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1
NARASIMHALU, P., H. T. KUNELIUS, K. A. WINTER, and K. B. McRAE. "COMPOSITION, INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF TIMOTHY AND ITALIAN AND WESTERWOLDS RYEGRASS SILAGES." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-014.
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Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and Italian and Westerwolds ryegrasses (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) were harvested as first-cut wilted silages in 1979 and 1980 and were compared on the basis of composition, intake and digestibility. Timothy silage had more cell wall content and was less digestible than the annual ryegrass silages in both years (P < 0.05). Seeding year timothy was consumed less than Aubade ryegrass in 1979 but the postseeding year timothy silage was equal in intake to 1980 Aubade silage but inferior to Italian ryegrass in digestible protein content and also intake (P < 0.05). Leafier Italian and Promenade ryegrasses were consumed more than the stemmy Aubade ryegrass (P < 0.05). Annual ryegrasses were not significantly different in their composition during 1979 but in 1980, Italian ryegrass contained less cell wall and was more digestible than Aubade ryegrass silage (P < 0.05). Prolonged field wilting in humid weather appeared to be more detrimental to the stemmy Aubade for intake and feed value than to the leafier Promenade and Italian ryegrasses. Seeding year timothy silage had lower feed value than the postseed year timothy silage.Key words: Silage, timothy, annual ryegrass, intake, digestibility, composition
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Narasimhalu, P., H. T. Kunelius, and K. B. McRae. "Herbage yield, leafiness and water-soluble carbohydrate content, and silage composition and utilization in sheep of first- and second-cut Italian and Westerwolds ryegrasses (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 755–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-091.
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Italian ryegrasses, cultivars Barmultra and Lemtal, and Westerwolds ryegrasses, cultivars Barspectra, Merwester and Promenade, (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) were harvested as first- and second-cut herbages and compared for yield, leafiness and water-soluble carbohydrate content during the 2-yr study. These herbages were conserved as silages and compared for chemical composition and for intake, digestibility, and total-N retention in sheep. First-cut ryegrass yielded more dry matter than second-cut ryegrass (3.3 vs. 2.6 t ha−1). First-cut ryegrass silages contained less dry matter and NDF, and sheep consumed less, but digested better and retained less total-N in comparison with second-cut ryegrass silage. Italian ryegrasses yielded less dry matter, were more leafy, contained less ADF, and were better digested compared with the Westerwolds ryegrasses. The herbage content of water-soluble-N, and the ratio of ammonium-N to total-N in silage were not different between the ryegrasses. Italian Barmultra was more leafy than Lemtal cultivar but no other significant differences were measured between these cultivars. Westerwolds Merwester yielded more dry matter, was less leafy, contained more NDF and ADF, and had lower voluntary intake, digestibility, and its total-N was less retained in sheep as compared with the Barspectra or Promenade Westerwolds ryegrass. Italian ryegrasses were superior in composition, voluntary intake, and digestibility to Westerwolds, but the latter were superior on the basis of yielding ability and efficiency of total-N utilization in sheep.Key words: Silage, ryegrass, intake, digestion, composition, Nitrogen retention
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Yamashita, M., K. Uchiyama, T. Matsuda, H. Tobina, H. Sawada, and K. Sugawara. "Distribution of Neotyphodium endophytes in naturalised ryegrasses (Lolium spp.) in Japan." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3094.
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Introduced Lolium grasses are utilised in Japan for forage, turf and soil conservation. Many of these grasses have become naturalised in disturbed ecosystems. Neotyphodium endophytes in the tissues of grasses can increase host fitness by increasing tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Consequently, endophyte infection may be a factor enhancing invasion success of exotic grasses in the Japanese islands. We detected infection by Neotyphodium endophytes in 162 of 173 naturalised ryegrass populations in Japan. Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum) had a higher infection rate than perennial ryegrass (L. perenne). Italian ryegrass also exhibited geographic variation in infection rate. It is unlikely that the infected Italian ryegrasses found in this study have come from cultivars used in meadows, since the use of forage ryegrass cultivars infected with Neotyphodium endophytes has been restricted in Japan to prevent toxicity problems. Possible sources of the ryegrasses may be turf seeds, soil conservation materials and/or contaminants in imported plant materials. Keywords:ô€€ alien species,ô€€ invasive plants, Italian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum, Neotyphodium endophyte, perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne
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Popay, A. J., K. Rijswijk, and S. L. Goldson. "Argentine stem weevil: farmer awareness and the effectiveness of different ryegrass/endophyte associations." Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 79 (January 1, 2017): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2017.79.570.
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Abstract Argentine stem weevil (ASW) is a highly destructive pest of ryegrass that has recently been associated with increased incidences of field damage. A survey of farmer awareness and management practices in relation to this pest was carried out. Many (47%) farmers sowed favoured plant hosts such as short-term and tetraploid ryegrasses. A field trial, undertaken near Hamilton, compared the effects on ASW larval damage of 10 different ryegrass/endophyte associations in comparison with an endophyte-free control with and without seed treatment. U2 endophyte in a diploid perennial festulolium and AR37 endophyte in a hybrid tetraploid, an Italian diploid and a tetraploid perennial ryegrass had significantly less damage (42%). NEA2 endophyte in a diploid perennial ryegrass and AR1 endophyte in short-term ryegrasses failed to protect plants from severe damage by this pest. Farmers need to be aware of the risks of ASW damage to short-term and tetraploid ryegrasses. Keywords: ploidy, short-term ryegrasses, larval damage, endophyte strains, pasture management
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Thompson, D. J., D. G. Stout, Z. Mir, and T. Moore. "Yield and quality of forage from intercrops of barley and annual ryegrass." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-016.
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Three spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and four annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) types were intercropped to evaluate the potential yield and quality of forage which can be produced under irrigation in southern interior B.C. All treatments were intercrops; when barley cultivar effects are described they are averaged over the ryegrasses and vice versa. Barley cultivars differed in grain maturity. Ryegrass cultivars included diploid and tertraploid Italian and Westerwolds types. Intercrops including late grain maturing barley cultivars (Samson and Virden) increased the yield of the first silage cut (both by 25% over 2 yr) compared to Diamond, a medium-maturing cultivar adapted to the area. Intercrops containing the semi-dwarf barley, Samson, produced more digestible forage including higher in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) and lower ADF and lignin. Annual ryegrass yield in the first cut intercropped with Samson was almost twice that with either Diamond or Virden, showing that Samson barley is less competitive. Second-cut yield (ryegrass regrowth) was greater for tetraploid than diploid annual ryegrasses. Yields of fall pasture (cuts 3 and 4) were similar among ryegrass cultivars. Cuts 2 and 3 (ryegrass only) of Italian ryegrasses had superior quality (higher IVDDM and protein; and lower ADF, lignin, and NDF) to Westerwolds ryegrassses, but all cultivars had similar quality in the late fall (Cut 4). It was concluded that a range of barley and annual ryegrass cultivars can be successfully intercropped to produce forage in south central B.C.Key words: Intercropping, barley annual ryegrass, forage yield and quality
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Rogers, ME, and WM Lush. "Comparisons of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) accessions grown as turfs (lawns)." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 3 (1989): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9890549.
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Accessions of Victorian perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) grown as turfs were inferior to or no better than European and North American ryegrasses developed specifically for turf. This applied to all aspects of their growth, except those of germination (which was faster, especially at temperatures around 12�C), thatch accumulation (which was less), and in their possession of an entophytic fungus, Acremonium loliae, which in the longer term could be associated with greater persistence. At the seedling stage, Victorian and turf ryegrasses produced similar dry weights, but the Victorian ryegrasses had fewer, larger leaves and tillers. Victorian ryegrass turf swards had lower tiller densities and standing dry weights, yet produced more clippings. The total production of Victorian ryegrass turfs was less than that of the turf ryegrasses. There were no differences in the seasonality of growth. In spring, flowering heads were more common in Victorian ryegrass turfs and the leaves of these turfs also shred more when mown. During the first year of turf growth, differential selection occurred in favour of plants that were prostrate, had shorter leaf sheaths, were later flowering, and that contained endophyte. The direction of selection confirmed the functional significance of observed differences between pasture and turf ryegrasses.
