84), and a higher rate of co-infection with HIV (p=0.0195, OR=2.37). Contradictorily, regular use of condoms and steady partnership were not protective factors (p>0.0500). Conclusions: Data suggest a high detection rate of syphilis among MSM attending the Rio Verde Sexual health center.
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Kurnia Widiastuti Giri, Made. "The Case Study on the Sexual Behavior of Male Sex Workers Known as “Kiper” in the Prevention HIV/ AIDS in the Lovina Beach, Bal." In Mid International Conference on Public Health 2018. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/mid.icph.2018.02.18.

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Pratami, Yustika Rahmawati, and Nurul Kurniati. "Sex Education Strategy for Adolescents: A Scoping Review." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.27.

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Background: Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE) plays an important role in preparing safe and productive lives of adolescents through understanding about HIV/ AIDS, sexually transmitted infections, unintended pregnancy, gender-based violence, and gender disparity. This scoping review aimed to investigate the appropriate method of sex education and information for adolescents. Subjects and Method: A scoping review method was conducted in eight stages including (1) Identification of study problems; (2) Determining priority problem and study question; (3) Determining framework; (4) Literature searching; (5) Article selec­tion; (6) Critical appraisal; (7) Data extraction; and (8) Mapping. The research question was identified using population, exposure, and outcome(s) (PEOS) framework. The search included PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, ProQuest, and EBSCO databases. The inclusion criteria were English-language and full-text articles published between 2009 and 2019. A total of 460 articles was obtained from the searched database. After the review process, twenty articles were eligible for this review. The data were reported by the PRISMA flow chart. Results: Eleven articles from developing countries (Nigeria, Thailand, Iran, California, Vietnam, Spain, South Africa, Indonesia) and nine articles from developed countries (USA, England, Australia) met the inclusion criteria with quantitative (cross-sectional, quasi-experiments, cohort, RCT) and qualitative design studies. The findings discussed available sources of sex education for adolescents including peers, school, media, and other adults. Digital media (internet and TV) contributed as preferable sources for adolescents. The parents and teacher’s involvement in providing sex education remained inadequate. Inappropriate sources of sex education like invalid information from the internet and other adults caused negative consequences on the sexual and reproductive health of children and adolescents. Conclusion: Parents-school partnership strategies play an important role in delivering appropriate information about sex education for children and adolescents. Keywords: digital media, sex education, parents, schools, adolescents Correspondence: Yustika Rahmawati Pratami. Jl. Siliwangi No. 63, Nogotirto, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55292. Email: yustikarahmawati068@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282198915596. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.27
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Amaral, Tauana de Souza, Amanda Suellen Santana Lahr, Beatriz Lizarda Moreira, Edna Mara Brito de Oliveira, Sara Oliveira Souza, Ana Cláudia Souza Pereira, Meillyne Alves dos Reis, and Marcos André de Matos. "Situação vacinal contra o vírus da hepatite B entre trabalhadores da higienização hospitalar." In XIV Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de DST - X Congresso Brasileiro de AIDS - V Congresso Latino Americano IST/HIV/AIDS. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/dst-2177-8264-202335s1139.

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Introdução: Em relação à saúde laboral dos trabalhadores de saúde, o risco biológico (RB) é o de maior importância em razão da susceptibilidade desses profissionais durante o exercício profissional. O Ministério da Saúde recomenda como uma das profilaxias pré-exposição ao material biológico a vacinação contra o vírus da hepatite B (VHB), considerada a principal medida preventiva contra esse vírus. Sabe-se que os trabalhadores de limpeza (TL) são expostos ao RB; dessa forma, garantir a proteção desses trabalhadores ao vírus é de suma importância para as atividades laborais. Objetivo: Analisar a situação vacinal contra o VHB entre TL de um hospital escola. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado entre abril e maio de 2023 em um hospital escola de um município da Região Central do Brasil. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de uma entrevista, utilizando um questionário elaborado com perguntas relacionadas aos aspectos sociodemográficos e laborais. O SPSS versão 21 foi utilizado para análise dos dados. Este estudo é um recorte do projeto matriz intitulado “Acidentes ocupacionais e infecção pelo HIV, hepatites B, C e sífilis em trabalhadores que prestam cuidados indiretos a pacientes em situação de urgência e emergência”, com nº de Parecer do Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa (CEP): 4.180.881. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 106 TL, dos quais a maioria era mulher (80,2%) com média de 9 anos de estudo. Desses TL, 63,2% relataram ter recebido a vacina contra o VHB, porém apenas 38,7% tinham as três doses recomendadas. O anti-HBs foi realizado por 10,4% desses trabalhadores. Conclusão: Há uma baixa adesão à vacinação contra o VHB entre os TL. Medidas educativas de incentivo devem ser realizadas pelos empregadores com o intuito de garantir a proteção desses profissionais durante o exercício laboral, visto que a taxa de soroconversão ao vírus da hepatite (18–30%) é a mais alta considerada a outros vírus de importância epidemiológica.
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Reports on the topic "Safe sex in AIDS prevention"

