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Journal articles on the topic 'Safe air travel'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Hanlon, J. P. "Air travel: How safe is it?" Tourism Management 11, no. 1 (March 1990): 83–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(90)90016-3.

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2

Johnston, Raymond. "Clinical aviation medicine: safe travel by air." Clinical Medicine 1, no. 5 (September 1, 2001): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.1-5-385.

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3

Alabdulgader, Abdullah A. "Clinical aviation medicine: safe travel by air." Clinical Medicine 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 81.1–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.2-1-81.

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4

Kwon, Young Hwan. "The Safe Air Travel of the Elderly." Korean Journal of Aerospace and Environmental Medicine 30, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.46246/kjasem.30.1.30.

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5

KAY, RENEE S. "Safe Air Travel. Preventing In-flight Medical Problems." Nurse Practitioner 19, no. 5 (May 1994): 39???46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006205-199405000-00014.

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6

Cheatham, Michael L., and Karen Safcsak. "Air Travel following Traumatic Pneumothorax: When is it Safe?" American Surgeon 65, no. 12 (December 1999): 1160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313489906501214.

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The safety of air travel for patients sustaining a recent traumatic pneumothorax has long been a subject of debate. The Aerospace Medicine Association has suggested that patients should be able to fly 2 to 3 weeks after radiographic resolution of their pneumothorax. To validate these recommendations, a prospective study was performed. Twelve consecutive patients with recent traumatic pneumothorax expressing a desire to travel by commercial airline were evaluated. Ten patients waited at least 14 days after radiographic resolution of their pneumothorax before air travel (mean, 17.5 ± 4.9 days), and all were asymptomatic in-flight. One of two patients who flew earlier than 14 days developed respiratory distress in-flight, with symptoms suggestive of a recurrent pneumothorax. We conclude that commercial air travel appears to be safe 14 days following radiographic resolution of a traumatic pneumothorax.
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7

Coker, R. K., R. Shiner, and M. R. Partridge. "Is air travel safe for those with lung disease?" European Respiratory Journal 32, no. 5 (November 1, 2008): 1423–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00133108.

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8

Marchand, E. "Is air travel safe for those with lung disease?" European Respiratory Journal 31, no. 5 (January 9, 2008): 1137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00175407.

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9

Coker, R. K., R. J. Shiner, and M. R. Partridge. "Is air travel safe for those with lung disease?" European Respiratory Journal 30, no. 6 (August 9, 2007): 1057–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00024707.

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10

Erkan, Aycan Fahri. "Is air travel safe for patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices?" Anatolian Journal of Cardiology 25, Supp1 (August 25, 2021): S26—S28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/anatoljcardiol.2021.s110.

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11

Tam, Alda, Prachee Singh, Joe E. Ensor, Kristina Carter, Edward S. Kim, Marshall E. Hicks, Michael J. Wallace, and Sanjay Gupta. "Air Travel after Biopsy-related Pneumothorax: Is It Safe to Fly?" Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 22, no. 5 (May 2011): 595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2011.01.436.

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12

Lien, Dale. "Number 4: Advice on Air Travel for Patients with Chronic Respiratory Conditions." Canadian Respiratory Journal 7, no. 4 (2000): 310–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/654979.

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The development of commercial air travel has allowed safe and convenient travel to almost all parts of the world. For patients with chronic respiratory conditions, current proactive attitudes, coupled with advances in drug therapy, oxygen delivery systems and rehabilitation programs, have resulted in many more of us being able to experience the freedom of air travel. When planning for commercial air travel, patients with chronic respiratory disorders must be aware that they are subject to more potential difficulties. However, proper understanding of the problems that may be encountered, coupled with advanced planning and preparation, should minimize any problems.
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13

Ergan, Begum, Metin Akgun, Angela Maria Grazia Pacilli, and Stefano Nava. "Should I stay or should I go? COPD and air travel." European Respiratory Review 27, no. 148 (June 13, 2018): 180030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0030-2018.

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a challenging respiratory problem throughout the world. Although survival is prolonged with new therapies and better management, the magnitude of the burden resulting from moderate-to-severe disease is increasing. One of the major aims of the disease management is to try to break the vicious cycle of patients being homebound and to promote an active lifestyle. A fundamental component of active daily life is, of course, travelling. Today, the world is getting smaller with the option of travelling by air. Air travel is usually the most preferred choice as it is easy, time saving, and relatively inexpensive. Although it is a safe choice for many passengers, the environment inside the aeroplane may sometimes have adverse effects on health. Hypobaric hypoxaemia due to cabin altitude may cause health risks in COPD patients who have limited cardiopulmonary reserve. Addressing the potential risks of air travel, promoting proactive strategies including pre-flight assessment, and education of COPD patients about the “fitness to fly” concept are essential. Thus, in this narrative review, we evaluated the current evidence for potential risks of air travel in COPD and tried to give a perspective for how to plan safe air travel for COPD patients.
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14

Godden, Andrew. "Passenger fitness to fly." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 14, no. 9 (June 9, 2021): 540–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17557380211019451.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has reduced the amount of international travel, however, the speed and convenience of jet travel is unparalleled and our love of visiting far flung places at low cost will not have gone away for good. Now is an ideal time to review the health considerations of travelling in order to provide safe advice to our patients, who are increasingly elderly and travel with a wider range of medical co-morbidity. The purpose of this article is to consolidate guidance from the Civil Aviation Authority and the International Air Travel Association with supplementary travel information from other specialist organisations to help develop understanding of the issues air travel may pose for patients in primary care.
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15

Peterson, Colleen, Tamara Statz, Sara Barsel, Robyn Birkeland, Joseph Gaugler, and Jessica Finlay. "Air Travel Concerns and Complaints of Persons Living With Dementia and Their Travel Companions." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 112–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.371.

