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1

Murakami, Eiichi. Sacroiliac Joint Disorder. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1807-8.

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2

Hammer, Niels. The Obscure Sacroiliac Joint. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003348160.

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3

1899-, De Jarnette Bertrand, Miles Beverly, and Sacro Occipital Research Society International., eds. Articles from the Source 1982-1986; Communicator 1988-1995; Technical Report 1989-1995. [S.l.]: Sacro Occipital Research Society Innternational, 1996.

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4

Dall, Bruce E., Sonia V. Eden, and Michael D. Rahl, eds. Surgery for the Painful, Dysfunctional Sacroiliac Joint. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10726-4.

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5

Katada, Shigehiko, ed. Principles of Manual Medicine for Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6810-3.

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6

Kurnik, J. The connection: The mystique of groin, hip, lumbar, sacroiliac joint and muscle unified dynamics : examined and treated in a practical manual. Torrance, CA: J. Kurnik, 1997.

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7

Interdisciplinary World Conference on Low Back Pain and its Relation to the Sacroiliac Joint (1st 1992). First Interdisciplinary World Conference on Low Back Pain and its Relation to the Sacroiliac Joint: November 5-6, 1992. Edited by Vleeming Andry, Mooney Vert, and Snijders Chris. San Diego, CA: University of California, 1992.

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8

Bennett, Matthew. The inter and intraexaminer reliability of standardised motion palpation techniques for evaluation of sacro-iliac joint motion in the sitting position. [Bournemouth, Eng.]: Anglo-European College of Chiropractic, 1987.

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9

Andry, Vleeming, ed. Movement, stability, and low back pain: The essential role of the pelvis. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1997.

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10

World Congress on Low Back Pain (2nd 1995 San Diego, Calif.). Second Interdisciplinary World Congress on Low Back Pain: The integrated function of the lumbar spine and sacroiliac joints, San Diego, November 9-11, 1995. Edited by Vleeming Andry. [San Diego, Calif: University of California, San Diego, Office of Continuing Medical Education, 1995.

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11

Weiselfish-Giammatteo, Sharon. Integrative manual therapy for biomechanics: Application of muscle energy and 'beyond' technique : treatment of the spine, ribs, and extremities. Berkeley, Calif: North Atlantic Books, 2003.

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12

Abd-Elsayed, Alaa, and Dawood Sayed. Sacroiliac Joint Pain. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197607947.001.0001.

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Lower back pain attributed to the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is prevalent but historically has been frequently underdiagnosed. Even when the SIJ is properly identified as a source of lower back pain, individuals suffering from SIJ dysfunction are often not treated effectively. Improved educational resources for clinicians based on effective evidence-based treatments for SIJ dysfunction are critical in improving the current gap in diagnosis and treatment. Several established and emerging treatments exist for patients with SIJ dysfunction, but prior to this text, no comprehensive resource has existed that addressed management of SIJ dysfunction. This text presents a full and up-to-date review of all the available treatments for SIJ dysfunction, with the aim of providing clinicians with a single comprehensive resource for treatment of their patients.
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13

Foorsov, Victor, Omar Dyara, Robert Bolash, and Bruce Vrooman. Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0019.

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Sacroiliac joint dysfunction is a common cause of chronic low back pain. Certain populations are particularly susceptible to disorders of this unique joint. Anatomically, the joint is complex, and the clinician must understand both intrinsic and extrinsic structures in its vicinity. Unfortunately, there are no particular pathognomonic findings on radiologic imaging. A cluster of physical examination findings has been recognized as demonstrating sacroiliac joint pain. Various treatment options exist in the evidence-based treatment of this condition.
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14

Souzdalnitski, Dmitri, Adam Kramer, and Maged Guirguis. Sacroiliac Joint Injections: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0038.

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Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) injections are valuable tools for diagnosing the source of low back pain and selecting patients for a radiofrequency ablation procedure, which tends to provide long-term relief for low back pain associated with SIJ dysfunction. Sacroiliac joint injections are generally safe and well-tolerated procedures. The most common complication is initial pain from distension of the joint capsule with contrast and local anesthetic. Despite adequate intra-articular needle placement, extravasation of local anesthetic may diffuse to lumbosacral nerve roots and/or the sciatic nerve, causing transient numbness and/or weakness. This chapter reviews the advantages of fluoroscopically guided SIJ injections as well as the step-by-step technique and how to avoid complications.
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15

Herman, Mira, Amaresh Vydyanathan, and Allan L. Brook. Sacroiliac Joint Injections: Computed Tomography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0039.

