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1
Hashizume, Satoru, and Toshio Yanagiya. "A Forefoot Strike Requires the Highest Forces Applied to the Foot Among Foot Strike Patterns." Sports Medicine International Open 01, no. 02 (February 2017): E37—E42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-122017.
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AbstractGround reaction force is often used to predict the potential risk of injuries but may not coincide with the forces applied to commonly injured regions of the foot. This study examined the forces applied to the foot, and the associated moment arms made by three foot strike patterns. 10 male runners ran barefoot along a runway at 3.3 m/s using forefoot, midfoot, and rearfoot strikes. The Achilles tendon and ground reaction force moment arms represented the shortest distance between the ankle joint axis and the line of action of each force. The Achilles tendon and joint reaction forces were calculated by solving equations of foot motion. The Achilles tendon and joint reaction forces were greatest for the forefoot strike (2 194 and 3 137 N), followed by the midfoot strike (1 929 and 2 853 N), and the rearfoot strike (1 526 and 2 394 N). The ground reaction force moment arm was greater for the forefoot strike than for the other foot strikes, and was greater for the midfoot strike than for the rearfoot strike. Meanwhile, there were no differences in the Achilles tendon moment arm among all foot strikes. These differences were attributed mainly to differences in the ground reaction force moment arm among the three foot strike patterns.
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Hollander, Karsten, Johanna de Villiers, Ranel Venter, Susanne Sehner, Karl Wegscheider, Klaus-Michael Braumann, and Astrid Zech. "Foot Strike Patterns Differ Between Children and Adolescents Growing up Barefoot vs. Shod." International Journal of Sports Medicine 39, no. 02 (November 16, 2017): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-120344.
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AbstractEffects of early and permanent footwear use are not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of habituation to footwear on foot strike patterns of children and adolescents. Healthy habitually barefoot and shod participants (aged 6–18 years) from South Africa (n=288) and Germany (n=390) performed multiple 20-m jogging and running trials with and without shoes. Each foot strike was captured using a high-speed camera to determine a rearfoot or non-rearfoot strike. The probability of a rearfoot strike in both cohorts and each age was analyzed by using a mixed-effects logistic regression adjusted for possible confounders. Habitually barefoot children showed a higher probability of using rearfoot strikes than habitually shod children (p<0.001). The probability was age-dependent and decreased in habitually barefoot children with age (ORbarefoot-jogging=0.82, 95% CI, 0.71 to 0.96, p=0.014; ORbarefoot-running=0.58, 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.67, p<0.001 and ORshod-running=0.68, 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.79, p<0.001). In habitually shod children, the probability increased significantly for shod jogging (OR=1.19, 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.35, p=0.006). To conclude, foot strike patterns of children are influenced by habituation to footwear. Younger habitually barefoot children show higher rates of rearfoot strikes for shod and barefoot running, and it converges in later adolescence.
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Saunders, Pamela A. ""My Brain s On Strike"." Research on Aging 20, no. 1 (January 1998): 65–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027598201005.
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Cooray, Vernon, Marcos Rubinstein, and Farhad Rachidi. "A Self-Consistent Return Stroke Model That Includes the Effect of the Ground Conductivity at the Strike Point." Atmosphere 13, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040593.
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A current generation type return stroke model which can take into account the possible modifications of the return stroke properties by the soil conductivity at the strike point of the lightning flash is introduced. The model is also capable of incorporating the reflection of the current at the ground end of the return stroke channel. In this paper, this return stroke model is used to investigate (a) the effect of the ground conductivity at the strike point on the source electromagnetic fields generated by return strokes and (b) the effect of current reflection at ground level on the electromagnetic field generated by return strokes. The source electromagnetic fields are the electromagnetic fields generated by lightning flashes calculated in such a way that they are not distorted by propagation effects. The results obtained show that the ground conductivity at the strike point does not significantly influence the return stroke current peak or the radiation field peak for ground conductivities higher than about 0.001 S/m. However, strike points with very poor conductivities (lower than 0.001 S/m) would result in a decrease of the peak electric field. In contrast to the peak values of the lightning current and the electric field, the peak values of the time derivatives of the lightning current and electric field are significantly reduced when the strike point of the lightning flash is located over a finitely conducting ground. The inclusion of the current reflection at ground level influences significantly the saturation of the close electric fields. The current reflection also gives rise to residual electric fields, a difference in the field levels generated by the dart leader and the return stroke. The residual field decreases as the fraction of the reflected current decreases.
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Yip, Yewmun, Yuli Su, and Sherry Wang. "Impact of Strikes on Shareholders' Wealth: Empirical Evidence from the 1990's." Journal of Finance Issues 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.58886/jfi.v5i2.2611.
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This study examines the effect of a strike on the wealth of shareholders, and whether there is a difference in the effects during various phases of a stock market cycle. Although a significant loss of shareholders' value is observed at the beginning of a strike, most of the losses are recovered upon the settlement of the strike. During a bear market, the negative impact of a strike on a firm's value is more profound, and the firm does not fully recover its value when the strike ends. On the other hand, in a bull market, struck firms not only suffer a less severe loss but also experience a quicker rebound in their firms' value. Since the duration of a strike during a bear and bull market period is not significantly different, we conclude that the observed difference in the impact of a strike during different phases of a stock market cycle cannot be attributed to the difference in the duration of a strike.
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Wu, Bin, Jiewei Lin, Reza Hedayati, Guichang Zhang, Junhong Zhang, and Lipeng Zhang. "Dynamic Responses of the Aero-Engine Rotor System to Bird Strike on Fan Blades at Different Rotational Speeds." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 8883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198883.
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To study the effect of a bird striking engine fan on the rotor system, a low-pressure rotor system dynamic model based on a real aero-engine structure was established. Dynamic equations were derived considering the case of the bird strike force which transferred to the rotor system. The bird strike force was obtained from the bird strike process simulation in LS-DYNA, where a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) mallard model was constructed using a computed tomography (CT) scanner, and finite element method (FEM) was used to simulate the bird strike on an actual fan model. The dynamic equations were solved using the Newmark-β method. The effect of rotational speeds on the rotor system dynamics after bird strike was investigated and discussed. Results show that the maximum bird impact force can reach 104 kN at 3772 r/min. Impact time is only 0.06 s, but the bird strike on fan blades lead to a transient shock on the rotor system. Under the action of transient shocks, the rotor system displacement in the horizontal and vertical directions increase sharply, and the closer the mass point is to the fan, the more it is affected; the vibration amplitude at the fan will increase 15 times within 0.1 s of the bird strike and will gradually decrease with the effect of damping. The dynamics of the rotor system changes from a stable single periodic motion to a complex irregular quasi-periodic motion after a bird strike, and the strike force excites the first-order vibrational mode of the rotor system. This phenomenon occurs at all speeds when bird strikes occur. Bird strikes will cause resonance in the rotor system, which may cause damage to the engine. It was also seen that the bird strike force, and hence the effects on the rotor system, increases as the engine rotational speed increases; the peak force is larger and the number of peaks has increased. The impact force at 3772 r/min is 99.5 kN higher than at 836 r/min, and three additional peaks emerged. This effect is more reflected in the amplitude, and the overall vibration characteristics do not change. Combining the bird strike with the rotor dynamics calculation, the dynamic response of the aero-engine rotor system to bird strike is studied at different flight stages, which is of guiding significance for power evaluation of aero engines after bird strike.
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Santos-Concejero, J., N. Tam, C. Granados, J. Irazusta, I. Bidaurrazaga-Letona, J. Zabala-Lili, and S. Gil. "Interaction Effects of Stride Angle and Strike Pattern on Running Economy." International Journal of Sports Medicine 35, no. 13 (June 30, 2014): 1118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1372640.
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Kim, Yoo-Ri, Sang-Ok Lee, Jeongsoo Han, Hee-Yun Seol, and Sung-Soo Kim. "The Effects of Doctors’ Strikes on Hospital Mortality Rates*." Korean Journal of Medical Ethics 23, no. 3 (September 2020): 171–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35301/ksme.2020.23.3.171.
