Journal articles: 'Rye grass'

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Cottam, G. P., D. M. Moran, and R. Standring. "Physicochemical and immunochemical characterization of allergenic proteins from rye-grass (Lolium perenne) pollen prepared by a rapid and efficient purification method." Biochemical Journal 234, no. 2 (March 1, 1986): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2340305.

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Three fractions of rye-grass (Lolium perenne) pollen extract have been isolated by preparative isoelectric focusing (i.e.f.) and characterized in terms of physicochemical and immunochemical properties. The purified components were designated ‘R7’ and ‘R14’ on the basis of their positions in relation to other rye-grass pollen extract components on SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and their apparent molecular masses were assessed as 31 and 11 kDa respectively. On i.e.f., R14 split into two components, one acidic (pI 5.0) and one basic (pI 9.0), termed ‘R14a’ and ‘R14b’ respectively, and R7 focused at pI 5.8. R7 and R14a were shown to be allergenic by skin-prick test and all three components were recognized by rye-grass-pollen-specific human IgE. On SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and i.e.f., R7 behaved in a manner identical with that shown by an authentic sample of Rye I and gave an amino acid analysis similar to published data [Johnson & Marsh (1966) Immunochemistry 3, 91-100] for Rye group-I isoallergens; the amino acid sequence of the first 27 N-terminal amino acids was also determined. Physicochemical analysis revealed that R14a was equivalent to Rye II and 14b to Rye III. Preparative i.e.f. followed by gel-permeation chromatography proved to be a rapid and efficient method for purifying the allergenic components of Rye I (R7), Rye II (R14a) and Rye III (R14b) from rye-grass pollen extract.

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Kostrzewska, Marta K., Magdalena Jastrzębska, Kinga Treder, and Maria Wanic. "Phosphorus in Spring Barley and Italian Rye-Grass Biomass as an Effect of Inter-Species Interactions under Water Deficit." Agriculture 10, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10080329.

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With global warming, the problem of soil water deficit is growing in Central Europe, including Poland, and the use of catch crops is recommended to mitigate climate changes. This study aimed to determine the influence of water deficit on phosphorus (P) content and accumulation in the above-ground biomass of spring barley and Italian rye-grass growing separately and in the mixture, and on the inter-species interactions between these crops. The study was based on a pot experiment established in accordance with the additive design. The experimental factors were as follows: A. water supply of the plants: an optimal dose and a dose reduced by 50% in relation to the optimal dose, and B. the sowing type: barley sown as a single species, rye-grass sown as a single species, and barley with rye-grass catch crop. Based on the P accumulation in plant biomass, the relative yield of barley and rye-grass, the total relative yield, and the competitive equilibrium index were determined. Water deficit had no effect on the P content in the plants, but it reduced the P accumulation in barley stems, leaves and spikes, as well as in rye-grass stems and leaves, from the emergence to the end of plants’ growing period, both when the plants were sown as a single species and as a mixture. Barley was a stronger competitor than rye-grass. Inter-species competition occurred at the stem elongation and heading of barley. The intensification of inter-species competition for P under water deficit conditions should be taken into account when recommending the undersowing of barley with rye-grass for sustainable agriculture.

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Pettersen, B. W. "The Ability of Lettuce, Rye Grass and Barley to Reduce the Nutrient Salt Content of Wastewater from Fish Farming." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1987): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0195.

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In order to find methods to reduce the nutrient salt content of waste water from aquaculture systems, crop and field plants such as lettuce, rye grass and barley were cultivated in water coming from a pilot size fish farming unit for rainbow trout. Growth rates for rye grass and barley were less than 50% of the maximum growth rates obtained under field conditions in Denmark, and lettuce could not grow in the recirculating water. By adding carbon dioxide to the recirculating water until slightly above the equilibrium concentration, growth rates for rye grass and barley improved to maximum rates under field conditions, and lettuce of good quality was produced. Mass balances for P and N indicate that fertilizing value of waste water from 25 kg rainbow trout is sufficient for cultivation of 20 m2 rye grass at maximum growth rate.

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FISHER, L. J., and J. R. LESSARD. "INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF CORN, RYE AND SORGHUM-SUDAN GRASS SILAGES BY LACTATING COWS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 1027–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-108.

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Eighteen lactating Holsteins were utilized in a 3 × 3 Latin square (49 d treatment−1) for a comparative estimation of the intake and digestibility of corn, rye and sorghum-sudan grass silages. The dry matter (DM), protein and acid detergent fiber contents were 32.5, 8.0, 27.0; 25.2, 8.7, 45.6 and 22.4, 10.6, 40.7 percent for corn, rye, and sorghum-sudan silages, respectively. Dry matter intake of the silage and milk yield were less (P < 0.05) for cows fed rye silage compared to those fed corn and sorghum-sudan grass silage. Cows lost body weight when fed rye silage but gained weight when fed either corn or sorghum-sudan grass silage. The feeding of rye silage resulted in a decrease (P < 0.05) in milk protein percent compared to the feeding of corn or sorghum-sudan silage and in the percentage of milk lactose compared to the feeding of sorghum-sudan grass silage. Molar proportions of rumen acetate were higher (P < 0.05) when cows were fed either rye or sorghum-sudan silage compared to corn silage. Cows fed rye silage had higher molar proportions of rumen propionate and valerate and lower levels of butyrate (P < 0.05) compared to cows consuming sorghum-sudan silage. The digestibility of total ration DM was lower (P < 0.05) when either rye or sorghum-sudan silage was the forage portion of the ration compared to corn. It was concluded from this trial that sorghum-sudan silage provided a suitable source of forage for lactating dairy cows. However, the DM intake and milk yield of cows fed rye silage was less than satisfactory. Key words: Dairy cattle, rye, sorghum-sudan, silage, intake, digestibility

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Sze, Christina, Benjamin Wang, Jiale Xu, Juan Rivas-Davila, and Mark A. Cappelli. "Plasma-fixated nitrogen as fertilizer for turf grass." RSC Advances 11, no. 60 (2021): 37886–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra07074f.

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Vítěz, Tomáš, Tomáš Koutný, Milan Geršl, Jan Kudělka, Nuttakan Nitayapat, Pavel Ryant, Stanislav Hejduk, Tomáš Lošák, Monika Vítězová, and Jan Mareček. "Biogas and Methane Yield from Rye Grass." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, no. 1 (2015): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563010143.