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Abstract Air travel is increasingly accessible and rising numbers of older adults choose to fly. The prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) is also expected to increase due to advances in longevity and the aging Baby Boomer population. An ADRD diagnosis does not necessarily end the desire to travel for leisure, and air travel may be necessary for family and/or care reasons. Taken together, more persons living with ADRD are expected to use air travel. This is concerning since adverse outcomes, including confusion and delirium, can be exacerbated by unfamiliar environments, such as airports and in-flight situations. Yet there is little research on air travel with this population. The current study seeks to 1) understand air travel experiences, issues, and needs of persons living with ADRD and their travel companions; and 2) identify facilitators and barriers to safe and comfortable air travel for persons living with ADRD. Persons living with ADRD (n=49)and ADRD travel companions (n=176) provided information on their air travel experiences through a nationally distributed web-survey. They traveled for family visits (80.0%) and leisure (38.0%). Both persons living with ADRD and travel companions indicated anxiety (50% and 60.7%, respectively), difficulty understanding announcements and signage (39.1%, 55.2%) and getting lost or separated (37.5%, 53.2%) as primary travel concerns. Qualitative comments identified themes of frustration with locating family restrooms and quiet spaces. Results from this study will inform ongoing efforts to develop dementia-friendly airports and improve older adult travel experiences, independence, and quality of life.
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16

Petroski, Henry. "The Distance We've Come." Mechanical Engineering 122, no. 01 (January 1, 2000): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2000-jan-2.

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This article discusses contribution of engineering technologies through years. It is achievements and advances in engineering that changed all. The development of safe drinking water supplies, sanitary sewer systems, and wastewater treatment schemes drastically reduced diseases that were rampant a hundred years ago, and so reduced infant mortality. Mechanical engineering has changed the quality of life significantly from that of a century ago. Air conditioning, which was developed early in the 20th century to control humidity in plants, factories, and mills where manufacturing processes were affected by too damp a sheet of paper or too dry a spool of thread, was widely domesticated in the second half of the century. Air travel is similarly comfortable and even safer, and few of my generation grow anxious even when flying across the country or around the world. The level of engineering accomplishment and dependability embodied in our terrestrial travel seems to be rivalled only by that achieved in space travel, a distinctly 20th-century engineering achievement.
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17

Alvarez, Bianca E., Christopher A. McGrew, and Christopher Bossart. "When Is Air Travel Safe after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury/Sports-Related Concussion?" Current Sports Medicine Reports 22, no. 1 (January 2023): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0000000000001027.

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18

Bhattacharya, Sudip. "Air travel during COVID-19 pandemic-how safe it is? – A public health perspective." Journal of Applied Sciences and Clinical Practice 2, no. 3 (2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jascp.jascp_9_21.

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19

Felkai, Péter, György Böszörményi Nagy, and Ildikó Gyarmati. "Preparing patients with chronic pulmonary disease for air travel." Orvosi Hetilap 154, no. 9 (March 2013): 323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2013.29546.

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Flying is the most important way of travelling in the continually growing international tourism. Number of passengers and those with preexisting diseases, mainly with cardiopulmonary problems, is increasing over years. One of the main tasks of the pre-travel advice is to assess tolerance to hypoxia of the traveler, and specify the necessity, as well as the type and volume of supplementary oxygen therapy. It is indispensable to know the cabin-environment and impact of that on the travelers’ health. Travel medicine specialist has to be aware of the examinations which provide information for the appropriate decision on the fit-to-fly condition of the patient. The physician who prepares the patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for repatriation by regular flight and the escorting doctor have to be fully aware of the possibilities, modalities, advantages and contraindications of the on-board oxygen supply and therapy. In this review, the authors give a summary of literature data, outline the tools of in-flight oxygen therapy as well as discuss possibilities for the preflight assessment of patients’ condition including blood gas parameters required for safe air travel, as recommended in international medical literature. The preparation process for repatriation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is also discussed. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 323–337.
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20

Beck, Matthew J., John M. Rose, and Rico Merkert. "Exploring Perceived Safety, Privacy, and Distrust on Air Travel Choice in the Context of Differing Passenger Screening Procedures." Journal of Travel Research 57, no. 4 (April 20, 2017): 495–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287517700316.

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This article examines perceptions of how safe airline travel is and respondents’ level of concern over privacy and trust of authorities. These attitudes are then used to understand the choice to travel under passenger screening processes with differing levels of invasiveness. We find that travelers who are more trusting of authorities are more likely to choose to travel internationally, whereas those with low overall feelings of safety while onboard an aircraft are predisposed to not travel. Our analysis reveals what attitudes and potential screening measures are linked to this feeling of overall safety, chief among which is the presence of visible uniformed police. Our results are also novel as they study these attitudes in the context of a spate of recent air-related disasters; finding no desire to accept screening processes that invade privacy beyond what is currently practiced.
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21

Thamm, Melanie, Robert Voswinckel, Henning Tiede, Friederike Lendeckel, Friedrich Grimminger, Werner Seeger, and Hossein A. Ghofrani. "Air Travel Can Be Safe and Well Tolerated in Patients with Clinically Stable Pulmonary Hypertension." Pulmonary Circulation 1, no. 2 (April 2011): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2045-8932.83451.

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22

Tian, Haiman, Maria Presa-Reyes, Yudong Tao, Tianyi Wang, Samira Pouyanfar, Alonso Miguel, Steven Luis, Mei-Ling Shyu, Shu-Ching Chen, and Sundaraja Sitharama Iyengar. "Data Analytics for Air Travel Data: A Survey and New Perspectives." ACM Computing Surveys 54, no. 8 (November 30, 2022): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3469028.

