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HELLER, KEVIN JON. "What Happens to the Acquitted?" Leiden Journal of International Law 21, no. 3 (September 2008): 663–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156508005232.
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AbstractAccording to the ICTR, Emmanuel Bagambiki is an innocent man. The trial chamber and the Appeals Chamber have each unanimously acquitted the former Prefect of Cyangugu of crimes relating to Rwanda's horrific 1994 genocide. And on 19 July 2007 Bagambiki was reunited with his wife in children in Belgium, having been granted asylum a few days earlier. It is tempting to conclude that justice has been done in Bagambiki's case. That conclusion, however, would be too facile: Bagambiki was acquitted in February 2006, nearly 18 months before his family reunion. In the interim he lived in a safe house in Arusha paid for by the United Nations, wanted by Rwanda for trial on related charges and unable to convince Belgium that he posed no danger to its peace and security. Bagambiki, moreover, is one of the lucky ones: the nightmare of being free but having nowhere to go continues for two of his acquitted roommates in the safe house, Andre Ntagerura and Andre Rwamakuba, Rwanda's Minister of Transport and former Minister of Education respectively. Bagambiki's ordeal and Rwamakuba and Ntagerura's ongoing plight illustrate one of the basic problems facing international criminal tribunals: what to do with the acquitted. An acquitted defendant normally has two options: return to his country of origin, or find a third country that will grant him asylum. Both options, however, have been problematic for defendants acquitted by the ICTR and are likely to prove equally problematic for defendants who may be acquitted in the future by the ICC. This short essay explains why – and identifies what the international community should do about it.
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DeWitt, H. Langley, Jimmy Gasore, Maheswar Rupakheti, Katherine E. Potter, Ronald G. Prinn, Jean de Dieu Ndikubwimana, Julius Nkusi, and Bonfils Safari. "Seasonal and diurnal variability in O<sub>3</sub>, black carbon, and CO measured at the Rwanda Climate Observatory." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 3 (February 14, 2019): 2063–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2063-2019.
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Abstract. Air pollution is understudied in sub-Saharan Africa, resulting in a gap in the scientific understanding of emissions, atmospheric processes, and impacts of air pollutants in this region. The Rwanda Climate Observatory, a joint partnership between MIT and the government of Rwanda, has been measuring ambient concentrations of key long-lived greenhouse gases and the short-lived climate-forcing pollutants CO2, CO, CH4, black carbon (BC), and O3 with state-of-the-art instruments on the summit of Mt. Mugogo (1.586∘ S, 29.566∘ E; 2590 m above sea level) since May 2015. Rwanda is a small, mountainous, and densely populated country in equatorial East Africa, currently undergoing rapid development but still at less than 20 % urbanization. Black carbon concentrations during Rwanda's two dry seasons (December–January–February, DJF, and June–July–August, JJA), which coincide with the two regional biomass burning seasons, are higher at Mt. Mugogo than in major European cities with daily values (24 h) during the dry season of around 5 µg m−3 (daily average concentrations ranging from less than 0.1 to over 17 µg m−3 for the entire measurement period). BC baseline concentrations during biomass burning seasons are loosely correlated with fire radiative power data for the region acquired with a MODIS satellite instrument. The position and meteorology of Rwanda is such that the emissions transported from both the northern and southern African biomass burning seasons affect BC, CO, and O3 concentrations in Rwanda. Spectral aerosol absorption measured with a dual-spot Aethalometer varies seasonally due to changes in types of fuel burned and the direction of pollution transport to the site. Ozone concentrations peaked during Rwanda's dry seasons (daily measured maximum of 70 ppbv). The understanding and quantification of the percent contributions of regional and local (beyond large-scale biomass) emissions is essential to guide policy in the region. During the rainy seasons, local emitting activities (e.g., cooking, transportation, trash burning) remain steady, regional biomass burning is low, and transport distances are shorter as rainout of pollution occurs regularly. Thus, local pollution at Mugogo can be estimated during this time period and was found to account for up to 35 % of annual average BC measured. Our measurements indicate that air pollution is a current and growing problem in equatorial East Africa.
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Chelkowski, Peter. "In Memoriam Professor Ann K. S. Lambton (8 February 1912–19 July 2008)." Iranian Studies 42, no. 1 (February 2009): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210860802594005.
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Riedel, David J., Kristen A. Stafford, Peter Memiah, Modupe Coker, Cyprien Baribwira, Jackson Sebeza, Eva Karorero, Sabin Nsanzimana, Fernando Morales, and Robert R. Redfield. "Patient-level outcomes and virologic suppression rates in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Rwanda." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 9 (April 5, 2018): 861–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462418761695.
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The Rwanda national HIV program has been successful at scaling up antiretroviral therapy (ART) to achieve universal access. The AIDSRelief Model of Care focuses on four key principles: (1) earlier initiation of ART; (2) use of durable, highly-potent, and sequence-friendly first-line ART regimens; (3) early detection of treatment failure; and (4) provision of community-based care and support to ensure optimal adherence and follow up/engagement in care. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of randomly-selected HIV-infected patients at AIDSRelief-supported sites using a stratified, random sample of 583 adults (>15 years) who initiated ART from 30 June 2008 to 1 February 2010. At ART initiation, the median patient age was 38 years, and 67% were female. The baseline median CD4+ cell count was 309 cells/mm3. Overall virologic suppression was 91%. Married/ever married status (adjusted prevalence odds ratio [aPOR] 3.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30–10.78) and self-reported adherence ≥95% in the past month (aPOR 2.76, 95% CI 1.00–7.62) were significantly associated with viral suppression in the multivariable model. Excellent virologic outcomes were achieved in Rwandan AIDSRelief sites utilizing the AIDSRelief Model of Care during the scale-up of ART in the country.
