Academic literature on the topic 'Rye grass'

Three fractions of rye-grass (Lolium perenne) pollen extract have been isolated by preparative isoelectric focusing (i.e.f.) and characterized in terms of physicochemical and immunochemical properties. The purified components were designated ‘R7’ and ‘R14’ on the basis of their positions in relation to other rye-grass pollen extract components on SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and their apparent molecular masses were assessed as 31 and 11 kDa respectively. On i.e.f., R14 split into two components, one acidic (pI 5.0) and one basic (pI 9.0), termed ‘R14a’ and ‘R14b’ respectively, and R7 focused at pI 5.8. R7 and R14a were shown to be allergenic by skin-prick test and all three components were recognized by rye-grass-pollen-specific human IgE. On SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and i.e.f., R7 behaved in a manner identical with that shown by an authentic sample of Rye I and gave an amino acid analysis similar to published data [Johnson & Marsh (1966) Immunochemistry 3, 91-100] for Rye group-I isoallergens; the amino acid sequence of the first 27 N-terminal amino acids was also determined. Physicochemical analysis revealed that R14a was equivalent to Rye II and 14b to Rye III. Preparative i.e.f. followed by gel-permeation chromatography proved to be a rapid and efficient method for purifying the allergenic components of Rye I (R7), Rye II (R14a) and Rye III (R14b) from rye-grass pollen extract.

With global warming, the problem of soil water deficit is growing in Central Europe, including Poland, and the use of catch crops is recommended to mitigate climate changes. This study aimed to determine the influence of water deficit on phosphorus (P) content and accumulation in the above-ground biomass of spring barley and Italian rye-grass growing separately and in the mixture, and on the inter-species interactions between these crops. The study was based on a pot experiment established in accordance with the additive design. The experimental factors were as follows: A. water supply of the plants: an optimal dose and a dose reduced by 50% in relation to the optimal dose, and B. the sowing type: barley sown as a single species, rye-grass sown as a single species, and barley with rye-grass catch crop. Based on the P accumulation in plant biomass, the relative yield of barley and rye-grass, the total relative yield, and the competitive equilibrium index were determined. Water deficit had no effect on the P content in the plants, but it reduced the P accumulation in barley stems, leaves and spikes, as well as in rye-grass stems and leaves, from the emergence to the end of plants’ growing period, both when the plants were sown as a single species and as a mixture. Barley was a stronger competitor than rye-grass. Inter-species competition occurred at the stem elongation and heading of barley. The intensification of inter-species competition for P under water deficit conditions should be taken into account when recommending the undersowing of barley with rye-grass for sustainable agriculture.

In order to find methods to reduce the nutrient salt content of waste water from aquaculture systems, crop and field plants such as lettuce, rye grass and barley were cultivated in water coming from a pilot size fish farming unit for rainbow trout. Growth rates for rye grass and barley were less than 50% of the maximum growth rates obtained under field conditions in Denmark, and lettuce could not grow in the recirculating water. By adding carbon dioxide to the recirculating water until slightly above the equilibrium concentration, growth rates for rye grass and barley improved to maximum rates under field conditions, and lettuce of good quality was produced. Mass balances for P and N indicate that fertilizing value of waste water from 25 kg rainbow trout is sufficient for cultivation of 20 m2 rye grass at maximum growth rate.

Eighteen lactating Holsteins were utilized in a 3 × 3 Latin square (49 d treatment−1) for a comparative estimation of the intake and digestibility of corn, rye and sorghum-sudan grass silages. The dry matter (DM), protein and acid detergent fiber contents were 32.5, 8.0, 27.0; 25.2, 8.7, 45.6 and 22.4, 10.6, 40.7 percent for corn, rye, and sorghum-sudan silages, respectively. Dry matter intake of the silage and milk yield were less (P < 0.05) for cows fed rye silage compared to those fed corn and sorghum-sudan grass silage. Cows lost body weight when fed rye silage but gained weight when fed either corn or sorghum-sudan grass silage. The feeding of rye silage resulted in a decrease (P < 0.05) in milk protein percent compared to the feeding of corn or sorghum-sudan silage and in the percentage of milk lactose compared to the feeding of sorghum-sudan grass silage. Molar proportions of rumen acetate were higher (P < 0.05) when cows were fed either rye or sorghum-sudan silage compared to corn silage. Cows fed rye silage had higher molar proportions of rumen propionate and valerate and lower levels of butyrate (P < 0.05) compared to cows consuming sorghum-sudan silage. The digestibility of total ration DM was lower (P < 0.05) when either rye or sorghum-sudan silage was the forage portion of the ration compared to corn. It was concluded from this trial that sorghum-sudan silage provided a suitable source of forage for lactating dairy cows. However, the DM intake and milk yield of cows fed rye silage was less than satisfactory. Key words: Dairy cattle, rye, sorghum-sudan, silage, intake, digestibility

Biogas production in the Czech Republic has expanded substantially, including marginal regions for maize cultivation. Therefore, there are increasingly sought materials that could partially replace maize silage, as a basic feedstock, while secure both biogas production and its quality.Two samples of rye grass (Lolium multiflorum var. westerwoldicum) silage with different solids content 21% and 15% were measured for biogas and methane yield. Rye grass silage with solid content of 15% reached an average specific biogas yield 0.431 m3·kg−1 of organic dry matter and an average specific methane yield 0.249 m3·kg−1 of organic dry matter. Rye grass silage with solid content 21% reached an average specific biogas yield 0.654 m3·kg−1 of organic dry matter and an average specific methane yield 0.399 m3·kg−1 of organic dry matter.

In France, the yearly production of sludge from wastewater treatment plants is 900,000 metric tons dry matter and 60% of this is reused for land application. Today, the sustainability of this pathway is open to question. Among the different arguments cited are the levels of metal trace elements and the risks of accumulation in soils. With the ultimate aim of agronomic sludge recycling, the transfer of metal trace elements has been studied using vegetation containers planted with rye-grass under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. Samples of a domestic sludge, an industrial sludge and a fertilizer have been mixed with the soil. By monitoring the growth of the rye-grass, we have been able to observe that the addition of sludge increases production of plant matter. It appears that the roots absorb higher quantities of metal trace elements and form a barrier to their transfer to the above ground parts of the rye-grass. For the group of metal trace elements studied, no significant differences have been observed between the rye-grass grown on soil alone and that on soils amended with fertilizer or urban sludge. For the majority of the vegetation containers studied, there has been no significant modification in the soil metal distribution over time, as a result of the addition of urban sludge, and no significant difference between fertilizers and sludges.