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Cooper, B. M., D. E. Hume, K. A. Panckhurst, and A. J. Popay. "Agronomic response of Italian ryegrasses infected with different Neotyphodium strains." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3147.
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Italian (Lolium multiflorum) and short-term hybrid ryegrasses (L. boucheanum) are utilised by farmers for their reliable establishment and yield potential for winter feeding, but lack summer production and persistence. To improve the performance of these ryegrasses, endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) strains from perennial ryegrass were inoculated into several cultivars and evaluated for agronomic performance in the Northland region of New Zealand. 'Moata' tetraploid Italian ryegrass families usually showed a reduction in yield when infected with the AR5 strain compared with endophyte-free Moata. Infection of the Italian ryegrass cultivars 'Corvette' and 'Status' with the N. lolii endophytes strains, AR1 and more particularly AR37, usually increased plant production and persistence. Natural infection with the N. occultans endophyte also improved plant performance. Improved plant performance was most closely associated with reduced damage from African black beetle. Interactions between plant line/cultivar and endophyte strain offer the potential for plant breeders to provide enhanced endophyte-infected cultivars of Italian ryegrasses to farmers. Keywords: endophyte, Neotyphodium lolii, Neotyphodium occultans, Italian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum, dry matter yields, plant persistence, insect damage
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Cagaš, B. "Perennial ryegrass Zekol." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 45, No. 3 (October 6, 2009): 133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/49/2009-cjgpb.
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Marley, C. L., W. J. Fisher, D. W. R. Davies, J. M. Moorby, J. C. MacRae, and M. K. Theodorou. "Effect of two contrasting ryegrass varieties and their management on the performance of finishing lambs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620001053x.
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Perennial ryegrass varieties bred to express high water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations have been shown to improve liveweight gain in pre-weaned lambs of grazing ewes (Lee et al., 2001) compared to conventional ryegrass. Studies have shown that the largest differential in WSC between ryegrass varieties bred for high WSC concentrations and control ryegrasses occurs 5-6 weeks after the plant is allowed to re-grow following cutting or grazing (Miller et al., 2001). Therefore, the benefits, in terms of lamb performance, of using these grasses with high WSC concentrations may be best achieved when they are rotationally rather than continuously grazed. The aim of this experiment was to compare lambs rotationally or continuously grazing either a ryegrass variety bred for high WSC concentrations or a control ryegrass.
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Lowe, KF, and TM Bowdler. "Growth, persistence, and rust sensitivity of irrigated perennial temperate grasses in the Queensland subtropics." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 5 (1995): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950571.
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The growth, persistence, and rust sensitivity of a range of temperate grasses were measured to assess their potential for irrigated pastures in the subtropics. Characteristics considered important for adaptation to the subtropics include a relatively even growth rate throughout the year, rust tolerance, and the ability to persist under humid conditions. Cultivars and experimental lines from Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass), L. rnultiflorum (Italian ryegrass), Festuca arundiizacea (fescue), Festuca x Lolium (festulolium), Bromus spp. (prairie grass and bromes), Dactylis glomerata (cocksfoot), and Phalaris aquatica (phalaris) were sown at Gatton, south-eastern Queensland, in pure stands or mixtures of annual and perennial grasses, using high seeding rates, 50 kg N/ha.defoliation, and full irrigation throughout the year. As a group, the fescues were the highest yielding and most persistent over 2 years, with AU Triumph the highest yielding cultivar. Maru phalaris was the most persistent grass, increasing from a frequency of 85% at the end of the first year to 100% at the end of the second year. Perennial ryegrass yields were about two-thirds those of the fescues, with a frequency of around 70% after 2 years. Dobson was the best ryegrass, producing a greater proportion of its forage in summer and increasing its density over the 2 years compared with the other perennial ryegrasses. Mixtures of annual ryegrass and fescue cultivars produced yields equivalent to pure fescue swards, with production dominated by annual ryegrass in the first year and by fescue in the second. Matua prairie grass was high yielding, but under frequent cutting was not as persistent as the ryegrasses. Felopa festulolium was inferior to the perennial ryegrasses and fescues in yield, the distribution of that yield, and persistence. Weeds contributed 1-10% of total yield over 2 years. The experiment suggests that the fescue cultivars are the most productive temperate grasses for perennial irrigated pastures in the subtropics, although better animal performance would improve farmer acceptance. The addition of a ryegrass component to fescue swards increased yields during establishment but did not improve overall yields. Late-maturing cultivars are the highest yielding of the perennial ryegrasses. Rust sensitivity needs improvement as all the present lines are highly susceptible.
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Gao, Y., and D. Wilman. "Leaf development in eight related grasses." Journal of Agricultural Science 123, no. 1 (August 1994): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600067757.
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SummaryLeaf development was studied in eight related grasses, grown in field swards cut at 5-week intervals, during the year of sowing and the subsequent year (1989 and 1990). The rate of leaf expansion was in the order Westerwolds ryegrass > Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue > hybrid ryegrass > perennial ryegrass × meadow fescue, meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The order of grasses was similar, but not identical, for rate of leaf appearance, rate of leaf extension, weight of leaf blade emerging per shoot per week and rate of increase in length of exposed leaf sheath, and the order was approximately the reverse for weight per unit area of emerging leaf blade. The area per leaf blade increased greatly between May and October of the year of sowing, particularly in Westerwolds, Italian and hybrid ryegrasses and Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue. Area per leaf blade in tall fescue increased greatly between May and July of the year of sowing and May–July of the subsequent year. Rate of leaf expansion in meadow fescue was much higher in May of the year after sowing than in the previous May.
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Fletcher, L. R. ""Non-toxic" endophytes in ryegrass and their effect on livestock health and production." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 7 (January 1, 1999): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.7.1999.3393.
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Ryegrass/endophyte associations have been developed which produce peramine, but not the endophyte toxins ergovaline or lolitrem B. Sheep grazing these ryegrasses in small paddocks and in a systems trial over three years gained weight as rapidly as those grazing endophyte-free ryegrass, and showed none of the adverse responses associated with grazing ryegrass naturally infected with wild-type endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii). Growth rates, rectal temperatures, respiration rates, serum prolactin concentrations, ryegrass staggers scores and scores for dag burdens were equivalent for the selected endophyte and nil endophyte treatments, whereas sheep grazing the wild-type endophyte treatment were adversely affected for all parameters. This was reflected in calculated gross margins for the systems trial of only $605 per hectare for the wild-type endophyte treatment compared with over $700 per hectare for each of the other treatments. To date there have been no conclusive studies of non-toxic endophyte with cattle. Keywords: AR1, dags, endophyte, ergovaline, liveweight gain, lolitrem B, Lolium perenne, Neotyphodium, peramine, perennial ryegrass, prolactin, sheep
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Hume, D. E. "Establishing and maintaining a toxin-free pasture: a review." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 7 (January 1, 1999): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.7.1999.3390.
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This paper reviews how new pastures may become contaminated with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) infected with wild-type fungal endophytes (Neotyphodium lolii). These wild-type endophyte strains may be toxic to domestic livestock. Sources are from seed (natural reseeding, buried seed, sown seed, in dung, hay, carried on farm machinery) and survival of existing infected ryegrass plants. In particular, seed in soil and dung are reviewed. Contamination may occur both pre- and postestablishment. It is recommended that steps should be taken to minimise contamination from all sources when establishing new pastures. Although normal establishment practices for successful rapid establishment of weed-free pastures (e.g., cropping, fallow, herbicides) will minimise the risk of contamination, a number of cases highlight that extra time (e.g., 18-24 months planning rather 6- 12 months) and consideration of all sources of contamination is needed to minimise risk. Once established, further measures should be taken to prevent seed being transferred in dung or hay. This has implications when establishing pastures with endophyte-free ryegrasses, ryegrasses with selected non-toxic endophytes, a new ryegrass cultivar, or other grasses (e.g., tall fescue), whether for grazing by animals or for seed production. Keywords: endophyte, endophyte survival, faeces, Lolium perenne, natural reseeding, Neotyphodium lolii, pasture establishment, perennial ryegrass, seed burial, seed survival, tall fescue
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Thom, Errol R., Alison J. Popay, David E. Hume, and Lester R. Fletcher. "Evaluating the performance of endophytes in farm systems to improve farmer outcomes - a review." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 10 (2012): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12152.