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Biogas production in the Czech Republic has expanded substantially, including marginal regions for maize cultivation. Therefore, there are increasingly sought materials that could partially replace maize silage, as a basic feedstock, while secure both biogas production and its quality.Two samples of rye grass (Lolium multiflorum var. westerwoldicum) silage with different solids content 21% and 15% were measured for biogas and methane yield. Rye grass silage with solid content of 15% reached an average specific biogas yield 0.431 m3·kg−1 of organic dry matter and an average specific methane yield 0.249 m3·kg−1 of organic dry matter. Rye grass silage with solid content 21% reached an average specific biogas yield 0.654 m3·kg−1 of organic dry matter and an average specific methane yield 0.399 m3·kg−1 of organic dry matter.

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Maisonnave, V., M. Montréjaud-Vignoles, C. Bonnin, and J. C. Revel. "Impact on crops, plants and soils of metal trace elements transfer and flux, after spreading of fertilizers and biosolids." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 10 (November 1, 2002): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0335.

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In France, the yearly production of sludge from wastewater treatment plants is 900,000 metric tons dry matter and 60% of this is reused for land application. Today, the sustainability of this pathway is open to question. Among the different arguments cited are the levels of metal trace elements and the risks of accumulation in soils. With the ultimate aim of agronomic sludge recycling, the transfer of metal trace elements has been studied using vegetation containers planted with rye-grass under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. Samples of a domestic sludge, an industrial sludge and a fertilizer have been mixed with the soil. By monitoring the growth of the rye-grass, we have been able to observe that the addition of sludge increases production of plant matter. It appears that the roots absorb higher quantities of metal trace elements and form a barrier to their transfer to the above ground parts of the rye-grass. For the group of metal trace elements studied, no significant differences have been observed between the rye-grass grown on soil alone and that on soils amended with fertilizer or urban sludge. For the majority of the vegetation containers studied, there has been no significant modification in the soil metal distribution over time, as a result of the addition of urban sludge, and no significant difference between fertilizers and sludges.

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Kovalyshyn, Stepan, and Viktor Dadak. "Investigation of the process of separation of hard-to-divide weeds from seed mixtures of perennial grasses." BIO Web of Conferences 10 (2018): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20181001010.

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The work is devoted to the study of seed separation process of perennial grasses on a pneumatic-electric separator. It highlights the main problems of their post-harvest treatment. The influence of the regulated parameters - the magnitude of the supply of seeds to the air-separator, the air flow rate and the electric field strength on the quality from the segregated seed material of the perennial rye-grass were determined by conducting a multifactorial experiment. The optimal values of the regulated parameters of the pneumatic electric separation are substantiated, in which the content of heavy separating admixture of weeds in the seed mixture of perennial rye-grass is the least. It is proved that the use in the technological line of seed preparation of perennial grasses of the pneumatic electric separator allows to ensure the quality of the seed material of the perennial rye-grass in accordance with the requirements of the existing standards.

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9

Fernandez-Caldas, E., E. O. Dandele, S. L. Dunnette, M. C. Swanson, and C. E. Reed. "Rye grass cross-reacting allergens in leaves from seven different grass species." Grana 31, no. 2 (January 1992): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00173139209430735.

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10

Blaney, Barry J., John B. Molloy, and Ian J. Brock. "Alkaloids in Australian rye ergot (Claviceps purpurea) sclerotia: implications for food and stockfeed regulations." Animal Production Science 49, no. 11 (2009): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09030.

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Rye ergot (Claviceps purpurea) occasionally causes toxicity (chiefly expressed as hyperthermia) in Australian livestock, either as a result of grazing infected annual (Lolium rigidum) and perennial (L. perenne) rye grasses, or if the ergot sclerotia produced in rye grasses contaminate grain crops used as stockfood. Alkaloids in 30 samples of Australian rye ergot sclerotia taken from rye grasses and grain screenings, and some feed samples contaminated with rye grass ergot sclerotia, were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography. Samples originated from across southern Australia. Ergotamine was the dominant alkaloid in all samples, followed by α-ergocryptine, ergocornine, ergosine and their respective -imine epimers. Ergotamine concentrations in sclerotia ranged up to 2257 mg/kg (as received basis). Ergocristine was a very minor component (<50 mg/kg) in all samples. Total alkaloids in freshly collected sclerotia ranged from 1003 to 3321 mg/kg (0.10 to 0.33%), and up to 3766 mg/kg with epimers included, although lower concentrations were found in samples stored for some time. Alkaloid profiles in sclerotia were all very similar, and concentrations did not appear to be related to size of sclerotia, source region, nor to the rye grass or grain from which they were taken. Previous cases of toxicity in livestock are reviewed and several new cases are reported. The implications of variable alkaloid contents of rye ergot sclerotia are discussed in terms of Australian food and stockfeed regulations.

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11

Whitworth, Julia. "COVER CROPS MAY DECREASE WEED GROWTH IN STRAWBERRY FIELDS." HortScience 30, no. 3 (June 1995): 436b—436. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.3.436b.

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The usefulness of cover crops for weed management in strawberries were evaluated. Wheat (Triticum aestevum L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were grown in individual pots then killed by tillage or herbicide and followed in the same pots by plantings of bermuda grass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.), crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl.], or strawberries (Fragaria ×ananassa `Cardinal'). Rye and wheat tilled into the medium generally increased the growth of strawberries and decreased the growth of bermuda grass. Rye and wheat residues appeared to suppress growth of weeds and strawberries when the residues remained on the medium surface. Crimson clover had little affect on the growth of weeds or strawberries. Yellow nutsedge and crabgrass were not significantly affected by cover crop residues.

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Rangappa, M., A. A. Hamama, and H. L. Bhardwaj. "Legume and Grass Cover Crops for Seedless Watermelon Production." HortTechnology 12, no. 2 (January 2002): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.2.245.