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Ndhlovu, Lewis, Catherine Searle, and Johannes van Dam. Strengthening STI treatment and HIV/AIDS prevention services in Carletonville, South Africa. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv15.1001.

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Although knowledge about HIV/AIDS is widespread in South Africa, adult HIV prevalence is high, indicating high levels of risky sexual behavior. Understanding the gap between knowledge and behavior requires an examination of the social context in which the epidemic occurs. The Horizons Program conducted an intervention study in the Carletonville area to study the social determinants of the HIV epidemic and to assess the impact of a targeted program of HIV and STI prevention and service delivery. In 1998, the Mothusimpilo (“Working together for health”) Intervention Project (MIP) was launched to reduce community prevalence of HIV and other STIs and to sustain those reductions through enhanced prevention and STI treatment services. Carletonville includes many migrant mine workers and is characterized by significant poverty and unemployment, the presence of sex work, and high rates of STIs. MIP targets population groups where high-risk sexual behavior is thought to be common. This brief focuses on sex workers because of their vulnerability to STIs and HIV infection and their link to miners and men in the broader community.
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Bruce, Judith, and Shelley Clark. The implications of early marriage for HIV/AIDS policy. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1000.

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This brief is based on a background paper prepared for the WHO/UNFPA/Population Council Technical Consultation on Married Adolescents, held in Geneva, Switzerland, December 9–12, 2003. The final paper is entitled “Including married adolescents in adolescent reproductive health and HIV/AIDS policy.” The consultation brought together experts from the United Nations, donors, and nongovernmental agencies to consider the evidence regarding married adolescent girls’ reproductive health, vulnerability to HIV infection, social and economic disadvantage, and rights. The relationships to major policy initiatives—including safe motherhood, HIV, adolescent sexual and reproductive health, and reproductive rights—were explored, and emerging findings from the still relatively rare programs that are directed at this population were discussed. Married adolescent girls are outside the conventionally defined research interests, policy diagnosis, and basic interventions that have underpinned adolescent reproductive health programming and many HIV/AIDS prevention activities. They are an isolated, often numerically large, and extremely vulnerable segment of the population, largely untouched by current intervention strategies. As stated in this brief, promoting later marriage, to at least age 18, and shoring up protection options within marriage may be essential means of stemming the epidemic.
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Gage, Edward, Linda Zeigenfuss, Hanem Abouelezz, Allison Konkowski, David Cooper, and Therese Johnson. Vegetation response to Rocky Mountain National Park’s elk and vegetation management plan: Analysis of 2008–2018 data. National Park Service, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299264.