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Despite the significant implications of doctors’ strikes for public health, little research has been done on the effects of doctors’ strike on patient mortality. In this study, we attempted to assess the effects on patient mortality of a strike that was carried out by doctors in South Korea in June 2000. The data for this study came from Statistic Korea (KOSTAT)’s ‘Causes of Death Statistics’ for the period 1997 to 2003. The data was analyzed with the four methods most commonly used in international studies on doctor strikes. The analysis shows that there is no significant difference between the disease-related death rate for June 2000 and that for the same month in other analyzed years. Similarly, there is no significant difference between the disease-related death rate for June 2000 and the rates for May and July, either in 2000 or in other analyzed years. However, the disease-related death rate during the strike in June 2000 is slightly lower than the rates for the sixday period immediately prior to and immediately following the strike. This suggests that, contrary to what many people believe, the disease-related death rate did not increase during the doctor’s strike in June 2000. This study is the first to provide statistical evidence concerning the effects of doctors’ strikes on hospital mortality rates in South Korea.
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Miarka, Bianca, Fábio Dal Bello, Ciro J. Brito, Fabrício B. Del Vecchio, John Amtmann, and Karim Chamari. "A 12-Year Cohort Study of Doc-Stoppage in Professional Mixed Martial Arts." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0131.
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Purposes: To determine actions during bouts that generate serious enough injury to stop the bout; verifying the injury incidence, types, and prevalence of doctor stoppages (doc-stoppage); and identify potential risk factors by analyzing technical-tactical profiles for injury in sanctioned mixed martial arts bouts taking place over a 12-y period. Methods: This research analyzed 440 paired mixed martial arts matches separated by doc-stoppage (n = 220) and no doc-stoppage (n = 220) from 2002 to 2014. Technical knockouts for doc-stoppage were diagnosed and managed by attending ringside doctors, and the time–motion variables were categorized into total combat time separated by low- or high-intensity activities per round, stand-up, or groundwork actions, P ≤ .05. Results: The main cause of injuries in doc-stoppage situations was due to facial injuries (>90%), with 87.1% occurring after striking actions during the second round. Lacerations were the leading type of injury, which occurred with 80% frequency. The results showed differences between doc-stoppage and no doc-stoppage for standing combat with low-intensity actions (130.6 [8.5] s vs 83.3 [6.9] s for first round; 115.7 [10.5] s vs 100.1 [9.6] s for second round, and 121.5 [19.5] s vs 106.3 [11.7] s for third round) and total strike attempts (34.5, 23.0–51.8 vs 25.0, 12.0–40.8); in standing combat, head strike attempts (21, 10–33 vs 11, 4–21) and body strikes (2.5, 1.0–5.8 vs 1.0–2), and in groundwork combat, head strikes landed (0.0–3.0 vs 0.0–5.0). Conclusions: This research showed higher values of strike attempts with 2 main orientations, namely the head (on the ground and in stand-up actions) and body (in stand-up actions), and may provide important information regarding the technical knockout and when it can be called by officials supervising mixed martial arts bouts.
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Roper, Jenevieve, Deborah Doerfler, Len Kravitz, Janet Dufek, and Christine Mermier. "Gait Retraining From Rearfoot Strike to Forefoot Strike does not change Running Economy." International Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 14 (November 3, 2017): 1076–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-110225.
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AbstractGait retraining is a method for management of patellofemoral pain, which is a common ailment among recreational runners. The present study investigated the effects of gait retraining from rearfoot strike to forefoot strike on running economy, heart rate, and respiratory exchange ratio immediately post-retraining and one-month post-retraining in recreational runners with patellofemoral pain. Knee pain was also measured. Sixteen participants (n=16) were randomly placed in the control (n=8) or experimental (n=8) group. A 10-minute treadmill RE test was performed by all subjects. The experimental group performed eight gait retraining running sessions where foot strike pattern was switched from rearfoot strike to forefoot strike, while the control group received no intervention. There were no significant differences for running economy (p=0.26), respiratory exchange ratio (p=0.258), or heart rate (p=0.248) between the groups. Knee pain reported on a visual analog scale was also significantly reduced (p<0.05) as a result of retraining. The present study demonstrates that retraining from rearfoot strike to forefoot strike did not affect running economy up to one-month post-retraining while reducing running-related patellofemoral pain.
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van Werkhoven, Herman, Kathryn A. Farina, and Mark H. Langley. "Using A Soft Conformable Foot Sensor to Measure Changes in Foot Strike Angle During Running." Sports 7, no. 8 (July 29, 2019): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7080184.
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The potential association between running foot strike analysis and performance and injury metrics has created the need for reliable methods to quantify foot strike pattern outside the laboratory. Small, wireless inertial measurement units (IMUs) allow for unrestricted movement of the participants. Current IMU methods to measure foot strike pattern places small, rigid accelerometers and/or gyroscopes on the heel cap or on the instep of the shoe. The purpose of this study was to validate a thin, conformable IMU sensor placed directly on the dorsal foot surface to determine foot strike angles and pattern. Participants (n = 12) ran on a treadmill with different foot strike patterns while videography and sensor data were captured. Sensor measures were compared against traditional 2D video analysis techniques and the results showed that the sensor was able to accurately (92.2% success) distinguish between rearfoot and non-rearfoot foot strikes using an angular velocity cut-off value of 0°/s. There was also a strong and significant correlation between sensor determined foot strike angle and foot strike angle determined from videography analysis (r = 0.868, p < 0.001), although linear regression analysis showed that the sensor underestimated the foot strike angle. Conformable sensors with the ability to attach directly to the human skin could improve the tracking of human dynamics and should be further explored.
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Smeathers, J. E. "Transient Vibrations Caused by Heel Strike." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 203, no. 4 (December 1989): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1989_203_036_01.
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Transient vibrations caused by heel strike and travelling vertically through the body have been monitored using accelerometers taped to the skin. A correction for skin movement based on the transmissibility function is described. The average velocity between the foot and the head for the heel-strike transient is 220 m/s. This velocity is greatest in the legs, 610 m/s, and least in the spine, 90 m/s. Shock absorption occurs mainly in the legs and to a lesser degree in the spine.
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Kleinschmidt-DeMasters, Bette. "Neuropathology of Lightning-strike Injuries." Seminars in Neurology 15, no. 04 (December 1995): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1041039.
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Wood, Hannah M. "Morphology and performance of the ‘trap-jaw’ cheliceral strikes in spiders (Araneae, Mecysmaucheniidae)." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 14 (June 19, 2020): jeb219899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.219899.
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ABSTRACTMecysmaucheniidae spiders have evolved ultra-fast cheliceral strikes 4 times independently. The mechanism for producing these high-speed strikes is likely due to a latch/spring system that allows for stored energy to be rapidly released. This study examined two different sister lineages: Zearchaea has ultra-fast cheliceral strikes and Aotearoa, based on external morphology of the clypeus, is hypothesized to have slower strikes. Using high-speed videography, I first gathered kinematic data on each taxon. Then, using histology and data from micro-computed tomography scanning, I examined internal cheliceral muscle morphology to test whether shifts in muscle anatomy correspond to performance differences in cheliceral strike. Results from high-speed video analysis revealed that Zearchaea achieves peak angular velocities of 25.0×103±4.8×103 rad s−1 (mean±s.d.) in durations of 0.0843±0.017 ms. The fastest recorded strike had a peak angular and linear velocity of 30.8×103 rad s−1 and 18.2 m s−1, respectively. The slower striking sister species, Aotearoa magna, was three orders of magnitude slower in velocity and longer in duration. Histology revealed sarcomere length differences, with some muscles optimized for force, and other muscles for speed. 3D printed models revealed structural differences that explain how the chelicerae hinge open and close. Combining all of this evidence, I put forth a hypothesis for the ultra-fast trap-jaw mechanism. This research documents the morphological shifts that accompany ultra-fast movements that result in increased rotation in joints and increased muscle specialization.
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Murray, Lauralee, C. Beaven, and Kim Hébert-Losier. "Reliability of Overground Running Measures from 2D Video Analyses in a Field Environment." Sports 7, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7010008.