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Kayumba, Ephrem, and Claude Rusibana. "Employee Turnover and Operational Performance of Commercial Banks in Rwanda." Journal of Advance Research in Business Management and Accounting (ISSN: 2456-3544) 7, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnbma.v7i5.990.
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Employee turnover was the movement through which an organization hired and missed its employees. This might be voluntary, involuntary, internal transfer, and retirement turnover. The objective of this study was to analyse the employee turnover and operational performance of commercial banks in Rwanda, a case of KCB Bank Rwanda located in Nyarugenge District, Rwanda. The specific objectives were to analyse the effect of employee compensation on operational performance, to determine the impact of employee overscheduling on operational performance, and to find out the impact of employee favouritism on the operational performance of KCB Bank Rwanda. This quantitative research used the descriptive research survey design with questionnaire as research instrument where 80 questionnaires were distributed to 80 employees by using both physical and digital approaches forms due to situations of COVID-19. The data collection took six months and consisted of 15 Microsoft forms, 40 physical forms, and 25 emails responses. The data analysis was done by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 through which the census method was applied, and the descriptive method was used to make the conclusion and has been applied to determine the reliability and validity at 0.8%. This research contributed to the management of employee turnover to improve operational performance of commercial banks in Rwanda. It indicated that KCB Bank Rwanda recognized a considerable rate of employee turnover at a percentage of 46.5% since its creation in 2008 year to December 2020 where the low number of recruited employees compared to the number of employees who exited. This was caused by factors including poor employee compensation, employee overscheduling and employee favouritism. The study discovered that the research objectives were major causes of employee turnover that affected the operational performance of KCB Bank Rwanda at a percentage of 13.8%. Data analysis showed that compensation affected the bank’s operations at a percentage of 73.8% (see table 4.9.), overscheduling at 50.1% (see table 4.7), and favouritism at 56.3% (see table 4.8). The study discovered that the most concern of KCB Bank Rwanda was not the relevance of number of employees who left but the quality of those employee and the targets they had set during the set and submission of the annual balanced scorecard, which affects the operational performance review. The research recommended that the management should review the compensation policy to match the operational performance, reduce favouritism by approaching marginal employees, and reduce overscheduling by re-examining the job descriptions and visiting employee’s office to discover added and non-corresponding duties that attracted the employee turnover in the KCB Bank Rwanda.
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Marchant, Amanda, Menna Brown, Jonathan Scourfield, Keith Hawton, Louise Cleobury, Michael Dennis, Keith Lloyd, Jo McGregor, and Ann John. "A Content Analysis and Comparison of Two Peaks of Newspaper Reporting During a Suicide Cluster to Examine Implications for Imitation, Suggestion, and Prevention." Crisis 41, no. 5 (September 2020): 398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000655.
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Abstract. Background: During 2007–2008, media attention focused on a cluster of youth suicides in the UK. There were two peaks (P1, P2) in the volume of newspaper reporting of the deaths. The number of possible suicides was greater than expected at the time of the first peak but not at the time of the second. Aims: To explore any differences in the content of the reporting peaks and to consider implications for imitation and prevention. Method: A content analysis of two peaks of newspaper reporting was conducted. Results: There were 204 articles in P1 (December 27, 2007 to February 19, 2008) and 157 in P2 (February 20, 2008 to March 15, 2008). Four main themes were identified: individual stories; possible causes; features of reporting of the cluster; and educating and informing the public. P1 articles more frequently contained: explicit details of method; photographs of the deceased, and contained more characterization of individuals. Limitations: The focus was on print media, future studies should incorporate online and social media content. Conclusion: The findings provide some support for the hypothesis of a process of suggestion initiated by sensationalist reporting in P1. This contributes to the evidence base of the role of the press in suicide imitation and prevention, highlighting the importance of care when reporting suicides.
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Tálas, Péter. "Security in Central and Eastern Europe in a period of strategic shocks." Drustveni horizonti 3, no. 5 (2023): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/drushor2305025t.
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The study examines the security policy shocks and responses to these shocks in the countries and societies of the Central and Eastern European (CEE) region, and how these shocks and responses have changed the relationship of CEE countries with the European Union since 2008. It interprets the financial and economic crisis of 2008, the illegal Russian annexation of Crimea and Russian support for separatism in Eastern Ukraine from 2014, the migration crisis of 2015, the Covid-19 epidemic and the escalation of the Russian-Ukrainian war in February 2022 as a security shock. It concludes that while CEE countries have improved their crisis management capacity, they often rely more on national solutions than on joint European crisis management actions.
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French multidisciplinary investigation team, Collective. "Identification of a rabid dog in France illegally introduced from Morocco." Eurosurveillance 13, no. 11 (March 13, 2008): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/ese.13.11.08066-en.