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From the start, the airline industry has remarkably connected countries all over the world through rapid long-distance transportation, helping people overcome geographic barriers. Consequently, this has ushered in substantial economic growth, both nationally and internationally. The airline industry produces vast amounts of data, capturing a diverse set of information about their operations, including data related to passengers, freight, flights, and much more. Analyzing air travel data can advance the understanding of airline market dynamics, allowing companies to provide customized, efficient, and safe transportation services. Due to big data challenges in such a complex environment, the benefits of drawing insights from the air travel data in the airline industry have not yet been fully explored. This article aims to survey various components and corresponding proposed data analysis methodologies that have been identified as essential to the inner workings of the airline industry. We introduce existing data sources commonly used in the papers surveyed and summarize their availability. Finally, we discuss several potential research directions to better harness airline data in the future. We anticipate this study to be used as a comprehensive reference for both members of the airline industry and academic scholars with an interest in airline research.
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23

Tian, Haiman, Maria Presa-Reyes, Yudong Tao, Tianyi Wang, Samira Pouyanfar, Alonso Miguel, Steven Luis, Mei-Ling Shyu, Shu-Ching Chen, and Sundaraja Sitharama Iyengar. "Data Analytics for Air Travel Data: A Survey and New Perspectives." ACM Computing Surveys 54, no. 8 (November 30, 2022): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3469028.

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From the start, the airline industry has remarkably connected countries all over the world through rapid long-distance transportation, helping people overcome geographic barriers. Consequently, this has ushered in substantial economic growth, both nationally and internationally. The airline industry produces vast amounts of data, capturing a diverse set of information about their operations, including data related to passengers, freight, flights, and much more. Analyzing air travel data can advance the understanding of airline market dynamics, allowing companies to provide customized, efficient, and safe transportation services. Due to big data challenges in such a complex environment, the benefits of drawing insights from the air travel data in the airline industry have not yet been fully explored. This article aims to survey various components and corresponding proposed data analysis methodologies that have been identified as essential to the inner workings of the airline industry. We introduce existing data sources commonly used in the papers surveyed and summarize their availability. Finally, we discuss several potential research directions to better harness airline data in the future. We anticipate this study to be used as a comprehensive reference for both members of the airline industry and academic scholars with an interest in airline research.
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24

Anaman, Kwabena Asomanin, Ruth Quaye, and Bernice Owusu-Brown. "Benefits of Aviation Weather Services: A Review of International Literature." Research in World Economy 8, no. 1 (April 26, 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v8n1p45.

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This paper presents a summary of the international literature published on the benefits of aviation weather services. Aviation operations are highly sensitive to weather conditions. Information on weather conditions helps meteorologists, pilots, navigators, airline companies and businesses to ensure safe flights and save money by reducing some of the stringent requirements related to carrying extra fuel loads. The development of constantly updated flight plans with respect to available weather information regarding changing wind and general weather conditions can enable aircraft to use fuel more efficiently and navigate their planes in safer environments that avoid turbulence and make air flights comfortable to the travelling public. The summary literature presented in this paper illustrates the importance of the work of meteorologists in the production of relevant information and data that are accessible to pilots and navigators. The pooling of meteorological information, data and other resources by member countries of the World Meteorological Organisation represents a classic case of international cooperation that has ensured relatively safe and comfortable air flights across the world since the era of international air travel in the 20th Century speeding up the process of the more historically-recent globalisation.
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25

Simpson, Alainna, Tiffany Wyatt, Alex Foley, Tara Karamlou, and Peter Baik. "Can Patients Travel by Air Less Than 1 Week After Lung Nodulectomy?" Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery 16, no. 6 (November 2021): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15569845211050074.

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Objective: The study objective was to determine empirically based timing recommendations for safe air travel following lung nodulectomy. Methods: All patients who underwent pulmonary nonanatomic resection followed by air travel home immediately after discharge were identified at 2 institutions between 2014 and 2018. These patients were surveyed via telephone regarding any complications they may have experienced during their travel home and within the first week after discharge. These complications included shortness of breath, chest pain, drainage from their surgical sites, and evaluation by a health care provider in the interim, if they required. Results: Our study identified 27 patients who fit the inclusion criteria. The median number of days between surgery and flight home in the studied population was 4 days. The median number of days between chest tube removal and flight home was 2 days. None of the 27 patients reported experiencing shortness of breath, chest pain, drainage from their surgical sites, or need for evaluation by a health care provider within 1 week of discharge. Nine patients (33%) traveled by air with a small (<5%) pneumothorax documented on chest radiography after removal of thoracostomy tube. One (4%) patient successfully traveled without complication with a 10% pneumothorax. Conclusions: The findings of our study support the safety of air travel following lung nodulectomy in patients who have undergone uneventful wedge resection and have no significant pulmonary or cardiac comorbidities. It is not necessary for patients to wait the recommended 7 days prior to traveling.
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26

Ergan, Begum, Huseyin Arikan, and Metin Akgun. "Are Pulmonologists Well Aware of Planning Safe Air Travel for Patients with COPD? The SAFCOP Study." Turkish Thoracic Journal 20, no. -1 (September 4, 2019): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/turkthoracj.2019.199.

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27

Ergan, Begüm, Hüseyin Arıkan, and Metin Akgün. "Are pulmonologists well aware of planning safe air travel for patients with COPD? The SAFCOP study." International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Volume 14 (August 2019): 1895–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/copd.s210854.

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28

Verheyen, Wouter, and Julia Hörnig. "The Right to Safe Transport + Air Passenger Rights After COVID-19." European Review of Private Law 29, Issue 4 (September 1, 2021): 659–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2021034.