The work is devoted to the study of seed separation process of perennial grasses on a pneumatic-electric separator. It highlights the main problems of their post-harvest treatment. The influence of the regulated parameters - the magnitude of the supply of seeds to the air-separator, the air flow rate and the electric field strength on the quality from the segregated seed material of the perennial rye-grass were determined by conducting a multifactorial experiment. The optimal values of the regulated parameters of the pneumatic electric separation are substantiated, in which the content of heavy separating admixture of weeds in the seed mixture of perennial rye-grass is the least. It is proved that the use in the technological line of seed preparation of perennial grasses of the pneumatic electric separator allows to ensure the quality of the seed material of the perennial rye-grass in accordance with the requirements of the existing standards.

Rye ergot (Claviceps purpurea) occasionally causes toxicity (chiefly expressed as hyperthermia) in Australian livestock, either as a result of grazing infected annual (Lolium rigidum) and perennial (L. perenne) rye grasses, or if the ergot sclerotia produced in rye grasses contaminate grain crops used as stockfood. Alkaloids in 30 samples of Australian rye ergot sclerotia taken from rye grasses and grain screenings, and some feed samples contaminated with rye grass ergot sclerotia, were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography. Samples originated from across southern Australia. Ergotamine was the dominant alkaloid in all samples, followed by α-ergocryptine, ergocornine, ergosine and their respective -imine epimers. Ergotamine concentrations in sclerotia ranged up to 2257 mg/kg (as received basis). Ergocristine was a very minor component (<50 mg/kg) in all samples. Total alkaloids in freshly collected sclerotia ranged from 1003 to 3321 mg/kg (0.10 to 0.33%), and up to 3766 mg/kg with epimers included, although lower concentrations were found in samples stored for some time. Alkaloid profiles in sclerotia were all very similar, and concentrations did not appear to be related to size of sclerotia, source region, nor to the rye grass or grain from which they were taken. Previous cases of toxicity in livestock are reviewed and several new cases are reported. The implications of variable alkaloid contents of rye ergot sclerotia are discussed in terms of Australian food and stockfeed regulations.

Studies were conducted to explore the interactions among rye grass, chlorophenols and microorganisms. The objectives were to examine some of the processes by which plants affect the fate of subsurface organic contaminants. The research was divided into three studies: interactions between live grasses and 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP); physico-chemical interactions between the three chlorophenols and root tissue; and effect of root exudates on biodegradation of TCP. To study the interactions between plants and organic contaminants, rye grass plants were grown in solutions containing DCP, TCP or PCP for one to three weeks. The grass removed substantial amounts of the chlorophenols throughout the incubation time. The majority of each chlorophenol removed from solution could not be recovered by non-destructive solvent extraction. The removal of the chlorophenols from solution and the unrecoverability of the removed compound followed different kinetics, indicating that the two are different processes. Both contaminant removal and unrecoverability were closely related to root surface area but not to transpiration. A qualitative model was developed to describe the uptake of organic contaminants by plants. The data demonstrate the importance of physico-chemical interactions between contaminants and roots and suggest that maximization of root surface area should be one consideration when selecting a plant species for phytoremediation. To study the physico-chemical interactions between plant roots and organic contaminants, the distribution of DCP, TCP and PCP within a three phase system was examined. The three phases were severed grass roots, water and an organic solvent, either hexane or ethyl acetate. The chlorophenol mass that partitioned into the solvent phase was inversely correlated with root mass and root surface area index. Partition coefficients calculated with respect to the organic liquid phase were inversely correlated with root mass and root surface area index. A similar partitioning experiment was conducted using PCP placed in a solution containing only the dissolved organic material released by roots. These resulting partition coefficients decreased with increasing organic carbon concentration. It appeared that the organic compounds released into solution by the roots affected the movement of the chlorophenol into the organic liquid phase. It is proposed that the presence of roots simultaneously promoted retention of the chlorphenols in the aqueous phase and provided a sorption site. The effect of grass root exudates and glucose on the lag time associated with 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) degradation by an unacclimated microbial inoculant and an acclimated microbial inoculant was investigated. The presence of an alternate organic carbon source reduced lag time for both the acclimated microbial inoculant and the inoculant that had not been previously exposed to chlorinated phenols. The lag time for acclimation of microbes to TCP mineralization was affected by the ratio of the alternate organic carbon source concentration to the biomass concentration. It is proposed that the presence of a readily available, alternate organic carbon source affected lag time through promotion of microbial population growth and provision of a preferred source of carbon and energy. The results indicate that rye grass may directly, through partitioning and uptake, and indirectly, through soil microbes, affect the fate of chlorophenols in the subsurface environment.
Ph. D.

The aim of this study was to evaluate herbage quality of perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne using thermogravimetry. Both Dynamic and isothermal thermal analyses were investigated over a range of heating rates to first establish any association between thermal profiles and dry matter digestibility values. The results suggested thermal methods could be used to predict dry matter digestibility (in vitro DMD) and identified the best experimental protocols for further study. Further investigations were carried out to predict DMD values using discrete and continuous TG weight loss data streams by multivariate analysis. This approach enabled the successful modelling and prediction of DMD. Further studies were undertaken to investigate the application of the technique to predict digestible organic matter in the dry matter (in vivo DOMD) and Metabolisable energy values (ME). The results were again positive and indicated potential for the application of thermal methods and for further investigation. Thermal combustion and pyrolysis techniques were employed to study the key fibre fractions associated with neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and lignin to establish their relationship with thermal profiles. The results indicated that there was potential to further develop the method to predict the fibre fractions.