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Sacroiliac (SI) joint disease is a common cause of low back pain. It is not easily diagnosed by physical examination, as the joint has limited mobility and referral patterns are not sufficiently delineated from other pathological conditions implicated in low back pain. The accuracy of provocative testing of the sacroiliac joint is controversial. Many physicians use injection of the SI joint with local anesthetic and/or steroid as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool in treating SI joint–related pain. Historically, SI joint intra-articular injections have been performed without imaging guidance. Imaging-guided techniques, often using CT fluoroscopy, increase the precision of these procedures and help confirm needle placement while achieving better results and reduced complications rates. Sacroiliac joint injection is routinely performed on an outpatient basis. The patient is questioned regarding previous steroid use (oral, cutaneous, or injected) to avoid iatrogenic Cushing syndrome. Repeat injections can be administered depending on patient’s response.
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16

Kainth, Daraspreet Singh, Karanpal Singh Dhaliwal, and David W. Polly. Sacroiliac Joint Fusion: Percutaneous and Open. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0020.

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Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) pain is the source of back pain in up to 25% of patients presenting with back pain. There is significant individual variation in the anatomy of the sacrum and the lumbosacral junction. SIJ pain is diagnosed with the history and physical examination. SIJ injection of a local anesthetic along with steroids is often used to confirm the diagnosis. Nonoperative treatment includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, physical therapy, joint manipulation therapies, and SIJ injections. SIJ pain can also be successfully treated with radiofrequency ablation in some patients. Surgical treatment includes the open anterior sacroiliac joint fusion technique and minimally invasive techniques. The benefits of minimally invasive SIJ fusion versus open surgery include less blood loss, decreased surgical time, and shorter hospital stay. Further studies are needed to determine the long-term durability of the minimally invasive surgical techniques.
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17

Przkora, Rene, Richard Cleveland Sims, and Andrea Trescot. Sacroiliac Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190626761.003.0012.

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The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is often overlooked as a cause of pain, partially because it is not well visualized on standard imaging and partially because other structures may refer pain to it. This chapter reviews the anatomy of the SIJ as well as the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of SI joint dysfunction and pain, including a multitude of physical exam maneuvers such as the FABER, Gaenslen, extension, Gillet’s, sacroiliac shear, thigh thrust, compression, and distraction tests. In addition, it discusses the evidence-based approach to treat sacroiliac pain, with a focus on both conservative and nonconservative approaches such as image-guided steroid injections and radiofrequency denervation procedures and outcomes.
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18

Murakami, Eiichi. Sacroiliac Joint Disorder: Accurately Diagnosing Low Back Pain. Springer, 2018.

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19

Murakami, Eiichi. Sacroiliac Joint Disorder: Accurately Diagnosing Low Back Pain. Springer, 2019.

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20

Antony, Ajay, Miguel Attias, Navdeep Jassal, Michael Esposito, and Nomen Azeem. Interventional Techniques for the Management of Sacroiliac Joint Pain. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2020.

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21

Azeem, Nomen. Interventional Techniques for the Management of Sacroiliac Joint Pain. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2020.

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22

Functional Anatomy of the Pelvis and the Sacroiliac Joint. Lotus Publishing, 2017.

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23

Dall, Bruce E., Sonia V. Eden, and Michael D. Rahl. Surgery for the Painful, Dysfunctional Sacroiliac Joint: A Clinical Guide. Springer, 2014.

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24

Dall, Bruce E., Sonia V. Eden, and Michael D. Rahl. Surgery for the Painful, Dysfunctional Sacroiliac Joint: A Clinical Guide. Springer, 2014.

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25

Abd-Elsayed, Alaa, and Dawood Sayed. Sacroiliac Joint Pain: A Comprehensive Guide to Interventional and Surgical Procedures. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2021.

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26

MD, Bruce E. Dall. Sacroiliac Joint Pain: For Tens of Thousands the Pain Ends Here. DallHouse Productions, 2017.