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Two-dimensional running analyses are common in research and practice, and have been shown to be reliable when conducted on a treadmill. However, running is typically performed outdoors. Our aim was to determine the intra- and inter-rater reliability of two-dimensional analyses of overground running in an outdoor environment. Two raters independently evaluated 155 high-speed videos (240 Hz) of overground running from recreationally competitive runners on two occasions, seven days apart (test-retest study design). The reliability of foot-strike pattern (rear-foot, mid-foot, and fore-foot), foot-strike angle (°), and running speed (m/s) was assessed using weighted kappa (κ), percentage agreement, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), typical error (TE), and coefficient of variation (CV) statistics. Foot-strike pattern (agreement = 99.4%, κ = 0.96) and running speed (ICC = 0.98, TE = 0.09 m/s, CV = 2.1%) demonstrated excellent relative and absolute reliability. Foot-strike angle exhibited high relative reliability (ICC = 0.88), but suboptimal absolute reliability (TE = 2.5°, CV = 17.6%). Two-dimensional analyses of overground running outdoors were reliable for quantifying foot-strike pattern, foot-strike angle, and running speed, although foot-strike angle errors of 2.5° were typical. Foot-strike angle changes of less than 2.5° should be interpreted with caution in clinical settings, as they might simply reflect measurement errors.
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Priadi, Ramadhan, and Teuku Hafid Hududillah. "Risk Level Analysis of Lightning Strike with Simple Additive Weighting Method in Gowa Region." Jurnal Penelitian Fisika dan Aplikasinya (JPFA) 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jpfa.v8n1.p17-24.
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Gowa regency is one of the areas in the province of South Sulawesi that has a high potential of lightning events. This is influenced by its geographical location which is close to the mountainous area. This research purpose to analyze the risk level of lightning strike hazard in Gowa regency using Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method. This research uses lightning strike data from lightning detector boltek sensor recorded by LD2000 software. The data used is event data in 2015 with sensor coordinates of 5.218° S and 119.470° E and using a density grid of 0.01o. The results for Gowa district have a total density of 26797 strikes/kilometers with clustered areas are Tinggi Moncong subdistricts and Bungaya subdistricts which each have a density value of 10443 strikes/kilometers and 5197 strikes/kilometers. The results of this study are expected to represent the level of lightning vulnerability as a reference for making adequate grounding system in areas with high lightning activity in Gowa regency.
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Campagnini, Kathryn, and Tim Gunter. "Creation of National Strike Force Center of Expertise: U. S. Coast Guard Deployable Specialized Forces “Stem-to-Stern” Review." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 2527–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2527.
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Abstract The United States Coast Guard conducted a review of the National Strike Force’s alignment with the Coast Guard organization following direction from Admiral Papp, Commandant of the Coast Guard, for a “Stem to Stern” review of all Deployable Specialized Forces. The Deployable Specialized Force program and its support structure has made significant progress building and sustaining a highly specialized community. Some of these successes include the Incident Management Assist Team. The full purpose and integration of all Deployable Specialized Force units has still not completely achieved full operational capability. One of the recommended courses of action for Coast Guard Deployable Specialized Forces is to maintain proficiency and provide value across the Coast Guard’s mission spectrum included: Establish Centers of Expertise for disaster/incident response with functionality to include standardization teams, external assessment, and Tactics, Techniques and Policy integration. The review concluded that a separate unit should be established to conduct third party assessment of the National Strike Forces’ three Strike Teams. As a result, the National Strike Force Center of Expertise was created under the oversight of the Coast Guard Force Readiness Command. This paper will review the reasons for creation of the National Strike Force Center of Expertise and why it was placed under the Coast Guard Force Readiness Command as a detachment of Training Center Yorktown. Several functional statements of the National Strike Force Center of Expertise will be presented regarding managing environmental response and equipment standardization among the Strike Teams and how the National Strike Force Center of Expertise concept of operations will support future progress for the NSF mission.
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Tenza, Mlungisi. "Investigating the Need to Introduce Compulsory Interest Arbitration as a Method to Prevent Lengthy Strikes in South Africa." South African Mercantile Law Journal 33, no. 2 (2021): 176–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/samlj/v33/i2a2.
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The issue of lengthy strikes in South Africa has been a cause for concern since it destabilises the economy and can result in a loss of employment if it is not managed properly. A strike that takes too long to be resolved causes anger towards strikers, so creating a fertile environment for the eruption of violence between striking and non-striking workers. Damage to property and harm to civilians has been reported where striking workers have become violent during a strike. It appears that the existing remedies fail to curb long strikes and resultant violence, as unions and members continue with their action despite the granting of an order of interdict to stop the conduct. To solve the problem of long and consequently violent strikes, the article advocates the introduction of a compulsory interest arbitration in the labour relations law of South Africa. A compulsory interest arbitration will force the parties into arbitration once it is established that the strike has continued for an unreasonably long period without a solution. The use of compulsory interest arbitration will not be unique to South Africa, as other countries such as Canada and Australia use it in their labour relations systems – which helps them deal with long and possibly harmful or violent strikes. The article argues that lessons can be learned from these countries on how South Africa can deal with its own protracted strikes. The article further proposes that the LRA be amended to include a provision that will enable the Minister to intervene where the parties fail to reach agreement on disputed issues, and where it is in the public interest to do so. Introducing a compulsory interest arbitration in the labour relations system could limit the right to strike. However, the article argues that such a limitation may be justified in terms of s 36 of the Constitution.
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Chang, DongIk. "The Physician"s Professional Ethics - Strike, Rights and Duty -." Journal of Moral & Ethics Education 79 (May 31, 2023): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18338/kojmee.2023..79.171.
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Lorenz, John C., and Scott P. Cooper. "Natural fractures and their relationships to structure, stress, and permeability in the Raton Basin." Mountain Geologist 58, no. 4 (October 27, 2021): 375–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.31582/rmag.mg.58.4.375.
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Fractures in Cretaceous and early Tertiary strata record several deformation events that were imposed on the formations that fill the Raton Basin in Colorado and New Mexico. A regional, generally WNW-ESE striking extension-fracture set is present across much of the basin, but fracturing also includes both dip-slip and strike-slip conjugate shear-fracture sets as well as irregular deformation-band shear fractures. In some areas of the basin, the extension fractures are dynamically-compatible with associated conjugate shear fractures, both recording a maximum compressive stress that was horizontal, trending predominantly WNW-ESE. Fracture strikes vary from NW-SE to ENE-WSW but are approximately normal to the front of the Laramide thrust-fault system that forms the western edge of the basin, implying that fracturing was the result of a horizontal compressive stress anisotropy created by indentation of the thrust system into the basin margin. Fracture anomalies occur over local structures including a N-S basement wrench-fault system that connects two large anticlines within the basin, the Tercio and Vermejo Park anticlines, where N-S strike-slip offset along the basement wrench faults caused folding and fracturing in the overlying strata. The Laramide stress system in the basin changed from thrust-related WNW-ESE horizontal compression to the present-day N-S maximum horizontal compressive stress in mid-Tertiary time as the thrust system became inactive and was replaced by regional E-W extension. No new fracture sets were formed by the re-oriented stress system, although stress-release fractures normal to the regional set formed in outcrops as overlying strata were eroded. Fracture datasets were derived from three sources during this study: outcrops, image logs, and cores. Each source provides a somewhat different perspective on the fractures that enhance permeability in Raton Basin reservoirs. Taken together, the three datasets provide the basis for a relatively complete conceptual model of the Raton fracture system. Fracture-controlled permeability anisotropy will be greatest in the WNW-ESE direction, parallel to the strike of the dominant set of Laramide-age natural fractures, but hydraulic stimulation fractures will propagate N-S, across the strike of those fractures under the influence of the present-day stress system. The apertures of the WNW-ESE fractures will be susceptible to closure under that stress system since the maximum horizontal compressive stress is approximately normal to fracture strike.
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Li, Yuqiang, Dun Wang, Shenghui Xu, Lihua Fang, Yifang Cheng, Gang Luo, Bing Yan, Enescu Bogdan, and Jim Mori. "Thrust and Conjugate Strike‐Slip Faults in the 17 June 2018 MJMA 6.1 (Mw 5.5) Osaka, Japan, Earthquake Sequence." Seismological Research Letters 90, no. 6 (September 18, 2019): 2132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190122.