En las instalaciones de La Estación Experimental IVITA el Mantaro se evaluó el efecto de suplementar con ensilado, afrechillo de trigo y una mezcla de afrechillo más harina de pescado a ovinos que pastoreaban una pastura cultivada, sobre la ganancia diaria cuatro meses de edad y 20.2 Kg. de pesó vivo o en promedio, durante un periodo de 56 días.
At IVITA’s El Mantaro Reserarch Station n the central Andean Mantaro Valley was evaluated the effect of enhancing whit silage, wheat’s bran, and mixture of bran and fish meal to sheep that were grazed cultivated pasture.
Tesis

Predice la composición química de Rye grass mediante el uso de espectroscopia de reflectancia infrarrojo cercano. Analiza 29 muestras de Rye grass con diferentes tiempos de crecimiento, provenientes del valle del Mantaro ubicado a 3,200 metros de altitud. Realiza un análisis proximal, luego toma los espectros y desarrolla ecuaciones de calibración usando los métodos de mínimos cuadrados parciales y regresión de componentes principales, aplicando previamente diferentes transformaciones matemáticas de los datos espectrales. Los estadísticos obtenidos para proteína cruda, fibra bruta, extracto etéreo y ceniza tuvieron coeficientes de determinación de 0.96, 0.90, 0.83 y 0.95, respectivamente. Los modelos matemáticos obtenidos muestran que la técnica NIRS resulta satisfactoria para la determinación de dichos parámetros.
Tesis

This study investigated the fate of lignocellulosic biomass (wheat-feed and perennial rye grass) in different anaerobic digestion systems, evaluating the role of substrate specificity on the pattern of degradation. The two-stage (biohydrogen-biomethane) anaerobic system was found to be more effective in the degradation of lignocellulose, when compared to the conventional single-stage system. The perennial rye grass substrate possessed about 21% higher holocellulose concentration when compared to the wheat-feed; its exploitation in the acidogenic digestion was however poor, resulting in a 2.9% lower biogas yield in a equivalent two-stage system. The study therefore developed a treatment technique involving the use of cellulase and ferulic acid esterase enzyme combinations for the treatment of perennial rye grass. The enzyme cocktail at 0.202 ml enzyme/g VS added resulted in efficient bioconversion of the complex polymers to soluble carbohydrates, evident in the yield increase of soluble COD, to 321.0±10.9 mg/gVS, a 393.2% yield increase, when compared to the no enzyme added control. The yield of bio-hydrogen after enzymatic addition was 48ml/gVS, 335% higher when compared to the alkaline treatment; and more than seven fold higher than the yield obtained from the fermentation with no pre-treatment. The acetate to butyrate ratio varied from 4:1, when no pre-treatment was used, to 2:1when alkaline pre-treatment was used, then to 1:1 after the enzymatic treatment. The downstream effect of the prior hydrolysis on the subsequent processes to acidogenic fermentation like biomethane and PHA production and lignin recovery were also investigated. The hydrogenic/acidogenic fermentation resulted in methane yield improvement of 45.7%. The study shows that the more effective a hydrolysis procedure is in the depolymerisation of complex polymers, the greater the accumulation of PHA in the PHA biosynthesis operations. The enhanced hydrogenic /acidogenic fermentation having effectively degraded the holocellulose component of the perennial rye grass substrate ensured that relatively high quality lignin was obtained in an Organosolv lignin-extraction procedure. FT-IR profile show less contamination of polysaccharides and proteins in the lignin extracted from the enzymatically enhanced acidogenic fermentation. An evaluation of the economic viability of the investigated secondary processes showed that direct integrations of those processes to the biohydrogen process may not be as economically advantageous, when compared to a 2nd -stage biomethanation system.

La producción ovina en el Estado de México es una actividad pecuaria económica importante, pero el sistema de producción con alimentación intensiva en corral, debido a sus altos costos, en ocasiones es económicamente poco viable. Sin embargo, algunas alternativas alimenticias como el pastoreo con complementación, permiten reducir costos de alimentación y mejorar la calidad de la carne de ovinos alimentados bajo este sistema. Además, la adición del complejo zinc-metionina (Zinc-Met) en corderos, ha demostrado beneficios en la calidad de la carne referentes al mayor depósito de grasa intramuscular y modulación del perfil lipídico de la grasa. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de dos dosis de zinc orgánico en combinación con dos regímenes de consumo voluntario de concentrado en corderos en pastoreo sobre el comportamiento productivo y la digestibilidad de la MS de ovinos en pastoreo. Se utilizaron 32 ovinos, machos enteros, con peso promedio de 25.89 kg, con cinco meses de edad, F1 cuzas de las razas Dorper x Katahdin, dispuestos en 4 tratamientos con 7 repeticiones cada uno, en un diseño Completo al Azar, con arreglo factorial 2 niveles de Zinc-Met (0 y 80 ppm) x 2 regímenes de concentrado (0.75 y 1.5% del PV). La engorda duró de junio a diciembre 2019, los ovinos pastaron 8 h d-1 en una pradera de rye grass (Lolium perenne) establecida en la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México; durante la tarde y noche, los ovinos se resguardaban en corrales individuales en la Unidad de Enseñanza e Investigación en Producción Animal, donde recibieron un complemento alimenticio (157 g de PC kg-1 MS; 2.6 Mcal de EM/kg MS). Las variables evaluadas fueron: consumo de concentrado diario, ganancia diaria de peso (GDP), conversión (CA) y eficiencia (EA) de uso del alimento. La digestibilidad aparente de la materia seca (DAMS) de los corderos en pastoreo se estimó a través del marcador óxido de cromo y, finalmente, se calculó el consumo de materia seca (CMS) total. Durante el periodo de pastoreo se evaluó en la pradera la acumulación neta de forraje (ANF) cada 15 d, asimismo, se analizó la composición química del forraje y del concentrado en el Laboratorio iii de Bromatología del Departamento de Nutrición Animal. La ANF promedio de la pradera fue 754.25 kg de MS ha-1, La composición química de Lolium perenne lo largo del periodo de pastoreo fue constante y similar en PC, MS, FDN y FDA. Se observó efecto (P<0.05) de tratamiento (T), período de medición (P) e interacción TxP en CMS total, CMS de concentrado y CMS de forraje. Asimismo, el tratamiento Zn-80 ppm con C-1.5% PV tuvo el mayor (P<0.05) peso vivo final, incremento de peso y GDP. Sin embargo, la CA, EA y DAMS fue similar (P>0.05) en todos los tratamientos. Se concluye que la restricción de concentrado en corderos en pastoreo promueve una mejor utilización de nutrientes disponibles, aumentando el consumo de alimento sin afectar la digestibilidad y eficiencia alimenticia.

