Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rythme cérébraux'
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Gencel, Laurent. "Exploration rythmique des accidents vasculaires cérébraux inexpliqués." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR23092.
Full textJuventin, Maxime. "Can the respiratory rhythm be a global signal promoting long-range communication in the brain?" Thesis, Lyon, 2021. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03789626.
Full textThe brain is the site of intense rhythmic activity, each area of the brain expressing one or more rhythms. A central question in neuroscience is to understand how these rhythmic activities can coordinate across very distant areas of the brain to solve functions as complex as environmental perception, adapted motor responses or memory formation. One possibility is that the system uses a common time reference, a sort of central clock, from which the different neural networks involved in a function could coordinate. Today, the existence and nature of this clock are still debated. We hypothesize that the respiratory rate could be one of these central clocks, constituting a reference signal for the coordination of different areas of the brain. As a central clock, breathing has major advantages: reliability (because it is a vital function), flexibility (because it adapts to the needs of the organism), low cost (because it is a rhythm which is not not created specifically for this function). In the olfactory system, the link between respiratory rate and neuronal activity is undeniable. Respiration causes slow oscillations in the respiratory rate, bursts of rapid oscillations (gamma and beta) and the discharge of neurons. Recent literature, in which my team participates, has shown that this respiratory influence of neuronal activity is not restricted to the olfactory system, but on the contrary extends to the entire brain (neocortex, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus). In most of the non-olfactory areas recorded the respiratory rate also modulates the discharge of neurons and rapid oscillations. The slow oscillations associated with breathing therefore seem to affect the overall dynamics of the brain. My thesis project is made up of two parts. First, in order to confirm an influence of the respiratory rate on neurons, I made intracellular recordings in four non-odor areas in anesthetized rats. The targeted structures were the median prefrontal cortex, the primary somatic cortex, the primary visual cortex and finally the hippocampus. I was able to observe respiration modulation in most of these neurons. The quantification of these data shows that the respiratory modulation events are short but observed in a significant number of neurons. These data also provide evidence that the respiratory modulation of various brain areas is not solely due to volume conduction. In a second step, in order to study the coordination of cerebral areas by the respiratory rhythm, I analyzed recordings of multisite local field potentials (LFP) in the vigilant rat. The recordings contain seven areas of the brain (olfactory bulb, anterior piriformis cortex, primary visual cortex, median prefrontal cortex, primary somatic cortex, CA1, dentate gyrus) and respiration. I was able to observe slow oscillations related to respiration in all brain states. But it is during calm awakening that respiratory modulation is greatest and appears in all recorded areas. In parallel, these slow oscillations are coupled with several types of fast oscillations. Finally, I wanted to know if, during the calm state of wakefulness, where LFPs of a large brain network are synchronized with respiration, unit activities can also synchronize with the respiratory signal. To do this, I set up an electrophysiological recording station in constrained vigilant rats allowing the recording of numerous neurons in pairs of cerebral structures with "silicon probes". The station is now functional and I was able to register 6 animals. These last data will not be fully processed when I am defending my thesis. I will present preliminary results which already allow us to show that respiration can synchronize the unit activities of many cells in even spatially distant regions of the brain
Zaepffel, Manuel. "Etude des mécanismes fonctionnels de la préparation du mouvement : inférences à partir des potentiels électrophysiologiques de surface, intracorticaux et des rythmes cérébraux dans une tâche de saisie manuelle." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5100.
Full textFor grasping, the motor system has to control several movement parameters to produce a motor command adapted to the object properties. The understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of this motor command relies on several questions. What kinds of parameters are processed by the nervous systems? What are the cortical structures involved? When and how these parameters are processed? During the execution or during the preparation phase preceding movement initiation? All these questions are addressed in this thesis which general objective is to provide a better understanding of the mental processes linking perception to action and to clarify how the functional organization of these processes is reflected in the neurophysiological activity. Our research is based in particular on the comparison between humans and monkeys studied in a similar experimental setting and performing an identical reach-to-grasp task. The results of this work led us to focus our discussion on three main axes. First, they allowed to specify the functional principles underlying the preparation of grasping movements. Second, we identified several components that characterize the modulations of the beta rhythm (15-35 Hz) and pinpointed the main factors governing their presence or absence. In this sense, we propose a hypothesis for interpreting in a unified theoretical framework a large number of studies that often provide conflicting interpretations of this sensorimotor rhythm
Zugaro, Michaël. "Rythmes cérébraux et codage neural de la mémoire." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00599428.