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The main plant species relied on for forage supply to grazing animals in New Zealand and south-eastern Australia is perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Perennial ryegrass has evolved with a fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii, Latch, Christensen & Samuals) that occupies intercellular spaces, and is nourished by its host. The endophyte (referred to as standard or wild-type) provides the plant with protection from a range of insect pests by producing alkaloids, some of which are also toxic to grazing animals, causing ryegrass staggers and/or exacerbating heat stress. Over the last 20 years naturally occurring perennial ryegrass endophytes have been found in Europe that produce less of the alkaloids that cause animal health problems but have similar or enhanced effects as the standard endophyte on deterring insect attack on infected plants, when introduced into New Zealand and Australian-bred ryegrasses. This review provides a summary of endophyte research in New Zealand from the perspective of insect pests, plants (particularly perennial ryegrass) and the animals grazed on ryegrass-dominant pastures. The protocols used to evaluate perennial ryegrass/endophyte associations over the past 30 years are also discussed. Future testing of new grass/endophyte associations should include the utilisation of more environments for agronomic and entomological experiments; routinely carrying out small animal toxicology assays, and the running of short-term indoor feeding experiments with sheep and cows. Implementation of these changes provides the minimum requirements for strengthening the evaluation of new endophyte associations so farmers using these technologies, gain optimal benefits from their adoption.
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Cosgrove, G. P., P. S. Taylor, and A. Jonker. "Sheep performance on perennial ryegrass cultivars differing in concentration of water-soluble carbohydrate." Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 77 (January 1, 2015): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2015.77.491.
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High-sugar perennial ryegrass cultivars (HSG) selected for higher concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrate may enhance animal production and reduce emissions of methane and nitrogen. Assessing the effects on economic output and environmental footprint is most robust when related to production per unit of land. Average daily gain (ADG) and liveweight gain per hectare (LWG/ha) of sheep grazing a high-sugar perennial ryegrass cultivar, a diploid perennial ryegrass and a tetraploid perennial ryegrass were compared during measurement periods conducted in spring (84 days duration), autumn (99 days) and late springsummer (160 days). Continuous variable stocking was used, and stocking rate adjusted to maintain a target sward surface height of 6 cm. Average daily gain was higher (P=0.003) on the HSG than on either control in late spring-summer and higher on the tetraploid control than on the HSG or the diploid control in autumn (P=0.04), but the higher ADGs did not translate to significantly higher LWG/ha. These results can inform farmers on cultivar choice and support analysis of methane and nitrogen emissions on an intensity basis for inventory and regulatory purposes. Key words: water-soluble carbohydrate, perennial ryegrasses, high-sugar ryegrass, average daily gain, liveweight gain
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Gunnarsson, M., T. K. James, R. J. Chynoweth, and M. P. Rolston. "An evaluation of the resistance of annual and perennial ryegrass to herbicides." New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (July 24, 2017): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.45.
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Ryegrass, both perennial (Lolium perenne) and annual (L. multiflorum), can be weeds in other arable crops such as wheat (Triticum aestivum). They are generally removed using selective herbicides, but herbicide-resistant perennial and annual ryegrasses have been reported anecdotally. Perennial ryegrass seeds that were suspected to be herbicide resistant were sourced from near Methven, Canterbury. They were evaluated for tolerance to five herbicides and were found to be resistant to all of them. In a separate experiment, annual ryegrass seeds that were suspected to be herbicide resistant were also sourced from near Methven, Canterbury. They were evaluated for tolerance to six different herbicides and were found to be resistant to haloxyfop applied at up to four times label rate but susceptible to clethodim. These results have important implications for growers and advisers throughout New Zealand.
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Trevathan, Larry E. "Ryegrass Blast." Plant Disease 78, no. 2 (1994): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-78-0113.
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Pritchard, G., and G. Lewis. "Ryegrass staggers." Veterinary Record 137, no. 18 (October 28, 1995): 471–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.137.18.471.
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Tharmaraj, J., D. F. Chapman, J. Hill, J. L. Jacobs, and B. R. Cullen. "Increasing home-grown forage consumption and profit in non-irrigated dairy systems. 2. Forage harvested." Animal Production Science 54, no. 3 (2014): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12296.
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A dairy farmlet experiment was conducted at Terang in south-west Victoria, Australia, over 4 years to test the hypothesis that a 30% increase in forage harvested per ha could be achieved in a production system that incorporated a range of Complementary Forages with perennial ryegrass (CF) compared with a well managed perennial ryegrass-only farmlet (‘Ryegrass Max’, RM). The CF farmlet included perennial ryegrass pasture (44% of the farmlet area on average over 4 years), but also incorporated oversowing perennial ryegrass with short-term ryegrasses (average 16% of farmlet area) to increase winter growth, tall fescue-based pasture (average 20% of farmlet area) to increase production in the late spring–summer period, a double cropping rotation (15% of farmlet area) based on winter cereal for silage production followed by summer brassica crops for grazing, and summer crops used in the pasture renovation process (average 5% of farmlet area). The RM and CF farmlets were stocked at 2.2 and 2.82 June-calving cows/ha, respectively and average annual nitrogen (N) fertiliser application rates (pasture only) were 141 and 153 kg N/ha, respectively. The total amount of forage harvested per year was generally less than predicted from pre-experimental modelling of both farmlets. However, the proposed target of a 30% increase in home-grown forage harvest per ha in the CF system compared with RM was exceeded in 2005–06 (+33%), with 21, 16 and 11% higher forage harvest achieved in CF in 2006–07, 2007–08 and 2008–09, respectively (average for all 4 years = 20%). Annual forage harvested in RM ranged between 6.5 and 8.9 t DM/ha compared with 7.9–10.3 t DM/ha in CF. Approximately two-thirds of the increased forage harvest in CF came from higher rates of pasture consumption per ha and one-third from the double cropping component of the system, although the performance of the double crop (mean annual production of 11.5 t DM/ha) was well below the expected 20 t DM/ha based on pre-experimental modelling. The higher per-hectare pasture harvest rates in CF were primarily due to increased perennial ryegrass pasture consumption achieved through higher stocking rates and efficient responses to higher N inputs from both higher fertiliser rates and additional supplementary feeding. In CF, the DM harvested from pastures oversown with short-term ryegrasses was lower than perennial ryegrass, while tall fescue-based pastures were similar to perennial ryegrass. Poor spring rainfall in 2006–07 and 2008–09 likely contributed to the lower than expected DM yields of tall fescue-based pasture and the summer crops within the double cropping component. Home-grown forage harvest rates can be increased by 11–33% above what is currently achieved by best industry practice with perennial ryegrass-only pastures using complementary forages but perennial ryegrass will remain a key component of the forage base for dairy production in southern Australia.
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Lowe, K. F., T. M. Bowdler, N. D. Casey, and R. J. Moss. "Performance of temperate perennial pastures in the Australian subtropics 1. Yield, persistence and pasture quality." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 6 (1999): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98021.