La Tunisie dispose d'une multitude de biomasses sèches telles que la sciure de bois de cyprès (SBC) et humides telles que les margines générées par l'industrie oléicole. Ce travail vise en premier lieu à étudier la conversion thermochimique par pyrolyse lente du mélange de SBC/solutions chargées en métaux alcalins (K et Na) et alcalino-terreux (Mg et Ca) et de SBC/margines et par la suite à explorer la valorisation agronomique des biochars produits. Les analyses thermogravimétriques (ATG/TG) ont montré que l'imprégnation de la SBC avec les quatres minéraux (K, Na, Mg, Ca) induit des modifications significatives sur le processus de pyrolyse. En particulier, la dégradation de la cellulose est fortement influencée par la présence du potassium. De même, la température de pyrolyse ainsi que l'imprégnation avec les minéraux et les margines affectent d'une manière significative le rendement des biochars produits et leurs structures carbonés. Quant à la valorisation agronomique des biochars produits, nous avons démontré que les biochars issus de la sciure de bois imprégnée par les margines peut être utilisé comme un amendement efficace pour la fertilisation potassique de sols agricoles. En effet, une amélioration de la croissance du Ray Grass, en termes de matières fraîches, de l'ordre de 36 0/0 a été enregistrée. De plus, un taux relativement élevé d'exportation de K par la plante testée (37 g. Kg-1) a été estimé
Tunisia produces multitude of dry and wet biomass such as cypress sawdust (CS) and olive mill wastewaters (OMWW), respectively. The main aims of this research work are: i)to study the thermal conversion through slow pyrolysis of the CS impregnated With OMWW and various synthetic mineral solutions (K, Na, Mg and Ca), and ii) to explore the valorisation of the produced biochars as amendments for agricultural soils. The thermogravimetric analyzes (DTG/TG) showed that the impregnation of the CS with the four minerals (K, Na, Mg, Ca) and OMWW induced significant changes in the pyrolysis process. The highest impact was observed for the cellulose degradation in the presence of potassium. Moreover, the pyrolysis temperature as well as the nature of the impregnated mineral on the CS surface affect significantly the yield of the produced biochars and their structures. Regarding the valorisation of the produced biochars, experimental results showed that the biochars generated from the pyrolysis of CS impregnated with OMWW could be used as an efficient fertilizer for agricultural soils. Indeed, it improves by about 36 0/0 the growth of Rye Grass. Furthermore, a relatively high potassium rate was exported to Rye Grass ( (37g Kg-1 ) was registered

In Australia, significant effort goes into reducing the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus entering inland waters from point sources. However, little is known of the extent to which riparian organic matter may act as a source of these nutrients. Also, whilst the relationships between the nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon cycles are broadly known, there is little quantitative data regarding the release of these elements from Australian riparian organic matter and their subsequent microbial mineralisation within aquatic environments. In particular, comparatively little is known of their comparative role in nutrient and organic matter cycling within anoxic zones, and the influence that different riparian organic matter may have on stream water quality. This lack of such data presently hampers the ability of water managers to make educated decisions regarding the management of riparian zones in Australia. In order to improve understanding in this area, a combination of laboratory and in situ experiments were carried out in order to compare the abiotic release and aerobic/ anaerobic mineralisation of leaf derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved nitrate/nitrite (NOx) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) under different environmental conditions. Four plants common to Australian riparian zones were investigated: two native species, Eucalyptus camaldulensis (gum) and Phragmites australis (common reed), and two exotic species, Salix babylonica (willow) and Lolium multiflorum (rye grass). After 30 days, formaldehyde inhibited 1g willow and rye grass extracts contained the most SRP (0.7 mg/L), whilst gum extracts contained 0.3 mg/L and common reed 0.1 mg/L of SRP.Willow and rye grass abiotically released twice as much NOx than gum and common reed, although concentrations were only between 0.05-0.1 mg/L. Gum and common reed released the most DOC per gram of leaf matter (14 and 12 mmol/g of leaf matter respectively), but based on the initial carbon content of each leaf type, the largest percentage contributor of DOC under abiotic conditions was common reed and rye grass (both 38% mass/mass), with gum (33% mass/mass) and willow (30% mass/mass) being smaller contributors. The most bioavailable DOC was released by rye grass and common reed, with between 83 and 94% of this DOC microbially mineralised after 30 days in oxic conditions. When conditions were not inhibited, microbial growth was evident almost immediately in willow, rye grass and common reed leaf extracts. However, microbial growth was suppressed for the first 48 hours in gum leaf extracts. After this suppression period, the rate of DOC mineralisation was equal in willow and gum leaf extracts (0.1 day-1). Under anoxic conditions, the rate and extent of DOC mineralisation of willow and gum leaves depended on the type of electron acceptor provided. Added nitrate and iron III enhanced the mineralisation of both willow and gum leaves relative to no terminal electron acceptors (from zero to 0.01-0.04 and 0.002- 0.004 moles/day respectively), but added sulphate only enhanced the mineralisation of gum leaves (0.04 moles/day). When no additional electron acceptors were provided, particulate leaf mineralisation was more extensive under oxic than anoxic conditions. However, the mineralisation of leaf derived DOC were the same regardless of oxygen availability, and after 35 days in either condition the percentage of leaf DOC mineralised for each leaf type was of the order common reed > rye grass > willow > gum. All the leaf types tested were able to sustain the caddis fly larvae Triplectides australis under controlled laboratory conditions, and survival rates were high using all four leaf types as a food source. Triplectides australis did not significantly increase the amount of DOC released from each type of leaf matter, but they did consistently increase the proportion of simple carbohydrates present within the DOC fraction. The results of these experiments suggest that changes to riparian vegetation, particularly from the native to exotic species used in this study, will inherently alter in-stream concentrations of dissolved carbon and nutrients (particularly SRP). This potentially will affect in-stream, hyporheic and subsurface processes, particularly in areas where surface water flow is low and riparian leaf inputs are high.