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Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) developed the Elk and Vegetation Management Plan (EVMP) to address well-documented declines in the ecological condition of aspen stands and riparian communities from high levels of elk herbivory. The EVMP aims to reduce the impacts of elk on vegetation and restore the natural range of variability in the elk population and affected plant communities, including preventing the loss of aspen clones within high elk-use areas, restoring montane riparian willow cover and height within suitable habitat, and reducing of levels of elk grazing on herbaceous vegetation. The EVMP described a range of management actions including reductions in the size of the elk herd and the installation of fencing to reduce herbivory levels and facilitate recovery in degraded communities. The EVMP established a monitoring protocol in focal communities to assess progress towards these vegetation goals and facilitate adaptive management. RMNP has collected data quantifying biomass offtake in upland herbaceous and riparian communities, willow height and cover, and aspen stand structure and regeneration periodically since implementation of the plan began in 2008. This report summarizes the results of analyses of EVMP data collected from 2008–2018, the last year comprehensive measurements were made. The EVMP was developed with a focus on the primary elk winter range in the upper montane zone on the east side of RMNP. The plan distinguishes core elk winter range, where elk concentrate during winter, and noncore winter range areas that typically have less elk use. Data were also collected in the Kawuneeche Valley in the headwaters of the Colorado River on the west side of the park, an area supporting extensive wet meadows and areas once dominated by willow. Data were also collected to investigate the effects of wildland fires that burned through the winter range in 2012 to determine the potential for using fire as a management tool to achieve EVMP goals. The overwintering elk population in the park has declined, from its peak of 1,500 animals in 2001, and over the course of EVMP implementation, from 614 animals in 2009 to 124 animals in 2019. Declines in the overwintering elk population may be best explained by increased cow elk harvest outside of the park, and, most notably, by a change in seasonal migration patterns and habitat use that have elk moving to lower elevation wintering areas following the fall rut. In sites in aspen communities, stand structure was changed little or declined across sampling periods in unfenced plots with continued patterns of little regeneration and recruitment and steady progression toward stands dominated by large-diameter trees. However, there was a progression towards taller sapling heights inside fenced plots and recruitment of small diameter tree-sized stems. Fencing had large and positive effects on aspen stand structure, with different patterns observed in fenced and unfenced core winter range and noncore winter range. Increased recruitment was observed across the winter range but occurred mainly inside fenced plots. Aspen stem counts varied between time periods and in relation to wildfire, with fenced and burned plots on the core winter range having higher stem counts by 2018 than unfenced and unburned plots. Willow height and cover increased over time in sampled sites, but positive trends were generally restricted to sites in fenced areas. Willow height also increased on noncore (all unfenced) winter range sites. Willow in unfenced core winter range sites had only minor increase in height from baseline (2008 for most sites) to 2018, but willow in fenced plots had greater height increases over the same time period. Noncore winter range willow sites had modest height increases over the 10-yr period. Mean willow cover increased nearly 5-fold compared to baseline conditions within the core winter range fenced areas and roughly 1.5-fold in noncore winter range. Willow cover was greater in unfenced than fenced plots at baseline, but the pattern was reversed in 2013 and 2018. The highest cover occurred in 2018 in fenced core winter range plots (mean = 70.8%) and unfenced noncore winter range plots (mean = 68.6%). Mean cover increased from 14.6% at baseline to 25.3% in 2013 and 70.8% in 2018 in fenced core winter range plots. Mean willow cover changed little in unfenced core winter range plots between baseline and 2018, although the range of cover values increased over time, and willow cover increases were modest in the noncore winter range. Fencing reduced or eliminated browsing from plots located inside fences, but offtake varied widely among unfenced plots. Patterns of willow browse intensity differed management subgroups (e.g., core and noncore winter range), and generally showed a downward trend between baseline and 2018 measurements. Herbaceous offtake in upland communities was measured in the first sample period (baseline–2013) to assess levels of grazing on herbaceous vegetation, however it was determined that the associated EVMP objectives had been achieved so measurements were discontinued after 2013. Continued monitoring of upland shrubs indicated no shift from herbaceous dominated to shrub dominated communities after 2013. Noncore upland plots had higher shrub cover than core winter range plots across all time periods, but most differences between year and core/noncore had low probability of effect. Cover for individual species varied over time and winter range plots. Moose presence has increased in winter range aspen and willow sites over the past decade, while beaver presence at our monitoring sites has decreased. Results indicate that RMNP is making progress toward the vegetation objectives set out in the EVMP, however positive trends were most pronounced in plots protected from ungulate herbivory through fencing. Aspen recruitment was greatest in fenced plots. Likewise, trajectories of willow height and cover were positive in fenced winter range plots. Results demonstrate that fencing is an effective means of improving condition in aspen and willow habitats. Changes outside the fences were slower and less pronounced than inside the fences, however, the positive (if small) increases in willow height and cover and aspen regeneration as well as decreases in upland herbaceous offtake, indicate that decreased wintering elk populations are also contributing to improvement of habitat conditions on the elk winter range. In the Kawuneeche Valley, which has not traditionally been heavily used by overwintering elk but does experience summer elk and moose use, poor and declining habitat condition were recorded in unfenced willow and aspen sites.
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Programming for HIV prevention among college students in Thailand. Population Council, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2003.1012.