Full textSzurhaj, William. "Etude intracérébrale chez l'Homme des rythmes électriques corticaux sensorimoteurs." Lille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LIL2S008.
Full textThe preparation and execution of voluntary movement may be studied by the reactivity of electroencephalographic rhythms: the mu, beta, and gamma rhythms. In scalp studies, the voluntary movement is preceded by a mu and beta rhythms desynchronization beginning about 2 s before movement onset, reaching its maximum during the movement, and followed by a beta rhythm synchronization. Basic mechanisms underlying these phenomena remain unclear. With the aim of better understanding the sources and significance of the EEG rhythms changes, we directly recorded cortical, electrical activity before, during and after movement using intracerebral electrodes in epileptic subjects investigated by stereoelectroencephalo-graphy. We show that (i) in one hand, low frequency rhythms (mu and beta) desynchronize before movement onset with a broad distribution, in the whole sensorimotor cortex and (ii) in the other hand, high frequency rhythms synchronize during movement, with a very focused distribution that is consistent with the functional map. The movement offset is followed by a beta synchronization. Mu and beta desynchronizations are predominantly observed in primary sensorimotor areas, but without any somatotopic distribution. Gamma rhythm synchronization appears to be very focused to the primary sensorimotor areas that are involved in the movement. The beta band seems to be composed of several rhythms with different sources and reactivities, but with a similar temporal relationship with the movement offset. This could mean that similar mechanisms underlie the beta synchronization. We suggest that mu and/or beta desynchronization reflect the thalamo-cortical desynchronization, which could be necessary to the setting of the gating, i. E. With the aim to make the unnecessary inputs less efficient. The gamma synchronization may serve to facilitate afferences from the muscles and joints involved in the movement to the motor cortico-spinal cells, which would be necessary for controlling the ongoing movement. The beta synchronization, following the movement, could reflect the restoration of the subcortical-thalamo-cortical loop
Limoge-Lendais, Isabelle. "Effets de l'électrostimulation cérébrale transcutanée sur le rythme veille-sommeil et le comportement alimentaire chez le rat." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05M115.
Full textBaillard, Christophe. "Analyse temps / fréquence du rythme cardiaque chez l'homme : repolarisation et hypertrophie ventriculaire chez le rat." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077014.
Full textJurysta, Fabrice. "Contribution à l'étude de la relation entre l'activité cérébrale et la variabilité du rythme cardique au cours du sommeil." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210016.
Full textEl, Kanbi Karim. "Les rythmes lents du sommeil NREM : caractérisation, régulation spatio-temporelle et stimulations auditives : Étude transversale du sommeil chez l’homme et la souris." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS644.
Full textSleep is an essential state in animals that is characterized by immobility, brain oscillations and homeostatic regulation. The slow rhythms of the NREM sleep phase are a strong marker of this homeostasis and sleep pressure. Several terms and methods are used to define and detect these slow rhythms, however, they are all supposed to be associated with the occurrence of a DOWN state of cortical neurons. The different detection methods are first evaluated and compared. Auditory stimuli, by exciting cortical neurons, are able to induce or destroy slow rhythms: by means of a brain-machine interface in mice, the stimulation process is then analysed to understand its mechanisms and effects. Then, a new approach is proposed to better understand the link between the spatial and temporal regulations of slow rhythms: the observed homeostasis of phenomena such as slow waves or delta waves could be explained by their spatial evolution. A final part focuses on the evolution of the dynamics of slow rhythms with ageing in humans. Using a database of hundreds of EEG device users, the analysis of large-scale electrophysiological sleep data shows a decline in several NREM sleep indicators with age. This thesis therefore provides new insights into the understanding of slow rhythms and their regulation in rodents and humans
Ghosn, Rania. "Effets des téléphones portables sur la physiologie humaine : vascularisation cérébrale, microcirculation cutanée, échauffement cutané et électroencéphalogramme." Phd thesis, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00931086.
Full textMary, Alison. "Consolidation en mémoire et plasticité cérébrale dans le vieillissement normal." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/224701.