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The coronavirus crisis has been extremely disruptive for the international passenger transportation market. It has also triggered a major legal disruption in the field of passenger rights. In recent decades, the focus of air passenger policy has largely shifted from safety to rights in case of delay and cancellation, a change predominantly induced by the EU. COVID-19 has led to a major paradigm shift, with safety again becoming the number one policy target. Passengers have a wide range of tools to enforce their rights to timely travel and these remedies have made an effective contribution to a reduction in delays and cancellations in air transport. Passengers’ remedies in case of unsafe transport seem largely limited to the possibility of bringing an action in case of bodily injury, lésion corporelle, based on the Montreal Convention (MC). This contribution aims firstly to evaluate the effectiveness of this remedy as a preventive tool for increasing passenger safety. Secondly, it aims to assess the impact of COVID-19 on existing passenger rights in respect of cancellation and delay, as well as the impact of existing passenger rights policy on airlines’ operational margin for enhanced safety management. Based on this analysis, we aim to make recommendations for a more effective model for the protection of passengers’ safety, while at the same time embedding safety in the existing passenger rights policy instead of overriding it. Sommaire: La crise du coronavirus a extrêmement perturbé le marché du tra
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29

Brown, Dana R. N., Todd J. Brinkman, David L. Verbyla, Caroline L. Brown, Helen S. Cold, and Teresa N. Hollingsworth. "Changing River Ice Seasonality and Impacts on Interior Alaskan Communities." Weather, Climate, and Society 10, no. 4 (July 26, 2018): 625–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-17-0101.1.

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Abstract Subsistence harvesters in high latitudes rely on frozen rivers for winter access to local resources. During recent decades, interior Alaskan residents have observed changes in river ice regimes that are significant hindrances to travel and subsistence practices. We used remote sensing in combination with local observations to examine changes in seasonality of river breakup and freeze-up and to assess the implications on travel for subsistence harvesters. Spring and autumn air temperatures, respectively, were found to impact timing of breakup (−2.0 days °C−1) and freeze-up (+2.0 days °C−1). Spring air temperatures have increased by 0.2°–0.6°C decade−1 over the last 62–93 years, depending on study area and time period. Local observations indicate that the breakup season has advanced by about 6 days over the last century. Autumn air temperatures have not changed over the long term, but have been generally warmer over the last 15 years. Over various time periods throughout the last century, we found no change in freeze-up timing for some communities, whereas other communities showed delays of 1.0–2.1 days decade−1. The length of time the river was unsafe for travel during the freeze-up season was 2 to 3 times greater than during breakup. The duration of river ice cover for safe travel has declined over the last century and is expected to decline further as the climate continues to warm, thereby presenting new challenges to accessing subsistence resources and necessitating community adaptation.
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30

Croon, Jochem, and Jim Callaghan. "Punctuality or a Safe Flight: Which Should Have Priority?" Air and Space Law 43, Issue 1 (February 1, 2018): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2018004.

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On the 4 May 2017, the European Court of Justice (EUCJ) delivered its judgment in the Pešková v. Travel Service case. The authors see a very thin ray of hope for the aviation industry in this judgment. It could be viewed as a break in a dangerous trend by the EUCJ of prioritizing punctuality over safety. In Pešková, the Court has for the first time recognized safety as being part of a ‘high level of protection for air passengers’, as referred to in the EU ‘passenger rights’ Regulation 261/2004. This article looks at both objectives, which are paramount for the industry. The authors take an ‘inside out’ view of the aviation industry through an overview of the reasoning of the Court regarding technical problems, on the one hand and, on the other hand, the entitlement of passengers to very high financial compensation from airlines pursuant to EU Regulation 261/2004 and subsequent EUCJ case law.
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31

Weinzimmer, David, Rebecca L. Sanders, Heidi Dittrich, and Jill F. Cooper. "Evaluation of the Safe Routes to Transit Program in California." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2534, no. 1 (January 2015): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2534-12.

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This paper elaborates on findings from an evaluation of the San Francisco Bay Area's Safe Routes to Transit (SR2T) program in California. This program funded enhancements to increase walking and cycling to regional transit stations. To understand how the program influenced travel choices, behavior, and perceptions of safety and local air quality, the study surveyed transit users and observed driver, pedestrian, and bicyclist behavior in the periods before and after the enhancements were made at multiple transit stations. Data from the treatment and control stations suggested that the streetscape and roadway improvements made through the SR2T program positively influenced the propensity to walk, bicycle, and take the bus to transit stations, as reported through surveys. In particular, the results showed that walking and bicycling increased by 3% at treatment sites compared with control sites. Bicycling also increased at control sites; this factor indicated a general societal shift. Furthermore, driving decreased 2.5% at treatment sites. Perceived air quality, in general, improved in the posttime period. When asked about perceived traffic risk, bicyclists more than pedestrians reported feeling safer on the road, with 10% of the bicyclists, on average, feeling safer after the improvements. There were also economic benefits from this project—pedestrians and bicyclists were overrepresented in those who stopped en route to transit for food and drink. The evidence suggested that the SR2T program positively affected the decision to walk and bicycle to access transit. The program is recommended for expansion to additional sites.
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32

Fan, Guo-Feng, Meng-Qi Liang, Jing-Ru Li, and Wen-Lu Ma. "Applications of SVR-PSO Model and Multivariate Linear Regression Model in PM2.5 Concentration Forecasting." International Journal of Applied Evolutionary Computation 8, no. 4 (October 2017): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaec.2017100105.

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At present, the fog and haze problem is intensified, which has a great impact on the production of enterprises and living of the residents. PM2.5 is an important indicator of air pollution and it also receives much concern. This article collects the reliable data of PM2.5 in the five industrial cities in Henan Province from Weather Report Network, and PM2.5 Data Network since 2015. The effective approaches to forecast PM2.5 concentration is proposed, i.e., the improved multivariate linear regression (namely IMLR) model and support vector regression with particle swarm optimization algorithm (namely SVR-PSO) model. The empirical results demonstrate that the proposed IMLR and SVR-PSO forecasting models are effective, and also, could be an instructive reference for weather quality forecasting, safe travel, and safe production.
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33

HÄKLI, Jouni. "COVID-19 Certificates as a New Form of Mobility Control." European Journal of Risk Regulation 12, no. 2 (June 2021): 362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/err.2021.21.