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On 26 February 2008, the National Reference Centre for Rabies at the Institut Pasteur in Paris, France, confirmed the diagnosis of rabies in a domestic dog living in Grandpuits, Seine-et-Marne district, a suburb of Paris. The dog was a nine-month-old mixed-breed female, named Cracotte (pictures available at http://www.invs.sante.fr/display/?doc=surveillance/rage/actu.htm). It developed its first symptoms on 15 February, had bitten its owner and one neighbour and had been euthanized on 19 February. The viral strain was identified by the National Reference Centre for Rabies as a strain belonging to Lyssavirus genotype 1, Africa 1 lineage, originating from Morocco. According to its owner, Cracotte had never been outside France. France has been declared officially rabies-free since 2001. An investigation was undertaken to identify the source of infection and modes of transmission for Cracotte in order to identify potentially exposed individuals and animals and to carry out an assessment of the risk of rabies virus transmission in France.
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Vabishchevich, P. N. "Works of A.A. Samarskii on Computational Mathematics." Computational Methods in Applied Mathematics 9, no. 1 (2009): 5–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cmam-2009-0002.
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Abstract This is a review of the main results in computational mathematics that were obtained by the eminent Russian mathematician Alexander Andreevich Samarskii (February 19, 1919 – February 11, 2008). His outstanding research output addresses all the main questions that arise in the construction and justification of algorithms for the numerical solution of problems from mathematical physics. The remarkable works of A.A. Samarskii include statements of the main principles re- quired in the construction of difference schemes, rigorous mathematical proofs of the stability and convergence of these schemes, and also investigations of their algorith- mic implementation. A.A. Samarskii and his collaborators constructed and applied in practical calculations a large number of algorithms for solving various problems from mathematical physics, including thermal physics, gas dynamics, magnetic gas dynam- ics, plasma physics, ecology and other important models from the natural sciences.
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Gonçales, Paulo David Scatena, Joyce Assis Polessi, Lital Moro Bass, Gisele de Paula Dias Santos, Paula Kiyomi Onaga Yokota, Claudia Regina Laselva, Constantino Fernandes Junior, et al. "Reduced frequency of cardiopulmonary arrests by rapid response teams." Einstein (São Paulo) 10, no. 4 (December 2012): 442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082012000400009.
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the implementation of a rapid response team on the rate of cardiorespiratory arrests in mortality associated with cardiorespiratory arrests and on in-hospital mortality in a high complexity general hospital. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of cardiorespiratory arrests and in-hospital mortality events before and after implementation of a rapid response team. The period analyzed covered 19 months before intervention by the team (August 2005 to February 2007) and 19 months after the intervention (March 2007 to September 2008). RESULTS: During the pre-intervention period, 3.54 events of cardiorespiratory arrest/1,000 discharges and 16.27 deaths/1,000 discharges were noted. After the intervention, there was a reduction in the number of cardiorespiratory arrests and in the rate of in-hospital mortality; respectively, 1.69 events of cardiorespiratory arrest/1,000 discharges (p<0.001) and 14.34 deaths/1,000 discharges (p=0.029). CONCLUSION: The implementation of the rapid response team may have caused a significant reduction in the number of cardiorespiratory arrests. It was estimated that during the period from March 2007 to September 2008, the intervention probably saved 67 lives.
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Prom, Louis K., John E. Erpelding, and Noe Montes-Garcia. "Evaluation of Sorghum Germplasm from China against Claviceps africana, Causal Agent of Sorghum Ergot." Plant Health Progress 9, no. 1 (January 2008): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2008-0519-01-rs.
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Forty Chinese sorghum landraces maintained by the USDA-ARS Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit, Griffin, GA were evaluated for ergot resistance at the Texas A&M Research Farm, College Station, Texas, during the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons. The male sterile line, ATx623, was included as a susceptible control and three IS8525 derived lines were included as resistant controls. The disease infection level was low in the susceptible check in 2005 due to unfavorable environmental conditions, but the majority of the Chinese accessions showed a higher level of tolerance than the resistant controls and in contrast, infection severity was high in 2006. The IS8525 resistant controls averaged 25% infection compared to an average infection of 18% for the 40 Chinese accessions. Four Chinese accessions, PI63923, PI511832, PI610749, and PI610688, recorded less than 10% ergot infection and thus, these four accessions may possess genes for ergot resistance. Further research is underway to evaluate these accessions under multi-environments to confirm resistance and to determine if the resistance is associated with pollination characteristics. Accepted for publication 19 February 2008. Published 19 May 2008.
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Mikule, Vladimír. "Seasonal Dynamics and Winter Occurrence of Non-native Species – Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata) in the Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 68, no. 2 (2020): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun202068020323.
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The study aims to evaluate changes in occurrence of the Mandarin Duck, Aix galericulata (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Czech Republic in 2008–2019 with focus on winter months (December, January and February) 2007/08–2018/19. Seasonal dynamics of occurrence was evaluated for years 2008–2019 by comparison of 3831 observations. The highest number of observations comes from winter period (36.7%), if we exclude data from South Moravian Region (with whole year occurrence), it is 48%. In winters 2007/08–2018/19 occurrence of 772 birds was detected, most of them with determined gender – 469 males (63.4%) and 271 females (36.6%). In winter periods 2007/08–2010/11 the occurrence was concentrated in the Central Bohemian Region (Vltava river). Since the winter 2011/12 the centre of occurrence was in the South Moravian Region which is related with a formation of stable breeding population in that region. Pattern of the highest number of observations in a winter period lasts but the highest numbers of observed birds are possibly of the Czech origin.