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Summary. Irrigated, pure stands of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Yatsyn), prairie grass (Bromus willdenodii cv. Matua) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea cv. AU Triumph) were compared with Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum cv. Concord) under grazing in the subtropics of south-east Queensland. Pastures were fertilised with 50 kg nitrogen/ha . month as urea and annual dressings of 20 kg phosphorus/ha and 50 kg potassium/ha (as superphosphate and muriate of potash, respectively). There were 4 pasture treatments grazed by multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows at 3 cows/ha in a 1-week-on, 3-weeks-off rotation with 2 replicates and 3 cows/treatment block. Feed on offer was measured weekly and pasture quality, at the mid point of each of the 4 seasons. Detailed measurements on plant and tiller dynamics were recorded on fixed quadrats within the grazing areas from November to May in the second and third years. Yield of pasture on offer was greatest with prairie grass and the difference was most marked in spring and early summer. Yield of fescue was generally higher than that from the other 3 grasses in the autumn. In the second and third summers, the grass weed component in the 2 ryegrass, and to a lesser extent the prairie grass, pastures was greater than the sown grass component. Fescue generally produced forage lower in quality than the other 3 grasses although the differences were small in summer. The forage quality of Italian ryegrass was higher than perennial ryegrass in most seasons and for most attributes measured. Generally prairie grass had similar quality forage to the ryegrasses but at times it was as low as fescue. Fescue was the most persistent grass; it maintained a frequency of occurrence of 88, 56 and 71% in the first, second and third autumn periods, respectively, compared with 36, 37 and 21% for perennial ryegrass. To achieve these persistence figures, perennial ryegrass needed over-sowing in each autumn. Plant density and tiller numbers per plant fell in all grasses from November to May but the fall was significantly less in fescue than in other grasses. It was concluded that all 3 temperate perennial grasses demonstrated traits which were useful for subtropical dairy pastures. Fescue was the most persistent and the only grass which could sustain grazing in autumn. The performance of Italian ryegrass was as good as that of perennial ryegrass in the first year but fell substantially in the second and third years as the level of summer grass invasion suppressed the existing population and made oversowing increasingly less effective. Prairie grass produced the highest dry matter on offer under grazing, its forage quality was generally similar to that of the ryegrasses and it regenerated from self-sown seed.
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Wilman, D., Y. Gao, and M. A. K. Altimimi. "Differences between related grasses, times of year and plant parts in digestibility and chemical composition." Journal of Agricultural Science 127, no. 3 (November 1996): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600078473.
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SUMMARYTrue dry matter digestibility, proportion of cell content, digestibility of cell wall, N and water-soluble carbohydrate were determined in eight related grasses in February, June and September in each of three years. In a separate experiment, true dry matter digestibility, proportion of cell content and digestibility of cell wall were determined in five plant parts of vegetative tillers of two grasses in February, April, June, August, October and December in each of two years.Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was the most digestible grass and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and Westerwolds ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum var. Westerwoldicum) were the least digestible. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) was high in proportion of cell content, but not in digestibility of cell wall. Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) was high in digestibility of cell wall, but low in proportion of cell content. Perennial ryegrass and hybrid ryegrass were high, and tall fescue low, in both proportion of cell content and digestibility of cell wall. Ryegrasses were lower than fescues in concentration of N and higher than the fescues in water-soluble carbohydrate; ryegrass × meadow fescue hybrids were intermediate between the parent species in N and watersoluble carbohydrate.Grass sampled in June and August was lower in both proportion of cell content and digestibility of cell wall than grass sampled at cooler times of year. Grass sampled in February was high in proportion of cell content and N, intermediate to high in digestibility of cell wall and intermediate in water-soluble carbohydrate.Expanding leaf blades of perennial and Italian ryegrass were higher than expanded blades and sheaths in digestibility of cell wall and similar to expanded blades and higher than sheaths in proportion of cell content. Cell wall was less digestible in the tip than in the middle and basal portions of expanded leaf blades.
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Rogers, ME. "Variation in turf-type morphological characters within Lolium perenne L. cv. Victorian." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 4 (1989): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9890851.
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Aspects of plant morphology and flowering were measured in a spaced-plant collection of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cv. Victorian in order to assess the possibility of improving this cultivar for turf. The Victorian perennial ryegrass collection was also compared with a smaller collection of fine-leafed turf ryegrasses. Within cv. Victorian, positive phenotypic correlations were found betwecn the character�s leaf length and width, leaf length and sheath length, leafwidth and sheath length, leafwidth and leaf tensile strength, and leafiness (leaf number per unit ground area) and angle of growth. The correlated responses to selection were significant (P<0.001) for all characters, with the exception of heading date. Heritability values, calculated by using three methods, were also very high (>0.70). These heritabilities, combined with the fact that the variation found within Victorian ryegrass often encompassed the entire range in the turf ryegrass cultivars, indicate that an improved turf-type could be developed within cv. Victorian. However, some compromise must be made in selection strategies due to unfavourable correlations between the character's turf wear, assessed by using leaf tensile strength and appearance, and between vegetative growth and seed production.
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Mcneill, M. R., D. E. Hume, R. Ashby, M. Ashby, P. Brandon, P. Guscott, B. Tosswill, and R. Barton. "Ryegrass production in Wairarapa, New Zealand: is biological control of Argentine stem weevil important?" NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3148.
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To investigate the interaction between Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis), its parasitoid Microctonus hyperodae, fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) and its grass host, four endophyte-ryegrass (Lolium perenne) treatments were established on four farms in Wairarapa in autumn 2003. A diploid ryegrass contained either wild-type or AR1 endophyte or was endophytefree, while a tetraploid ryegrass contained AR1 endophyte. Wild-type, AR1 and endophyte-free ryegrasses average 52%, 91% and 2% endophyte-infected tillers for the 3 years of measurement. Moderate increases over time in the proportion of wild-type infected tillers indicated selection pressures favoured endophyte-infected tillers. Endophyte-free tiller populations were 11% lower than AR1 or wild-type but not significantly so. L. bonariensis populations were highest in endophyte-free and wild-type pastures and 80% lower in AR1 pastures. Mean rates of parasitism in L. bonariensis were lower in spring (9%) than autumn (35%), tended to be higher in wild-type than in AR1 diploid ryegrass, and only had a weak relationship with percent endophyte-infection. Keywords: endophyte, Neotyphodium lolii, Lolium perenne, dry matter yields, plant persistence, Listronotus bonariensis, Microctonus hyperodae
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EVANS, D. R., T. A. WILLIAMS, S. JONES, and S. A. EVANS. "The effect of cutting and intensive grazing managements on sward components of contrasting ryegrass and white clover types when grown in mixtures." Journal of Agricultural Science 130, no. 3 (May 1998): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185969800536x.
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A field experiment was established at the Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research (IGER), Aberystwyth, to compare the seasonal growth and annual yields of two white clovers when grown with each of five perennial ryegrasses. Swards were subjected to two contrasting defoliation managements, namely cutting only and continuous grazing with sheep. In addition to data recorded on dry matter yields of the swards, the effect of management on growth and development of white clover stolons and tillering of ryegrasses was also studied in the third harvest year. The management of the swards had a significant effect on ryegrass tiller number and on the ingress of weed grasses. Differences in persistency and tillering among the ryegrasses were significantly greater when continuously grazed by sheep than when swards were cut. It is argued that ingress of weed grasses under grazing could be used as an indicator of ryegrass persistency. Among those studied, only two of the ryegrasses were able to provide dense persistent swards under continuous sheep grazing. The white clovers included in this experiment differed in leaf size with Gwenda smaller than Ac 3785. Greater differences existed between white clover components when grazed than when under cutting management. Under continuous sheep grazing there were large differences between the clover varieties in stolon length, stolon weight, number of growing points and root weight.The data indicate the importance of the persistence of mixture components under continuous sheep grazing and, since ryegrass is the main component of a clover/grass seed mixture, greater emphasis in breeding and evaluation programmes should be given to persistence, especially under grazing.
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Wilman, D., and Y. Gao. "Herbage production and tiller density in five related grasses, their hybrids and mixtures." Journal of Agricultural Science 127, no. 1 (August 1996): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600077376.
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SUMMARYFour grass species, three hybrids and three mixtures were grown in field swards near Aberystwyth. All swards were amply supplied with nutrients and were cut at 5-week intervals during the year of sowing (1989) and during the following 4 years. The order of the grasses in rate of establishment was: Westerwolds ryegrass > Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) > Italian ryegrass × perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) > perennial ryegrass × meadow fescue, meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) > tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). During the sowing year as a whole, Italian ryegrass was the highest yielding grass, followed by Westerwolds ryegrass. During the remaining period (1990–93), as a whole, the highest yields were obtained from perennial ryegrass sown alone or in a mixture with tall fescue. Tall fescue sown alone was one of the lowest yielding grasses in the year of sowing, but developed to be the highest yielding in 1992 and 1993. Westerwolds ryegrass persisted least well, although some plants did survive until 1992. Italian ryegrass persisted better than Westerwolds and Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue persisted better than Italian ryegrass. Hybrid ryegrass and perennial ryegrass × meadow fescue persisted satisfactorily but with fewer tillers/m2 than perennial ryegrass or tall fescue. The yield of tall fescue in March was as high as that of Italian ryegrass in 1990 and 1991 and higher than that of any of the other grasses in 1992 and 1993; the tiller density of tall fescue was particularly high in March. The yield of mixtures (Italian ryegrass with perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass with tall fescue and perennial ryegrass with tall fescue) was, on average, 2·5% more than the mean of the component species when sown alone. When grown with ryegrass, tall fescue was not prominent initially but its proportion in the sward gradually increased.