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Although there is increasing interest in reducing the use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers due to the potential of unused N causing pollution of surface and groundwater, N is a major nutrient for plant growth. Our objective was to determine the potential of using winter legume cover crops to meet the N needs of seedless watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), a potential cash crop for farmers in Virginia. Fruit number, fruit weight, fruit yield, and fruit quality traits (flesh to rind ratio, water content, total soluble solids, sugar content, and pH) of seedless watermelons were evaluated in replicated experiments in Virginia at three locations during 1997-98 and two locations during 1998-99 following cover crop treatments consisting of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa), crimson clover + rye (Secale cereale), hairy vetch + rye, and a bareground control treatment that received 100 lb/acre (112 kg·ha-1) of N. At all five locations, the bareground control treatment resulted in fewer fruit [1803 fruit/acre (4454 fruit/ha)], lower fruit weight [9.8 lb (4.5 kg)], and lower fruit yield [8.9 tons/acre (20.0 t·ha-1)] compared to the four cover crop treatments. The crimson clover + rye and hairy vetch treatments resulted in highest numberof fruit [2866 and 2657 fruit/acre (7079 and 6563 fruit/ha), respectively], whereas the highest fruit yield was obtained following hairy vetch [21.2 tons/acre (49.8 t·ha-1)], hairy vetch + rye [20.3 tons/acre (45.5 t·ha-1)], and crimson clover + rye [19.6 tons/acre (43.9 t·ha-1)]. Cover crop treatments did not affect the quality of watermelon flesh. The seedless watermelon fruit averaged 1.4 flesh: 1 rind ratio, 90% water content, 9.5% total soluble solids, 8.0% sugar, and a pH value of 5.9. These results indicated that legume cover crops, such as crimson clover and hairy vetch, can be successfully used to produce seedless watermelons, in a no-till system, without any use of N fertilizers with dryland conditions.

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Calkins, James B., and Bert T. Swanson. "Comparison of Conventional and Alternative Nursery Weed Management Strategies." Weed Technology 9, no. 4 (December 1995): 761–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00024179.

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Soil cultivation (3 to 5 times/yr) and herbicide management (oxadiazon, 3.92 kg ai/ha), agricultural standards for reducing weed competition, were compared to three alternative nursery field management systems regarding weed suppression: ‘Norcen’ bird's-foot trefoil companion crop, ‘Wheeler’ winter rye cover crop/mulch, and grass sod (80% ‘Eton’ perennial ryegrass and 20% ‘Ruby’ red fescue). Field management treatment had a significant effect on observed weed populations. Weed densities were also subject to yearly variations caused by climate and endogenous weed life cycles. Herbicide management (oxadiazon) consistently provided the best control of undesired vegetation (0.3 weeds/m2) followed by the grass sod (0.7 weeds/m2), Wheeler rye cover crop/mulch (1.7 weeds/m2), Norcen bird's-foot trefoil companion crop (8.6 weeds/m2), and cultivated (55.7 weeds/m2) treatments, respectively. Although the grass sod treatment provided excellent control of undesired vegetation, as an alternative to cultivation and herbicide use, it proved to be excessively competitive with the nursery crop. The bird's-foot trefoil treatment quickly became infested with broadleaf weeds the eradication of which proved difficult. The Wheeler winter rye cover crop/mulch field management system provided acceptable weed control combined with other beneficial effects on the plant/soil environment. Results support the effectiveness of Wheeler winter rye and perhaps other allelopathic cover crop/mulch systems in controlling undesired vegetation in horticultural field production systems.

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Lambeth, S. P., and M. A. Bloomsmith. "A Grass Foraging Device for Captive Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes)." Animal Welfare 3, no. 1 (February 1994): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600016341.

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AbstractIn the wild, chimpanzees spend most of their time foraging, so any device that stimulates this behaviour in captivity could potentially be effective enrichment. A simple grass foraging device constructed of a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe cut in half lengthwise and planted with rye grass seed was designed to allow captive chimpanzees living in non-grassy enclosures to exhibit foraging similar to that of their wild counterparts. The grass containers were attached to the outside of six different enclosures. Observational data were collected on 14 adult chimpanzees (eight females, six males) within groups of either two or four members. A total of 54 hours of behavioural observations were conducted and comparisons were made across three conditions: baseline; grass container; grass container with extra foraging material (one half cup of sunflower seeds). Subjects used the grass container for 4.0 per cent of their time, but for 19.8 per cent of their time when the grass container with extra foraging material There was no statistical evidence of habituation to the device. Overall, the grass container only increased time spent foraging when it contained additional food items. Since behavioral benefits associated with this device are few, its potential application is limited.

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Fast, Brandon J., Case R. Medlin, and Don S. Murray. "Five Cool-Season Annual Grass Weeds Reduce Hard Red Winter Wheat Grain Yield and Price." Weed Technology 23, no. 2 (June 2009): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-08-144.1.

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Field experiments were conducted in Oklahoma to quantify the wheat grain yield losses and price discounts resulting from season-long interference with cheat, feral rye, Italian ryegrass, jointed goatgrass, and wild oat. Plots were seeded to individual weeds at one of seven seeding rates, and wheat was planted in all plots at a uniform rate. Maximum weed densities were 89 (cheat), 80 (feral rye), 158 (Italian ryegrass), 170 (jointed goatgrass), and 120 plants/m2(wild oat). Wheat grain yield losses caused by interference from the maximum density of each weed species were 19 (cheat), 55 (feral rye), 20 (Italian ryegrass), 21 (jointed goatgrass), and 28% (wild oat). Wheat grain total price discounts caused by interference from the maximum density of each weed species were 22 (cheat), 368 (feral rye), 26 (Italian ryegrass), 36 (jointed goatgrass), and 64 cents/hectoliter (wild oat). Of the five weed species included in this research, interference from feral rye had the greatest effect on wheat grain yield and price.

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Michel, V. V. "Interactions Between Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis Strains and Meadow Fescue and Italian Rye Grass Cultivars." Plant Disease 85, no. 5 (May 2001): 538–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.5.538.

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Eleven strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis, causal agent of grass bacterial wilt, collected over 20 years, varied significantly (P < 0.001) in their aggressiveness on meadow fescue and Italian rye grass. Aggressiveness of strains isolated since 1993 was not higher than strains isolated from 1975 to 1984. Significant interactions (P < 0.001) between X. campestris pv. graminis strains and cultivars occurred for meadow fescue but not for Italian rye grass (P =0. 934). Inoculation with a single, highly aggressive strain for breeding of meadow fescue proved to be useful to increase the resistance to bacterial wilt, but improvement became stagnant after an initial strong increase in resistance level. Furthermore, a possible breakdown of the resistance of meadow fescue cultivars when grown in exotic environments might be possible. Therefore, the use of a strain mixture for breeding of meadow fescue is recommended.

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Yläranta, Toivo. "Effect of road traffic on heavy metal concentrations of plants." Agricultural and Food Science 4, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72610.