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Richard, J. L., V. Masserey-Spicher, S. Santibanez, and A. Mankertz. "Measles outbreak in Switzerland - an update relevant for the European football championship (EURO 2008)." Eurosurveillance 13, no. 8 (February 21, 2008): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/ese.13.08.08043-en.
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Since November 2006, Switzerland has been experiencing the largest measles outbreak registered in the country since the introduction of mandatory notification for this disease in 1999. The first eight months of this outbreak have already been described in this journal [1]. From November 2006 to 13 February 2008, 1,405 measles cases were reported by physicians or laboratories in Switzerland (1,106 of them in 2007). Of these, 976 cases (69%) occurred in the cantons of Lucerne (29% of the total), Basel-Land (16%), Zurich (11%) Bern (7%), and Aargau (7%). The incidence for the whole country and all ages, calculated for this 15-month period, was 19 cases per 100,000 inhabitants (15 cases per 100,000 for the year 2007). For children under the age of 16 years living in the canton of Lucerne, it was 500 per 100,000.
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Read, K. A., A. C. Lewis, S. Bauguitte, A. M. Rankin, R. A. Salmon, E. W. Wolff, A. Saiz-Lopez, et al. "DMS and MSA measurements in the Antarctic Boundary Layer: impact of BrO on MSA production." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 11 (June 17, 2008): 2985–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2985-2008.
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Abstract. In situ measurements of dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and methane sulphonic acid (MSA) were made at Halley Station, Antarctica (75°35' S, 26°19' W) during February 2004–February 2005 as part of the CHABLIS (Chemistry of the Antarctic Boundary Layer and the Interface with Snow) project. DMS was present in the atmosphere at Halley all year (average 38.1±43 pptV) with a maximum monthly average value of 113.6±52 pptV in February 2004 coinciding temporally with a minimum in sea extent. Whilst seasonal variability and interannual variability can be attributed to a number of factors, short term variability appeared strongly dependent on air mass origin and trajectory pressure height. The MSA and derived non-sea salt sulphate (nss-SO42−) measurements showed no correlation with those of DMS (regression R2=0.039, and R2=0.001 respectively) in-line with the complexity of DMS fluxes, alternative oxidation routes, transport of air masses and variable spatial coverage of both sea-ice and phytoplankton. MSA was generally low throughout the year, with an annual average of 42 ng m−3 (9.8±13.2 pptV), however MSA: nss-SO42− ratios were high implying a dominance of the addition oxidation route for DMS. Including BrO measurements into MSA production calculations demonstrated the significance of BrO on DMS oxidation within this region of the atmosphere in austral summer. Assuming an 80% yield of DMSO from the reaction of DMS+BrO, an atmospheric concentration of BrO equal to 3 pptV increased the calculated MSA production from DMS by a factor of 9 above that obtained when considering only reaction with the hydroxyl radical. These findings have significant atmospheric implications, but may also impact on the interpretation of ice cores which previously relied on the understanding of MSA and nss-SO42− chemistry to provide information on environmental conditions such as sea ice extent and the origins of sulphur within the ice.
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Prince, Kyaw Thowai Prue, Mallick Masum Billah, Farzana Islam Khan, ASM Alamgir, Mahbubur Rahman, and Tahmina Shirin. "Adverse Events Following COVID-19 Immunization Reported Through Hotlines, February-August 2021, Bangladesh: Descriptive Study." Iproceedings 8, no. 1 (February 10, 2022): e36636. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/36636.
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Background For COVID-19 vaccine safety, the vaccination program of Bangladesh started facility-based passive surveillance to address adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) with COVID-19 vaccination. The Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Bangladesh, has been using emergency hotlines for outbreak reporting since 2008. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these hotlines are being used for pandemic-related information and reporting. Thus, COVID-19 vaccinees also use these hotlines to report AEFIs. Objective We analyzed the documented AEFIs records of the IEDCR to characterize the vaccinees who reported AEFIs through IEDCR hotlines. Methods We performed a descriptive analysis of COVID-19 vaccinees who reported AEFIs through IEDCR hotlines from February to August 2021. We defined AEFIs as untoward medical occurrences that follow immunization and that do not necessarily have a causal relationship with the usage of the vaccines. We analyzed the vaccinees who reported AEFIs through IEDCR hotlines by age, gender, occupation, the severity of AEFIs, and the time intervals of reporting. Results Of 819 vaccinees who reported AEFIs through IEDCR hotlines, 555 (67.8%) were male and their median age was 41 years (IQR 32-51 years). Of them, 494 (89%) reported AEFIs following the first dose of vaccination. Among females, 186 (70.5%) of 264 were housewives. Among males, 249 (44.9%) of 555 were service holders, 90 (16.2%) were businessmen, and 46 (8.3%) were students. About 638 (77.9%) of 819 vaccinees were from urban vaccination centers. Mild AEFIs, such as fever (508/819, 62%), injection-site pain (336/819, 41%), and headache (205/819, 25%), were reported through IEDCR hotlines. Although 534 (65.2%) of 819 vaccinees who reported AEFIs through IEDCR hotlines developed symptoms within 24 hours of vaccination, only 196 (23.9%) of 819 vaccinees reported them within 24 hours. Conclusions Middle-aged, male, and urban vaccinees who developed mild AEFIs commonly reported AEFIs through IEDCR hotlines. We recommended that AEFI data generated from different reporting systems, including hotline numbers, be incorporated together for an efficient COVID-19 vaccine safety surveillance system.