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Cooper, Bruce, David Hume, Kathryn Panckhurst, Alison Popay, and Tom Lyons. "The role of perennial ryegrass endophyte in Italian ryegrass." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 12 (January 1, 2006): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.12.2006.3022.
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Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and short-term hybrid ryegrass (L. boucheanum) have reliable establishment and high cool season growth, but varying persistence after the first summer. In Northland, there is increased stress on ryegrass from invertebrate insect attack. Selected strains of endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) have been identified that protect perennial ryegrass from invertebrate attack. Two of these endophyte strains (AR1 and AR37) were inoculated into two Italian ryegrass cultivars (Status and Corvette) and compared in a small plot agronomic trial with the same cultivars free or low in the naturally-occurring endophyte N. occultans. From April 2004 to June 2005, ryegrass plots with these endophyte-cultivar combinations were measured for dry matter yields and plant survival under summer/autumn insect pressure in Northland. In autumn/winter 2005, novel endophytes resulted in greater plant survival and yield advantages (82%) than the same cultivars with no/low N. occultans endophyte. These effects were consistent across cultivars. Increased agronomic performance corresponded with lower damage from African black beetle larvae (Heteronychus arator). This result has implications for extending the persistence and potential yields of Italian/hybrid ryegrass pastures subject to pest attack.
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Kon, K. F., G. B. Follas, and D. E. James. "Seed dormancy and germination phenology of grass weeds and implications for their control in cereals." New Zealand Plant Protection 60 (August 1, 2007): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2007.60.4597.
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Seeds of Italian ryegrass perennial ryegrass wild oat winter wild oat phalaris and barnyard grass collected during the 2005/06 season were tested for dormancy and germination phenology between April and December 2006 In laboratory and outdoor environments dormancy was widespread in grass weed but not in ryegrass seeds The seeds of grass weeds had better germination in the outdoor environment than the laboratory In the outdoor environment only 15 of wild oat and winter wild oat 1963 of phalaris and 39 of barnyard grass seed germinated Protracted germination varied between species in two to seven flushes The earliest timing for effective postemergence grass control under the experimental conditions appeared to be about 6 weeks after sowing for wild oats and ryegrasses 12 weeks for phalaris and 14 weeks for barnyard grass The extended germination periods of phalaris and barnyard grass are a challenge to growers in designing a costeffective herbicide programme
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Evans, D. R., M. O. Humphreys, and T. A. Williams. "Forage yield and quality interactions between white clover and contrasting ryegrass varieties in grazed swards." Journal of Agricultural Science 126, no. 3 (May 1996): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600074840.
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SUMMARYThe impact of white clover on seasonal yield and nutritive value traits in perennial ryegrass was investigated using six ryegrass varieties which expressed contrasting levels of water soluble carbohydrate (WSC). These were sown in an upland environment at Syfydrin, near Aberystwyth, in mixtures with white clover and in monocultures. Plots were grazed by sheep and sampled during 1991–93. Grass yields in mixtures and monocultures were similar except during mid to late summer when clover contents were high. White clover had a considerably lower WSC content but a much higher crude protein (CP) content than the ryegrasses. The WSC content of grasses in mixed swards was consistently lower than in monocultures and markedly so during mid to late summer. Use of ryegrass varieties with a relatively high WSC content can compensate for this depletion. Consequently high WSC grasses may reduce the amounts of nitrogen excreted by ruminants grazing mixed swards by increasing the efficiency of protein use from clover.
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Thomas, H., and M. O. Humphreys. "Progress and potential of interspecific hybrids of Lolium and Festuca." Journal of Agricultural Science 117, no. 1 (August 1991): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600078916.
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SUMMARYThe Lolium-Festuca complex of related species provides a wide range of variation for the development of versatile grasses adapted to meet the changing requirements of livestock farming. Various approaches have been used in order to harness the full potential of this variation. Tetraploid hybrids between the two ryegrass species L. perenne and L. multiflorum have resulted in stable and successful commercial varieties. Hybrids between more distantly related ryegrass and fescue species have demonstrated useful combinations of traits from both parents. Chromosome doubling is necessary in these hybrids to restore fertility in synthetic amphiploids. However, genetic instability can still be a problem and research is in progress to obtain tighter control of chromosome pairing. An alternative approach is to introduce a few specific traits from fescues into ryegrasses, or vice versa, using introgressive breeding procedures. This review outlines the progress already achieved in exploiting the ryegrass–fescue complex by using these various approaches and assesses the potential of hybrid derivatives.
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Bowdler, T. M., N. D. Casey, R. J. Moss, and K. F. Lowe. "Performance of temperate perennial pastures in the Australian subtropics 2. Milk production." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 6 (1999): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98022.
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Summary. Milk production from irrigated, pure stands of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Yatsyn), prairie grass (Bromus willdenodii cv. Matua) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea cv. AU Triumph) were compared with that achieved from Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum cv. Concord) over 3 lactations of multiparous Holstein–Friesian cows at Mutdapilly in south-east Queensland. Pastures were fertilised with 50 kg nitrogen/ha . month as urea and annual dressings of 20 kg phosphorus/ha and 50 kg potassium/ha (as superphosphate and muriate of potash respectively). There were 4 pasture treatments grazed at 3 cows/ha in a 1-week-on, 3-weeks-off rotation with 2 replicates and 3 cows/treatment block. Cows grazed the pastures day and night from May to November. Over summer, cows grazed the pastures during the night and were fed supplements (silage in the first lactation, and lucerne hay in the second and third lactations) during the day because there was no shade available in the irrigation areas. In autumn, the animals were removed from the ryegrass and prairie grass pastures for 8 weeks to allow seedling re-establishment, either by oversowing (ryegrasses) or natural reseeding (prairie grass). Cows continued to graze the fescue pastures at night during autumn. All cows received a ration of 4 kg/cow of a grain–minerals mixture in the first lactation and 5 kg/cow in the second and third lactations. Milk production from perennial ryegrass was higher than from fescue in the first lactation and Italian ryegrass in the second and third lactations. Prairie grass gave similar milk production to perennial ryegrass in all 3 years. In the third year, perennial ryegrass, prairie grass and fescue gave similar milk production. Milk quality from the 4 grasses was similar except in the third lactation when the lactose content of milk from perennial ryegrass pastures was lowest. There were also small and inconsistent differences in milk component yields between the 4 grasses. Liveweight changes were small except in the second lactation when the cows grazing fescue lost weight relative to the other treatments. Mean liveweight at calving increased over the 3 lactations. It was concluded that all 3 temperate perennial grasses demonstrated useful traits for use in subtropical dairy pastures. Perennial ryegrass produced the most milk from the lowest amount of dry matter on offer. Prairie grass produced similar milk yields to perennial ryegrass, was well eaten by cattle and was self regenerating. Although fescue was slower to establish and needed more intensive management to control maturity, it was the most persistent and was the only grass to provide autumn grazing. In the second year this attribute resulted in a lower requirement for supplementary feeding. Fescue produced the highest gross margin in the second lactation and was only marginally less than prairie grass in the third. The performance of Italian ryegrass was as good as that of perennial ryegrass in the first lactation but fell substantially in the second and third lactations as the level of summer grass invasion increased.
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Bararpour, Mohammad T., Jason K. Norsworthy, Nilda R. Burgos, Nicholas E. Korres, and Edward E. Gbur. "Identification and Biological Characteristics of Ryegrass (Loliumspp.) Accessions in Arkansas." Weed Science 65, no. 3 (March 6, 2017): 350–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2016.28.