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The concentrations of zinc, copper, lead, cadmium and nickel in spring wheat grain and straw, Italian rye grass and lettuce were studied in a two-year field experiment conducted alongside two roads with a daily traffic density of 9500 and 5500 vehicles each. The experimental plots were located 22, 58 and 200 m from the roads. As controls, polyethylene pots filled with non-contaminated soil were placed in each plot. The values for the bulk deposition of lead were 50% and those for dry deposition over 50% higher in the plot 22 m from the roadside than in the plot 200 m from the roadside. The bulk deposition of zinc also decreased slightly with distance from the road. Cadmium depositions were low at all experimental sites. The highest values for dry deposition of lead and cadmium were recorded when the wind blew from the road in the direction of the collectors. The heavy metal concentrations varied from plant to plant but for a particular species were similar at different experimental sites. The highest zinc, cadmium and nickel concentrations were measured in lettuce. The lead concentration of wheat straw, Italian rye grass and lettuce at 22 m from the roadside was 1.5-3 times that of the background level at 200 m. In wheat grain, the lead concentration was very low and did not change with distance from the road. The plants took up lead mainly from air deposition. The zinc concentration of wheat grain and the nickel concentration of Italian rye grass were also high. Cadmium concentrations were low in wheat grain and straw and in rye grass. In wheat, the zinc and copper concentrations were higher and the lead and cadmium concentrations much lower in grain than in straw.

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Martinez, Liza B., and Susan M. Wick. "Freeze-substitution of rye grass and ragweed pollen grains." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (August 12, 1990): 686–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100160984.

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Rapid freezing and freeze-substitution have been employed as alternatives to chemical fixation because of the improved structural preservation obtained in various cell types. This has been attributed to biomolecular immobilization derived from the extremely rapid arrest of cell function. These methods allow the elimination of conventionally used fixatives, which may have denaturing or “masking” effects on proteins. Thus, this makes them ideal techniques for immunocytochemistry, in which preservation of both ultrastructure and antigenicity are important. These procedures are also compatible with cold embedding acrylic resins which are known to increase sensitivity in immunolabelling.This study reveals how rapid freezing and freeze-substitution may prove to be useful in the study of the mobile allergenic proteins of rye grass and ragweed. Most studies have relied on the use of osmium tetroxide to achieve the necessary ultrastructural detail in pollen whereas those that omitted it have had to contend with poor overall preservation.

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Andersen, Annette, and Carl Christian Olsen. "Rye Grass as a Catch Crop in Spring Barley." Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Soil & Plant Science 43, no. 4 (December 1993): 218–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064719309411245.

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Calkins, James B., and Bert T. Swanson. "Comparison of Conventional and Alternative Nursery Field Management Systems: Soil Physical Properties." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 16, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-16.2.90.

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Abstract Effects of five nursery field management systems on the physical properties of a Waukegan silt loam soil were investigated: cultivation, herbicide management (oxadiazon), legume companion crop—‘Norcen’ bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus ‘Norcen’), winter cereal cover crop/mulch—‘Wheeler’ winter rye (Secale cereale ‘Wheeler’), and mixed grass sod—80% ‘Eton’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne ‘Eton’) and 20% ‘Ruby’ red fescue (Festuca rubra ‘Ruby’). Six tree species were included in the study: Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Marshall Seedless’, Malus ‘Red Splendor’, Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis ‘Skyline’, Acer rubrum ‘Northwood’, Thuja occidentalis ‘Techny’ and Picea glauca var. densata. Field management treatment effects on soil water infiltration capacity, aggregation, bulk density, and temperature were quantified. Significant treatment differences were observed for all soil characteristics investigated. Bare soil treatments (cultivation and herbicide management) generally reduced water infiltration, soil aggregation, and winter soil temperatures and increased bulk density and summer soil temperatures compared to cover crop treatments. After seven years, water infiltration was increased 2 to 4 times for the bird's-foot trefoil companion crop, 3 to 6 times for the rye cover crop/mulch, and 4 to 9 times for the grass companion crop compared to cultivated and herbicide management treatments. Under herbicide management, bulk density of surface soil was increased by 19.7% compared to cultivation. Bulk densities of compacted soil layers just below the depth of cultivation were reduced by 6.6% when maintained with rye and grass cover/companion crops for seven years. Soil aggregation was dramatically reduced by herbicide management and increased for soil maintained under grass sod; only 17.1% of soil aggregates measured 2.0 mm while 72.7% measured 0.5 mm for herbicide managed plots compared to 77.0% and 15.5% for soil maintained with a grass companion crop, respectively. Herbicide management was most often associated with negative effects on soil characteristics important to longterm productivity while grass sod and the rye cover crop/mulch system were most beneficial. The effects of cultivation and the bird's-foot trefoil companion crop on soil physical characteristics were intermediate. The bird's-foot trefoil treatment was difficult to manage and tree growth was reduced sufficiently for the trefoil and grass sod treatments to disqualify them as possible alternatives to cultivation or herbicide management. Implications of soil physical characteristics, as influenced by field management practice, regarding plant performance and soil management are discussed.

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Anita Jakab, Andrea Balláné Kovács, Magdolna Tállai, and János Kátai. "The effect of different bacterial fertilizers on the AL-soluble P2O5 content of soil, and the biomass of the rye-grass (Lolium perenne, L)." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 50 (December 16, 2012): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/50/2572.

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In pot experiment the effect of different bacterial fertilizers on some soil properties, and the amount of plant biomass were studied. Theexperiment was set up in 2010 at the Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, in a three replications in a random block design. The ryegrass (Lolium perenne, L.) was used as a test plant. The studied soil type was calcareous chernosem soil from Látókép. In our laboratory AL-soluble P2O5 content of soil, the phosphatase enzyme activityof soil, the dry weight of rye-grass, and the phosphorus content of rye-grass were determined.The results of the study were the following:– The bacterial fertilizers - by basic treatments NPK - had significant positive effect on the AL- soluble phosphorus content of the soil.– The soil phosphatase enzyme activity was increased in all cases strongly by the microbial preparations used, the greatest impact was the Bactofil A bacterial fertilizer.– The plant educed P values significantly increased by the effect of microbial products, in addition to the fund NPK. In this case, the EM-1 and Microbion UNC bacterial fertilizer were the effective.– In case of the rye-grass biomass none of the bacterial preparations used caused any significant changes, either alone or when used them with straw treatment.

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Young, Frank L., Dale K. Whaley, Nevin C. Lawrence, and Ian C. Burke. "Feral Rye (Secale cereale) Control in Winter Canola in the Pacific Northwest." Weed Technology 30, no. 1 (March 2016): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-15-00109.1.