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ABSTRACT The 17 June 2018 MJMA 6.1 (Mw 5.5) Osaka earthquake exhibits a large non–double‐couple component (∼26%), and its aftershock sequence shows a complicated spatial pattern. To better understand the ruptured faults, we relocate the earthquake sequence using P and S arrival times and waveform cross correlations and calculate the focal mechanisms of all MJMA≥2.5 (Mw≥2.3) earthquakes within three months after the mainshock using P‐wave first‐motion polarities and S/P amplitude ratios. Relocated aftershocks image several faults, the northeast‐striking strike‐slip fault, the north‐northwest‐striking reverse fault, and at least two small northwest‐striking features. P‐wave first motions of the mainshock indicate nearly a pure thrust mechanism. We deduce that the earthquake sequence started from a north‐northwest‐striking reverse fault and propagated to a northeast‐striking strike‐slip fault. The aligned strike‐slip aftershocks occurring in the vicinity of the northeast‐striking strike‐slip fault delineates the growth of several newly formed or reactivated northwest‐striking Riedel shears that are conjugated to the northeast‐striking strike‐slip fault.
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Wen, H.-M., and N. Jones. "Experimental Investigation into the Dynamic Plastic Response and Perforation of a Clamped Circular Plate Struck Transversely by a Mass." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 208, no. 2 (March 1994): 113–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1994_208_107_02.
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An experimental investigation is reported on the dynamic response of a clamped circular plate struck transversely by a mass at any point along a radial line. A study is made of the variation of the failure mode with a change of striker diameter-plate thickness ratio, together with an assessment of transverse shear effects and the energy-absorbing capacity for impact velocities up to 12.2 m/s. The experimental results show that the steel and aluminium alloy targets fail by plugging with a plug having approximately the same diameter as the striker, which has a blunt end. The experimental results also show that the energy-absorbing capacity of a plate is reduced significantly when struck by a mass close to the supports compared to a strike at the centre and that the transverse shear force plays a more dominant role when a mass strikes close to the supports. A new criterion for the design of metal targets against projectile impact is proposed.
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RING, UWE, ARNE P. WILLNER, PAUL W. LAYER, and PETER P. RICHTER. "Jurassic to Early Cretaceous postaccretional sinistral transpression in north-central Chile (latitudes 31–32°S)." Geological Magazine 149, no. 2 (August 16, 2011): 208–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756811000653.
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AbstractWe describe the geometry and kinematics of a Jurassic to Early Cretaceous transpressive sinistral strike-slip system within a metamorphic basement inlier of the Mesozoic magmatic arc near Bahia Agua Dulce at latitudes 31–32°S in north-central Chile and discuss possible relations with the Atacama Fault System further north. Sinistral transpression overprints structures of an accretionary system that is represented by the metamorphic basement. Sub-vertical semi-ductile NNW-striking strike-slip shear zones are the most conspicuous structures. Chlorite and sericite grew, and white mica and quartz dynamically recrystallized, suggesting low-grade metamorphic conditions during semi-ductile deformation. Folds at the 10–100 metre scale developed before and during strike-slip shearing. The folds are deforming a former sub-horizontal transposition foliation that originated during prior accretion processes. The folds have axes sub-parallel to the strike-slip shear zones and sub-vertical axial surfaces indicating a component of shortening parallel to the shear-zone boundaries, suggesting an overall transpressive deformation regime. Transpressive strike-slip deformation also affects Middle Triassic (Anisian) basal breccias of the El Quereo Formation.40Ar–39Ar laser ablation ages of synkinematically recrystallized white mica in one of the shear zones provide an age of 174–165 Ma for the waning stages of semi-ductile strike-slip shearing. The semi-ductile shear zones are cut by mafic and rhyolite dykes. Two rhyolite dykes yield40Ar–39Ar ages of 160.5 ± 1.7 Ma and 131.9 ± 1.7 Ma, respectively. The latter dyke has been affected by brittle faulting. Fault-slip analysis shows that the kinematics of the faulting event is similar to the one of the semi-ductile shearing event, suggesting that sinistral transpression continued after ~130 Ma. Timing, kinematics and geographic position suggest that the shear zones at Bahia Agua Dulce represent a southern continuation of the prominent Atacama Fault System that affected the Jurassic/Early Cretaceous arc over its ~1400 km length.
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Kier, W., and J. Leeuwen. "A kinematic analysis of tentacle extension in the squid Loligo pealei." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.1.41.
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High-speed cine recordings of prey capture by the squid Loligo pealei were used to analyze the kinematics of the rapid tentacular strike. The proximal portion of the tentacle, the stalk, elongates during the strike. The non-extensible distal portion of the tentacle, the club, contacts the prey and attaches using suckers. Seven sequences of prey capture filmed at 750 frames s-1 were analyzed frame by frame. The positions of the head, the tentacles and the prey were digitized, and the data were smoothed using quintic natural B-splines and the generalized cross-validation (GCV) criterion. During the strike, the animal swims forward at velocities ranging from 0.7-1.2 m s-1, and as the eight arms are flared, the tentacular stalks elongate. Tentacular extension occurred in approximately 20-40 ms with peak strains in the tentacular stalk ranging from 0.43-0.8. Peak longitudinal strain rates varied from 23-45 s-1. Maximum extension velocities of the stalk were calculated to be over 2 m s-1 with peak accelerations of approximately 250 m s-2. Once the tentacular clubs have contacted the prey, the tentacular stalks are frequently observed to buckle.
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Ave Lallemant, Hans G. "Bering shelf strike-slip basins." Journal of Structural Geology 15, no. 11 (November 1993): 1385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(93)90117-s.
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Goss, Donald L., Michael Lewek, Bing Yu, William B. Ware, Deydre S. Teyhen, and Michael T. Gross. "Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Self-Reported Foot-Strike Patterns Among Runners in Traditional and Minimalist Shoes." Journal of Athletic Training 50, no. 6 (June 1, 2015): 603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050.49.6.06.
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Context The injury incidence rate among runners is approximately 50%. Some individuals have advocated using an anterior–foot-strike pattern to reduce ground reaction forces and injury rates that they attribute to a rear–foot-strike pattern. The proportion of minimalist shoe wearers who adopt an anterior–foot-strike pattern remains unclear. Objective To evaluate the accuracy of self-reported foot-strike patterns, compare negative ankle- and knee-joint angular work among runners using different foot-strike patterns and wearing traditional or minimalist shoes, and describe average vertical-loading rates. Design Descriptive laboratory study. Setting Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants A total of 60 healthy volunteers (37 men, 23 women; age = 34.9 ± 8.9 years, height = 1.74 ± 0.08 m, mass = 70.9 ± 13.4 kg) with more than 6 months of experience wearing traditional or minimalist shoes were instructed to classify their foot-strike patterns. Intervention(s) Participants ran in their preferred shoes on an instrumented treadmill with 3-dimensional motion capture. Main Outcome Measure(s) Self-reported foot-strike patterns were compared with 2-dimensional video assessments. Runners were classified into 3 groups based on video assessment: traditional-shoe rear-foot strikers (TSR; n = 22), minimalist-shoe anterior-foot strikers (MSA; n = 21), and minimalist-shoe rear-foot strikers (MSR; n = 17). Ankle and knee negative angular work and average vertical-loading rates during stance phase were compared among groups. Results Only 41 (68.3%) runners reported foot-strike patterns that agreed with the video assessment (κ = 0.42, P < .001). The TSR runners demonstrated greater ankle-dorsiflexion and knee-extension negative work than MSA and MSR runners (P < .05). The MSA (P < .001) and MSR (P = .01) runners demonstrated greater ankle plantar-flexion negative work than TSR runners. The MSR runners demonstrated a greater average vertical-loading rate than MSA and TSR runners (P < .001). Conclusions Runners often cannot report their foot-strike patterns accurately and may not automatically adopt an anterior–foot-strike pattern after transitioning to minimalist running shoes.
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Wang, Cheng, Hailei Zou, and Juncheng Yin. "Fourier Transform of Lookback Option Price." ISRN Applied Mathematics 2011 (November 30, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/518172.
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The Fourier transform of the damped price of Lookback option under B-S model is presented. Thus, the Lookback option across a range of strikes can be simultaneously priced via FFT algorithm. FFT algorithm is more efficient than both Monte Carlo simulation method and the integral of the usual pricing formula. In addition, by FFT algorithm, investors can easily capture the sensitivity of option prices when the strike prices vary as to make reasonable investment decisions.