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Biswas, GC, and Rabiul Islam. "Infestation and Management of the Leaf Roller (Lamprosema indicata Fab.) in Soybean (Glycine max L.)." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 37, no. 1 (July 11, 2012): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i1.11171.
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Infestation and management of leaf roller of soybean were studied in the field and laboratory of the Oilseed Research Centre (ORC), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur during the rabi seasons of 2007-08 and 2008-09. Leaf roller infestation was observed in the 3rd week of January at the vegetative and flowering stages (45-60 days after sowing=DAS) of the crop and continued up to pre-maturity period (80-85 DAS). The highest leaf roller population (0.9 and 1.00/plant in 2008 and 2009, respectively) and infestation (90% plant in 2008 and 95% plant in 2009) were recorded in the last week of February at the pod formation stage of the crop (65-70 DAS). Among the treatments, hand picking technique reduced the highest plant and leaf (98%) infestation. The highest seed yield (1300 kg/ha) was obtained from Diazinon 60 EC treated plots, followed by hand picking+neem seed extract treated plot (1280 kg/ha). The highest BCR (3.00) was obtained from the hand picking technique plots followed by Diazinon 60 EC treated plots (2.66). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i1.11171 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 37(1): 19-25, March 2012
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Sakina, Nova Amalia, Ahyahudin Sodri, and Haryoto Kusnoputranto. "Heavy metals assessment of hospital wastewater during COVID-19 pandemic." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v12i1.22490.
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Hospital wastewater contains heavy metals that threaten environmental and human health through bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Each heavy metal contributes a different impact on human health and the environment. Monitoring the heavy metals in wastewater is essential to prevent those severe impacts. However, it is still rare for a study to assess heavy metals obtained from the discharge of hospital wastewater in Indonesia. Therefore, this study investigated 14 parameters of heavy metals in hospital wastewater. We tested wastewater quality from September 2021 to February 2022, with SNI 6989-59-2008 sampling methods with 14 parameters. Results show that over 14 parameters are still below the threshold value and other previous studies. It might be because the biological treatment used in the hospital wastewater treatment plant (HWWTP) reduces these micropollutants efficiently. The fluidized bed biofilm reactor (FBBR) system is an aerobic process with microorganisms attached to the bio-green. This technique is to form suspensions of solid particles in sparse media with gas streams for chemical or physical processes. The sewage discharge reveals the occurrence of heavy metals in hospital wastewater, even though it does not reveal a high concentration due to the effectiveness of the FBBR system in HWWTP.
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Rogers, Ajeh, Ellen Brazier, Anastase Dzudie, Adebola Adedimeji, Marcel Yotebieng, Benjamin Muhoza, Christella Twizere, et al. "COVID-19 associated changes in HIV service delivery over time in Central Africa: Results from facility surveys during the first and second waves of the pandemic." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): e0275429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275429.
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Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted population health around the globe, directly and indirectly. The objective of this study was to document changes in HIV care associated with the COVID-19 pandemic at selected clinics in Central Africa, along with clinic-level strategies for minimizing disruptions in HIV care and treatment for people with HIV (PWH). Methods A 51-item questionnaire on COVID-19 pandemic-associated changes in HIV service delivery was completed by clinicians involved in HIV care at 21 clinics in five countries participating in Central Africa International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (CA-IeDEA). The survey was completed at two timepoints: June-July 2020 and October 2020 to February 2021. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize changes in HIV care and related services. Results While 81% of sites reported at least one negative consequence of COVID-19 for clinic operations during the first survey, none reported suspending antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation services for new patients, and 24% reported adopting telemedicine. In the follow-up survey, fewer sites (48%) reported at least one disruption to clinic operations, and more sites reported mitigation strategies, including expanding rapid ART initiation services and providing extra supplies of ART medications to reduce visit frequency. In the follow-up survey, more sites, especially in Rwanda, reported stockouts of commodities, including HIV and viral load testing and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. More than one-fifth of sites reported stockouts of second- or third-line ART at each survey timepoint. Conclusions While the initial wave of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in concerning disruptions to HIV service delivery at CA-IeDEA sites, most of these disruptions attenuated over time, and many sites introduced measures to help PWH avoid frequent visits to the clinic for care and medications. The impact of HIV commodity stockouts and clinic mitigation strategies on treatment outcomes needs to be assessed.
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Dayem Ullah, Abu Z. M., Lavanya Sivapalan, Hemant M. Kocher, and Claude Chelala. "COVID-19 in patients with hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases: a single-centre cross-sectional study in East London." BMJ Open 11, no. 4 (April 2021): e045077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045077.