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In the Pacific Northwest (PNW), feral rye is a predominant winter annual grass weed in the low-rainfall region where a winter wheat–summer fallow rotation has been practiced for more than 130 yr. Recently, producers began including winter canola in their rotation, which provides additional herbicide options to control feral rye. A 3-yr study was conducted in Washington to determine the efficacy of clethodim, quizalofop, and glyphosate on feral rye control and winter canola yield. During the first year of the study herbicides were applied in the spring, and they increased canola yield and decreased feral rye biomass, density, and seed production similarly when compared with the nontreated control. During the last 2 yr of the study, split applications of quizalofop and glyphosate were the most effective treatments for controlling rye (> 95%) and increasing canola yield. In general, clethodim was less effective than both quizalofop and glyphosate in controlling feral rye. Results from this study indicate that quizalofop in conventional or glyphosate-resistant winter canola and glyphosate in glyphosate-resistant winter canola can effectively control feral rye.

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KAHN, C., and D. MARSH. "Monoclonal antibodies to the major lolium perenne (rye grass) pollen allergen Lol p I (Rye I)☆☆☆." Molecular Immunology 23, no. 12 (December 1986): 1281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0161-5890(86)90013-1.

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Moyer, J. R., S. N. Acharya, and Z. Mir. "Weed management at the time of perennial cereal rye establishment." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-087.

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Perennial cereal rye (PC rye) is a new crop that is being developed at the Lethbridge Research Centre for the production of silage for cattle. Its ability to compete with weeds during establishment and tolerance to herbicides for weed control was unknown. Therefore, experiments were established with PC rye, and several herbicide treatments were applied to test crop tolerance and weed control. PC rye was not injured by bromoxynil/MCPA, 2,4-D, thifensulfuron/tribenuron, fenoxaprop, clodinafop-propargyl, and tralkoxydim. Combinations of herbicides for broadleaf weed control and annual grass control usually reduced weed dry matter (DM) to < 5 g m-2 in the establishment year. Weeds made up 20 to 36% of the total DM when herbicides were not applied. However, this level of weed content did not affect the digestibility of the forage samples or the total DM produced as weed DM compensated for reduced PC rye yield in weedy plots. Also, the presence of weeds during establishment of PC rye did not affect weed content or PC rye yields the year after establishment. Key words: Acid detergent fibre, digestibility, neutral detergent fibre, perennial cereal rye, weed control, yield

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Ito, D., Z. Miller, F. Menalled, M. Moffet, and M. Burrows. "Relative Susceptibility Among Alternative Host Species Prevalent in the Great Plains to Wheat streak mosaic virus." Plant Disease 96, no. 8 (August 2012): 1185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-11-0746-re.

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Wild grasses, crops, and grassy weeds are known to host Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) and its vector, the wheat curl mite (WCM). Their relative importance as a source of WSMV was evaluated. A survey of small-grain fields throughout Montana was conducted between 2008 and 2009. Cheatgrass was the most prevalent grassy weed and the most frequent viral host, with 6% infection by WSMV in 2008 (n = 125) and 15% in 2009 (n = 358). By mechanically inoculating plants with WSMV in the greenhouse, the highest susceptibility was found in rye brome (52.1%), jointed goatgrass (80.9%), and wild oat (53.9%. Quackgrass, not previously reported as a host, was susceptible to WSMV (12.7%). Mite transmission efficiency from susceptible grass species was lower than from wheat, and grass species must be a host for both WSMV and the WCM to serve as a virus source. WCM transmission was more efficient than mechanical transmission. Overall, results indicate that grass species can serve as a viral reservoir, regional variation in a weed species' susceptibility to WSMV cannot explain geographic variation in epidemic intensity, and crop species and closely related weeds (e.g., jointed goatgrass) remain the best reservoirs for both WSMV and the WCM.

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Orchard, J. W. "Rye grass is associated with fewer non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries than bermuda grass." British Journal of Sports Medicine 39, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 704–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.017756.

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27

Nurse, Robert E., Rolland Mensah, Darren E. Robinson, and Gilles D. Leroux. "Adzuki bean [Vigna angularis(Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi], oilseed radish (Raphanus sativusL.), and cereal rye (Secale cerealeL.) as living mulches with and without herbicides to control annual grasses in sweet corn (Zea maysL.)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 99, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2018-0113.

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Annual grasses are difficult to control in sweet corn in Canada due to the scarcity of registered herbicides with grass activity. In addition to the potential soil health benefits, over-seeding living mulches into the cropping system may help sweet corn growers improve annual grass control by increasing competitive ground cover. To test this hypothesis, trials were established at three locations in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, in 2008 and 2009. At each location, sweet corn was over-seeded at the 4–6 leaf stage with one of three living mulches alone or in combination with an herbicide. The living mulch/herbicide pairings were adzuki bean (linuron + S-metolachlor), cereal rye (saflufenacil), and oilseed radish (pendimethalin). All living mulch treatments were compared with an untreated control and an industry standard (S-metolachlor/atrazine). When sweet corn was over-seeded with living mulches alone, the most effective annual grass control was provided by the cereal rye. The least effective living mulch was adzuki bean, but the combination of adzuki bean plus a herbicide was the most effective for annual grass suppression. The final marketable yields in all living mulch treatments were always lower than the industry standard. In spite of effective annual grass control, reduced yields may make the adoption of the tested living mulch species less attractive to conventional sweet corn growers.

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Bressler, Alison, and Jennifer Blesh. "Episodic N₂O emissions following tillage of a legume–grass cover crop mixture." Biogeosciences 19, no. 13 (July 6, 2022): 3169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3169-2022.

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Abstract. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer inputs to agricultural soils are a leading cause of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Legume cover crops are an alternative N source that can reduce agricultural N2O emissions compared to fertilizer N. However, our understanding of episodic N2O flux following cover crop incorporation by tillage is limited and has focused on single-species cover crops. Our study explores whether increasing cover crop functional diversity with a legume–grass mixture can reduce pulse emissions of N2O following tillage. In a field experiment, we planted crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), cereal rye (Secale cereal L.), a clover–rye mixture, and a no-cover control at two field sites with contrasting soil fertility properties in Michigan. We hypothesized that N2O flux following tillage of the cover crops would be lower in the mixture and rye compared to the clover treatment because rye litter can decrease N mineralization rates. We measured N2O for approximately 2 weeks following tillage to capture the first peak in N2O emissions in each site. Across cover crop treatments, the higher-fertility site, CF, had greater cover crop biomass, 2-fold-higher aboveground biomass N, and higher cumulative N2O emissions than the lower-fertility site, KBS (413.4±67.5 vs. 230.8±42.5 g N2O-N ha−1; P=0.004). There was a significant treatment effect on daily emissions at both sites. At CF, N2O fluxes were higher following clover than the control 6 d after tillage. At KBS, fluxes from the mixture were higher than rye 8 and 11 d after tillage. When controlling for soil fertility differences between sites, clover and mixture led to approximately 2-fold-higher N2O emissions compared to rye and fallow treatments. We found partial support for our hypothesis that N2O would be lower following incorporation of the mixture than clover. However, treatment patterns differed by site, suggesting that interactions between cover crop functional types and background soil fertility influence N2O emissions during cover crop decomposition.