The results of our own scientific research on the use of advanced technologies for the procurement, storage and use of voluminous forage prepared from legume-cereal grass mixtures, as well as silos preserved with new generation biological preparations Biosib and Biotrof-111 are presented. The ways and methods of improving the structure of sown areas during the cultivation of perennial legume-cereal grass mixtures with the inclusion of an unconventional forage crop - the eastern goat's rue are considered in order to increase the energy and protein nutritional value of voluminous forages. The possibility of using the energy feed additive Bergafat T-300 in winter rations for feeding highly productive fresh cows has been shown. The book can serve as a scientific and methodological guide for drawing up effective programs and long-term plans for the development of forage production and feeding of cattle.

Abstract The events unfolding in Syria since spring 2011 have led to a thorough transformation of the intellectual and artistic space in which Syrian authors, filmmakers, and artists move. Starting from an overview of the connections of institutions, artists, and works that form this contemporary space of cultural production, this chapter goes on to consider the problems existing theoretical conceptions of such spaces from the sociology of arts encounter when faced with the empirical realities of the Syrian case. It shows that the transnational, unstable, and often transient nature of these formations and their links with large-scale socio-political changes, such as wars, are difficult to grasp with conceptual toolkit developed on the model of the unusually stable spaces of production of Western Europe and the US.

Abstract In spite of the rainbow flag’s importance as a symbol for transnational queer belonging and its meanings for the survival of queers all over the world, much critical queer Anglo-Saxon research and activism concerning the rainbow flag and the celebration of Pride claims that it has lost its radical potential through processes of normalisation, mainstreaming, homonationalism and commercialisation. In order to address other queer political issues, alternative Pride events are organized in parallel with conventional Pride celebrations. This chapter will discuss two Pride events held in Gothenburg, Sweden, in 2019, Reclaim Pride and Öckerö Pride, drawing on auto-ethnographic methods. It will reflect on two connected questions: What meanings, emotions, actions and temporalities are (re)produced as a result of the relationship between the events, the rainbow flag, the concept of Pride and the activists/participants—including the author? In what ways do the rainbow flag and the concept of Pride work as co-producers of belongings as well as disbelongings—and how does the author’s position as a Swedish, middle-class, white, lesbian, feminist, mother, former activist and now sociologist affect her feelings of belonging and disbelonging? It is shown that the rainbow flag is a very topical and heated cultural artefact in the Swedish political arena, in which racism, homophobia and Islamophobia are growing. The author’s experiences and emotions at the two Pride events reflect the ambivalent struggle that takes place at the borders of belonging and disbelonging. Temporality and space are important aspects of the contextualisation that needs to be applied in order to grasp the different effects that processes of inclusion and exclusion have on queer people in different places and situations.

The effects of global and economical crisis on Turkey and Eurasian countries depend strongly on countries’ dependence ratio of foreign trade, on integrations and economic structure. Real economic growth of Russian and Belarus economies is affected by Euro and US-dollar rate of exchange (RoE), Kazakhstan’s economy by Euro RoE, Turkmenistan’s by Euro exchange and interest and Turkish economy by Euro RoE and consumer price index (CPI). The effect of public borrowings ratio on gross domestic product is affected in Russian economy by Euro RoE, CPI and interests 1 and 2, in Kazakhstan economy by US dollar RoE and interest, in Belarus economy by US dollar RoE, interest and CPI, in Turkmenistan’s by Euro RoE and interest and Turkish economy by interest and CPI. Russia must regulate improving economy politics in Euro exchange, interest and CPI indicators to increase real economical growth and decrease ratio of public borrowings on gross domestic product. Kazakhstan must focus on Euro RoE, US dollar RoE, interest and CPI indicators. The same situation is valid for Belarus. Turkmenistan must give importance to Euro exchange and interests in its politics of economy. Turkey must take Euro exchange, CPI and interests into consideration. Thereby real economy growth will increase and ratio of public borrowings on gross domestic product will decrease. To decrease shocks against fragility, to develop global competition strength and decrease of foreign-source dependency, Turkey and Eurasian countries must develop new strategies and constitute and develop economy politics for global competition capacity.

The results of research conducted on a long-term cultural pasture, used without re-grazing the grass for grazing production herds since 1935. The use of mineral and organic fertilizers on this herbage makes it possible to ensure an uninterrupted supply of high-quality green mass in the spring and summer period and to preserve mainly cultivated grasses in the herbage, which are well eaten by cattle.

Abstract The manipulation task (called object re-configuration problem) is stated as the following: given an initial grasp of the object find the motion’s trajectories of the agents to move the object to the desired configuration. In general collision free paths for all agents must be found toward the contact points on the object (pre-grasp configuration) and the grasping and manipulation forces should then be exerted on the object by the agents. These forces are determined first to ensure a stable grasp, then to manipulate the object. We present a model based motion planner algorithm for manipulating agents for object re-configuration using simulated annealing (SA) algorithm for generating the relative motion between the object and agents. The motion of the agents relative to the object can be pure sliding, pure rolling, breaking contact and agent relocation is allowed. The motion sequence is represented by a relative velocity matrix. The algorithm can be used for example to move a known shaped object to a different position and orientation with a robotic hand. Simulation results are presented.

Financial risks affect the basic economic indicators in a negative way and cause structural deformation of the countries’ economy. In this study, the most effected economic indicators due to financial risks in Turkey and Russia and to activate their economical future plans are determined. Thereby Turkey and Russia can execute economical collaboration due to their powerful economies. The basic reason for choosing Russia among the Eurasian countries is that Russia economic aspect is the most patronized among these countries. Linear regression analyze method is applied. Financial risks like exchange rates, interest rates and inflation are determined as independence variants and each economic indicator as dependent variant. Gross domestic product (GDP) is mostly affected by annual deposit interest rate (ADIR) and annual loan rate (ALR) in Turkey and by annual loan rate and inflation in Russia. GDP growth rate is not affected by financial risks in Turkey and Russia. Public gross import stock is affected by ADIR and ALR in Turkey and ALR in Russia. Public gross export stock is affected by US-dollar rate of exchange (RoE) in Turkey and Euro (RoE) in Russia. Import is affected by ADIR and ALR in Turkey and by ALR and Euro – Rouble rate (ERR) in Russia. Both countries export are affected by the same parameters. Current account balance is affected by ADIR and ALR in Turkey and ADIR and ERR in Russia. Composite index is not affected by financial risks in both countries. Same result is valid in foreign direct investment and GDP growth rate.