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ObjectiveTo explore risk factors associated with COVID-19 susceptibility and survival in patients with pre-existing hepato–pancreato–biliary (HPB) conditions.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingEast London Pancreatic Cancer Epidemiology (EL-PaC-Epidem) Study at Barts Health National Health Service Trust, UK. Linked electronic health records were interrogated on a cohort of participants (age ≥18 years), reported with HPB conditions between 1 April 2008 and 6 March 2020.ParticipantsEL-PaC-Epidem Study participants, alive on 12 February 2020, and living in East London within the previous 6 months (n=15 440). The cohort represents a multi-ethnic population with 51.7% belonging to the non-White background.Main outcome measureCOVID-19 incidence and mortality.ResultsSome 226 (1.5%) participants had confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis between 12 February and 12 June 2020, with increased odds for men (OR 1.56; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.04) and Black ethnicity (2.04; 1.39 to 2.95) as well as patients with moderate to severe liver disease (2.2; 1.35 to 3.59). Each additional comorbidity increased the odds of infection by 62%. Substance misusers were at more risk of infection, so were patients on vitamin D treatment. The higher ORs in patients with chronic pancreatic or mild liver conditions, age >70, and a history of smoking or obesity were due to coexisting comorbidities. Increased odds of death were observed for men (3.54; 1.68 to 7.85) and Black ethnicity (3.77; 1.38 to 10.7). Patients having respiratory complications from COVID-19 without a history of chronic respiratory disease also had higher odds of death (5.77; 1.75 to 19).ConclusionsIn this large population-based study of patients with HPB conditions, men, Black ethnicity, pre-existing moderate to severe liver conditions, six common medical multimorbidities, substance misuse and a history of vitamin D treatment independently posed higher odds of acquiring COVID-19 compared with their respective counterparts. The odds of death were significantly high for men and Black people.
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Dey, RC, KM Nasiruddin, MS Haque, and MAZ Al Munsur. "Production of Oyster Mushroom on Different Substrates Using Cylindrical Block System." Progressive Agriculture 19, no. 1 (November 12, 2013): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i1.16983.
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The experiments were conducted at the Mushroom and Tissue Culture Laboratory, Horticulture Demonstration and Training Center (HDTC), DAE, Keyotkhali, Mymensingh during the period from February to May 2006. Oyster mushroom was cultivated on different substrates viz. paddy straw, sugarcane bagasse and mustard straw using cylindrical block system to find out suitable substrate. Different substrates significantly affected the number of primordia and fruiting bodies, and the amount of fresh weight or yield of Oyster mushroom in cylindrical block system. The highest number of primordia and fruiting bodies, and the amount of fresh weight was obtained with sugarcane bagasse in all flushes whereas, the lowest with mustard straw.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i1.16983 Progress. Agric. 19(1): 7 - 12, 2008
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ملكاوي, أسماء حسين. "عروض مختصرة." الفكر الإسلامي المعاصر (إسلامية المعرفة سابقا) 14, no. 56 (April 1, 2009): 215–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/citj.v14i56.2657.
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حوار الحضارات: المعنى، الأفكار، التقنيات، أليغ كولوبوف، ترجمة، تحقيق: سهيل فرح، دار علاء الدين، 2008م، 425 صفحة.
الثقافة والحضارة: مقاربة بين الفكرين الغربي والإسلامي، فؤاد السعيد، دمشق: دار الفكر، 2008م، 216 صفحة.
الدولة الوطنية المعاصرة: أزمة الاندماج والتفكيك، مجموعة من الكُتَّاب والباحثين، بيروت: مركز دراسات الوحدة العربية، 2008م، 166 صفحة.
انهيار العولمة! رضا عبد السلام، الناشر: الدكتور رضا عبد السلام – السعودية: 2007م، 200 صفحة.
تدويل الإعلام العربي: الوعاء ووعي الهوية، جمال الزرن، دمشق: صفحات للدراسات والنشر، 2007م، 256 صفحة.
العولمة: الهوية والمسار؛ رؤية عربية، شوقى جلال، القاهرة: الدار المصرية اللبنانية، 2007م، 248 صفحة.
الحوار القومي- الإسلامي، مجموعة من المؤلفين والباحثين بالتعاون مع المعهد السويدي بالإسكندرية، بيروت: مركز دراسات الوحدة العربية، 2008م، 736 صفحة.
فلسفة التاريخ والنهاية الحتمية للحضارة والدولة، عبد الجبار ناجي، النجف: دار العارف للمطبوعات، 2008م، 176 صفحة.
العلاقات الدولية – البعد الديني والحضاري، منى أبو الفضل وآخرون، دمشق: دار الفكر، 2008م، 168 صفحة.
The Rise and Fall of Civilizations: Why Civilizations Rise and Fall and What Happens When They End, Nicholas Hagger, O Books (April 25, 2008), 672 pages.
The Other Within: The Marranos: Split Identity and Emerging Modernity, Yirmiyahu Yovel, Princeton University Press (January 20, 2009), 488 pages.
Cyber Spaces/Social Spaces: Culture Clash in Computerized Classrooms, Ivor F. Goodson, Colin Lankshear, J. Marshall Mangan, Michele Knobel, Palgrave Macmillan, October 2008, 184 Pages.
Englishness: Twentieth Century Popular Culture and the Forming of English Identity, Simon Featherstone, Edinburgh University Press (February 1, 2009), 224 pages.