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27

Abd-Elsayed, Alaa, and Dawood Sayed. Sacroiliac Joint Pain: A Comprehensive Guide to Interventional and Surgical Procedures. Oxford University Press, 2022.

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28

Katada, Shigehiko. Principles of Manual Medicine for Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction: Arthrokinematic Approach-Hakata Method. Springer, 2019.

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29

Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction and Piriformis Syndrome: The Complete Guide for Physical Therapists. Lotus Publishing, 2016.

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30

Functional Anatomy of the Pelvis and the Sacroiliac Joint: A Practical Guide. Lotus Publishing, 2016.

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31

Katada, Shigehiko. Principles of Manual Medicine for Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction: Arthrokinematic Approach-Hakata Method. Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2020.

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32

Vleeming, Andry, Vert Mooney, Chris J. Snijders, Rob Stoeckart, and Thomas A. Dorman. Movement, Stability and Low Back Pain: The Essential Role of the Pelvis. Churchill Livingstone, 1997.

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33

Hammer, Niels. Obscure Sacroiliac Joint: Insights into Anatomy, Biomechanics, Etiology and the Treatment of Mechanical Dysfunction. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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34

Hammer, Niels. Obscure Sacroiliac Joint: Insights into Anatomy, Biomechanics, Etiology and the Treatment of Mechanical Dysfunction. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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35

Hammer, Niels. Obscure Sacroiliac Joint: Insights into Anatomy, Biomechanics, Etiology and the Treatment of Mechanical Dysfunction. CRC Press LLC, 2022.

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36

Hammer, Niels. Obscure Sacroiliac Joint: Insights into Anatomy, Biomechanics, Etiology and the Treatment of Mechanical Dysfunction. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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37

Ho, Rebecca, George Ho, and Jennifer Ho. Innovative Self-Management of Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction with a Combinational Diagnostic and Therapeutic Treatment Method. Independently Published, 2019.

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38

Merino, Esperanza, and Eliseo Pascual. Brucellar arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0104.

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Joint infection is the most common local complication of brucellosis and is a frequent cause of infectious arthritis in endemic areas. Brucellosis is prevalent in countries of the Mediterranean basin, the Near East, South America, and possibly sub-Saharan Africa. Brucella melitensis and B. abortus are the most common species. Arthralgia occurs in 70% of patients with brucellosis, Large peripheral joints are a common site of localized infection. The sacroiliac joint is frequently involved (30–75%) in recent series. First-line treatment is with doxycycline combined with either streptomycin or gentamycin.
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39

Maksymowych, Walter P., and Robert G. W. Lambert. Imaging: sacroiliac joints. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0013.

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Radiography of the sacroiliac (SI) joints still forms the cornerstone of diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), although its limitations in early disease preclude early diagnosis. Equivocal radiographic findings of sacroiliitis should be followed by MRI evaluation of the SI joints, especially if clinical suspicion of SpA is high. Routine diagnostic evaluation for SpA by MRI of the SI joints should include simultaneous evaluation of T1-weighted (T1W) and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) or T2 fat-suppressed scans. Bone marrow oedema (BME) in subchondral bone is the primary MRI feature that points to the diagnosis of SpA, although structural lesions such as erosion and fat metaplasia may also be evident in early disease and enhance confidence in the diagnosis. Both inflammatory and structural lesions in the SI joints on MRI can now be quantified in a reliable manner to facilitate therapeutic evaluation in clinical trials and for basic and clinical research.
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40

Fridbinstons, Pit Alex. Causes of Lower Back Pain: Herniated Discs, Muscle Injuries, Sciatica, Stress, Bulging or Protruding Discs, Degenerative Disease, Inflammation of the Sacroiliac Joint, Spinal Stenosis, Osteoarthritis, Spondylolisthesis. Independently Published, 2021.

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41

Bawa, Sandeep, Paul Wordsworth, and Inoshi Atukorala. Spondyloarthropathies. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.010004.