The issue addressed in the present study is how to model wiring substrates to perform heat conduction analysis on moderate computational resource. Equivalent thermal conductivity is a convenient measure in thermal modeling. However, its notion needs re-examination where higher accuracy of heat conduction analysis is pursued. Proposed is a scheme where the indexed volumetric metal contents are used to estimate the equivalent conductivity of representative volume element (RVE). The index is designed to reflect the effect of metal pattern on heat flow through RVE. In order to illustrate the core concept we report the analysis performed on template models of high-density interconnect (HDI) substrates. The element of HDI contains copper in several forms; through-via, continuous plane, and cross wires. Five heat flow directions are assumed; two are linear and three are right-angled turn. From combinations of the metal pattern and the heat flow direction twenty five templates are created, then, they are subjected to detailed numerical analysis. The values of equivalent thermal conductivity derived from the numerical solutions reveal that the gross volumetric metal content is totally inadequate as a parameter of thermal characterization. The paper also outlines the overall organization of our analysis system which is being developed in an industry-academia cooperative effort under the auspices of JSME.

This research includes all banks in Bosnia and Herzegovina and testing internal and external variables on bank profitability indicators. In addition, the profitability of banks in B&H is also influenced by the financial result of operations, which is determined by price and interest rate risk. The primary goal of this paper is to determine, through correlation and regression analysis, the strength and significance of external and internal variables on bank profitability in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research period covered from 2008: q1 to 2019: q4 on a quarterly database. Also, in this paper, the STATA 13.0 software package will be used. The following dependents variable were used: return on asset (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). The following independent variables were used: the growth rate of net gross/loss (GRNGL), the growth rate of non-performing loans (GRNPL), GDP growth rate (GRGDP), concentration ratio of loans of the largest banks in the system (CR Loans), concentration ratio of deposits of the largest banks in the system (CR Deposits), capital adequacy ratio (CAR) and loan-to-deposit ratio. The total number of observations was 48. The results showed that the significant influence on the dependent variables were the return on equity (ROE) and return on asset (ROA), which has been achieved by the following independent variables, such as the growth rate of net gross/loss, the growth rate of non-performing loans and concentration ratio of loans and deposit of the largest banks.

