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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Saccadic Reaction Times

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Academic literature on the topic 'Saccadic Reaction Times'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Saccadic Reaction Times"

1

Dorris, M. C., and D. P. Munoz. "A neural correlate for the gap effect on saccadic reaction times in monkey." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 6 (June 1, 1995): 2558–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.6.2558.

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1. The reduction in saccadic reaction time associated with the introduction of a period of darkness between the disappearance of an initial fixation point and the appearance of a new peripheral saccade target is known as the gap effect. Fixation cells in the rostral pole of the monkey superior colliculus have been implicated in the control of active visual fixation and suppressing saccadic eye movements. To determine whether specific variations of fixation cell discharge was correlated to the gap effect, we recorded the activity of fixation cells while a monkey generated visually guided saccades with various temporal gaps between the disappearance of the initial fixation point and the appearance of a peripheral saccade target. 2. The saccadic reaction times of the monkey were shortest with gap durations of 200-300 ms and increased with shorter or longer gap durations. The activity of fixation cells followed a similar time course, having a minimum discharge rate 200-300 ms into the gap, and increased activity at the time of target appearance with smaller or larger gap durations. 3. We propose that the activity of fixation cells in the monkey superior colliculus provide a neural correlate of the gap effect. The decrease in activity of fixation cells 200-300 ms into the gap weakens the powerful state of inhibition which they normally exert upon the saccade generating system, allowing targets to be acquired at shorter reaction times.

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Thura, David, Driss Boussaoud, and Martine Meunier. "Hand Position Affects Saccadic Reaction Times in Monkeys and Humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 5 (May 2008): 2194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01271.2007.

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In daily life, activities requiring the hand and eye to work separately are as frequent as activities requiring tight eye–hand coordination, and we effortlessly switch from one type of activity to the other. Such flexibility is unlikely to be achieved without each effector “knowing” where the other one is at all times, even when it is static. Here, we provide behavioral evidence that the mere position of the static hand affects one eye movement parameter: saccadic reaction time. Two monkeys were trained and 11 humans instructed to perform nondelayed or delayed visually guided saccades to either a right or a left target while holding their hand at a location either near or far from the eye target. From trial to trial, target locations and hand positions varied pseudorandomly. Subjects were tested both when they could and when they could not see their hand. The main findings are 1) the presence of the static hand in the workspace did affect saccade initiation; 2) this interaction persisted when the hand was invisible; 3) it was strongly influenced by the delay duration: hand–target proximity retarded immediate saccades, whereas it could hasten delayed saccades; and 4) this held true both for humans and for each of the two monkeys. We propose that both visual and nonvisual hand position signals are used by the primates' oculomotor system for the planning and execution of saccades, and that this may result in a hand–eye competition for spatial attentional resources that explains the delay-dependent reversal observed.

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Dorris, Michael C., Tracy L. Taylor, Raymond M. Klein, and Douglas P. Munoz. "Influence of Previous Visual Stimulus or Saccade on Saccadic Reaction Times in Monkey." Journal of Neurophysiology 81, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 2429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.81.5.2429.

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Influence of previous visual stimulus or saccade on saccadic reaction times in monkey. Saccadic reaction times (SRTs) to suddenly appearing targets are influenced by neural processes that occur before and after target presentation. The majority of previous studies have focused on how posttarget factors, such as target attributes or changes in task complexity, affect SRTs. Studies of pretarget factors have focused on how prior knowledge of the timing or location of the impending target, gathered through cueing or probabilistic information, affects SRTs. Our goal was to investigate additional pretarget factors to determine whether SRTs can also be influenced by the history of saccadic and visual activity even when these factors are spatially unpredictive as to the location of impending saccadic targets. Monkeys were trained on two paradigms. In the saccade-saccadeparadigm, monkeys were required to follow a saccadic target that stepped from a central location, to an eccentric location, back to center, and finally to a second eccentric location. The stimulus-saccade paradigm was similar, except the central fixation target remained illuminated during presentation of the first eccentric stimulus; the monkey was required to maintain central fixation and to make a saccade to the second eccentric stimulus only on disappearance of the fixation point. In both paradigms, the first eccentric stimulus was presented at the same, opposite, or orthogonal location with respect to the final target location in a given trial. We measured SRTs to the final target under conditions in which all parameters were identical except for the location of the first eccentric stimulus. In the saccade-saccade paradigm, we found that the SRT to the final target was slowest when it was presented opposite to the initial saccadic target, whereas in the stimulus-saccade paradigm the SRT to the final target was slowest when it was presented at the same location as the initial stimulus. In both paradigms, these increases in SRTs were greatest during the shortest intervals between presentation of successive eccentric stimuli, yet these effects remained present for the longest intervals employed in this study. SRTs became faster as the direction and eccentricity of the two successive stimuli became increasingly misaligned from that which produced the maximal SRT slowing in each paradigm. The results of the stimulus-saccade paradigm are similar to the phenomenon of inhibition of return (IOR) in which human subjects are slower to respond to stimuli that are presented at previously cued locations. We interpret these findings in terms of overlapping representations of visuospatial and oculomotor activity in the same neural structures.