Full textAbstract (EN)The 5 studies presented in this doctoral thesis aimed at better understanding post-learning cerebral plasticity process, and the cerebral changes that occur during normal ageing. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) techniques were used to investigate the electrophysiological mechanisms of procedural and declarative memory consolidation during awakening and sleep in young and old healthy adults. Altogether, our studies highlight reduced experience-dependent plasticity in the aging brain, and the age-dependent reorganization of large-scale functional networks involved in the early stages of memory consolidation. With aging, new motor skills acquisition depends more on neuronal networks subtending controlled and attentional processes. These networks are unspecific to the motor learning task, and their involvement in old adults is negative for the development of a new motor skill. However, the involvement of a learning-related cortico-striatal network in old adults promotes procedural memory consolidation. These results indicate high inter-subjects variability in ageing, and open new perspectives to understand the memory consolidation processes that contribute to the maintenance versus the decline of newly learned information.
Doctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Labyt, Étienne. "Cartographie fonctionnelle de l'activité cérébrale liée au mouvement volontaire normal et pathologique : étude de la variation de synchronisation des rythmes." Lille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIL2S020.
Full textThe physiology of voluntary movement can be studied using analysis of electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms reactivity related to differents movement steps. This analysis uses quantification of event-related desynchronization and synchronization (ERD/ERS) which consist of measuring time-course of power changes of central mu and beta EEG rhythms. This method has been used as functional mapping technics in order to investigate relations and cooperations between activated cortical areas during various types of movement. In young healthy subject, compared to distal and proximal movement, preparatory process of proximo-distal, visuo-guided targeting movement showed an earlier activation of contralateral central area and an involvement of posterior parietal regions. Following this movement, beta ERS was greater and more widespread. Effect of aging study allowed to show a more widespread pattern of cerebral activity, involving systematically ipsilateral central and posterior parietal regions and an attenuation of the post-movement beta ERS. This result was also found for a movement resulting from muscle contraction inhibition. In the parkinsonian patient, effects observed in elderly healthy subjects were increased with a delayed and bilateral cortical activation and a lack of ERD over parietal region. Beta ERS is much attenuated after contraction tasks and absent after muscle relaxation. All these results suggests that the spreaded recruitment of sensorimotor regions to associative parietal cortex in an healthy cortex is tightly related to somesthetic information integration required in motor programmation and performance. Changes observed in elderly healthy subject traduce a reduction of this sensorimotor integration. In the parkinsonian patient, our results suggest alteration of this sensorial integrative function and a disturbance of motor inhibitory mechanisms which contribute to explain akineto-rigid disorders. In order to improve spatial resolution of this type of functional mapping, headmodelization from MRI, deblurring and fitting EEG-MRI have been used and a new tool named “cortical ERD/ERS” now allows to make non invasively functional maps directly at the cortical surface with high temporo-spatial resolution
Gastrein, Philippe. "Courant H et rythmes 0 dans les structures corticales : un exemple du rôle des courants intrinsèques dans l'organisation temporelle de l'activité de réseau." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20665.
Full textDer durch Hyperpolarisation aktivierte, kationische Einwärtsstrom (H-Strom) ist in die zeitliche Organisation neuronaler Aktivität involviert. Wir zeigen, dass der H-Strom die Synchronisation und die Regelmäßigkeit der Theta-Oszillationen im Hippocampus und im Neocortex in vitro verbessert. Er beeinflußt die Theta-Oszillationen durch die Vorgabe einer intrinsischen elektrischen Resonanz, desweiteren durch die Genauigkeit der Aktionspotentialausl ¨osung sowie durch die Kopplung zwischen den postsynaptischen Potentialen und der Aktionspotentialausl¨osung. Die Kinetik des H-Stromes wird durch cAMP moduliert. Wir zeigen, dass die Steigerung der synaptischen Aktivität eine Steigerung der intrazellulären cAMP-Konzentration verursacht, welche die oszillierende Netzwerkaktivität regulieren könnte. Diese Ergebnisse veranschaulichen die Schlüsselrolle eines intrinsischen Stromes wie der IH in der zeitlichen Organisation einer Netzwerkaktivität von Nervenzellen wie die kortikale Theta-Oszillationen. Unsere Studium läßt uns vorschlagen, dass die Modulation der kinetischen Eigenschaften des H-Stromes hierbei wie ein Frequenzstimmer wirken
The hyperpolarisation-activated current (h-current) is involved in the temporal organisation of neuronal activity. We show that h-current enhances synchronisation and regularity of theta oscillations in the hippocampus and in the neocortex in vitro. It locks theta oscillations via intrinsic resonance and enhanced temporal spiking fidelity. Kinetics of h-current is modulated by cAMP. We show that increased synaptic activity evokes an increase in intracellular cAMP concentration which could regulate network activity oscillations. These results illustrate the key role of an intrinsic current in the temporal organisation of neuronal network activity. The modulation of h-current kinetics can act as a frequency tuner
Leston, José Maria. "Étude de la circulation intraventriculaire cérébrale de la mélatonine et intérêt de la détermination de son rythme nycthéméral dans le diagnostic des tumeurs de la région pinéale." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10331.