The Myth of American Diplomacy: National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy, Walter L. Hixson, Yale University Press (March 3, 2008), 392 pages.
Clash of Identities: Explorations in Israeli and Palestinian Societies, Baruch Kimmerling, Columbia University Press (March 13, 2008), 464 pages.
Muslims in Britain: Race, Place and Identities, Peter Hopkins, Edinburgh University Press (November 15, 2008), 224 pages.
Clash or Cooperation of Civilizations?: Overlapping Integration and Identities, Wolfgang Zank, Ashgate Publishing (December 15, 2008), 200 pages
Israel and the Clash of Civilisations: Iraq, Iran and the Plan to Remake the Middle East, Jonathan Cook, Pluto Press (February 25, 2008), 224 pages.
God's Continent: Christianity, Islam, and Europe's Religious Crisis, Philip Jenkins, Oxford University Press, USA (May 11, 2007)
War & the Politics of Identity in Ethiopia: The Making of Enemies & Allies in the Horn of Africa, Kjetil Tronvoll, James Currey (March 19, 2009)
Gouguenheim, Sylvain, Aristote au Mont Saint Michel, Les racines grecques de l'Europe chrétienne, Paris: Seuil, 2008, p.265.
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Umviligihozo, Gisele, Lucy Mupfumi, Nelson Sonela, Delon Naicker, Ekwaro A. Obuku, Catherine Koofhethile, Tuelo Mogashoa, et al. "Sub-Saharan Africa preparedness and response to the COVID-19 pandemic: A perspective of early career African scientists." Wellcome Open Research 5 (July 8, 2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16070.1.
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Emerging highly transmissible viral infections such as SARS-CoV-2 pose a significant global threat to human health and the economy. Since its first appearance in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province, China, SARS-CoV-2 infection has quickly spread across the globe, with the first case reported on the African continent, in Egypt on February 14th, 2020. Although the global number of COVID-19 infections has increased exponentially since the beginning of the pandemic, the number of new infections and deaths recorded in African countries have been relatively modest, suggesting slower transmission dynamics of the virus on the continent, a lower case fatality rate, or simply a lack of testing or reliable data. Notably, there is no significant increase in unexplained pneumonias or deaths on the continent which could possibly indicate the effectiveness of interventions introduced by several African governments. However, there has not yet been a comprehensive assessment of sub-Saharan Africa’s (SSA) preparedness and response to the COVID-19 pandemic that may have contributed to prevent an uncontrolled outbreak so far. As a group of early career scientists and the next generation of African scientific leaders with experience of working in medical and diverse health research fields in both SSA and resource-rich countries, we present a unique perspective on the current public health interventions to fight COVID-19 in Africa. Our perspective is based on extensive review of the available scientific publications, official technical reports and announcements released by governmental and non-governmental health organizations as well as from our personal experiences as workers on the COVID-19 battlefield in SSA. We documented public health interventions implemented in seven SSA countries including Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Cameroon, Zambia, South Africa and Botswana, the existing gaps and the important components of disease control that may strengthen SSA response to future outbreaks.
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Umviligihozo, Gisele, Lucy Mupfumi, Nelson Sonela, Delon Naicker, Ekwaro A. Obuku, Catherine Koofhethile, Tuelo Mogashoa, et al. "Sub-Saharan Africa preparedness and response to the COVID-19 pandemic: A perspective of early career African scientists." Wellcome Open Research 5 (September 16, 2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16070.2.
Full textAbstract:
Emerging highly transmissible viral infections such as SARS-CoV-2 pose a significant global threat to human health and the economy. Since its first appearance in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province, China, SARS-CoV-2 infection has quickly spread across the globe, with the first case reported on the African continent, in Egypt on February 14th, 2020. Although the global number of COVID-19 infections has increased exponentially since the beginning of the pandemic, the number of new infections and deaths recorded in African countries have been relatively modest, suggesting slower transmission dynamics of the virus on the continent, a lower case fatality rate, or simply a lack of testing or reliable data. Notably, there is no significant increase in unexplained pneumonias or deaths on the continent which could possibly indicate the effectiveness of interventions introduced by several African governments. However, there has not yet been a comprehensive assessment of sub-Saharan Africa’s (SSA) preparedness and response to the COVID-19 pandemic that may have contributed to prevent an uncontrolled outbreak so far. As a group of early career scientists and the next generation of African scientific leaders with experience of working in medical and diverse health research fields in both SSA and resource-rich countries, we present a unique perspective on the current public health interventions to fight COVID-19 in Africa. Our perspective is based on extensive review of the available scientific publications, official technical reports and announcements released by governmental and non-governmental health organizations as well as from our personal experiences as workers on the COVID-19 battlefield in SSA. We documented public health interventions implemented in seven SSA countries including Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Cameroon, Zambia, South Africa and Botswana, the existing gaps and the important components of disease control that may strengthen SSA response to future outbreaks.
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Umviligihozo, Gisele, Lucy Mupfumi, Nelson Sonela, Delon Naicker, Ekwaro A. Obuku, Catherine Koofhethile, Tuelo Mogashoa, et al. "Sub-Saharan Africa preparedness and response to the COVID-19 pandemic: A perspective of early career African scientists." Wellcome Open Research 5 (December 10, 2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16070.3.