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Shinomiya, Yuma, Tetsuto Yamada, Kenji Suzuki, Yuko Komachi, and Takahiro Niida. "Saccadic Reaction Times in Alternating Cover." Strabismus 21, no. 2 (May 29, 2013): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09273972.2013.786744.

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Steinmetz, Nicholas A., and Tirin Moore. "Changes in the Response Rate and Response Variability of Area V4 Neurons During the Preparation of Saccadic Eye Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 3 (March 2010): 1171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00689.2009.

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The visually driven responses of macaque area V4 neurons are modulated during the preparation of saccadic eye movements, but the relationship between presaccadic modulation in area V4 and saccade preparation is poorly understood. Recent neurophysiological studies suggest that the variability across trials of spiking responses provides a more reliable signature of motor preparation than mean firing rate across trials. We compared the dynamics of the response rate and the variability in the rate across trials for area V4 neurons during the preparation of visually guided saccades. As in previous reports, we found that the mean firing rate of V4 neurons was enhanced when saccades were prepared to stimuli within a neuron's receptive field (RF) in comparison with saccades to a non-RF location. Further, we found robust decreases in response variability prior to saccades and found that these decreases predicted saccadic reaction times for saccades both to RF and non-RF stimuli. Importantly, response variability predicted reaction time whether or not there were any accompanying changes in mean firing rate. In addition to predicting saccade direction, the mean firing rate could also predict reaction time, but only for saccades directed to the RF stimuli. These results demonstrate that response variability of area V4 neurons, like mean response rate, provides a signature of saccade preparation. However, the two signatures reflect complementary aspects of that preparation.

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Stevenson, Scott A., James K. Elsley, and Brian D. Corneil. "A “Gap Effect” on Stop Signal Reaction Times in a Human Saccadic Countermanding Task." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 2 (February 2009): 580–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90891.2008.

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The “gap effect” describes a phenomenon whereby saccadic reaction times are expedited by the removal of a visible fixation point prior to target presentation. Here we investigated whether processes controlling saccade cancellation are also subjected to a gap effect. Human subjects performed a countermanding experiment that required them to try to cancel an impending saccade in the presence of an imperative visual stop signal, across different fixation conditions. We found that saccadic cancellation latencies, estimated via derivation of the stop signal reaction time (SSRT), were ∼40 ms shorter on trials with a 200-ms gap between fixation point removal and target presentation compared with when the fixation point remained illuminated. Follow-up experiments confirmed that the reduction in SSRTs were primarily due to removal of a foveal fixation point (as opposed to a generalized warning effect) and persisted with an auditory stop signal that controlled for potential differences in stop signal saliency across different fixation conditions. Saccadic RTs exhibited a gap effect in all experiments with reductions in RTs being due to both removal of a foveal fixation point and a generalized warning effect. Overall, our results demonstrate that processes controlling saccade cancellation can be expedited by a 200-ms gap. The simultaneous priming of both saccade cancellation and generation is of particular interest considering the mutually antagonistic relationship between the saccade fixation and generation networks in the oculomotor system.