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Mukherjee, Ritwika, Daniel P. Caron, Timothy Edson, and Barry A. Trimmer. "The control of nocifensive movements in the caterpillar Manduca sexta." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 16 (July 9, 2020): jeb221010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.221010.
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ABSTRACTIn response to a noxious stimulus on the abdomen, caterpillars lunge their head towards the site of stimulation. This nocifensive ‘strike’ behavior is fast (∼0.5 s duration), targeted and usually unilateral. It is not clear how the fast strike movement is generated and controlled, because caterpillar muscle develops peak force relatively slowly (∼1 s) and the baseline hemolymph pressure is low (<2 kPa). Here, we show that strike movements are largely driven by ipsilateral muscle activation that propagates from anterior to posterior segments. There is no sustained pre-strike muscle activation that would be expected for movements powered by the rapid release of stored elastic energy. Although muscle activation on the ipsilateral side is correlated with segment shortening, activity on the contralateral side consists of two phases of muscle stimulation and a marked decline between them. This decrease in motor activity precedes rapid expansion of the segment on the contralateral side, presumably allowing the body wall to stretch more easily. The subsequent increase in contralateral motor activation may slow or stabilize movements as the head reaches its target. Strike behavior is therefore a controlled fast movement involving the coordination of muscle activity on each side and along the length of the body.
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Humphreys, Jere T. "Strike Up the Band! The Legacy of Patrick S. Gilmore." Music Educators Journal 74, no. 2 (October 1987): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3401252.
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Wolff, Rick. "Why Provoke This Strike? Yale and the U. S. Economy." Social Text, no. 49 (1996): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/466890.
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Savage, J. C. "Comment on ‘Evidence for a large strike-slip component during the 1960 Chilean earthquake’ by H. Kanamori, L. Rivera and S. Lambotte." Geophysical Journal International 228, no. 2 (October 14, 2021): 1171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab364.
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SUMMARY Based on numerous studies of the relevant geodetic data, a low-angle thrusting mechanism has been assigned to the 1960 Chile earthquake. Kanamori, Rivera and Lambotte recently suggested that a component of dextral slip comparable to the thrusting be included in the mechanism to satisfy long-period, teleseismic observations. The absence of geodetic evidence for that huge strike-slip component is the subject of this comment. The geodetic data are largely measurements of coseismic uplift associated with the earthquake but include eight measurements of the coseismic change in shear strain. Because strike-slip produces relatively little uplift except near the end points of the rupture, identification of that strike-slip component in the geodetic data depends upon the measured, shear-strain change. I consider elastic, half-space models of oblique slip on the plate interface possibly supplemented by simultaneous dextral slip on the nearby, intra-arc Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone. Slip is assumed to be uniform along strike. The best fits to the geodetic data for these models furnish little evidence for strike-slip on those structures. To satisfy the long-period, teleseismic data, Kanamori et al. proposed six examples, each of which requires a large amount of dextral slip. Because the long-period, teleseismic data do not define the slip distributions, I have used the best fits of those examples to the geodetic data to define those distributions. The large thrusting near the deformation front required by those slip distributions implies large uplift there, contrary to the uplift inferred from the inversion of tsunami data. However, an acceptable fit to the geodetic data and the tsunami data for the six examples suggested by Kanamori et al. can be obtained if the seismic moments specified by them are reduced by a factor ∼1.8, a factor within the uncertainties in estimating seismic moments of the 1960 Chile earthquake. The presence of strike-slip in those reduced-moment examples despite the lack of geodetic evidence for strike-slip is due to a remarkable coincidence that requires careful balancing of contributions from the shallower (depths < 70 km) coseismic sources against those from the deeper coseismic sources to nullify the geodetic evidence for strike-slip. Such balancing is possible, but it is remarkable that the balancing is so nearly perfect that it nullifies the geodetic evidence for strike-slip and thereby confounds the interpretation of the geodetic data.
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HARPER, DAVID G., and ROBERT W. BLAKE. "Prey Capture and the Fast-Start Performance of Northern Pike Esox Lucius." Journal of Experimental Biology 155, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.155.1.175.
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Fast-start performance of northern pike Esox lucius (mean length, 0.38m) during prey capture was measured with subcutaneously implanted accelerometers. Acceleration-time plots and simultaneous high-speed ciné films reveal four behaviours with characteristic kinematics and mechanics. The fast-start types are identified by the number of large peaks that appear in the acceleration-time and velocity-time data. Comparisons of mean performance were made between each type of feeding fast-start. Type I fast-starts were of significantly shorter duration (0.084 s) and displacement (0.132 m) than type III (0.148 s and 0.235 m) and type IV (0.189 s and 0.306 m) behaviours, and higher mean and maximum acceleration (38.6 and 130.3 ms−2, respectively) than type II (26.6 and 95.8 ms−2), type III (22.0 and 91.2 ms−2) and type IV (18.0 and 66.6 m s−2) behaviours. The type II behaviours were of shorter duration (0.115 s) and displacement (0.173 m) and of higher mean acceleration than type IV fast-starts, and were also of significantly shorter duration than type III behaviours. Prey-capture performance was compared to escapes by the same individuals. When data are combined, regardless of mechanical type, mean acceleration (37.6 vs25.5ms−2), maximum acceleration (120.2 vs 95.9ms−2), mean velocity (1.90 vs 1.57 ms−1) and maximum velocity (3.97 vs 3.09 ms−1) were found to be larger and duration shorter (0.108 vs 0.133 s) during escapes than during prey capture. No differences were found through independent comparisons of the performance of feeding and escape types II and III, but type I escapes had significantly higher mean velocity (2.27 vs 1.58 ms−1), maximum velocity (4.70 vs 3.12 ms−1) and mean acceleration (54.7 vs 38.6 ms−2) than type II feeding behaviours. Prey-capture performance was also related to prey size, apparent prey size (defined as the angular size of the prey on the pike's retina) and strike distance (the distance from the pike to the prey at the onset of the fast-start). Mean and maximum acceleration increased with apparent size and decreased with strike distance, while the duration of the event increased with strike distance and decreased with apparent size. No relationship was found between the actual prey size and any performance parameter. Strike distance ranged from 0.087 to 0.439 m and decreased as the apparent size increased from 2.6 to 9.9° (r2=0.75). The type I behaviour was usually employed when the strike distance was small and the prey appeared large. As strike distance increased and apparent size decreased, there was a progressive selection of type II, then III and then IV behaviours.
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Dong, Qing, Zheng-hua Zhou, Su Jie, Bing Hao, and Yuan-dong Li. "Discussion on the Theoretical Basis for Cross-Over Method Applied to Downhole Wave Velocity Test." Shock and Vibration 2021 (June 14, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4133402.
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At engineering practice, the theoretical basis for the cross-over method, used to obtain shear wave arrival time in the downhole method of the wave velocity test by surface forward and backward strike, is that the polarity of P-wave keeps the same, while the polarity of S-wave transforms when the direction of strike inverted. However, the characteristics of signals recorded in tests are often found to conflict with this theoretical basis for the cross-over method, namely, the polarity of the P-wave also transforms under the action of surface forward and backward strike. Therefore, 3D finite element numerical simulations were conducted to study the validity of the theoretical basis for the cross-over method. The results show that both shear and compression waves are observed to be in 180° phase difference between horizontal signal traces, consistent with the direction of excitation generated by reversed impulse. Furthermore, numerical simulation results prove to be reliable by the analytic solution; it shows that the theoretical basis for the cross-over method applied to the downhole wave velocity test is improper. In meanwhile, numerical simulations reveal the factors (inclining excitation, geophone deflection, inclination, and background noise) that may cause the polarity of the P-wave not to reverse under surface forward and backward strike. Then, as to reduce the influence factors, we propose a method for the downhole wave velocity test under surface strike, the time difference of arrival is based between source peak and response peak, and numerical simulation results show that the S-wave velocity by this method is close to the theoretical S-wave velocity of soil.
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Giambiagi, L., S. Spagnotto, S. M. Moreiras, G. Gómez, E. Stahlschmidt, and J. Mescua. "Three-dimensional approach to understanding the relationship between the Plio-Quaternary stress field and tectonic inversion in the Triassic Cuyo Basin, Argentina." Solid Earth Discussions 7, no. 1 (January 30, 2015): 459–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-7-459-2015.