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As national education programs incorporate HIV prevention into school curricula, policymakers and educators need to know what they can expect from these initiatives. Can such courses influence the behavior of students as well as their knowledge and attitudes? If not, what can these courses reasonably be expected to accomplish, and what part can they play in overall HIV programming for youth? To help answer these questions, the Thai Ministry of Education, the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), and the Horizons Program embarked on a study to examine the outcomes of a school-based HIV/AIDS program for Thai college students. The curriculum for the “Teens on Smart Sex” Program consists of eight two-hour sessions conducted once a week among college-age students. As noted in this brief, the program successfully improved students’ HIV-related knowledge and attitudes about people living with HIV/AIDS. It also improved female students’ attitudes about condom use and increased actual use. There was no evidence, however, of the adoption of other protective behaviors, such as abstinence, among males and females. Evaluation findings are being used to strengthen course activities so that course impact can result in greater behavior change.
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Community approaches and government policy reduce HIV risk in the Dominican Republic. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv15.1003.

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Effective programs that avert new HIV infections among sex workers and their partners, and hence the general population, are critical components of national HIV-prevention strategies. Prevention efforts have frequently relied on interventions that reach members of these vulnerable groups as individuals, such as condom promotion and STI management. Now, many researchers and program implementers are increasingly turning to “environmental-structural” interventions that address the physical, social, and political contexts in which individual behavior takes place. A recent Horizons study conducted jointly with two Dominican NGOs—Centro de Orientación e Investigación Integral and Centro de Promoción e Solidaridad Humana—and the National Program for the Control of STDs and AIDS assessed the impact of two environmental-structural models in reducing HIV-related risk among female sex workers in the Dominican Republic and compared their cost-effectiveness. As detailed in this brief, the models, built on years of experience gained from sex worker peer education programs, drew from the strengths of both community solidarity and government policy initiatives and engaged community members in both program and policy development.
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Kenya: Communities support adolescent reproductive health education. Population Council, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2003.1004.

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Young people in Kenya have limited knowledge of reproductive health (RH) and face many challenges in their transition to adulthood. Chief among these challenges is the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS among adults and its increasing incidence among rural youth. In 1999, FRONTIERS initiated a three-year project in Kenya to test the feasibility, effectiveness, and cost of interventions to improve adolescent RH. The project, implemented jointly with the Kenyan government and the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), was part of a four-country study that examined ways to improve knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. The study took place in six rural communities in Kenya’s Western Province. Two sites received community and health interventions. Two additional sites also received a third school-based intervention, in which teachers, peer educators, and guidance counselors were trained to teach a “life skills curriculum” that included modules on RH, sexuality, and HIV/AIDS. Two control sites received the prevailing government services. As noted in this brief, community, health, and school interventions in rural Kenya increased understanding and discussion of adolescent RH, including prevention of HIV/AIDS, and encouraged safer sexual behavior among young people.
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Men in maternity study: Men matter. Population Council, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2002.1009.

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The Population Council and the Employees’ State Insurance Company are collaborating in a Men in Maternity (MiM) study in India to test a model of antenatal and postnatal services designed to help thousands of couples, especially men, redefine their roles in reproductive health and improve birth outcomes and maternal health. This is part of a global study that will assess the impact of male partnership in improving pregnancy outcomes and reproductive health, primarily by reducing the prevalence of STIs and increasing postpartum family planning use. Studies suggest that the lack of men’s participation in reproductive health actually undermines women’s health. The MiM study is the first of its kind in India. It includes more than a focus on contraception or safe motherhood and covers topics ranging from child survival and postpartum services to STI diagnosis and treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS. This research update provides an overview of the MiM experimental intervention and some lessons learned in establishing the new services and maintaining operations during the first 14 months of the study’s intervention period.
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HIV voluntary counseling and testing among youth ages 14 to 21: Results from an exploratory study in Nairobi, Kenya, and Kampala and Masaka, Uganda. Population Council, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2001.1007.

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HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) programs increase safe sexual behavior and use of care and support services among adults. By helping clients learn their HIV serostatus and creating a personalized HIV risk-reduction plan, VCT can provide the information and support necessary to change risky behaviors that could lead to HIV infection or transmission. Counseling and a risk-reduction plan are the key features distinguishing VCT from other HIV testing services. VCT has become a widely advocated HIV/AIDS prevention strategy among adults. Sixty percent of all new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa, however, occur among young people ages 10–24. Because few young people use any health services, using VCT as a strategy to reduce risk behaviors among young people appears to be more challenging than it would be among adults. Findings from exploratory research in Uganda and Kenya provide some answers. Specifically, researchers sought to understand young people’s experiences with HIV testing and the factors that inhibit or motivate youth to use testing services. As noted in this report, researchers and service-providing organizations used these findings to develop strategies to reach youth with VCT services.
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