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♦ Spondyloarthropathies are related conditions typically associated with axial skeletal involvement, absence of rheumatoid factor, familial clustering, and a variable positive association with HLA-B27♦ Ankylosing spondylitis is the prototype with sacroiliac joint involvement being a prerequisite for diagnosis♦ Diagnosis is frequently delayed for several years but the use of magnetic resonance imaging to detect sacroiliitis greatly facilitates the establishment of an early diagnosis♦ Psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, and enteropathic arthritis have prominent peripheral joint involvement with variable degrees of spinal involvement♦ Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and physical therapy are the cornerstones of management but slow-acting disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs only have a role in peripheral arthritis♦ Anti-tumour necrosis factor biologic agents have revolutionized the treatment of the spondyloarthropathies.
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42

Malajikian, Krikor, and Daniel Finelli. Basics of Computed Tomography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0003.

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Computed tomography (CT)-guidance is typically used when precise needle placement is essential for a successful procedure. It uses ionizing radiation, which could pose risks to the patient and operating staff if proper technique is not used. The performing physician should adhere to all principles of minimizing radiation exposure to the patient and clinicians. Common CT-guided imaging procedures include facet injections, nerve root injections, sacroiliac joint injections, intradiscal procedures, vertebroplasty/sacroplasty, and image-guided ablation of painful bone lesions. Computed tomography is also the imaging modality of choice for aspiration of deep paraspinal soft tissues in addition to disc space or bone biopsy in acute discitis/osteomyelitis. In fluoroscopic-guided knee or shoulder joint injections, CT arthrography is a useful adjunct to better assess anatomy when MRI is contraindicated. When imaging the postoperative spine, CT myelography has some advantages over MRI, and CT is also superior to MRI in assessing par intra-articularis defects or spondylolysis.
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43

McClenahan, Maureen F., and William Beckman. Pain Management Techniques. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190217518.003.0011.

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This chapter provides a broad review of various interventional pain management procedures with a focus on indications, anatomy, and complications. Specific techniques reviewed include transforaminal epidural steroid injection, lumbar sympathetic block, stellate ganglion block, cervical and lumbar radiofrequency ablation, gasserian ganglion block, sacroiliac joint injection, celiac plexus block, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block, ilioinguinal block, lumbar medial branch block, obturator nerve block, ankle block, occipital nerve block, superior hypogastric plexus block, spinal cord stimulation, and intrathecal drug delivery systems. The chapter reviews contrast agents, neurolytic agents, botulinum toxin use, corticosteroids, and ziconotide pharmacology and side effects in addition to diagnosis and management of local anesthetic toxicity syndrome. It also discusses indications for neurosurgical techniques including dorsal root entry zone lesioning. In addition, information on radiation safety and the use of anticoagulants with neuraxial blocks is covered.
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44

Bajaj, H. N. Clinical Notes on the Disorders of the Sacroiliac Joints. CBS Publishers & Distributors, 2018.

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45

Smith, Martha J. Chronic Pelvic Pain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190217518.003.0020.

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Nonmalignant chronic pelvic pain is defined as nonmenstrual pain below the level of the umbilicus that has continued for at least 6 months and is severe enough to seek medical or surgical treatment. In chronic pelvic pain, the pain and disability may often appear out of proportion to physical abnormalities, and this pain is often refractory to medical and surgical therapies. Significant psychiatric comorbidities and many medical comorbidities often accompany pelvic pain. Although most pelvic pain patients are female, several conditions can cause chronic pelvic pain in males. When evaluating and diagnosing various pelvic pain conditions, it is imperative to rule out malignancy and other organic causes. Pelvic floor dysfunction, sacroiliac joint instability, and other mechanical issues are often partially involved in the process of chronic pelvic pain. As a clinician, all of these variables must be taken into consideration when evaluating and treating chronic pelvic pain patient.
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46

Wolman, Roger. Sports injuries in the pelvic region. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.007015.

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♦ The pelvis acts as a fulcrum for the forces transmitted between the lower limb and trunk especially on twisting and turning movements while running, and in the reverse direction when kicking. Sports injuries around the pelvis are therefore common in weight-bearing sports, such as running, football, rugby, and basketball♦ Injury can occur to the various structures around the pelvis. Bone stress injuries affect the symphysis pubis, pubic rami, femoral neck, and sacrum. Stress fractures are more common in women and may occur as part of the female athlete triad (Box 7.15.1) where there is hypo-oestrogenaemia and low bone density♦ Tendon injuries, including enthesopathies, most commonly affect the adductors, lower abdominals, glutei and hamstrings. Hip injuries can occur as a result of labral tears and femoroacetabular impingement. Sacroiliac joint instability may also cause symptoms especially in the buttock region. Synovitis of either joint may suggest an inflammatory arthritis♦ Pain is the most common symptom. However it may be referred from elsewhere, especially the lumbar spine. Pain may also originate from other systems including the reproductive organs and the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts.
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47

Baraliakos, Xenofon, and Kay-Geert A. Hermann. Imaging: spine. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0014.