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The global volume of travel has grown steadily for decades and hence the border closures and travel restrictions in response to COVID-19 have created an unforeseen impact on the number of international border crossings. In air traffic alone the data show a striking 75.6% decrease in the number of scheduled international passengers. We might hasten to think that the strict travel restrictions due to the COVID-19 crisis have in principle treated mobile populations equally – for once we have all been banned from travelling. We could even consider the recent initiatives to introduce “vaccination certificates” as a fair and democratic way to reintroduce safe international travelling. In reality, the idea of a COVID-19 certificate is but a new layer in the broader landscape of highly uneven global mobility where travellers’ citizenship and place of origin truly matter. This article discusses some of the major inequalities embedded in the global mobility regime and argues that the idea of the COVID-19 certificate as an equaliser remains completely disconnected from these underlying realities. To conclude, the article discusses problems related to uneven access to digital travel documents, such as the proposed COVID-19 certificate.
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34

Minnis, P., and G. Stait. "Armed Forces personnel flying with respiratory disease: am I fit to fly?" Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 105, no. 3 (2019): 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-105-176.

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AbstractRespiratory problems account for 10% of inflight medical emergencies; this is usually due to the acute physiological stress induced by hypobaric hypoxia on board aircraft. During a typical commercial flight, the cabin pressure is the equivalent of breathing 15% oxygen at sea level, as opposed to 21% (~ 15.2 kPa versus 21.2 kPa FiO2). The response to this hypobaric hypoxia is mediated by the autonomic nervous system; it is characterised by an increased rate and depth of breathing, mild tachycardia, and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Patients who are able to walk 50 metres without developing shortness of breath are generally “fit to fly” from a respiratory perspective, and those with resolved pneumonia may fly if they are clinically stable. Military patients with asthma and COPD are generally safe to fly, as they must have stable airways disease to remain medically fit for service. A recent or unresolved pneumothorax is an absolute contraindication to air travel. Other absolute contraindications for air travel include tuberculosis, major haemoptysis and an oxygen requirement of ≥4 l/min. If there is any doubt regarding a patient’s fitness to fly, an opinion from a respiratory physician should be sought. All patients flying with a respiratory condition must carry their medications onboard, have up-to-date vaccinations and seek advice from their doctor should they have any concerns over their fitness to fly. This review article will explore the effect of air travel on the respiratory diseases most likely to be seen in the UK military population: airways disease (COPD and asthma), respiratory infections, pneumothorax, and spontaneous pulmonary embolism.
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Spencer, R. J. "Predicting the certification basis for airliner air-to-air refuelling." Aeronautical Journal 119, no. 1220 (October 2015): 1175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000011209.

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Abstract The premise is that in the future civil Air-to-Air Refuelling (AAR) will become an economic necessity if popular mass air travel is to continue. What is attempted is to provide a contemporary view of how such future operations could be safely undertaken. The intention is to predict the certification basis for demonstrating safe AAR operation of Cruiser-Feeder concepts. The necessary systems and aircraft functions are treated very much as they are today when civil certifying a large aeroplane type. The compliance demonstration required for environmental conditions, flight envelope, systems providing the necessary functionality, structural integrity, weight and balance are discussed. Applicable existing civil certification requirements are identified and where necessary expanded in scope to accommodate AAR operation. Where contemporary material does not supply appropriate guidance then corresponding safety criteria are proposed to address the deficiency. Lessons learnt from military AAR include the drive for interoperability. This has resulted in extensive efforts to standardise equipment and systems, which are equally applicable to civil AAR. Extremely useful advisory material exists, ranging from flight testing techniques to related safety. The importance of ensuring the consistency of failure condition categorisation at system and aircraft level is highlighted. The treatment of failures when two aircraft are in close proximity is something not considered by civil functional hazard analysis. The concept of AAR as an additional flight phase is introduced and affected system safety analyses identified. Examples of failure conditions that are not catastrophic at system level, but potentially could be at aircraft level during AAR are provided. Rendezvous scenarios are described to illustrate their influence on the certification basis. Combining such considerations with the factors that influence aircraft design leads to ramifications for handling qualities, performance and fuel system design. A viable and certifiable AAR configuration is consequently proposed. Consideration is given to treating operational certification in a progressive manner similar to existing LROPS (Long Range Operations).
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Mete Yazan, Abdurrahman, and Antonio Brandao Moniz. "TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT OF EVTOL AIR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM; THE POSITIVE IMPACTS (POTENTIAL BENEFITS)." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 01 (January 31, 2021): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12291.

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This paper intended to provide a vision on the potential consequences of the introduction of emerging air transportation system which was based on a section of the thesis to contribute to the forming of public and policy opinion.Especially this paper tried to understand whether there were enough positive social and environmental impacts in terms of potential benefits to continue the efforts.The negative impacts are beyond the scope of this paper. Limitations of the current ground and airline transportation systems, increasing congestion, poor block speed, combined with expanding population and demand for affordable on-demand mobility are driving the development of future transportation technology and policy. The third wave of aeronautic,e VTOL (Vertical Takeoff and landing) Air Transportation System, is envisioned as the next logical step in the natural progression and could bring about great new capabilities for society that would bring aviation into a new age of being relevant in daily lives. Considering door to door block time, e VTOL Air Transportation System has the potential to achieve anotherfive-fold increase over the auto today as the auto provided ten-fold increase over the horse, and a daily mobility reach of 125 to 250 miles.The main benefits will be on-demand, point-to-point,safe travel, further and anywhere in less travel time with almost zero environmental impact for general people. Besides, a successful implementation and sustainable transition will depend on overcoming technological hurdles, regulatory frameworks, operational safety, cost competitiveness, and sensibilities of the affected communities.
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Priya, Gagan. "Up In The Air With Diabetes: a Systematic Review of Literature and A Pragmatic Approach to Diabetes Management During Long-Distance Travel." Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders 7, no. 1 (November 26, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24966/dmd-201x/100031.