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29

Blombäck, Karin, and Henrik Eckersten. "Simulated growth and nitrogen dynamics of a perennial rye grass." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 88, no. 1-4 (December 1997): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(97)00053-1.

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30

Stewart, G. A., K. J. Turner, B. A. Baldo, A. W. Cripps, A. Ford, V. Seagroatt, H. Lowenstein, and A. K. M. Ekramoddoullah. "Standardization of Rye-Grass Pollen (Lolium perenne) Extract." International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 86, no. 1 (1988): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000234600.

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Wheeler, D. M., D. C. Edmeades, D. R. Smith, and M. E. Wedderburn. "Screening perennial rye-grass from New Zealand for aluminium tolerance." Plant and Soil 146, no. 1-2 (October 1992): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00011990.

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32

Roerig, Kyle C., and Corey V. Ransom. "Expansion of Feral Cereal Rye (Secale cereale L.) on Non-crop Hillsides in Northern Utah." Invasive Plant Science and Management 10, no. 01 (March 2017): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2016.3.

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Feral cereal rye is an aggressive, persistent winter annual grass. Although feral rye has been documented as a weed in Utah cropland for many years, it has only recently been described as a weed of natural areas in Utah. After feral rye was observed on hillside locations where it had not previously been present, research was conducted to evaluate expansion rates in isolated patches and on a landscape scale. Individual patch measurements indicated expansion rates of 17%, 42%, 44%, and 112% in 2009. The landscape expansion rates were 1%, 4%, 8%, 21%, and 50% in the same year. The spread of feral rye appears to have occurred primarily on south- to west-facing slopes where the density and diversity of native species is limited. The expansion of feral rye into natural, undisturbed areas indicates that this species should be closely monitored. The relatively short seed longevity and current small infestations make it a good candidate for early detection/rapid response efforts.

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Gulyás, Miklós, Márta Fuchs, István Kocsis, and György Füleky. "Effect of the soil treated with biochar on the rye-grass in laboratory experiment." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Agriculture and Environment 6, no. 1 (November 1, 2014): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausae-2014-0009.

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Abstract The application of biochars to improve soils and to mitigate global climate change is a popular research area all over the world, although it is not a new topic. In our study, wood chips char (BC) and animal bone char (ABC) were applied. The pot experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions. 2 grams of rye-grass (Lolium perenne) were seeded into each pot. The following various soil parameters were measured: pH (KCl), AL-P2O5, AL-K2O, total water soluble salt content and organic matter content. The measured parameters from the plant samples were: total-P, total-K and micronutrients. Results show that the negative or positive effect of pyrolysis solids cannot be determined clearly, further experiments are needed.

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34

Rahman, Md Atikur, Jae Hoon Woo, Yowook Song, Sang-Hoon Lee, Md Mahadi Hasan, Md Abul Kalam Azad, and Ki-Won Lee. "Heat Shock Proteins and Antioxidant Genes Involved in Heat Combined with Drought Stress Responses in Perennial Rye Grass." Life 12, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): 1426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12091426.

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The frequent occurrence of heat and drought stress can severely reduce agricultural production of field crops. In comparison to a single stress, the combination of both heat (H) and drought (D) further reduce plant growth, survival and yield. This study aimed to explore the transcriptional responses of heat shock protein (HSP) and antioxidant genes under H combined D stress in perennial rye grass (PRG). The results demonstrated that oxidative stress indicators (hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation) significantly increased, particularly in the case of combined H and D treatment, suggesting that oxidative stress-induced damage occurred in plants under the combined stresses. Transcriptional responses of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), heat shock protein 90-6 (HSP90-6), and the mitochondrial small heat shock protein HSP26.2 (HSP26.2) occurred rapidly, and showed high level of expression particularly under H and D stress. Antioxidant genes including ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), catalase (CAT), copper–zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD), peroxidase (POD), ferredoxin–thioredoxin (FTR), thioredoxin (Trx), 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin (2-Cys Prx) showed response to combined H and D, followed by either D or H stress alone in rye grass. An interactome map revealed the close partnership of these heat shock protein genes and antioxidant genes, respectively. These candidate genes were predominantly linked to stress responses and antioxidant defense in plants. These findings may advance our understanding about the HSP and the antioxidant genes underlying combined abiotic stress response and tolerance in perennial rye grass.

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Bordin, Ivan, Osmar Maziero Buratto, Andreia Cristina Peres Rodrigues da Costa, Benedito Noedi Rodrigues, and Rafael Fuentes Llanillo. "Weed phytosociology in diversified soybean production systems." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 42, no. 6supl2 (October 8, 2021): 3567–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6supl2p3567.

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The knowledge of the impacts of the management practices used in each agricultural production system on the ecological interactions between commercial crops and weed populations can assist in the development of specific and sustainable integrated management strategies. This study aimed to assess weed communities in soybean in succession to second-crop corn and production systems with crop diversification in Northern Paraná State. The study was conducted during three agricultural years (2014/2017). Six treatments were setup: 1 – corn/soybean, corn/soybean, and corn/soybean), 2 – white oat/soybean, rye/corn, and wheat/soybean, 3 – oat + rye/soybean, oat + radish/corn, and congo grass/soybean, 4 – canola/corn, crambe/corn, and safflower/soybean, 5 – buckwheat/ radish/corn, bean/soybean, and buckwheat/oat/soybean, and 6 – wheat/corn + congo grass, canola/corn, and bean/soybean. The relative importance value index of each weed species and the soil cover (soil, straw, and weeds) were assessed. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with four replications of 300 m2 (20 × 15 m). The production systems white oat/soybean, rye/corn, and wheat/soybean; buckwheat/radish/corn, bean/soybean, buckwheat/oat/soybean; and wheat/corn+congo grass, canola/corn, bean/soybean had a suppressive effect on the species Commelina benghalensis. Euphorbia heterophylla and Digitaria horizontalis were the species most adapted to the assessed production systems. Seeds remaining from crambe and radish cultivations became volunteer plants in subsequent cultivations.

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36

Bakker, Matthew G., Jyotsna Acharya, Thomas B. Moorman, Alison E. Robertson, and Thomas C. Kaspar. "The Potential for Cereal Rye Cover Crops to Host Corn Seedling Pathogens." Phytopathology® 106, no. 6 (June 2016): 591–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-09-15-0214-r.