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Italian ryegrass is a major weed problem in wheat production worldwide. Field studies were conducted at Fayetteville, AR, to assess morphological characteristics of ryegrass accessions from Arkansas and differences among otherLoliumspp.: Italian, rigid, poison, and perennial ryegrass. Plant height, plant growth habit, plant stem color, and node color were recorded every 2 wk until maturity. The number of tillers per plant, spikes per plant, and seeds per plant were recorded at maturity. All ryegrass accessions from Arkansas were identified as Italian ryegrass, which had erect to prostrate growth habit, green to red stem color, green to red nodes, glume (10 mm) shorter than spikelet (19 mm), and medium seed size (5 to 7 mm) with 1 to 3 mm awns. However, significant variability in morphological characteristics was found among Arkansas ryegrass accessions. WhenLoliumspecies at the seedling stage (1- to 2-wk-old plants) were compared, poison ryegrass was characterized as having a large main-stem diameter and wide droopy leaves, whereas perennial ryegrass exhibited a short and a very narrow leaf blade. These two can be distinguished from Italian and rigid ryegrass, which have leaf blades wider than perennial ryegrass but narrower than poison ryegrass. Italian and rigid ryegrass are difficult to distinguish at the seedling stage but are distinct at the reproductive stage. At maturity, Italian ryegrass and poison ryegrass seeds are awned, but perennial and rigid ryegrass seeds are awnless. Poison ryegrass awns were at least 4-fold longer than Italian ryegrass awns. Perennial ryegrass flowered 3 wk later than the other species. Poison ryegrass glumes were longer than the spikelets, whereas Italian ryegrass glumes were shorter than the spikelets. Morphological traits indicate that some Italian ryegrass populations are potentially more competitive and more fecund than others.
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Marcar, NE. "Salt tolerance in the genus Lolium (ryegrass) during germination and growth." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38, no. 2 (1987): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9870297.
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Two studies were undertaken, one to evaluate the degree of genotypic variation for salt tolerance within the Lolium (ryegrass) genus, and the other to compare the responses of three representative ryegrass species (Wimmera (L. rigidum), Italian (L. muttiforum) and perennial (L. perenne) ryegrass) with those of two known salt-tolerant grasses, tall wheat grass (Elytrigia pontica) and saltmarsh grass (Puccinellia ciliafa). Both germination and growth responses to increasing concentrations of NaCl were assessed under controlled environment conditions: seeds were germinated in petri dishes, and plants were grown in pots containing coarse river sand. In the first study, significant intra- and inter-specific variation for salt tolerance was demonstrated, particularly during germination. However, there was no apparent adaptation for salt tolerance in field collected accessions from saline sites. In the second study, all species were shown to be relatively insensitive to NaCl up to 200 mol m-3 during germination, but higher concentrations were tolerated only by saltmarsh grass, tall wheat grass and Italian ryegrass. Only the latter two grasses maintained their high tolerance during vegetative growth, whereas the ryegrasses were moderately tolerant. It was clear from both studies that relative salt tolerance ranking differed for germination and growth phases. Shoot concentrations of Na, Cl and K did not relate to the degree of salt tolerance.
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Reid, D. "A comparison of the yield responses of four grasses to a wide range of nitrogen application rates." Journal of Agricultural Science 105, no. 2 (October 1985): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600056434.
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SUMMARYThe yield results are reported for an experiment in which 21 rates of nitrogen fertilizer were applied on pure-sown swards of four grasses, S. 24 and Barvestra perennial ryegrass, S. 37 cocksfoot and S. 53 meadow fescue. Growth curves fitted to the herbage yield data for each grass in each year are presented. On average the total dry-matter yield curves for the two ryegrasses were similar to one another, but showed a slightly smaller response to nitrogen rates below 300 kg/ha than did S. 23 ryegrass in an earlier experiment, and a more rapid decrease in response at higher rates. S. 37 cocksfoot had a similar dry-matter yield response to the ryegrasses at the low nitrogen rates, but the response decreased more rapidly at nitrogen rates over 250 kg/ha. The dry-matter yield response of S. 53 fescue decreased even more rapidly with nitrogen rates over 200 kg/ha. The mean estimates of the optimal nitrogen rate for each of the four grasses, i.e. the nitrogen rate at which the dry-matter response had decreased to 10 kg/kg N, was 380, 372, 357 and 327 kg N/ha for S. 24, Barvestra, S. 37 and S. 53 respectively, compared with 409 kg/ha for S. 23 ryegrass in the earlier experiment.
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Serensits, Thomas, Matthew Cutulle, and Jeffrey F. Derr. "Persistence of Overseeded Cool-Season Grasses in Bermudagrass Turf." International Journal of Agronomy 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/496892.
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Cool-season grass species are commonly overseeded into bermudagrass turf for winter color. When the overseeded grass persists beyond the spring; however, it becomes a weed. The ability of perennial ryegrass, Italian (annual) ryegrass, intermediate ryegrass, and hybrid bluegrass to persist in bermudagrass one year after seeding was determined. Perennial ryegrass, intermediate ryegrass, and Italian ryegrass produced acceptable ground cover in the spring after fall seeding. Hybrid bluegrass did not establish well, resulting in unacceptable cover. Perennial ryegrass generally persisted the most one year after seeding, either because of summer survival of plants or because of new germination the following fall. Plant counts one year after seeding were greater in the higher seeding rate treatment compared to the lower seeding treatment rate of perennial ryegrass, suggesting new germination had occurred. Plant counts one year after seeding plots with intermediate ryegrass or Italian ryegrass were attributed primarily to latent germination and not summer survival. Applications of foramsulfuron generally did not prevent overseeded species stand one year after seeding, supporting the conclusion of new germination. Although quality is less with intermediate ryegrass compared to perennial ryegrass, it transitions out easier than perennial ryegrass, resulting in fewer surviving plants one year later.
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Brown, K. R., G. Lill, J. Mccartin, D. Jarman, B. Mccloy, J. G. Hampton, M. P. Rolston, A. V. Stewart, and J. White. "RYEGRASS SEED CROPS." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 5 (January 1, 1990): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.5.1998.3339.
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Perennial ryegrass seed has been one of the most profitable large scale arable crops in the long term, where good yields have been maintained. The key factor in producing high yields of quality ryegrass seed is to take a 'specialist crop' approach. By following the principles given here, specialist growers are achieving consistent seed yields of 1500 kg ha".
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Postic, Dobrivoj, Nebojsa Momirovic, Rade Stanisavljevic, Ratibor Strbanovic, Veljko Gavrilovic, Goran Aleksic, and Lana Djukanovic. "Examination quality seed perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass and red fescue." Zastita bilja 65, no. 2 (2014): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zasbilj1402070p.
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McKAY, ALAN C., and IAN T. RILEY. "Sampling ryegrass to assess the risk of annual ryegrass toxicity." Australian Veterinary Journal 70, no. 7 (March 10, 2008): 241–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1993.tb08038.x.
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Evans, D. R., T. A. Williams, and S. A. Mason. "Residual N effect of grazed white clover (Trifolium repens)/ryegrass (Lolium perenne) swards on subsequent yields of spring barley." Journal of Agricultural Science 118, no. 2 (April 1992): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600068751.
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SUMMARYResidual nitrogen from white clover/ryegrass swards and ryegrass monocultures was quantified in terms of the barley yield obtained after ploughing the swards. Clover/ryegrass swards based on small and medium-leaved cultivars of white clover and ryegrass monocultures were grazed continuously by sheep for 3 years (1984–87) at the Welsh Plant Breeding Station, Aberystwyth, ploughed in the following spring (1988) and then sown with the spring barley cultivar Doublet. Yield of barley obtained after clover/ryegrass mixtures was 50% greater than barley harvested after ryegrass monocultures. Barley yield was 1·6 t/ha more following the white clover cultivars Gwenda and SI84 with ryegrass than following ryegrass monocultures.
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Rogers, M. E., A. R. Lawson, and K. B. Kelly. "Summer production and survival of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) genotypes in northern Victoria under differing irrigation management." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 12 (2019): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18542.