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Whitchurch, Elizabeth A., and Terry T. Takahashi. "Combined Auditory and Visual Stimuli Facilitate Head Saccades in the Barn Owl (Tyto alba)." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 2 (August 2006): 730–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00072.2006.

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The barn owl naturally responds to an auditory or visual stimulus in its environment with a quick head turn toward the source. We measured these head saccades evoked by auditory, visual, and simultaneous, co-localized audiovisual stimuli to quantify multisensory interactions in the barn owl. Stimulus levels ranged from near to well above saccadic threshold. In accordance with previous human psychophysical findings, the owl's saccade reaction times (SRTs) and errors to unisensory stimuli were inversely related to stimulus strength. Auditory saccades characteristically had shorter reaction times but were less accurate than visual saccades. Audiovisual trials, over a large range of tested stimulus combinations, had auditory-like SRTs and visual-like errors, suggesting that barn owls are able to use both auditory and visual cues to produce saccades with the shortest possible SRT and greatest accuracy. These results support a model of sensory integration in which the faster modality initiates the saccade and the slower modality remains available to refine saccade trajectory.

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Reingold, Eyal M., and Dave M. Stampe. "Saccadic Inhibition in Voluntary and Reflexive Saccades." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14, no. 3 (April 1, 2002): 371–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892902317361903.

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The present study investigated saccadic inhibition in both voluntary and stimulus-elicited saccades. Two experiments examined saccadic inhibition caused by an irrelevant flash occurring subsequent to target onset. In each trial, participants were required to perform a single saccade following the presentation of a black target on a gray background, 4° to the left or to the right of screen center. In some trials (flash trials), after a variable delay, a 33-msec flash was displayed at the top and bottom third of the monitor (these regions turned white). In all experimental conditions, histograms of flash-to-saccade latencies documented a decrease in saccadic frequency, forming a dip, time-locked to the flash and occurring as early as 60—70 msec following its onset. The fast latency of this effect strongly suggests a low-level, reflex-like, oculomotor effect, which was referred to as saccadic inhibition. A novel procedure was developed to allow comparisons of saccadic inhibition even across conditions, which in the absence of a flash (no-flash trials) produce dissimilar saccadic reaction times (SRTs) distributions. Experiment 1 examined the effects of the fixation stimulus on saccadic inhibition by contrasting three conditions: a gap condition (fixation stimulus disappeared 200 msec prior to target onset), a step condition (offset of the fixation stimulus was simultaneous with target onset), and an overlap condition (the fixation stimulus remained on for the duration of the trial). The overlap condition produced substantially stronger saccadic inhibition, relative to the gap and the step conditions. Experiment 2 contrasted the saccadic inhibition effect obtained for prosaccades (saccades aimed at the target) with the effect obtained for antisaccades (i.e., saccades aimed away from the same target). The onset of saccadic inhibition was earlier, and its magnitude was stronger, for antisaccades, relative to prosaccades. The plausibility that the superior colliculus is the neurophysiological locus of the saccadic inhibition effect was explored.

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Reuter, Eva-Maria, Welber Marinovic, Timothy N. Welsh, and Timothy J. Carroll. "Increased preparation time reduces, but does not abolish, action history bias of saccadic eye movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 1478–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00512.2018.

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The characteristics of movements are strongly history-dependent. Marinovic et al. (Marinovic W, Poh E, de Rugy A, Carroll TJ. eLife 6: e26713, 2017) showed that past experience influences the execution of limb movements through a combination of temporally stable processes that are strictly use dependent and dynamically evolving and context-dependent processes that reflect prediction of future actions. Here we tested the basis of history-dependent biases for multiple spatiotemporal features of saccadic eye movements under two preparation time conditions (long and short). Twenty people performed saccades to visual targets. To prompt context-specific expectations of most likely target locations, 1 of 12 potential target locations was specified on ~85% of the trials and each remaining target was presented on ~1% trials. In long preparation trials participants were shown the location of the next target 1 s before its presentation onset, whereas in short preparation trials each target was first specified as the cue to move. Saccade reaction times and direction were biased by recent saccade history but according to distinct spatial tuning profiles. Biases were purely expectation related for saccadic reaction times, which increased linearly as the distance from the repeated target location increased when preparation time was short but were similar to all targets when preparation time was long. By contrast, the directions of saccades were biased toward the repeated target in both preparation time conditions, although to a lesser extent when the target location was precued (long preparation). The results suggest that saccade history affects saccade dynamics via both use- and expectation-dependent mechanisms and that movement history has dissociable effects on reaction time and saccadic direction. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The characteristics of our movements are influenced not only by concurrent sensory inputs but also by how we have moved in the past. For limb movements, history effects involve both use-dependent processes due strictly to movement repetition and processes that reflect prediction of future actions. Here we show that saccade history also affects saccade dynamics via use- and expectation-dependent mechanisms but that movement history has dissociable effects on saccade reaction time and direction.