Full textTo determine sources of melatonin (MLT) in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), MLT concentrations were measured in various areas of the cerebral ventricular system of patients and compared with the plasma levels. CSF was sampled during neurosurgery in both lateral and third ventricles (Abnormal movements) in the optocarotidian cistern (epilepsy), in the lateral ventricle (hydrocephalus), and in cerebellar pontine angle (trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm). MLT levels were higher in the third than in the lateral ventricle, showing that MLT may enter the CSF through the pineal recess. The high MLT levels in hydrocephalus suggested that uptake of MLT from peripheral blood could contribute to MLT production in the CSF compartment. Study 2 : To investigate the interest to determine the nycthemeral MLT rhythm in tumours of the pineal region (TPR), we determined daily MLT variations, before and/or after surgery, in 29 patients with TPR which include different entities, namely germ cell tumours (GCT), pineal parenchymal tumours (PPT) and 5 patients as controls with a tumour in the vicinity of the pineal gland (tectal plate glioma, TPG). Before surgery, plasma melatonin profiles displayed a daily variation with nocturnal increase in the 5 TPG patients and in 13 cases with TPR Undifferentiated or invasive pineal tumours displayed a decreased MLT rhythm, whereas differentiated tumours maintained a rhythm. After surgery, a daily variation was observed in 3 patients with meningioma and 1 with TPG. The contribution of determination of MLT profiles to the diagnosis of TPR remains of interest, especially after surgery where evidence for MLT deficiency could justify MLT administration
Cherrière, Claire. "Effets moteurs et cognitifs de la danse pour des jeunes ayant une paralysie cérébrale." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30024.
Full textCerebral palsy (CP) leads to motor disorders (including balance or walking disorders). CP can also lead to cognitive disorders (including attention disorders) and can have important psychosocial repercussions. Rehabilitative approaches must be global to take into account all these dimensions that can be affected by CP. Dance is a physical activity that leads to motor, cognitive and psychosocial improvements in various populations with neurological disorders. Dance can be considered as a form of rhythmic entrainment involving synchronization of movements with the rhythm of the music (sensorimotor synchronization) and it would be interesting to further study this mechanism in the population with CP. Three studies have been realized in order to (1) validate the global effects of dance interventions and (2) study one of the mechanisms that could influence the effects of these interventions in people with CP. The first contribution of this thesis is to propose a scoping review regarding the effects of dance interventions in people with CP. In an experimental study, we have also evaluated the effects of a dance intervention in a rehabilitation context on motor functions (balance and walking abilities) and on cognitive functions (especially attention and rhythmic production abilities) for a group of adolescents with CP. Finally, an experimental study has explored the rhythmic production abilities of children with CP by evaluating their sensorimotor synchronization with different tempi. Our results show that dance practice in the population with CP leads to motor benefits and potential cognitive and psychosocial benefits, despite the poor number of studies regarding this topic (Study 1). These results are confirmed by the significant improvements in balance and rhythm production abilities in the group of adolescents following our dance intervention (Study 2). Our results also suggest that children with CP have partially preserved rhythmic abilities, and that dance interventions based on rhythm should take these abilities into account (Study 3). Dance appears as a promising approach in a rehabilitation context, and its potential cognitive and psychosocial benefits should be more investigated in future studies
Bouvier, Julien. "Dissection génétique du générateur central respiratoire chez la souris : neurones rythmogènes et synchronisation bilatérale." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00555367.
Full textSurun-Morin, Marie-Pierre. "Contribution à l'étude de l'intervention des neuropeptides dans la commande centrale de la respiration." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066635.