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Abstract. The Cacheuta sub-basin of the Triassic Cuyo Basin is an example of rift basin inversion contemporaneous to the advance of the Andean thrust front, during the Plio-Quaternary. This basin is one of the most important sedimentary basins in a much larger Triassic NNW-trending depositional system along the southwestern margin of the Pangea supercontinent. The amount and structural style of inversion is provided in this paper by three-dimensional insights into the relationship between inversion of rift-related structures and spatial variations in late Cenozoic stress fields. The Plio-Quaternary stress field exhibits important N–S variations in the foreland area of the Southern Central Andes, between 33 and 34° S, with a southward gradually change from pure compression with σ1 and σ2 being horizontal, to a strike-slip type stress field with σ2 being vertical. We present a 3-D approach for studying the tectonic inversion of the sub-basin master fault associated with strike-slip/reverse to strike-slip faulting stress regimes. We suggest that the inversion of Triassic extensional structures, striking NNW to WNW, occurred during the Plio–Pleistocene in those areas with strike-slip/reverse to strike-slip faulting stress regime, while in the reverse faulting stress regime domain, they remain fossilized. Our example demonstrates the impact of the stress regime on the reactivation pattern along the faults.
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Giambiagi, L., S. Spagnotto, S. M. Moreiras, G. Gómez, E. Stahlschmidt, and J. Mescua. "Three-dimensional approach to understanding the relationship between the Plio–Quaternary stress field and tectonic inversion in the Triassic Cuyo Basin, Argentina." Solid Earth 6, no. 2 (June 19, 2015): 747–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-6-747-2015.
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Abstract. The Cacheuta sub-basin of the Triassic Cuyo Basin is an example of rift basin inversion contemporaneous to the advance of the Andean thrust front, during the Plio–Quaternary. This basin is one of the most important sedimentary basins in a much larger Triassic NNW-trending depositional system along the southwestern margin of the Pangea supercontinent. The amount and structural style of inversion is provided in this paper by a three-dimensional approach to the relationship between inversion of rift-related structures and spatial variations in late Cenozoic stress fields. The Plio–Quaternary stress field exhibits important N–S variations in the foreland area of the southern Central Andes, between 33 and 34° S, with a southward gradual change from pure compression, with σ1 and σ2 being horizontal, to a strike-slip type stress field, with σ2 being vertical. We present a 3-D approach for studying the tectonic inversion of the sub-basin master fault associated with strike-slip–reverse to strike-slip faulting stress regimes. We suggest that the inversion of Triassic extensional structures, striking NNW to WNW, occurred during the Plio–Pleistocene in those areas with strike-slip–reverse to strike-slip faulting stress regime, while in the reverse faulting stress regime domain they remain fossilized. Our example demonstrates the impact of the stress regime on the reactivation pattern along the faults.
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Wardani, Ni Nyoman Susi Kesuma, Komang Ngurah Suarbawa, and Ridwan Kusnandar. "Determination of Fault Type of Lombok Earthquakes from July 1 to December 31, 2018, using Focal Mechanism Method." BULETIN FISIKA 22, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/bf.2021.v22.i02.p06.
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Research has been conducted on determining the type of fault in Lombok earthquake on July 1 to December 31 2018 using the focal mechanism method. The focal mechanism is a method of reviewing fault parameters that include strike, dip and rake based on the initial movement direction of P wave recorded by the station, which then projected into a focal ball. There are 246 stations are used in several countries. There were 139 earthquakes with M?4.0 on July 1 to December 31 2018, at coordinates 7.0? S-9.0? S and 115.5? E-117.5? E. The result of fault field parameters is at nodal 1 strike=52?-149?, dip=6?-75?, rake=39?-143? and at nodal 2, strike=233?-313?, dip=18?-84?, rake=58?-119?, then projected into focus ball. Based on these results shows that earthquakes occur as a result of thrust fault movement.
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BARTOV, YUVAL, and AMIR SAGY. "Late Pleistocene extension and strike-slip in the Dead Sea Basin." Geological Magazine 141, no. 5 (September 2004): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675680400963x.
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A newly discovered active small-scale pull-apart (Mor structure), located in the western part of the Dead Sea Basin, shows recent basin-parallel extension and strike-slip faulting, and offers a rare view of pull-apart internal structure. The Mor structure is bounded by N–S-trending strike-slip faults, and cross-cut by low-angle, E–W-trending normal faults. The geometry of this pull-apart suggests that displacement between the two stepped N–S strike-slip faults of the Mor structure is transferred by the extension associated with the normal faults. The continuing deformation in this structure is evident by the observation of at least three deformation episodes between 50 ka and present. The calculated sinistral slip-rate is 3.5 mm/yr over the last 30 000 years. This slip rate indicates that the Mor structure overlies the currently most active strike-slip fault within the western border of the Dead Sea pull-apart. The Mor structure is an example of a small pull-apart basin developed within a larger pull-apart. This type of hierarchy in pull-apart structures is an indication for their ongoing evolution.
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Badger, Thomas C. "Fracturing within anticlines and its kinematic control on slope stability." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.8.1.19.
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Abstract Anticlinal folding generates both bedding-parallel shear stresses and tensional stresses radial to the fold axis. These stresses typically produce two sets of discontinuities. Discontinuity set S 1 forms coincident with bedding (S 0 ) as a mode II fracture, and discontinuity set S 2 forms perpendicular to bedding and strikes parallel to the fold axis as a mode I fracture. For slopes that strike parallel to the fold axis, these two discontinuity sets may produce three structurally-controlled modes of slope failure. For slopes that are coincident with bedding, planar failures along S 0 /S 1 commonly occur and can be very large. Where bedding dips favorably into the slope, failures along joint set S 2 and across bedding can occur. Toppling failures are common to both of these slope configurations, along S 2 and S 0 /S 1 , respectively. Lastly, flat or shallow dipping S 0 /S 1 fractures, even those favorably oriented, and intersecting S 2 joints define blocks that can be mobilized by high ground-water pressures. An example is presented for each slope configuration to illustrate these kinematic controls on slope stability.
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Umino, Susumu, Yuki Kusano, Atsushi Yamaji, Takahiro Fudai, Akihiro Tamura, and Shoji Arai. "The conversion tectonics from spreading to subduction: Paleostress analysis of dike swarms during the subduction initiation in the Oman Ophiolite." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 5-6 (November 12, 2019): 1333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35202.1.
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Abstract We present paleostress analyses of dike swarms intruded during the subduction initiation in the northern Oman Ophiolite to understand the tectonomagmatic environment. Five swarms of subparallel dikes extending WNW-ESE are 1–5 km in width and are spaced every 5 km N-S. Each swarm has a core of 100% sheeted dikes 1–2 km in width, which emanated from the dunite-wherlite-clinopyroxenite-gabbronorite-diorite-tonalite complexes below and intruded through V1 and into V2 extrusive rocks. Individual dike strikes are varied but generally subparallel to the overall trend of the swarm. Paleostress analyses indicate subvertical σ1, ∼σ2, and subhorizontal σ3 with high magma pressures, resulted in the mutually intrusive, extensional shear dikes and abrupt changes in dike strike at high angles. These occurrences suggest intrusions under a more compressive environment compared to the extensional stress field that formed the N-S–striking sheeted dikes of V1 spreading stage. Most E-W–striking dikes possess both boninitic and tholeiitic geochemistry. The latter resemble the V1 flows and dikes with affinities of mid-ocean ridge basalt. Some tholeiitic dikes strike N-S, which are mutually intrusive to E-W–striking dikes. Tholeiitic dikes are more intensely altered than boninite, suggesting their older ages. Conversion of the stress field from a N-S–running spreading axis to inextensional E-W–running rift zones associated with the change in magma geochemistry agree with the relatively compressive V2 arc above a forced subduction zone, which originated from intraoceanic thrusting caused by the clockwise rotation of a microplate including the future northern ophiolite.
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Erickson, Emerald J. "Structural and kinematic analysis of the Shagawa Lake shear zone, Superior Province, northern Minnesota: implications for the role of vertical versus horizontal tectonics in the Archean." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 47, no. 12 (December 2010): 1463–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e10-054.