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Long-distance travel by air has become immensely popular in modern times, but for the person with diabetes, it creates unique challenges including transportation of insulin and other supplies, performance of glucose-monitoring and insulin delivery devices within the aircraft, adaptation to new time zones and altered lifestyle, and titration of medications. There are no published guidelines for the management of diabetes in travelers. Safe flying with diabetes is all about planning ahead, packing adequate supplies, maintenance of cold chain for insulin, frequent monitoring of blood glucose and titration of medications as well as insulin, and minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.
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38

Spurling, K. J., C. Zammit, and S. Lozewicz. "Mains-powered hypoxic gas generation: a cost-effective and safe method to evaluate patients at risk from hypoxia during air travel." Thorax 66, no. 8 (December 1, 2010): 731–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2010.141655.

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39

Di Carlo, Piero, Piero Chiacchiaretta, Bruna Sinjari, Eleonora Aruffo, Liborio Stuppia, Vincenzo De Laurenzi, Pamela Di Tomo, et al. "Air and surface measurements of SARS-CoV-2 inside a bus during normal operation." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): e0235943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235943.

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Transmission pathways of SARS-CoV-2 are aerosol, droplet and touching infected material. The diffusion of the virus contagion among people is easier in indoor location, but direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 in air or on surfaces is quite sparse, especially regarding public transport, while it would be important to know how and if it is safe to use them. To answer these questions we analysed the air and the surfaces most usually touched by passengers inside a city bus during normal operation, in order to understand the possible spreading of the virus and the effectiveness of the protective measures. The measurements were carried out across the last week of the lockdown and the first week when, gradually, all the travel restrictions were removed. The air and surface samples were analysed with the RT-PCR for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus. After two weeks of measurements and more than 1100 passenger travelling on the bus the virus was never detected both on surfaces and on air, suggesting that the precautions adopted on public transportation are effective in reducing the COVID-19 spreading.
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40

Schwarzbach, Paul, Julia Engelbrecht, Albrecht Michler, Michael Schultz, and Oliver Michler. "Evaluation of Technology-Supported Distance Measuring to Ensure Safe Aircraft Boarding during COVID-19 Pandemic." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 21, 2020): 8724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208724.

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With the rise of COVID-19, the sustainability of air transport is a major challenge, as there is limited space in aircraft cabins, resulting in a higher risk of virus transmission. In order to detect possible chains of infection, technology-supported apps are used for social distancing. These COVID-19 applications are based on the display of the received signal strength for distance estimation, which is strongly influenced by the spreading environment due to the signal multipath reception. Therefore, we evaluate the applicability of technology-based social distancing methods in an aircraft cabin environment using a radio propagation simulation based on a three-dimensional aircraft model. We demonstrate the susceptibility to errors of the conventional COVID-19 distance estimation, which can lead to large errors in the determination of distances and to the impracticability of traditional tracing approaches during passenger boarding/deboarding. In the context of the future connected cabin, a robust distance measurement must be implemented to ensure safe travel. Finally, our results can be transferred to similar fields of application, e.g., trains or public transport.
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41

McLinton, Sarven S., Doug Drury, Shepard Masocha, Harry Savelsberg, Lucy Martin, and Kurt Lushington. "“Air rage”: A systematic review of research on disruptive airline passenger behaviour 1985-2020." Journal of Airline and Airport Management 10, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jairm.156.

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Purpose: Disruptive airline passenger behaviour (DAPB), i.e. “air rage”, has an adverse impact on crew and passenger well-being and is costly to manage and prevent. Given recent changes in airport management, aircraft design, air traffic volume and behavioural norms this review summaries research findings 1985-2020.Methodology: A systematic review of the research literature containing qualitative or quantitative data examining DAPB. Findings: Nineteen articles satisfied the criteria for inclusion. Most studies involved surveys of cabin crew members and to a lesser extent pilots, airline representatives, passengers and business customers. Content primarily focussed on the frequency and characteristics of DAPB, whilst consequences for staff and evaluation of training to manage DAPB was less represented. A paucity of current research was noted which is not in keeping with the changes over the last decade in the aviation industry and the increase in DAPB events.Originality: This study presents a summary of current findings on DAPB.Practical Implications: A better understanding of the environmental, social and psychological factors underlying DAPB and the effectiveness of staff training and interventions that promote a safe travel environment are required.Social Implications: The current industry trend toward sustainability and better management of security challenges must extend its focus to DAPB, in order to reverse the recent trend of social irresponsibility in air travellers.
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Albayat, Soha Shawqi, Suresh B. Kokku, Hamad Eid Al-Romaihi, Devendra Bansal, Hayat Salahaldin Khogali, and Elmoubasher Farag. "Assessment of cabin crew awareness about malaria in a major airline." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 11, no. 1 (August 29, 2019): e2019049. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2019.049.

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Background Malaria is a global public health problem across Africa, Asia and Americas. In the recent past, a dramatic increase in global air travel networks and connectivity contributed to increased risk of contracting malaria. Airline cabin crew travelling to malaria high-risk countries are at increased risk of contracting the disease. Awareness plays an important role in prevention of malaria among the crew by having high degree of knowledge of disease and adhering to the protective measures advised. In this study we aimed to evaluate the knowledge about malaria, risk assessment, prevention and prophylaxis of malaria among a major commercial airline crew member. Methods This was qualitative cross-sectional study based on structured questionnaire conducted among crew members in a major commercial airline. We have deployed purposive sampling to pick 40 crew members who frequently travel to malaria endemic areas as part of their duty. The questionnaire contained both close and open-ended questions, which was given to the participants via the receptionists at the medical centre of the airline. Results Most of the cabin crew members were aware about malaria and its causes, symptoms, prevention and effective treatment. Many of the participants have been taking necessary precautions to ensure that they are safe but not all possible measures. Conclusions The baseline data should be further confirmed to assist in giving the appropriate recommendations to help combat the issue of protecting cabin crews from the risks of Malaria.
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43

Hollenstein, Daria, Martin Hess, Denis Jordan, and Susanne Bleisch. "Investigating Roundabout Properties and Bicycle Accident Occurrence at Swiss Roundabouts: A Logistic Regression Approach." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 2 (February 18, 2019): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8020095.