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Cover cropping is a prevalent conservation practice that offers substantial benefits to soil and water quality. However, winter cereal cover crops preceding corn may diminish beneficial rotation effects because two grass species are grown in succession. Here, we show that rye cover crops host pathogens capable of causing corn seedling disease. We isolated Fusarium graminearum, F. oxysporum, Pythium sylvaticum, and P. torulosum from roots of rye and demonstrate their pathogenicity on corn seedlings. Over 2 years, we quantified the densities of these organisms in rye roots from several field experiments and at various intervals of time after rye cover crops were terminated. Pathogen load in rye roots differed among fields and among years for particular fields. Each of the four pathogen species increased in density over time on roots of herbicide-terminated rye in at least one field site, suggesting the broad potential for rye cover crops to elevate corn seedling pathogen densities. The radicles of corn seedlings planted following a rye cover crop had higher pathogen densities compared with seedlings following a winter fallow. Management practices that limit seedling disease may be required to allow corn yields to respond positively to improvements in soil quality brought about by cover cropping.

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37

Geier, Patrick W., Phillip W. Stahlman, Anthony D. White, Stephen D. Miller, Craig M. Alford, and Drew J. Lyon. "Imazamox for Winter Annual Grass Control in Imidazolinone-Tolerant Winter Wheat." Weed Technology 18, no. 4 (December 2004): 924–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-03-115r1.

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Field experiments were conducted at five locations in Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming to determine the effects of imazamox rate and application timing on winter annual grass control and crop response in imidazolinone-tolerant winter wheat. Imazamox at 35, 44, or 53 g ai/ha applied early-fall postemergence (EFP), late-fall postemergence, early-spring postemergence (ESP), or late-spring postemergence (LSP) controlled jointed goatgrass at least 95% in all experiments. Feral rye control with imazamox was 95 to 99%, regardless of rate or application timing at Hays, KS, in 2001. Feral rye control at Sidney, NE, and Torrington, WY, was highest (78 to 85%) with imazamox at 44 or 53 g/ha. At Sidney and Torrington, feral rye control was greatest when imazamox was applied EFP. Imazamox stunted wheat <10% in two experiments at Torrington, but EFP or LSP herbicide treatments in the Sidney experiment and ESP or LSP treatments in two Hays experiments caused moderate (12 to 34%) wheat injury. Wheat injury increased as imazamox rate increased. Wheat receiving imazamox LSP yielded less grain than wheat treated at other application timings in each Hays experiment and at Sidney in 2001. No yield differences occurred in one Torrington experiment. However, yields generally decreased as imazamox application timing was delayed in the other Torrington experiment. Generally, imazamox applied in the fall provided the greatest weed control, caused the least wheat injury, and maximized wheat yield.

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38

Hoyt, Greg D. "EFFECT OF COVER CROP AND N RATE ON SOIL N AND YIELD OF NO-TILL SWEETCORN AND STRIP-TILL TOMATO." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 663d—663. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.663d.

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A no-till sweetcorn strip-till tomato rotation was established to determine whether a grass or legume winter cover crop would provide greater summer mulch and more soil inorganic nitrogen from residue decomposition. Sweetcorn yields improved as N rate increased in rye residue and bare soil, but only increased at the 50 kg N/ha rate in vetch residue. Strip-till tomato yields improved with all N rates for all covers. Total soil N and C were greater in both the vetch and rye residue treatments than the bare soil. Fertilizer N addition did not affect changes in total N or C percentages. Greater soil nitrate was measured beneath vetch residue at spring planting than in the rye residue or bare soil surface.

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39

YADAV, R. K., A. KUMAR, D. LAL, and L. BATRA. "YIELD RESPONSES OF WINTER (RABI) FORAGE CROPS TO IRRIGATION WITH SALINE DRAINAGE WATER." Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 1 (December 2, 2003): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479703001431.

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A field experiment in an alluvial sandy loam saline soil was conducted during the winter (rabi) season from 1997–98 to 1999–2000 at the Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, to study the effect of saline drainage water (EC=3.6 –7.4) on five (rabi) forage crops: oat (Avena sativa), rye grass (Lolium rigidum), senji (Indian clover) (Melilotus indica) berseem (Egyptian clover) (Trifolium alexandrinum) and shaftal (Persian clover) (Trifolium resupinatum). All the crops were established using canal water as pre-sowing irrigation and the various irrigation strategies were imposed subsequently. Irrigation with canal water resulted in a 115% increase in forage yield compared with the saline drainage water. The results suggested that alternate irrigation with saline drainage water increased the yields of all the forage crops compared with using saline drainage water only. Further, alternate irrigation, starting with canal water, was superior to alternate irrigation starting with saline drainage water because less salt was added in total. Oat produced the largest green-forage yield (32.3 t ha-1) in the first year while rye grass gave its maximum in the second (34.6 t ha-1) and third years (37.0 t ha-1). Persian clover performed better than did Egyptian clover in all the three years. Interaction between species and irrigation treatments was significant. In comparison with canal irrigation water, there was a 36 %, 42 %, 54 %, 68 %, and 85 % yield reduction in rye grass, oat, Persian clover, Egyptian clover and senji, respectively when only saline drainage water was used for irrigation reflecting their relative tolerances of salinity. Yields declined linearly for all crops with increases in the quantity of salt applied.

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Montemurro, Francesco, Grazia Convertini, and Donato Ferri. "Mill wastewater and olive pomace compost as amendments for rye-grass." Agronomie 24, no. 8 (December 2004): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro:2004044.

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41

Dong, Yuequn, Tingwu Lei, Shuqin Li, Cuiping Yuan, Shumei Zhou, and Xiusheng Yang. "Effects of rye grass coverage on soil loss from loess slopes." International Soil and Water Conservation Research 3, no. 3 (September 2015): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.05.006.

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42

Cottam, G. "Immunological properties of chemically produced fragments of rye grass pollen extract." Immunology Letters 17, no. 4 (April 1988): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2478(88)90009-0.

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43

Mynbayeva, B. N., A. Zh Makeeva, and A. B. Seidalina. "Potential applications for perennial rye grass in phytoindication of urban soils." Russian Journal of Ecology 43, no. 3 (May 2012): 261–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1067413612030101.

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44

Moran, D. M., G. P. Cottam, R. Standring, and R. M. Cook. "Murine Lymphocyte Responses to Purified Components of Rye Grass Pollen Extract." International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 76, no. 3 (1985): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000233702.