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Castaldi, Elisa, David Burr, Marco Turi, and Paola Binda. "Fast saccadic eye-movements in humans suggest that numerosity perception is automatic and direct." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1935 (September 23, 2020): 20201884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1884.

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Fast saccades are rapid automatic oculomotor responses to salient and ecologically important visual stimuli such as animals and faces. Discriminating the number of friends, foe, or prey may also have an evolutionary advantage. In this study, participants were asked to saccade rapidly towards the more numerous of two arrays. Participants could discriminate numerosities with high accuracy and great speed, as fast as 190 ms. Intermediate numerosities were more likely to elicit fast saccades than very low or very high numerosities. Reaction-times for vocal responses (collected in a separate experiment) were slower, did not depend on numerical range, and correlated only with the slow not the fast saccades, pointing to different systems. The short saccadic reaction-times we observe are surprising given that discrimination using numerosity estimation is thought to require a relatively complex neural circuit, with several relays of information through the parietal and prefrontal cortex. Our results suggest that fast numerosity-driven saccades may be generated on a single feed-forward pass of information recruiting a primitive system that cuts through the cortical hierarchy and rapidly transforms the numerosity information into a saccade command.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Saccadic Reaction Times"

1

Dorris, Michael Christopher. "Neural correlates of pre-target factors influencing saccadic reaction times." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0016/NQ54409.pdf.

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Tanaka, Tomohiro. "Visual response of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area and saccadic reaction time during a visual detection task." Kyoto University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/179343.

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Milstein, DAVID. "The Influence of Relative Subjective Value on Preparatory Activity in the Superior Colliculus as Indexed by Saccadic Reaction Times." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/8090.

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Deal or no deal? Hold ‘em or fold ‘em? Buy, hold or sell? When faced with uncertainty, a wise decision-maker evaluates each option and chooses the one they deem most valuable. Scientists studying decision making processes have spent much theoretical and experimental effort formalizing a framework that captures how decision makers can maximize the amount of subjective value they accrue from such decisions. This thesis tested two hypotheses. The first was that subjective value guides our simplest and most common of motor actions similar to how it guides more deliberative economic decisions. The second was that subjective value is allocated across pre-motor regions of the brain to make our actions more efficient. To accomplish these goals, I adapted a paradigm used by behavioural economists for use in neurophysiological experiments in non-human primates. In our task, monkeys repeatedly make quick, orienting eye movements, known as saccades, to targets, which they learned through experience, had different values. In support of the hypothesis that subjective value influences simple motor actions, the speed with which monkeys responded, known as saccadic reaction time (SRT), and their saccadic choices to valued targets were highly correlated and therefore both acted as a behavioural measures of subjective value. Two complimentary results support the hypothesis that subjective value influences activity in the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (SCi) – a well-studied brain region important to the planning and execution of saccades - to produce efficient actions. First, when saccades were elicited with microstimulation, we found that the timing and spatial allocation of pre-saccadic activity in the SC was shaped by subjective value. Second, the baseline preparatory activity and transient visual activity of SCi neurons prior to saccade generation was also influenced by subjective value. Our results can be incorporated into existing models of SC functioning that use dynamic neural field theory. I suggest that saccades of higher subjective value will result in higher activation of their associated neural field such that they will be more likely and more quickly selected. In summary, this thesis demonstrates that subjective value influences neural mechanisms, not only for deliberative decision making, but also for the efficient selection of simple motor actions.
Thesis (Ph.D, Neuroscience Studies) -- Queen's University, 2013-06-25 17:18:25.393

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Thakkar, Katharine Natasha. "Response inhibition and monitoring in schizophrenia : evidences from countermanding saccades." Diss., 2008. http://etd.library.vanderbilt.edu/ETD-db/available/etd-07172008-120316/.