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Although axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) starts in the sacroiliac joints in the vast majority of cases, the spine can be clinically affected with similar severity and frequency, especially in long-standing disease. In addition, not only the inflammatory but also structural changes seen in the sacroiliac joints can be visualized in the same way in the spine when using the appropriate imaging techniques. For the interpretation of imaging findings in axSpA, typical and frequent differential diagnoses need to be taken into account, such as degenerative changes, bacterial inflammation, and fractures, and also non-pathological findings such as haemangioma. This chapter concentrates on the imaging of the spine in axSpA, giving an extensive overview of the relevant diagnostic and differential diagnostic findings in patients with axSpA and the most common differential diagnoses.
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48

Sieper, Joachim. Ankylosing spondylitis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0113.

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Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease predominantly of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) and the spine. It starts normally in the second decade of life and has a slight male predominance. The prevalence is between 0.2 and 0.8% and is strongly dependent on the prevalence of HLA B27 in a given population. For the diagnosis of AS, the presence of radiographic sacroiliitis is mandatory. However, radiographs do not detect active inflammation but only structural bony damage. Most recently new classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) have been developed by the Assessement of Spondylo-Arthritis international Society (ASAS) which cover AS but also the earlier form of non-radiographic axial SpA. MRI has become an important new tool for the detection of subchondral bone marrow inflammation in SIJ and spine and has become increasingly important for an early diagnosis. HLA B27 plays a central role in the pathogenesis but its exact interaction with the immune system has not yet been clarified. Besides pain and stiffness in the axial skeleton patients suffer also from periods of peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, and uveitis. New bone formation as a reaction to inflammation and subsequent ankylosis of the spine determine long-term outcome in a subgroup of patients. Currently only non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blockers have been proven to be effective in the medical treatment of axial SpA, and international ASAS recommendations for the structured management of axial SpA have been published based on these two types of drugs. Conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate are not effective.
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49

Gofeld, Michael, and Rami A. Kamel. Ultrasound-Guided Spine Interventions. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0026.

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This chapter reviews recent advances in ultrasound-guided spine procedures. The evidence-based foundation of these methods is examined and ultrasonography is compared with other imaging techniques. The equipment is briefly described. Ultrasound-guided interventional techniques published in peer-reviewed literature are discussed, with selected techniques described in detail. These techniques are classified regionally beginning with the cervical spine and ending with the sacroiliac joints.
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50

Sieper, Joachim. Axial spondyloarthropathies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0113_update_003.

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Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory disease predominantly of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) and the spine. It starts normally in the second decade of life and has a slight male predominance. The prevalence is between 0.2% and 0.8% and is strongly dependent on the prevalence of HLA-B27 in a given population. AxSpA can be split in patients with radiographic axSpA (also termed ankylosing spondylitis (AS)) and in patients with non-radiographic axSpA (nr-axSpA). For the diagnosis of AS, the presence of radiographic sacroiliitis is mandatory. However, radiographs do not detect active inflammation but only structural bony damage. Most recently new classification criteria for axSpA have been developed by the Assessment of Spondylo-Arthritis International Society (ASAS) which cover AS but also the earlier form of nr-axSpA. MRI has become an important new tool for the detection of subchondral bone marrow inflammation in SIJ and spine and has become increasingly important for an early diagnosis. HLA-B27 plays a central role in the pathogenesis but its exact interaction with the immune system has not yet been clarified. Besides pain and stiffness in the axial skeleton patients suffer also from periods of peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, and uveitis. New bone formation as a reaction to inflammation and subsequent ankylosis of the spine determine long-term outcome in a subgroup of patients. Currently only non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blockers have been proven to be effective in the medical treatment of axial SpA, and international ASAS recommendations for the structured management of axial SpA have been published based on these two types of drugs. Conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate are not effective.
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