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Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is the predominant perennial forage species used in temperate irrigated dairy-production systems in Australia. However, when temperatures are high, even with optimal irrigation strategies and nutrient inputs, dry matter (DM) production can be compromised. This research investigated the effects of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue genotypes and summer irrigation on (DM) production and survival. Ten perennial ryegrass cultivars, three hybrid ryegrasses and two cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea (Schreb) Darbysh.) were sown in northern Victoria, Australia, in May 2014, and were managed under full irrigation or restricted irrigation (no irrigation between late December and mid-March) over a 3-year period. Measurements included net pasture accumulation (DM production), sward density (plant frequency) and water-soluble carbohydrate concentration. Apart from the expected differences in DM yield over the summer period between full irrigation and restricted irrigation, there were few differences in DM production among perennial ryegrass or tall fescue cultivars. Plant frequency declined significantly under restricted irrigation in Years 2 and 3 compared with full irrigation but there were no differences among perennial ryegrass cultivars. In Year 2, plant frequency was higher in the tall fescue cultivars than the ryegrass cultivars. The recovery pattern in DM production following recommencement of irrigation in mid-March (autumn) varied across years. In Year 1, plants recovered rapidly once irrigation recommenced in autumn. However, in Years 2 and 3, autumn and winter pasture accumulation under restricted irrigation was 30–35% less than under full irrigation. These differences were possibly related to decreases in plant frequency, as well as to differences in the amounts of residual pasture mass (or carbohydrate reserves) present when growth ceased. Analyses of the water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations in the pseudostem during summer and autumn in Year 3 showed differences in total water-soluble carbohydrate and in fructan and sucrose concentrations between irrigation treatments but no consistent differences among genotypes.
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Richardson, M. D. "Morphology, Turf Quality, and Heat Tolerance of Intermediate Ryegrass." HortScience 39, no. 1 (February 2004): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.1.170.
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Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) turf is often overseeded with a cool-season species such as perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) to provide an improved winter surface for activities such as golf or athletic events. Perennial ryegrass can become a persistent weed in overseeded turf due to the heat and disease tolerance of improved cultivars. Intermediate ryegrass is a relatively new turfgrass that is a hybrid between perennial and annual ryegrass (L. multiflorum Lam.). Very little information is available on intermediate ryegrass as an overseeding turf. Greenhouse, field, and growth chamber studies were designed to compare two cultivars of intermediate ryegrass (`Transist' and `Froghair') with three cultivars of perennial ryegrass (`Jiffie', `Racer', and `Calypso II') and two cultivars of annual ryegrass (`Gulf' and `TAM-90'). In a greenhouse study, the perennial ryegrass cultivars had finer leaf texture (2.9-3.2 mm), shorter collar height (24.7-57.0 mm), and lower weight/tiller (29-39 mg) than the intermediate and annual cultivars. In the field studies, the intermediate cultivar Transist exhibited improved turfgrass quality (6.1-7.1) over the annual cultivars (4.5-5.8) and the other intermediate cultivar Froghair (5.4-5.7). However, neither of the intermediate cultivars had quality equal to the perennial ryegrass cultivars (7.0-7.9). The perennial ryegrass cultivars exhibited slow transition back to the bermudagrass compared to the annual and intermediate ryegrass cultivars. In the growth chamber study, the annual and intermediate cultivars all showed increased high-temperature stress under increasing temperatures compared to the perennial cultivars, which did not show stress until air temperature exceeded 40 °C. Collectively, these studies indicate that the intermediate ryegrass cultivar Transist may have promise as an overseeding turfgrass due to its improved quality compared to annual types and a lack of heat tolerance relative to perennial cultivars, but with transition qualities similar to perennial ryegrass.
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Waterlot, Christophe, and Marie Hechelski. "Benefits of Ryegrass on Multicontaminated Soils Part 1: Effects of Fertilizers on Bioavailability and Accumulation of Metals." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 18, 2019): 5093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11185093.
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Effects of three phosphorus fertilizers on the shoot biomass and on the accumulation of alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metals in the shoots and roots of ryegrass were studied with two contaminated garden soils. Phosphates were added in sustainable quantities in order to reduce the environmental availability of carcinogenic metals (e.g., Cd and Pb) and to enhance the bioavailability of alkali and alkaline earth metals as well as micronutrients needed by plants. Addition of Ca(H2PO4)2 was the most convenient way to (i) limit the concentration of Cd and Pb, (ii) keep constant the transfer of macro- and micronutrient from the soil to the ryegrass shoots, (iii) decrease the availability of metals, and (iv) increase the ratio values between potential Lewis acids and Cd or Pb in order to produce biosourced catalysis. For instance, the real phytoavailability was reduced by 27%–57% and 64.2%–94.8% for Cd and Pb, respectively. Interestingly, the real phytoavailability of Zn was the highest in the least contaminated soils. Even if soils were highly contaminated, no visual toxicity symptoms were recorded in the growing ryegrasses. This indicates that ryegrass is suitable for the revegetation of contaminated gardens. To promote the sustainable ryegrass production on contaminated soils for production of new organic fragrance and drugs in green processes according to REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals) regulation, two processes should be recommended: assisted phytostabilization of the elements, and then assisted phytoextraction by using chelators.
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Liebl, Rex, and A. Douglas Worsham. "Interference of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in Wheat (Triticum aestivum)." Weed Science 35, no. 6 (November 1987): 819–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500079406.
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Wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) grain yields were reduced an average of 4.2% for every 10 Italian ryegrass [Lolium multiflorum(Lam.) # LOLMU] plants/m2within the range of 0 to 100 Italian ryegrass plants/m2. Yield reductions caused by Italian ryegrass were attributed primarily to decreased crop tillering. Italian ryegrass densities as high as 80 plants/m2had little effect on wheat head or kernel weights. In greenhouse experiments, the growth response of Italian ryegrass to increasing concentrations of NO3–and K+was greater than that of wheat. Net uptake rates for NO3–by both species growing in nutrient solution were 1.5 times greater than net uptake rates for K+. Nitrate and potassium Imaxvalues for Italian ryegrass were approximately twice the corresponding values for wheat. Although Italian ryegrass responded more to changes in nutrients and had greater ion uptake rates compared to wheat, Italian ryegrass accumulated more biomass when grown in monoculture than when grown in association with wheat. This difference was probably due to the initial size of the seedlings. Wheat seedlings were much larger than Italian ryegrass seedlings during the first 20 days following emergence.
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Popay, A. J., and D. E. Hume. "Endophytes improve ryegrass persistence by controlling insects." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 15 (January 1, 2011): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.15.2011.3196.
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Fungal endophytes reduce populations and damage by several different insect pests which alone or in combination with each other can reduce ryegrass persistence. AR1, AR37, the Standard endophytes and two endophytes in tetraploid ryegrasses, NEA2 in cv. Bealey and Endo5 in cvs. Quartet II and Banquet II, are available to the New Zealand farmer. Their effects on insects depend on the spectrum and concentration of alkaloids they produce. Argentine stem weevil is controlled by all endophytes except perhaps Bealey NEA2; black beetle is controlled by all endophytes except AR1; pasture mealybug are controlled by AR1, AR37 and Standard and likely to also be controlled by Endo5 and NEA2; porina and root aphid are controlled by AR37. Increased persistence of ryegrass infected with endophyte is reflected in increases in endophyte infection rates in pasture, higher yields and tiller densities and reduced weed invasion, particularly where climatic stress is also present. AR37, with the protection it provides against a range of insect pests, is the most effective endophyte for improving persistence. Keywords: alkaloids, Argentine stem weevil, black beetle, insect damage, Neotyphodium
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Sun, X. Z., G. C. Waghorn, J. H. B. Hatier, and H. S. Easton. "Genotypic variation in in sacco dry matter degradation kinetics in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)." Animal Production Science 52, no. 7 (2012): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11290.