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The steeply dipping Shagawa Lake shear zone, which strikes ENE through the Vermilion District of the Superior Province in northeastern Minnesota, is marked by zone-parallel foliation and a mineral elongation lineation (Le). Le includes (i) a broad population with pitch of 90° ± 60°, and (ii) a less abundant population with pitch of 15° ± 15°. Shallowly plunging Le is rare, and where it occurs, it overprints the pervasive steeply plunging Le. Shear sense indicators occur within the L–S tectonite motion plane, normal to foliation and parallel to Le. Microstructures define both south-side-up and north-side-up displacement domains, but no spatial patterns emerge across the shear zone. L–S tectonites with east-plunging Le indicate either south- or north-side-up shear parallel to Le, whereas L–S tectonites with west-plunging Le indicate predominantly north-side-up shear parallel to Le. Strike-slip L–S tectonites are rare, but consistently record sinistral shear. Overprinting relationships and structural-kinematic patterns can be attributed to sinking of the Vermilion District volcanic basin and relative rise of the southern region followed by rise of the northern region, as represented by the Giants Range Batholith and Vermilion Granitic Complex, respectively. Structural and kinematic evidence indicates that a process like sagduction–diapirism could explain the rising granitoids and sinking volcanic basin. The narrow width of the shear zone, the need for structural dates and radiometric dates of the surrounding plutons, and lack of documented strike-slip kinematic data make it difficult to evaluate when and how the shear zone transitioned to horizontal displacement.
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SEMENENKO, Oleh, Artem REMEZ, Valerii KLEPIKOV, Vasyl CHEREP, and Konstantin KHARITONOV. "Methodology for substantiating the choice of the optimal aerial and ground reconnaissance-strike complexes according to the integral criterion “efficiency-cost-time”." INCAS BULLETIN 13, S (August 3, 2021): 217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2021.13.s.20.
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In the modern realities of the development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the current issue is the search for ways to create new aerial and ground integrated reconnaissance-strike complexes that are capable of quick reconnaissance and attack of an enemy. However, a reasonable choice of such a system should not create an excessive burden for the state economy in terms of its development, maintenance, and application, and must also have the prospect of timely bringing it to combat readiness. Therefore, this study considers a methodology for substantiating the choice of an optimal option of the reconnaissance-strike complex or system for its use in operations when developing programmes and development plans of the AF of Ukraine. The proposed methodology has an integral criterion for choosing a rational option of a reconnaissance-strike complex, which combines indicators for assessing the efficiency of the combat use of these systems under various conditions, the sufficiency of the state economic capabilities for its creation, maintenance, and use, and assessing the timeliness of its creation and bringing it to combat readiness. The method is based on a mathematical model of game theory. The decision to choose a particular option of the reconnaissance-strike complex occurs in conditions of uncertainty of the combat situation and the volume of tasks that would rely on these systems when performing combat tasks.
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van Rensburg, André J., and Dingie J. van Rensburg. "Nurses, industrial action and ethics." Nursing Ethics 20, no. 7 (March 1, 2013): 819–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733012473771.
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Several important ethical dilemmas emerge when nurses join a public-sector strike. Such industrial action is commonplace in South Africa and was most notably illustrated by a national wage negotiation in 2010. Media coverage of the proceedings suggested unethical behaviour on the part of nurses, and further exploration is merited. Laws, policies and provisional codes are meant to guide nurses’ behaviour during industrial action, while ethical theories can be used to further illuminate the role of nurses in industrial action. There are, however, important aspects to consider before judging whether nurses act unethically when striking. Following Loewy’s suggestion that the nature of the work, the proceeding commitment of the nurse to the patient, the prevailing situation when the strike is planned and the person(s) who stand(s) to benefit from the strike be considered, coupled with a consideration of the South African historical socio-political context, important aspects of the ethics of nurses’ behaviour in industrial action transpire.
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van Oorschot, Irene, Peter Mascini, and Don Weenink. "Remorse in Context(s)." Social & Legal Studies 26, no. 3 (January 12, 2017): 359–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663916679039.
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The presence or absence of ‘signs of remorse’ is often understood to have consequences for judges’ sentencing decisions. However, these findings raise the questions, first, how ‘remorse’ is communicated and demonstrated by defendants within court settings, and second, whether remorse plays a uniform role across and between various offence and offender types. Drawing on ethnographic data gathered in a Dutch criminal court, we contextualize remorse to answer these questions. First, we demonstrate that the performance of remorse has to strike a fine balance between potentially competing legal and moral narrative demands. Second, we identify three different typified ‘whole-case narratives’, within which defendants’ performances of remorse assume differential levels of importance. In doing so, we seek to complicate binary portrayals of the role and consequences of remorse, arguing for a more holistic and narrative understanding of sentencing practices.
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Shahimi, Sharis-Shazzali, Nur Azam Abdullah, Ameen Topa, Meftah Hrairi, and Ahmad Faris Ismail. "NUMERICAL MODELLING OF BIRD STRIKE ON A ROTATING ENGINE BLADES BASED ON VARIATIONS OF POROSITY DENSITY." IIUM Engineering Journal 23, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 412–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v23i1.2146.
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A numerical investigation is conducted on a rotating engine blade subjected to a bird strike impact. The bird strike is numerically modelled as a cylindrical gelatine with hemispherical ends to simulate impact on a rotating engine blade. Numerical modelling of a rotating engine blade has shown that bird strikes can severely damage an engine blade, especially as the engine blade rotates, as the rotation causes initial stresses on the root of the engine blade. This paper presents a numerical modelling of the engine blades subjected to bird strike with porosity implemented on the engine blades to investigate further damage assessment due to this porosity effect. As porosity influences the decibel levels on a propeller blade or engine blade, the damage due to bird strikes can investigate the compromise this effect has on the structural integrity of the engine blades. This paper utilizes a bird strike simulation through an LS-Dyna Pre-post software. The numerical constitutive relations are keyed into the keyword manager where the bird’s SPH density, a 10 ms simulation time, and bird velocity of 100 m/s are all set. The blade rotates counter-clockwise at 200 rad/s with a tetrahedron mesh. The porous regions or voids along the blade are featured as 5 mm diameter voids, each spaced 5 mm apart. The bird is modelled as an Elastic-Plastic-Hydrodynamic material model to analyze the bird’s fluid behavior through a polynomial equation of state. To simulate the fluid structure interaction, the blade is modelled with Johnson-Cook Material model parameters of aluminium where the damage of the impact can be observed. The observations presented are compared to previous study of a bird strike impact on non-porous engine blades. ABSTRAK: Penyelidikan berangka telah dijalankan ke atas bilah enjin berputar tertakluk kepada impak pelanggaran burung. Pelanggaran burung tersebut telah dimodelkan secara berangka sebagai silinder gelatin dengan hujungnya berbentuk hemisfera demi mensimulasikan impaknya ke atas bilah enjin yang berputar. Pemodelan berangka bilah-bilah enjin yang berputar tersebut menunjukkan bahawa pelanggaran burung mampu menyebabkan kerosakan teruk terhadap bilah enjin terutamanya apabila bilah enjin sedang berputar oleh sebab putaran menghasilkan tekanan asal di pangkal bilah enjin. Kajian ini mengetengahkan pemodelan berangka ke atas bilah-bilah enjin tertakluk kepada pelanggaran burung terhadap bilah-bilah enjin yg mempunyai keliangan demi menyelidik dan menilai kerosakan kesan daripada keliangan tersebut. Keliangan juga mempengaruhi tahap-tahap desibel ke atas bilah kipas ataupun bilah enjin, kerosakan hasil serangan burung boleh menterjemah tahap ketahanan struktur integriti bagi bilah-bilah enjin tersebut. Penyelidikan ini mengguna pakai perisian “LS-Dyna Pre-post” untuk simulasi pelanggaran burung. Hubungan konstitutif berangka telah dimasukkan sebagai kata kunci di mana ketumpatan SPH burung, masa simulasi 10ms, dan halaju burung ditetapkan kepada 100 m/s. Bilah tersebut berputar pada 200 rad/s arah lawan jam dengan jejaring tetrahedron. Kawasan berliang atau kosong di sepanjang bilah ditetapkan diameternya kepada 5 mm, dan dijarakkan 5 mm di antara satu sama lain. Burung pula dimodelkan sebagai material “Elastic-Plastic-Hydrodynamic” untuk mengkaji sifat bendalir burung melalui persamaan polinomial. Demi mensimulasi interaksi struktur bendalir, bilah tersebut dimodelkan sebagai parameter aluminium material “Johnson Cook” di mana kerosakan daripada impak tersebut dapat diteliti. Penelitian-penelitian tersebut dibandingkan dengan kajian terdahulu ke atas serangan burung terhadap bilah-bilah enjin tidak berliang.