Full textChahboune, Halima. "Observation du cortex cérébral par résonance magnétique nucléaire au cours du cycle veille-sommeil du rat : développements méthodologiques, instrumentaux et monitorage des signaux physiologiques." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10154.
Full textSerpe, Rossana. "Identification of clock neurons and downstream circuits that are involved in sleep control in Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS257.
Full textThe timing, quality and quantity of sleep depend on the fine interaction between circadian clock and homeostatic machinery (Borbely A. et al., 1982; Daan S. et al., 1984; Borbely and Achermann, 1999). In the recent years, the employment of various model organisms has provided new insights into the neuronal and molecular mechanisms of sleep regulation (Miyazaki S. et al., 2017). However, the molecular basis of the sleep homeostat and the neuronal circuitry underlying its interaction with the circadian network haven’t been established in details.In this work, I use the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model system to investigate the sleep function of a subset of clock neurons, the DN1ps. Previous studies have already suggested a sleep-regulating role for these circadian neurons (Kunst et al. 2014, Guo et al. 2016; Lamaze et al., 2017; Guo et al. 2017). Here, we report the DH31-positive CRY-positive DN1ps as sleep suppressing clock cells. Furthermore, we identify a sleep-relevant circuit downstream of the DN1ps which includes the paired posterior lateral 1 (PPL1) dopaminergic cluster and the dorsal Fan-shaped body projecting (dFSB) neurons, a recently described homeostatic center for sleep regulation in Drosophila (Donlea JM. et al., 2011; Liu S. et al., 2012; Ueno et al., 2012; Donlea JM. et al., 2014; Pimentel et al., 2016; Qian et al., 2017; Donlea JM. et al., 2018). Our results indicate that the night-time sleep suppression requires DH31-R2 signaling in the PPL1-to-dFSB dopaminergic neurons. Interestingly, both day and night-time DN1ps-mediated sleep loss rely on the inhibition of the dFSB. Nevertheless, we suggest the CRY-negative DN1ps as sleep promoting clock neurons, in concordance with other works (Guo et al. 2016; Guo et al. 2017).These findings provide a novel link between circadian clock and sleep homeostat, in the regulation of sleep-wake behavior in Drosophila melanogaster
Kosem, Anne. "Cortical oscillations as temporal reference frames for perception." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01069219.
Full textAllerborn, Marina. "Recent and remote episodic-like memory : characteristics and circuits : approach via multi-site recordings of oscillatory activity in rat hippocampal and cortical brain regions." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1207.
Full textEpisodic memory, our capacity to recollect particular life episodes, has been initially defined in terms of the information it contains, what kind of event, where and in which context/when did it take place. Pioneering studies on food-caching birds have demonstrated that animals are also able to form such complex memories, referred to as episodic-like memories in animals, however its modelling in rodents has proved challenging. The aim of this thesis was twofold: further development and validation in rats of a new episodic-like memory paradigm and study of neural circuits involved in formation and retrieval of this particular memory. The first part of the thesis presents the original behavioral paradigm developed in our group. In our task we tried to minimize training procedure in order to preserve the nature of episodic memory which is the memory for unique life episodes. Hereby rats were exposed to two different episodes, during which unique odor-place combinations (“what and where” information) were presented in different enriched multisensory contexts (“in which context” information). We found that some rats (“ww” group) were indeed able to form episodic-like memory associations which can be recalled after short (24 h) and long delays (24 days) in different experimental situations, while other animals (“rest” group) remembered only parts of the information contained in the initial episodes. Using pharmacological inactivation of dorsal hippocampus we have demonstrated that hippocampus is required specifically for retrieval of associated episodic-like memory information, but not for retrieval of single elements of the presented episodes in our task. In an extended version of the protocol in which rats were exposed to two additional episodes we found that previously acquired experience of the rats facilitates the encoding of new episodes and that the memory of these new episodes is more stable. The second part of the manuscript presents the first approach to study neural circuits involved in episodic-like memory encoding and retrieval in our task. Electrophysiological methodology was based on local field potential recordings obtained in parallel in several brain regions in behaving animals. The network of structures investigated included olfactory neocortical brain areas, brain regions in lateral and medial prefrontal cortex and the dorsal and ventral part of the hippocampus. The analysis was based on the estimation of magnitude of the oscillatory activity (described as power changes) in theta and beta frequency bands using Hilbert and Morlet wavelet transform for the analyses. The power analysis evolved around odor sampling event which constituted the last piece of information required for recollection of the whole episodic-like memory association. The odor-induced changes in power were compared between “ww” and “rest” animals in different experimental situations. We found that the network of activated brain regions in beta frequency band differed as a function of the memory profile of the rats (complete episodic-like memory recollection versus remembering partial information of the episodes) during both memory encoding as well as retrieval. We have also demonstrated that this active network changes when memory becomes consolidated (recent versus remote memory). Additionally we have shown that the activity in the network depends on the type of the response (hit versus correct rejection) given by the rat during memory encoding and retrieval. The network of brain regions that showed changes in theta power during memory formation and retrieval differed strongly from beta band network. In contrast to beta, the memory profile effect was much less prominent for theta band. However similarly to beta, there were also significant changes in network depending on the encoding session and the age of memory at test
Saoud, Houda. "Effets de la latéralisation corticale auditive dans la perception de la parole : application à l'implantation cochléaire bilatérale." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10122.