1.1 Macroeconomic summary Economic recovery has consistently outperformed the technical staff’s expectations following a steep decline in activity in the second quarter of 2020. At the same time, total and core inflation rates have fallen and remain at low levels, suggesting that a significant element of the reactivation of Colombia’s economy has been related to recovery in potential GDP. This would support the technical staff’s diagnosis of weak aggregate demand and ample excess capacity. The most recently available data on 2020 growth suggests a contraction in economic activity of 6.8%, lower than estimates from January’s Monetary Policy Report (-7.2%). High-frequency indicators suggest that economic performance was significantly more dynamic than expected in January, despite mobility restrictions and quarantine measures. This has also come amid declines in total and core inflation, the latter of which was below January projections if controlling for certain relative price changes. This suggests that the unexpected strength of recent growth contains elements of demand, and that excess capacity, while significant, could be lower than previously estimated. Nevertheless, uncertainty over the measurement of excess capacity continues to be unusually high and marked both by variations in the way different economic sectors and spending components have been affected by the pandemic, and by uneven price behavior. The size of excess capacity, and in particular the evolution of the pandemic in forthcoming quarters, constitute substantial risks to the macroeconomic forecast presented in this report. Despite the unexpected strength of the recovery, the technical staff continues to project ample excess capacity that is expected to remain on the forecast horizon, alongside core inflation that will likely remain below the target. Domestic demand remains below 2019 levels amid unusually significant uncertainty over the size of excess capacity in the economy. High national unemployment (14.6% for February 2021) reflects a loose labor market, while observed total and core inflation continue to be below 2%. Inflationary pressures from the exchange rate are expected to continue to be low, with relatively little pass-through on inflation. This would be compatible with a negative output gap. Excess productive capacity and the expectation of core inflation below the 3% target on the forecast horizon provide a basis for an expansive monetary policy posture. The technical staff’s assessment of certain shocks and their expected effects on the economy, as well as the presence of several sources of uncertainty and related assumptions about their potential macroeconomic impacts, remain a feature of this report. The coronavirus pandemic, in particular, continues to affect the public health environment, and the reopening of Colombia’s economy remains incomplete. The technical staff’s assessment is that the COVID-19 shock has affected both aggregate demand and supply, but that the impact on demand has been deeper and more persistent. Given this persistence, the central forecast accounts for a gradual tightening of the output gap in the absence of new waves of contagion, and as vaccination campaigns progress. The central forecast continues to include an expected increase of total and core inflation rates in the second quarter of 2021, alongside the lapse of the temporary price relief measures put in place in 2020. Additional COVID-19 outbreaks (of uncertain duration and intensity) represent a significant risk factor that could affect these projections. Additionally, the forecast continues to include an upward trend in sovereign risk premiums, reflected by higher levels of public debt that in the wake of the pandemic are likely to persist on the forecast horizon, even in the context of a fiscal adjustment. At the same time, the projection accounts for the shortterm effects on private domestic demand from a fiscal adjustment along the lines of the one currently being proposed by the national government. This would be compatible with a gradual recovery of private domestic demand in 2022. The size and characteristics of the fiscal adjustment that is ultimately implemented, as well as the corresponding market response, represent another source of forecast uncertainty. Newly available information offers evidence of the potential for significant changes to the macroeconomic scenario, though without altering the general diagnosis described above. The most recent data on inflation, growth, fiscal policy, and international financial conditions suggests a more dynamic economy than previously expected. However, a third wave of the pandemic has delayed the re-opening of Colombia’s economy and brought with it a deceleration in economic activity. Detailed descriptions of these considerations and subsequent changes to the macroeconomic forecast are presented below. The expected annual decline in GDP (-0.3%) in the first quarter of 2021 appears to have been less pronounced than projected in January (-4.8%). Partial closures in January to address a second wave of COVID-19 appear to have had a less significant negative impact on the economy than previously estimated. This is reflected in figures related to mobility, energy demand, industry and retail sales, foreign trade, commercial transactions from selected banks, and the national statistics agency’s (DANE) economic tracking indicator (ISE). Output is now expected to have declined annually in the first quarter by 0.3%. Private consumption likely continued to recover, registering levels somewhat above those from the previous year, while public consumption likely increased significantly. While a recovery in investment in both housing and in other buildings and structures is expected, overall investment levels in this case likely continued to be low, and gross fixed capital formation is expected to continue to show significant annual declines. Imports likely recovered to again outpace exports, though both are expected to register significant annual declines. Economic activity that outpaced projections, an increase in oil prices and other export products, and an expected increase in public spending this year account for the upward revision to the 2021 growth forecast (from 4.6% with a range between 2% and 6% in January, to 6.0% with a range between 3% and 7% in April). As a result, the output gap is expected to be smaller and to tighten more rapidly than projected in the previous report, though it is still expected to remain in negative territory on the forecast horizon. Wide forecast intervals reflect the fact that the future evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic remains a significant source of uncertainty on these projections. The delay in the recovery of economic activity as a result of the resurgence of COVID-19 in the first quarter appears to have been less significant than projected in the January report. The central forecast scenario expects this improved performance to continue in 2021 alongside increased consumer and business confidence. Low real interest rates and an active credit supply would also support this dynamic, and the overall conditions would be expected to spur a recovery in consumption and investment. Increased growth in public spending and public works based on the national government’s spending plan (Plan Financiero del Gobierno) are other factors to consider. Additionally, an expected recovery in global demand and higher projected prices for oil and coffee would further contribute to improved external revenues and would favor investment, in particular in the oil sector. Given the above, the technical staff’s 2021 growth forecast has been revised upward from 4.6% in January (range from 2% to 6%) to 6.0% in April (range from 3% to 7%). These projections account for the potential for the third wave of COVID-19 to have a larger and more persistent effect on the economy than the previous wave, while also supposing that there will not be any additional significant waves of the pandemic and that mobility restrictions will be relaxed as a result. Economic growth in 2022 is expected to be 3%, with a range between 1% and 5%. This figure would be lower than projected in the January report (3.6% with a range between 2% and 6%), due to a higher base of comparison given the upward revision to expected GDP in 2021. This forecast also takes into account the likely effects on private demand of a fiscal adjustment of the size currently being proposed by the national government, and which would come into effect in 2022. Excess in productive capacity is now expected to be lower than estimated in January but continues to be significant and affected by high levels of uncertainty, as reflected in the wide forecast intervals. The possibility of new waves of the virus (of uncertain intensity and duration) represents a significant downward risk to projected GDP growth, and is signaled by the lower limits of the ranges provided in this report. Inflation (1.51%) and inflation excluding food and regulated items (0.94%) declined in March compared to December, continuing below the 3% target. The decline in inflation in this period was below projections, explained in large part by unanticipated increases in the costs of certain foods (3.92%) and regulated items (1.52%). An increase in international food and shipping prices, increased foreign demand for beef, and specific upward pressures on perishable food supplies appear to explain a lower-than-expected deceleration in the consumer price index (CPI) for foods. An unexpected increase in regulated items prices came amid unanticipated increases in international fuel prices, on some utilities rates, and for regulated education prices. The decline in annual inflation excluding food and regulated items between December and March was in line with projections from January, though this included downward pressure from a significant reduction in telecommunications rates due to the imminent entry of a new operator. When controlling for the effects of this relative price change, inflation excluding food and regulated items exceeds levels forecast in the previous report. Within this indicator of core inflation, the CPI for goods (1.05%) accelerated due to a reversion of the effects of the VAT-free day in November, which was largely accounted for in February, and possibly by the transmission of a recent depreciation of the peso on domestic prices for certain items (electric and household appliances). For their part, services prices decelerated and showed the lowest rate of annual growth (0.89%) among the large consumer baskets in the CPI. Within the services basket, the annual change in rental prices continued to decline, while those services that continue to experience the most significant restrictions on returning to normal operations (tourism, cinemas, nightlife, etc.) continued to register significant price declines. As previously mentioned, telephone rates also fell significantly due to increased competition in the market. Total inflation is expected to continue to be affected by ample excesses in productive capacity for the remainder of 2021 and 2022, though less so than projected in January. As a result, convergence to the inflation target is now expected to be somewhat faster than estimated in the previous report, assuming the absence of significant additional outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff’s year-end inflation projections for 2021 and 2022 have increased, suggesting figures around 3% due largely to variation in food and regulated items prices. The projection for inflation excluding food and regulated items also increased, but remains below 3%. Price relief measures on indirect taxes implemented in 2020 are expected to lapse in the second quarter of 2021, generating a one-off effect on prices and temporarily affecting inflation excluding food and regulated items. However, indexation to low levels of past inflation, weak demand, and ample excess productive capacity are expected to keep core inflation below the target, near 2.3% at the end of 2021 (previously 2.1%). The reversion in 2021 of the effects of some price relief measures on utility rates from 2020 should lead to an increase in the CPI for regulated items in the second half of this year. Annual price changes are now expected to be higher than estimated in the January report due to an increased expected path for fuel prices and unanticipated increases in regulated education prices. The projection for the CPI for foods has increased compared to the previous report, taking into account certain factors that were not anticipated in January (a less favorable agricultural cycle, increased pressure from international prices, and transport costs). Given the above, year-end annual inflation for 2021 and 2022 is now expected to be 3% and 2.8%, respectively, which would be above projections from January (2.3% and 2,7%). For its part, expected inflation based on analyst surveys suggests year-end inflation in 2021 and 2022 of 2.8% and 3.1%, respectively. There remains significant uncertainty surrounding the inflation forecasts included in this report due to several factors: 1) the evolution of the pandemic; 2) the difficulty in evaluating the size and persistence of excess productive capacity; 3) the timing and manner in which price relief measures will lapse; and 4) the future behavior of food prices. Projected 2021 growth in foreign demand (4.4% to 5.2%) and the supposed average oil price (USD 53 to USD 61 per Brent benchmark barrel) were both revised upward. An increase in long-term international interest rates has been reflected in a depreciation of the peso and could result in relatively tighter external financial conditions for emerging market economies, including Colombia. Average growth among Colombia’s trade partners was greater than expected in the fourth quarter of 2020. This, together with a sizable fiscal stimulus approved in the United States and the onset of a massive global vaccination campaign, largely explains the projected increase in foreign demand growth in 2021. The resilience of the goods market in the face of global crisis and an expected normalization in international trade are additional factors. These considerations and the expected continuation of a gradual reduction of mobility restrictions abroad suggest that Colombia’s trade partners could grow on average by 5.2% in 2021 and around 3.4% in 2022. The improved prospects for global economic growth have led to an increase in current and expected oil prices. Production interruptions due to a heavy winter, reduced inventories, and increased supply restrictions instituted by producing countries have also contributed to the increase. Meanwhile, market forecasts and recent Federal Reserve pronouncements suggest that the benchmark interest rate in the U.S. will remain stable for the next two years. Nevertheless, a significant increase in public spending in the country has fostered expectations for greater growth and inflation, as well as increased uncertainty over the moment in which a normalization of monetary policy might begin. This has been reflected in an increase in long-term interest rates. In this context, emerging market economies in the region, including Colombia, have registered increases in sovereign risk premiums and long-term domestic interest rates, and a depreciation of local currencies against the dollar. Recent outbreaks of COVID-19 in several of these economies; limits on vaccine supply and the slow pace of immunization campaigns in some countries; a significant increase in public debt; and tensions between the United States and China, among other factors, all add to a high level of uncertainty surrounding interest rate spreads, external financing conditions, and the future performance of risk premiums. The impact that this environment could have on the exchange rate and on domestic financing conditions represent risks to the macroeconomic and monetary policy forecasts. Domestic financial conditions continue to favor recovery in economic activity. The transmission of reductions to the policy interest rate on credit rates has been significant. The banking portfolio continues to recover amid circumstances that have affected both the supply and demand for loans, and in which some credit risks have materialized. Preferential and ordinary commercial interest rates have fallen to a similar degree as the benchmark interest rate. As is generally the case, this transmission has come at a slower pace for consumer credit rates, and has been further delayed in the case of mortgage rates. Commercial credit levels stabilized above pre-pandemic levels in March, following an increase resulting from significant liquidity requirements for businesses in the second quarter of 2020. The consumer credit portfolio continued to recover and has now surpassed February 2020 levels, though overall growth in the portfolio remains low. At the same time, portfolio projections and default indicators have increased, and credit establishment earnings have come down. Despite this, credit disbursements continue to recover and solvency indicators remain well above regulatory minimums. 1.2 Monetary policy decision In its meetings in March and April the BDBR left the benchmark interest rate unchanged at 1.75%.