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Fast degrading perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a desirable characteristic to select for because it can result in increased feed intake by grazing ruminants. Sufficient range in genotypic variation of dry matter (DM) degradation kinetics is a prerequisite for selection. To investigate the genotypic variation, 77 perennial ryegrass accessions sourced internationally, grown in autumn in the same conditions and harvested in the vegetative state, were examined using an in sacco technique. From the time course of DM disappearance, soluble fraction ‘A’, potentially degradable fraction ‘B’, indigestible fraction ‘C’ and the degradation rate k of fraction ‘B’ were estimated. The results indicated that a large range in genotypic variation was present in all degradation parameters. Fraction ‘A’ ranged from 0.48 to 0.60, with the highest five accessions being 21% higher than the lowest five. Degradation rate k of fraction ‘B’ ranged from 0.069 to 0.199/h, with the fastest five being 125% higher than the slowest five. There were no strong correlations between degradation parameters and chemical composition. In conclusion, there was considerable genotypic variation in DM degradation kinetics among perennial ryegrass accessions and this presents plant breeders with ample opportunity to select for fast degrading perennial ryegrasses.
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Ghanizadeh, H., K. C. Harrington, and T. K. James. "Glyphosateresistant Italian ryegrass and perennial ryegrass in New Zealand a review." New Zealand Plant Protection 69 (January 8, 2016): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5943.
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In 2013 three populations of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and two populations of Italian ryegrass (L multiflorum) from five vineyards in New Zealand were confirmed to be resistant to glyphosate The level of resistance in four populations was almost 10fold while one population of perennial ryegrass (Population O) had a level of resistance greater than 30fold Quick tests for confirming the presence of glyphosate in ryegrass plants have been developed Molecular and physiological investigations showed that there was restricted herbicide translocation in all studied populations and Population O also had a modification at Pro106 of the EPSPS enzyme It was also found that the restricted herbicide translocation can be suppressed under cool conditions Further studies also showed that the gene causing restricted herbicide translocation could be readily transferred through pollen and the gene was partially dominant All glyphosate resistant populations were also resistant to glufosinate and three of the populations were also resistant to amitrole
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Tobina, Hiroyuki, Masayuki Yamashita, Atsuhiro Koizumi, Masahiro Fujimori, Tadashi Takamizo, Mariko Hirata, Toshihiko Yamada, and Hitoshi Sawada. "Hybridization between perennial ryegrass and Italian ryegrass in naturalized Japanese populations." Grassland Science 54, no. 2 (June 2008): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-697x.2008.00108.x.
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Bluett, S. J., E. R. Thom, D. A. Clark, and C. D. Waugh. "Effects of a novel ryegrass endophyte on pasture production, dairy cow milk production and calf liveweight gain." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 1 (2005): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03263.
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A 2-year evaluation of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) infected with wild endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii), AR1 endophyte or no endophyte was carried out in Hamilton, New Zealand. In contrast to wild endophyte-infected ryegrass, AR1-infected ryegrass does not produce the alkaloids lolitrem B or ergovaline. Annual pasture production was similar across endophyte treatments, averaging 18.3 t DM/ha in year 1 and 13.8 t DM/ha in year 2, and ryegrass tiller density and botanical composition were unaffected by endophyte status. A combined analysis of 3 short-term milk production tests in late spring (Nov. 1999), summer (Jan. 2000) and autumn (Mar. 2000) in the first experiment, showed a 6.7% advantage in milk production to cows grazing AR1-infected ryegrass compared with those grazing wild endophyte-infected ryegrass pastures (P<0.05). Milk composition was similar in all test periods and ryegrass staggers was not observed on any treatment. In a second experiment, weaned dairy calves were continuously stocked on the pastures described above from late spring 2000 to autumn 2001 and grazed to a mean sward height of 5 cm. Average calf liveweight gain and total liveweight gain per hectare were similar across treatments over the 5-month period, averaging 0.8 kg/calf.day and 822 kg/ha, respectively. Calves grazing wild endophyte-infected ryegrass developed mild ryegrass staggers in January and February, coinciding with a peak lolitrem B concentration in this experiment of 2.3 mg/kg DM, while those grazing AR1-infected or endophyte-free ryegrass pastures did not develop staggers. Information is also presented on herbage and alkaloid intake, blood plasma prolactin concentration, and cow temperature and respiration rate. Results from this initial evaluation under dairying indicate that AR1-infected ryegrass can produce similar pasture yields as wild endophyte-infected ryegrass, while offering small improvements in milk yield with no incidence of ryegrass staggers in grazing animals.
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Wäli, Piippa R., Marjo Helander, Oiva Nissinen, and Kari Saikkonen. "Susceptibility of endophyte-infected grasses to winter pathogens (snow molds)." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 7 (July 2006): 1043–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-075.
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Neotyphodium endophytes are suggested to be mutualistic symbionts of grasses and regarded as potential biological plant protection agents. We examined the effects of the Neotyphodium endophyte of meadow ryegrass on snow molds in vitro with dual cultures of endophyte and Typhula ishikariensis , and on grass–snow mold interactions in vivo in a greenhouse and in a field experiment. In dual cultures, the endophytes formed an inhibition zone and retarded the growth of T. ishikariensis. In the field experiment, however, the endophyte-infected (E+) meadow ryegrasses were more susceptible to T. ishikariensis than the endophyte-free (E–) grasses. Endophyte infection increased the winter damage of grasses both in greenhouse and in field conditions. After winter, the growth of E+ grasses exceeded the growth of E– plants in the field experiment, indicating the marked tolerance of E+ grasses against winter damage. We detected differences in growth and pathogenesis between the different T. ishikariensis strains and found meadow ryegrass cultivar–endophyte status interaction in the growth of meadow ryegrasses, which highlight the effects of the genetic background of the participants on endophyte–grass–snow mold interactions.
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Musgrave, D. J. "Non-ryegrass pastures - the science and farmer practice." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 15 (January 1, 2011): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.15.2011.3192.
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A review of recently published science demonstrates that relatively simple non-perennial ryegrass mixtures have performed well in environments as diverse as under deer grazing in Dunedin and the Manawatu, under sheep grazing in dryland mid-Canterbury, and under both irrigated and dryland dairy cow grazing in the Waikato and Northland. Animal productivity has been lifted by up to 30% in milk solids and 50% in deer liveweight gain in non-perennial ryegrass mixtures compared to perennial ryegrass-based pastures. In some cases, the ryegrass pasture has produced similar or more dry matter, yet animal performance has been greater on the non-perennial ryegrass pastures. In other cases, dry matter productivity from complex nonryegrass mixtures has been around 30% higher than from perennial ryegrass pastures. Interviews with farmers from South Canterbury to Northland have all reported positive experiences with non-ryegrass pastures and most have said they will not be planting perennial ryegrass-based pastures again.
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Serensits, Thomas, Matthew Cutulle, and Jeffrey F. Derr. "Impact of Overseeded Grass Species, Seeding Rate and Seeding Time on Establishment and Persistence in Bermudagrass." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 29, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-29.2.75.
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Abstract Cool-season grass species are often overseeded into bermudagrass turf for both aesthetics and functionality during the winter months. When the overseeded grass persists beyond the spring, however, it becomes a weed. Experiments were conducted to evaluate overseeded grass species and seeding rate on turf cover during the fall, spring, and summer. The ability of perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass, and hybrid bluegrass to then persist in bermudagrass one year after seeding was determined. Both perennial ryegrass and Italian ryegrass produced acceptable ground cover in the spring after fall seeding. Hybrid bluegrass did not establish well, resulting in unacceptable cover. Perennial ryegrass generally had the most persistence one year after seeding, either because of the survival of plants through the summer or because of new germination the following fall. The highest cover seen one year after seeding was 24% with perennial ryegrass in the 2005 trial. Maximum cover seen with Italian ryegrass and hybrid bluegrass 12 months after seeding was 19 and 8%, respectively. Seeding perennial or Italian ryegrass in February achieved acceptable cover in spring in the first trial but not the second. Persistence the following fall, however, was greater in the second trial, suggesting new germination. Percent cover 12 months after seeding tended to increase as the seeding rate increased, also suggesting new germination the following fall. Although quality is lower with Italian ryegrass compared to perennial ryegrass, it transitions out easier than perennial ryegrass, resulting in fewer surviving plants one year after fall seeding.