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The positive effects of active mobility on mental and physical health as well as on air quality are widely acknowledged. Increasing the share of active travel is therefore an aim in many countries. Providing bicycle-safe infrastructure is one way to promote cycling. Roundabouts are a common traffic infrastructure and are supposed to facilitate safe and smooth traffic flow. However, data on road traffic accidents indicate an over-proportional involvement of cyclists in accidents at roundabouts. In the present study, the influence of roundabout geometry and traffic flow on bicycle accident occurrence was investigated using a logistic regression approach on twelve parameters of N = 294 mostly small- and mini-sized single-lane roundabouts in the Canton of Berne, Switzerland. Average weekday motorized traffic was identified as a major factor in explaining bicycle accident occurrence at roundabouts. Further, the radius of the central island, the location of the roundabout (in town vs. out of town) and the number of legs were significantly related to bicycle accident occurrence. While these results are in general agreement with findings from similar studies, the findings regarding the central island’s radius and the number of legs underpin the need for roundabout type-specific studies: Some parameters may not prove relevant in intermediate- to large-sized roundabouts, but become critical in small or mini roundabouts, which are common in Switzerland and numerous in the present sample.
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44

De Gama, Rafia. "The exclusion of liability for emotional harm to passengers in the Warsaw and Montréal Convention: moving away from Floyd, Siddhu and Pienaar, the Stott Case?" Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 20 (January 3, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2017/v20i0a827.

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This contribution focuses on the transport of passengers on international routes and the legal regime set down by the Warsaw Convention of 1929 and reinforced by the Montréal Convention of 1999. These Conventions regulate commercial aviation by detailing a set of minimum standardised procedures for flight safety, such as standards for air navigation systems, amongst others, to ensure safe and efficient air travel. The legal regime also regulates the possible claims that may be made against airlines for the death of or harm to passengers, as well as relating to damage to and loss of baggage. The regime not only limits claims temporally and by location, but it also excludes the application of national legal regimes. With regard to claims of harm to dignity the regime disallows such claims to be brought within the restrictions placed by the legal regimes or on any other basis.The contribution does not address the full coverage of these Conventions, only the exclusion of mental / emotional injuries. The Convention excludes emotional harm from the definition of death and physical harm. However claimants have brought claims to undermine the main exclusion of claims with regard to compensation for emotional harm. This contribution explores the exclusion of claims in the Warsaw and Montréal Conventions and thereafter analyses two court decisions in common law countries where this exclusion of claims was challenged and the challenge failed.
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Petrakov, D. A., S. S. Chernomorets, S. G. Evans, and O. V. Tutubalina. "Catastrophic glacial multi-phase mass movements: a special type of glacial hazard." Advances in Geosciences 14 (April 10, 2008): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-14-211-2008.

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Abstract. Many glacier-related hazards are well typified and studied, but some events stand out from conventional classifications. The Kolka-Karmadon catastrophic event on 20 September 2002 in North Ossetia, North Caucasus, Russia is used as an example of a complex glacier failure exhibiting characteristics such as high mobility, long runout, ultrarapid movement and multiphase behaviour. We consider terminology protocol for glacier hazard classification and then, using the Kolka-Karmadon event and several other examples from around the world, we propose a new term for this family of events. Catastrophic glacier multi-phase mass movement (CGMM) is described and further illustrated by eight major events from Russia, Georgia, Peru, Chile, and Canada. CGMM have a combination of specific features: extraordinary velocities and long-distance runout despite low path angle; progressive fluidisation along travel path; superelevation and run-up of the moving mass, air blast wave in the avalanche flow phase; entrainment of available materials in its path, and the repeated nature of the event. CGMM events may affect areas remote from glaciers which were previously considered as safe.
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46

Polkowska, Małgorzata. "Space Tourism Challenges." Review of European and Comparative Law 45, no. 2 (June 16, 2021): 153–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/recl.12223.

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Space is a new destination for tourism. Today tourists can travel the world using many different modes of transportation, including road, maritime, and air. People always want to discover new destinations. Human beings strive to break borders and go beyond - even to the stars. There are new technical and commercial challenges and innovations in reaching outer space. The new transportation business of today has already experienced many ups and downs, but definitely big projects, such as traveling to the Moon or Mars remain the purview of the perennial space powers. The Author considers what kind of challenges space tourism brings (in the commercialization era) and what kind of space governance and policy is needed to make this tourism efficient. Some comparisons referring to airspace and outer space aspects, such as managerial, organizational, and legal have been made. The basic analysis made in this article indicates that the commercial space industry seeks to be new space operators, provided that they operate in a safe and secure manner according to international rules and policies. Good strategic planning and management of space is the key.
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47

Maddox, Michael E. "Introducing a Practical Human Factors Guide into the Aviation Maintenance Environment." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 1 (October 1994): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403800120.