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Gogolewski, RP, PJ Nicholls, SI Mortimer, JA Mackintosh, M. Nesa, W. Ly, and JC Chin. "Serological responses against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Merino sheep bred for resistance or susceptibility to fleece rot and body strike." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 6 (1996): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960917.
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Lines of medium-wool Peppin Merino sheep selected for resistance (R) or susceptibility (S) to fleece rot and body strike were compared serologically following 4 weekly intradermal inoculations of live I, the predominant bacterial species associated with fleece rot. There was essentially no evidence of fleece rot or body strike in these animals prior to experimentation. In Exp. 1, the 1989-born ewe progeny of the R and S lines were studied (nR = 52; nS = 49). Over 12 weeks, average serum antibody responses against P. aeruginosa were greater in R sheep but the differences were generally non-significant at P = 0.05. The apparent differences in antibody response between R and S lines were largely attributable to the effects of some individual sires in the R line. In a second experiment, the 1990-born ewe progeny of the R and S lines (nR = 75; nS = 76), and the ewe progeny of a line unselected on fleece rot and body strike resistance (F line; nF = 53), were studied. Following inoculation with live I, the mean serum antibody responses of the R and S sheep, which were not different before inoculation, were significantly higher for R sheep for the first 8 weeks of a 10-week observation period. The mean responses of the F line generally fell between the R and S responses. One week after the first inoculation, sire effects in the R line were much greater than for the S and F lines, but thereafter sire effects were similar among lines. Taken together, these results suggest that direct selection for the R or S genotype produced lines of sheep with divergent serological responsiveness following intradermal inoculation with P. aeruginosa; however, in one generation the effects of some individual sires appeared to be largely responsible for these differences.
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Xiao, Wei, Xiao Ping Zhu, and Zhou Zhou. "Adaptive Lateral Control of Reconnaissance and Strike Integrated UAV." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 1461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.1461.
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This paper presents a lateral Integrated Fire/Flight Control (IFFC) for a Reconnaissance and Strike integrated Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (R/S UAV). The system consists of a fire/flight coupler and an adaptive rolling angle controller. In order to improve the changeful dynamic in the rolling loop of the R/S UAV, a Neural Network (NN) is used to obtains approximate inverse dynamics of the response. Numerical simulation is performed using this method, and the results show that the proposed system improves the IFFC performance including the time delay and overshoot.
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Ohm, Kelly, and Michael E. Hahn. "The Effect of Stimulus Timing on Unplanned Gait Termination." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 32, no. 4 (August 2016): 388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2015-0188.
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Gait termination can be challenging for balance-impaired populations, including lower limb amputees. As powered prosthetic ankle devices come to market, it is important to better understand gait termination timing in an unplanned situation. Timing patterns were examined in unplanned gait termination to determine a threshold for being able to terminate gait in 1 step. Time to terminate gait (TTG) was also examined, using both final heel strike and center of mass (COM) acceleration metrics. Fourteen able-bodied subjects walked over ground and terminated gait in response to a randomly-timed auditory stimulus. A lumbarmounted accelerometer and footswitches were used to assess timing of gait termination. Subjects were able to terminate gait in 1 step if the stimulus occurred at or before 19.8% of gait cycle. Later stimulus resulted in a 2-step stop pattern. The TTG using COM acceleration was greater than when using heel strike data. Motion of the COM was not fully arrested until 162 ± 38% of gait cycle. The stabilization phase between heel strike and COM motion arrest was greater for 1-step stops (1.41 ± 0.42 s) than 2-step stops (0.96 ± 0.33 s). These findings indicate gait termination timing should be calculated using COM motion, including the stabilization phase post heel strike.
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Kim, Seong Eun. "Strike of Korean students at missionarygirls’ school in the 1920’s." Women and History ll, no. 14 (June 2011): 83–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.22511/women..14.201106.83.
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Bernard, Pascal, and Aldo Zollo. "Inversion of near-source S polarization for parameters of double-couple point sources." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 79, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): 1779–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0790061779.
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Abstract We propose an inversion method for retrieving the focal parameters of small to moderate earthquakes by using the near-source S-wave polarizations, which are expected to be less sensitive than amplitude data to source details or propagation effects. We first studied the variability of the polarization vector for complete synthetic records generated in simple media with a shallow low-velocity layer, for various distances (0 to 50 km), source depths (1 to 15 km), and mechanisms. In the frequency band 1 to 2 Hz, a polarization fluctuation of less than 20° is found for sources deeper than 5 km. The mean angular difference between ray theory and complete field polarization is less than 10° when the complete waveform meets the two following criteria: (1) The polarization is nearly stable (less than 30° of variability) and (2) the motion is nearly horizontal (vector dip less than 30°). The inversion method uses a norm related to the angular difference in polarization between the real and synthetic waveforms generated by a point double couple. As the problem is highly nonlinear, the model space (strike, dip, slip, location) should be finely sampled and systematically explored in the whole domain of interest. We tested the inversion resolution with synthetic data for a strike-slip and a dip-slip source at 10 km in depth (no error in location) recorded at eight stations within 30 km, assuming an error of 25° on the synthetic polarization. The dip-slip inversion gives a good resolution in dip (15° of uncertainty), but a strong correlation between strike and slip, because no recording site was close to the near vertical principal axis of the stress tensor in the test. On the contrary, the near horizontal major axis of the tensor is very well constrained. The strike-slip inversion gives a good resolution in the three parameters, with uncertainties of about 10°. A 25° change in the strike, dip, or slip angle statistically results in a 25° rotation of the polarization. With numerous stations, the overdetermination of the problem reduces the model error to values lower than 25°. The absence of records in specific areas introduces additional solutions for the possible mechanisms. Finally, the sensitivity of polarization to 3 km shift in source location is globally smaller than for 25° of rotation of any fault angle. The application of this method to real data requires the evaluation of the reliability in the polarizations computed for simplified media. An uncertainty of 25° is expected to be a reasonable assumption for distances smaller than 30 km in the 1 to 2 Hz frequency band; more generally, the error is expected to increase with distance and frequency.
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Wu, Bin, Reza Hedayati, Zhehua Li, Mahsa Aghajanpour, Guichang Zhang, Junhong Zhang, and Jiewei Lin. "Effect of Impact and Bearing Parameters on Bird Strike with Aero-Engine Fan Blades." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010007.
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Bird strikes are one of the most dangerous incidents occurring to aircraft engines and can inflict heavy casualties and economic losses. In this study, a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) mallard bird model has been used to simulate bird impact to rotary aero-engine fan blades. The simulations were performed using the finite element method (FEM) by means of LS-DYNA. The reliability of the material model and numerical method was verified by comparing the numerical results with Wilbeck’s experimental results. The effects of impact and bearing parameters, including bird impact location, bird impact orientation, initial bird velocity, fan rotational speed, stiffness of the bearing, and the damping of the bearing on the bird impact to aero-engine fan blade are studied and discussed. The results show that both the impact location and bird orientation have significant effects on the bird strike results. Bird impact to blade roots is the most dangerous scenario causing the impact force to reach 390 kN. The most dangerous orientation is the case where the bird’s head is tilted 45° horizontally, which leads to huge fan kinetic energy loss as high as 64.73 kJ. The bird’s initial velocity affects blade deformations. The von Mises stress during the bird strike process can reach 1238 MPa for an initial bird velocity of 225 m/s. The fan’s rotational speed and the bearing stiffness affect the rotor stability significantly. The value of bearing damping has little effect on the bird strike process. This paper presents a procedure for evaluating the strength of fan blades against bird strike in the design stage.