Macroeconomic summary The Colombian economy sustained numerous shocks in the second quarter, pri¬marily related to costs and supply. The majority of these shocks were unantic¬ipated or proved more persistent than expected, interrupting the recovery in economic activity observed at the beginning of the year and pushing overall inflation above the target. Core inflation (excluding food and regulated items) increased but remained low, in line with the technical staff’s expectations. A third wave of the pandemic, which became more severe and prolonged than the previous outbreak, began in early April. This had both a high cost in terms of human life and a negative impact on Colombia's economic recovery. Between May and mid-June roadblocks and other disruptions to public order had a sig¬nificant negative effect on economic activity and inflation. The combination and magnitude of these two shocks likely led to a decline in gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the first quarter. Roadblocks also led to a significant in¬crease in food prices. The accumulated effects of global disruptions to certain value chains and increased international freight transportation prices, which since the end of 2020 have restricted supply and increased costs, also affected Colombia’s economy. The factors described above, which primarily affected the consumer price index (CPI) for goods and foods, explain to a significant degree the technical staff’s forecast errors and the increase in overall inflation above the 3% target. By contrast, increases in core inflation and in prices for regulated items were in line with the technical staff’s expectations, and can be explained largely by the elimination of various price relief measures put in place last year. An increase in perceived sovereign risk and the upward pressures that this im¬plies on international financing costs and the exchange rate were further con¬siderations. Despite significant negative shocks, economic growth in the first half of the year (9.1%) is now expected to be significantly higher than projected in the April re¬port (7.1%), a sign of a more dynamic economy that could recover more quickly than previously forecast. Diverse economic activity figures have indicated high¬er-than-expected growth since the end of 2020. This suggests that the negative effects on output from recurring waves of COVID-19 have grown weaker and less long-lasting with subsequent outbreaks. Nevertheless, the third wave of the coro¬navirus, and to an even greater degree the previously mentioned roadblocks and disruptions to public order, likely led to a decline in GDP in the second quar¬ter compared to the first. Despite this, data from the monthly economic tracking indicator (ISE) for April and May surpassed expectations, and new sector-level measures of economic activity suggest that the negative impact of the pandemic on output continues to moderate, amid reduced restrictions on mobility and im¬provements in the pace of vaccination programs. Freight transportation registers (June) and unregulated energy demand (July), among other indicators, suggest a significant recovery following the roadblocks in May. Given the above, annual GDP growth in the second quarter is expected to have been around 17.3% (previously 15.8%), explained in large part by a low basis of comparison. The technical staff revised its growth projection for 2021 upward from 6% to 7.5%. This forecast, which comes with an unusually high degree of uncertain¬ty, assumes no additional disruptions to public order and that any new waves of COVID-19 will not have significant additional negative effects on economic activity. Recovery in international demand, price levels for some of Colombia’s export com¬modities, and remittances from workers abroad have all performed better than projected in the previous report. This dynamic is expected to continue to drive recovery in the national income over the rest of the year. Continued ample international liquidity, an acceleration in vacci¬nation programs, and low interest rates can also be ex¬pected to favor economic activity. Improved performance in the second quarter, which led to an upward growth revision for all components of spending, is expected to continue, with the economy returning to 2019 production levels at the end of 2021, earlier than estimated in the April report. This forecast continues to account for the short-term effects on aggregate demand of a tax reform package along the lines of what is currently being pro-posed by the national government. Given the above, the central forecast scenario in this report projects growth in 2021 of 7.5% and in 2022 of 3.1% (Graph 1.1). In this scenar¬io, economic activity would nonetheless remain below potential. The noted improvement in these projections comes with a high degree of uncertainty. Annual inflation increased more than expected in June (3.63%) as a result of changes in food prices, while growth in core inflation (1.87%) was similar to projections.