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A safe and efficient air travel system depends on three elements; design, operation, and maintenance. The Human Factors profession essentially began and matured in the aviation environment. The aircraft cockpit and the skills involved in piloting have been the subjects of more human factors research than any other single topic. Likewise, the topic of aircraft design has been the beneficiary of many of the tools and procedures developed to embed human capabilities into products. The third component, maintenance, seems to receive attention only when it is shown to be a contributing factor in a mishap. In an effort to embed proper human factors principles in the aircraft maintenance environment, Congress, through the Federal Aviation Administration Office of Aviation Medicine (OAM), has mandated that more emphasis be placed on human factors in maintenance operations. A major product of this initiative is a Human Factors Guide, being developed to provide practical, useful, and usable guidance to supervisors and planners in the aviation maintenance industry. This paper describes the goals, form, and content of the new Human Factors Guide.
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48

Larin, Oleg N., and Alexander V. Bokov. "Decreasing of Profile Air Drag to the Train Movement Inside the Tube Transport." Transportation Systems and Technology 5, no. 2 (July 19, 2019): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst20195247-59.

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Background: The movement of the train in an insulated space with the natural atmospheric pressure is accompanied by energy losses for unproductive work to overcome the profile air drag from the front and rear surfaces of the vehicle. At the same time, there is also a considerable increase of energy costs for overcoming the growing force of oncoming air drag. In order to exclude these energy losses, it is proposed to organize synchronous and volume-balanced pumping of air from the front part of the tube transport and injection of the air into the back part of the tube transport. Aim: To develop a method of organising air exchange inside the tube transport, which will ensure the reduction of air resistance to the movement of the train. Methods: The proposed developments are based on well-known national and foreign designs of high-speed tube transport systems, the results of a comparative analysis of tube transport with varying degrees of air pumping (backing vacuum and hard vacuum), taking into account the experience of redistributing the residual air volume in the Hyperloop and TransPod tube transport systems. The operating parameters of the compressor units that pump air into the internal cavity of the tube when the train is in motion is regulated on the basis of process models of gas dynamics. Results: A new method and device has been developed for reducing the air drag to the movement of the train by forced air exchange, which provides for the redistribution of air from the front to the rear of the transport tube relative to the vehicle travel direction. For the air redistribution, the external air exchange unit, consisting of air ducts, compressor units, gate valves, and air collectors is used. The process of external air exchange takes place only when the vehicle is in motion, for the movement of the vehicle no prior air exhaust is required. The air redistribution is controlled taking into account the speed of the train, its location in the tube, the design features of the tunnel and vehicle. The speed of the train for each segment of the speed section is normalised depending on the actual performance of the components of the air exchange system. Modes of operation of the compressor units must ensure synchronous redistribution of air from the front to the rear of the tube. The movement of a vehicle along a tube with normal atmospheric pressure in the internal cavity provides conditions for the safe transportation of goods and passengers. Conclusion: The developed method is designed to reduce the force of air resistance when the train is in motion inside the airtight tube without creating vacuum. The presented developments have good prospects for use in projects of high-speed transport systems of both underground and underwater designs.
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Vyshnevskyi, Viktor. "CHERNOHIRSKYI TRAIL AS A BRAND OF UKRAINIAN HIKING TOURISM." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 57 (2020): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2020.57.17-25.

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Aim: promotion of the walking route by the Chornohora Ridge of the Ukrainian Carpathians in the section from Hoverla to Pip Ivan mountain. Methods: observation, measurement, description, comparison, analysis, analogy, cartographic, statistical. Based on radar survey data SRTM and Global Mapper program it was created a three-dimensional image of the studied region. The SAS.Planet program was used to measure distances. Results: A three-dimensional image of the Ukrainian Carpathians was created using SRTM data. The main information about the highest Chornohirskyi Ridge in these mountains was presented. The route from Hoverla to Pip Ivan mountain is described. It is proposed to call it the Chernohirskyi Trail. Data on the height of the terrain at the beginning and end of the route are shown. A brief description of the tourist attractions on the trail is provided, including lakes Nesamovyte and Brebeneskul. Information on the meteorological and at the same time astronomical observatory "White Elephant", which was built on the eve of the Second World War was presented. Modern measures for its restoration are described, in particular as to installation of an automated meteorological station on its roof. Based on observations on nearby meteorological stations, the climatic conditions on the route were identified. Data about air temperature in January and in the warm period of the year are presented. The features of air temperature changes, depending on elevation, are established. Data on the amount of precipitation at existing meteorological stations in the mountains are provided. Information on the height of snow cover was presented. The features of snow formation and its disappearance in the southeastern part of the Ukrainian Carpathians are shown. Scientific novelty. The hiking route by the Chornohora Ridge of the Ukrainian Carpathians is substantiated as brand of Ukrainian hiking tourism. The expediency of traffic from Hoverla to Pip Ivan has been proved. It was found that at altitudes above 1000 m the decrease in air temperature in July is 0.40 C per 100 m altitude, in August – 0.30 C per 100 m. It is substantiated that the best time to travel along the Chornohirskyi Ridge is August. The significant distribution of snow cover on the Chornohirskyi Ridge, which is the highest within the Ukrainian Carpathians, is shown. Practical significance: popularization of tourism in the Ukrainian Carpathians, providing tourists with information to make travel more interesting and safe.
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Edmonds, Clive N. "Chapter 15 Dissolution – carbonates." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 29, no. 1 (2020): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/egsp29.15.

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AbstractThe dissolution of limestone and chalk (soluble carbonates) through geological time can lead to the creation of naturally formed cavities in the rock. The cavities can be air, water, rock or soil infilled and can occur at shallow levels within the carbonate rock surface or at deeper levels below. Depending upon the geological sequence, as the cavities break down and become unstable they can cause overlying rock strata to settle and tilt and also collapse of non-cemented strata and superficial deposits as voids migrate upwards to the surface. Natural cavities can be present in a stable or potentially unstable condition. The latter may be disturbed and triggered to cause ground instability by the action of percolating water, loading or vibration. The outcrops of various limestones and chalk occur widely across the UK, posing a significant subsidence hazard to existing and new land development and people. In addition to subsidence they can also create a variety of other problems such as slope instability, generate pathways for pollutants and soil gas to travel along and impact all manner of engineering works. Knowledge of natural cavities is essential for planning, development control and the construction of safe development.
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