Full textSpeech perception consists of a set of bilateral computations that take continuously varying acoustic waveforms as input and generate discrete representations. Hypothesis of ‘asymmetric sampling in time’, suggests that auditory functional asymmetries can be explained by differences in temporal sampling between the two auditory cortices. We suggest that asymmetry in auditory cortical oscillations could play a role in speech perception by fostering hemispheric triage of information across the two hemispheres. Due to this asymmetry, fast speech temporal modulations, could be best perceived by the left auditory cortex, while slower modulations would be better captured by the right one. The aim of this thesis was to study and to test the validity of the predictions of the AST theory by investigating psychophysical and neurophysiological approach. They focus on the cortical activation in both hemispheres according to the nature of the auditory signal presented to both ears. Our results show that when we provide a different part of the speech envelope to each ear, word recognition is facilitated when the temporal properties of speech match the rhythmic properties of auditory cortices. We further show that the interaction between speech envelope and auditory cortices rhythms translates in their level of neural activity (as measured with fMRI). In the left auditory cortex, the neural activity level related to stimulus/brain rhythm interaction predicts speech perception facilitation. This interaction impacts speech perception performance. We propose that this lateralization effect could have practical implications in the framework of bilateral cochlear implants
Bertrand, Josie-Anne. "Étude intracrânienne sur les mécanismes cérébraux permettant la reconnaissance d’objets." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8938.
Full textRecognizing objects is a complex task requiring the brain to assemble visual information in such a way that coherent perception can happen. Building a visual cerebral representation is done through a bottom-up process, involving mainly occipital and temporal areas. A top-down mechanism from parietal and frontal areas, is thought to facilitate recognition by taking into account expectations and generating possible candidates. However, the precise mechanisms by which all these processes are done are still unclear. Studies investigating induced gamma response were able to link this activity to coherent perception of objects, suggesting a significant role of this activity in object recognition. However, these studies used imprecise recording techniques and stimuli repetition. The first study of this thesis aimed at describing with more precision the induced gamma activity using intracranial encephalography and a fragmented images paradigm in which only new stimuli are presented. Moreover, the task was presented again 24 hours later to circumscribe top-down mechanisms. Results show that the induced gamma activity is highest at recognition in regions involved in bottom-up processes. Top-down mechanism involved occipito-parietal areas when images were presented for the first time. When images were presented again 24 hours later, frontal areas mediated top-down facilitation, suggesting that top-down mechanisms vary according to task demand. Alpha rhythm has been less clearly related to visual perception, but is nevertheless well known to be involved in attention, memory and long-distance brain communication. The second study of this thesis investigated the role of alpha rhythm in object recognition, using the same technique and task as in the first study. Time-frequency analysis revealed a strong alpha activity unspecific to recognition, which was propagating from posterior to anterior regions. Phase coherence analysis, however, showed significant phase synchronisation specific to recognition. A similar pattern of alpha activity was found 24 hours later. However, the activity was stronger in frontal regions and the phase synchronisation was more distributed. Alpha rhythm is thus thought to be involved in attentional and communicational mechanisms of object recognition. In conclusion, this thesis was able to describe the precise spatio-temporal dynamics of induced gamma and alpha activity and suggest potential roles of these rhythms in response to object recognition.