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45

Chen, X., P. Boeckx, S. Shen, and O. Van Cleemput. "Emission of N 2 O from rye grass ( Lolium perenne L.)." Biology and Fertility of Soils 28, no. 4 (February 8, 1999): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050510.

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46

Abraha, Michael G., and Michael J. Savage. "The soil water balance of rainfed and irrigated oats, Italian rye grass and rye using the CropSyst model." Irrigation Science 26, no. 3 (September 26, 2007): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00271-007-0086-8.

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47

Artemyev, A. A., A. M. Guryanov, M. P. Kapitanov, and A. A. Pronin. "Influence of the sowing time and mineral fertilizers on the productivity of annual grass mixtures." Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 22, no. 5 (October 27, 2021): 735–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2021.22.5.735-744.

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The productivity of annual feed grass mixtures (vetch + oats, Sudan grass + white mustard, Sudan grass + oilseed radish), sown after the winter rye harvesting during the “shooting” phase (the 1st time of sowing), during the “heading” phase (the 2nd time of sowing), and during the phase of complete ripeness (the 3d time of sowing), was studied in the conditions of forest-steppe soils of the Volga Region (the Republic of Mordovia). The experiment was carried out in 2018-2020 on heavy loamy soils against the background of three doses of mineral fertilizers use (without fertilizers, N16P16K16 + N30, N16P16K16 + N60). It has been established that the duration of vegetation of feed mixtures according to the time of sowing when harvesting for green mass was: at the first the time of sowing - 63-85 days, at the second - 63-76 days, at the third - 56-62 days. The highest height of the plant was at the first time of sowing with the use of fertilizers at a dose of N16P16K16 + N60, the lowest - at the third time of sowing. The highest growth was achieved by Sudan grass (48-116 cm), the lowest - by the mixture of vetch and oats (18-67 cm). The highest yield of green mass (14.0 t/ha) was observed when cultivating Sudan grass mixed with oilseed radish on the background of N16P16K16 + N60 at the first time of sowing. For mixture of Sudan grass with white mustard, the yield was 2-7 % lower, and for vetch + oats mixture - 32-45 % lower. The same was observed according to the yield of dry matter and feed units. As to the protein content, mixtures of Sudan grass with cruciferous crops exceeded the vetch + oats mixture by 7-26 %. The fiber content in the grass mixtures was decreasing from the first time of sowing to the last. The greatest amount of fiber (28.11-28.72 %) was observed during the second time of sowing. The economic assessment showed that the cultivation of annual grass mixtures after winter rye without mineral fertilizers was the most cost-effective (29-208 %). The highest efficiency (202-208 %) was provided by the mixture of Sudan grass with oilseed radish and white mustard.

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48

Standring, Ruth, Vivienne Spackman, and Sarah J. Porter. "Distribution of a Major Allergen of Rye Grass (Lolium perenne) Pollen between Other Grass Species." International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 83, no. 1 (1987): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000234338.

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Neumann, Mercy A., Robert L. Wample, Julie Tarara, and Stephanie Greene. "584 Cover Crop Evaluations for Eastern Washington Vineyards." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 497B—497. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.497b.

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The location of the Columbia and Yakima valleys present vineyard managers in eastern Washington with significant concerns, particularly low rainfall and wind erosion. Cover crops, as part of a complete management system, can reduce the effects of wind erosion in vineyards by stabilizing soil particles and reducing runoff. Cover crops also reduce weed biomass. During research conducted at Prosser, Wash., 175 foreign and domestic species were assessed for performance as cover crops. Using a screening process, nine species were chosen for evaluation in large commercial plots. Grass species included cereal rye, crested wheatgrass, Sherman Big Blue wheatgrass, perennial rye, pubescent wheatgrass, and three fescues. Legume species included two annual clovers (Trifolium spp.) and two reseeding annual medics (Medicago spp.). Unseeded, resident vegetation served as a control. Vine and soil water statuses were monitored regularly. Initial establishment of all species was delayed because of low rainfall throughout the growing season; thus performance varied for each species. Drought-tolerant grass species had better germination and establishment than legumes, due to planting method. In-row water status and vine water potentials remained constant throughout the main portion of the growing season. A mix of crested wheatgrass, perennial rye, and pubescent wheatgrass (Canada mix) gave especially good cover without affecting vine or soil water status. Weed biomass was reduced in most cases, with legumes having least effect; cereal rye, crested wheatgrass and the Canada mix had the greatest effect. Season-long suppression was best achieved with the Canada mix because of the nature of establishment. In this study, most drought-tolerant grasses performed better than legumes; however, with proper establishment, legumes can be a beneficial part of a sustainable agriculture system.

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Soni, Neeta, Scott J. Nissen, Philip Westra, Jason K. Norsworthy, Michael J. Walsh, and Todd A. Gaines. "Seed retention of winter annual grass weeds at winter wheat harvest maturity shows potential for harvest weed seed control." Weed Technology 34, no. 2 (October 24, 2019): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.108.

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AbstractDowny brome, feral rye, and jointed goatgrass are problematic winter annual grasses in central Great Plains winter wheat production. Integrated control strategies are needed to manage winter annual grasses and reduce selection pressure exerted on these weed populations by the limited herbicide options currently available. Harvest weed-seed control (HWSC) methods aim to remove or destroy weed seeds, thereby reducing seed-bank enrichment at crop harvest. An added advantage is the potential to reduce herbicide-resistant weed seeds that are more likely to be present at harvest, thereby providing a nonchemical resistance-management strategy. Our objective was to assess the potential for HWSC of winter annual grass weeds in winter wheat by measuring seed retention at harvest and destruction percentage in an impact mill. During 2015 and 2016, 40 wheat fields in eastern Colorado were sampled. Seed retention was quantified and compared per weed species by counting seed retained above the harvested fraction of the wheat upper canopy (15 cm and above), seed retained below 15 cm, and shattered seed on the soil surface at wheat harvest. A stand-mounted impact mill device was used to determine the percent seed destruction of grass weed species in processed wheat chaff. Averaged across both years, seed retention (±SE) was 75% ± 2.9%, 90% ± 1.7%, and 76% ± 4.3% for downy brome, feral rye, and jointed goatgrass, respectively. Seed retention was most variable for downy brome, because 59% of the samples had at least 75% seed retention, whereas the proportions for feral rye and jointed goatgrass samples with at least 75% seed retention were 93% and 70%, respectively. Weed seed destruction percentages were at least 98% for all three species. These results suggest HWSC could be implemented as an integrated strategy for winter annual grass management in central Great Plains winter wheat cropping systems.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rye grass'

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