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Dimitru, M. L., G. H. Joergensen, Alice G. Cruickshank, and G. T. M. Altmann. "Language-guided visual processing affects reasoning: the role of referential and spatial anchoring." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9570.

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No
Language is more than a source of information for accessing higher-order conceptual knowledge. Indeed, language may determine how people perceive and interpret visual stimuli. Visual processing in linguistic contexts, for instance, mirrors language processing and happens incrementally, rather than through variously-oriented fixations over a particular scene. The consequences of this atypical visual processing are yet to be determined. Here, we investigated the integration of visual and linguistic input during a reasoning task. Participants listened to sentences containing conjunctions or disjunctions (Nancy examined an ant and/or a cloud) and looked at visual scenes containing two pictures that either matched or mismatched the nouns. Degree of match between nouns and pictures (referential anchoring) and between their expected and actual spatial positions (spatial anchoring) affected fixations as well as judgments. We conclude that language induces incremental processing of visual scenes, which in turn becomes susceptible to reasoning errors during the language-meaning verification process.

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Malienko, Anton. "Modèle attentionnel à deux étapes de la planification des mouvements de portée du bras et des saccades." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22875.

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Book chapters on the topic "Saccadic Reaction Times"

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Boch, R., and B. Fischer. "The Spectrum of the Monkey’s Saccadic Reaction Times." In Brain Plasticity, Learning, and Memory, 548. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5003-3_58.

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Spantekow, A., P. Krappmann, S. Everling, and H. Flohr. "Effects of Warning Signals on Saccadic Reaction Times and Event-Related Potentials." In Current Oculomotor Research, 85–87. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3054-8_11.

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Fischer, Burkhart. "Saccadic Reaction Time: Implications for Reading, Dyslexia, and Visual Cognition." In Springer Series in Neuropsychology, 31–45. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2852-3_3.

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Kimmig, H., J. Mutter, M. Biscaldi, B. Fischer, and T. Mergner. "Reaction Times of Smooth Pursuit Initiation in Normal Subjects and in “Express-Saccade Makers”." In Current Oculomotor Research, 129–32. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3054-8_18.

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Biscaldi, Monica, Heike Weber, Burkhart Fischer, and Volker Stuhr. "Mechanisms for Fixation in Man: Evidence From Saccadic Reaction Times." In Studies in Visual Information Processing, 145–55. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-907x(05)80013-3.

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Lünenburger, Lars, Werner Lindner, and Klaus-Peter Hoffmann. "Neural activity in the primate superior colliculus and saccadic reaction times in double-step experiments." In Progress in Brain Research, 91–107. Elsevier, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6123(03)42008-6.

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GÓMEZ, C., M. ATIENZA, M. VÁZQUEZ, and J. L. CANTERO. "Saccadic Reaction Times to Fully Predictive and Random Visual Targets during Gap and Non-Gap Paradigms." In Information Processing Underlying Gaze Control, 109–15. Elsevier, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-042506-1.50015-1.

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"Saccadic Reaction Time." In Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning, 2913. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_2384.

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Weber, Heike, Doris Braun, and Thomas Mergner. "The Effect of Frontal and Parietal Lesions on Saccadic Reaction Time." In Studies in Visual Information Processing, 89–97. Elsevier, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-81808-9.50014-7.

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Weber, Heike, Franz Aiple, and Burkhart Fischer. "Reaction Time and Velocity of Small Saccades in Man." In Studies in Visual Information Processing, 81–87. Elsevier, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-81808-9.50013-5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Saccadic Reaction Times"

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Sokhn, Nayla, Antoine Wuilleret, and Roberto Caldara. "Go/No-Go Saccadic Reaction Times Towards Visual Field Targets Differ Between Athletes and Nonathletes." In 2019 11th International Conference on Knowledge and Smart Technology (KST). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/kst.2019.8687809.

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