Full textAbstract:
Emerging highly transmissible viral infections such as SARS-CoV-2 pose a significant global threat to human health and the economy. Since its first appearance in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province, China, SARS-CoV-2 infection has quickly spread across the globe, with the first case reported on the African continent, in Egypt on February 14th, 2020. Although the global number of COVID-19 infections has increased exponentially since the beginning of the pandemic, the number of new infections and deaths recorded in African countries have been relatively modest, suggesting slower transmission dynamics of the virus on the continent, a lower case fatality rate, or simply a lack of testing or reliable data. Notably, there is no significant increase in unexplained pneumonias or deaths on the continent which could possibly indicate the effectiveness of interventions introduced by several African governments. However, there has not yet been a comprehensive assessment of sub-Saharan Africa’s (SSA) preparedness and response to the COVID-19 pandemic that may have contributed to prevent an uncontrolled outbreak so far. As a group of early career scientists and the next generation of African scientific leaders with experience of working in medical and diverse health research fields in both SSA and resource-rich countries, we present a unique perspective on the current public health interventions to fight COVID-19 in Africa. Our perspective is based on extensive review of the available scientific publications, official technical reports and announcements released by governmental and non-governmental health organizations as well as from our personal experiences as workers on the COVID-19 battlefield in SSA. We documented public health interventions implemented in seven SSA countries including Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Cameroon, Zambia, South Africa and Botswana, the existing gaps and the important components of disease control that may strengthen SSA response to future outbreaks.
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Kobayashi, Reiji, and Daniel Curewitz. "Understanding Great Earthquakes in Japan's Kanto Region: Third International Workshop on the Kanto Asperity Project; Chiba, Japan, 16-19 February 2008." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 89, no. 43 (October 21, 2008): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo430006.
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Dutta, Indranil, and Dilip Kumar Dutta. "Management of Luteal Phase Defect in Adolescent Girls." Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 4, no. 1 (2012): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1162.
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ABSTRACT Objective To find out the effect of dydrogesterone drug on menstral cycle of adolescent girl. Study design A total of 50 adolescent girl (16-19 years) who were suffering from irregular menstruation were recruited for this study from April 2008 to February 2009, at JNM Hospital, Kalyani, West Bengal, India. Results Menstrul cycle was found to be regular within 6 months of treatment along with the reduction of endometrial thickness. Conclusion Dydrogesterone was found to be safest drug to regularize menstrual cycle of adolescent girl suffering from menstrual irregularity due to luteal phase defect. How to cite this article Dutta DK, Dutta I. Management of Luteal Phase Defect in Adolescent Girls. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2012;4(1):10-11.
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Lee, In-Yong, Ju Yeong Kim, Jung-Min Park, Ji Ho Seo, Bo-Young Jeon, Tai-Soon Yong, and Min Seo. "Morphological studies of fly puparia (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the soil from a Joseon Dynasty grave in Korea." Parasites, Hosts and Diseases 61, no. 4 (November 28, 2023): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/phd.23047.
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Archaeoentomological investigations were conducted on soil contents from a grave belonging to the Joseon Dynasty as part of the Urban Environment Maintenance Project (UEMP) in Cheongjin 12–16 dong (districts), Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea, from December 01, 2008 to February 19, 2011. A total of 28 insect puparia with hard shells of the common green bottle fly Lucilia sericata were identified in the soil. Evidence suggested that the corpse was placed outside for some days instead of being buried immediately after death. This is the first report of fly puparia in soil samples from a tomb of the Joseon Dynasty during 16–17 AD in Korea. Our findings may help determine the timeframe of burial and offer archaeological insights into the funerary customs of the period.
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Kauristie, K., M. V. Uspensky, N. G. Kleimenova, O. V. Kozyreva, M. M. J. L. Van De Kamp, S. V. Dubyagin, and S. Massetti. "Equivalent currents associated with morning-sector geomagnetic Pc5 pulsations during auroral substorms." Annales Geophysicae 34, no. 4 (April 7, 2016): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-379-2016.
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Abstract. Space and time variations of equivalent currents during morning-sector Pc5 pulsations (T ∼ 2–8 min) on 2 days (18 January and 19 February 2008) are studied in the context of substorm activity with THEMIS and MIRACLE ground-based instruments and THEMIS P3, P5, and P2 probes. These instruments covered the 22:00–07:00 magnetic local time during the analyzed events. In these cases abrupt changes in the Pc5 amplitudes, intensifications and/or weakenings, were recorded some minutes after auroral breakups in the midnight sector. We analyze three examples of Pc5 changes with the goal to resolve whether substorm activity can have an effect on Pc5 amplitude or not. In two cases (on 19 February) the most likely explanation for Pc5 amplitude changes comes from the solar wind (changes in the sign of interplanetary magnetic field Bz). In the third case (on 18 January) equivalent current patterns in the morning sector show an antisunward-propagating vortex which replaced the Pc5-related smaller vortices and consequently the pulsations weakened. We associate the large vortex with a field-aligned current system due to a sudden, although small, drop in solar wind pressure (from 1 to 0.2 nPa). However, the potential impact of midnight substorm activity cannot be totally excluded in this case, because enhanced fluxes of electrons with high enough energies (∼ 280 keV) to reach the region of Pc5 within the observed delay were observed by THEMIS P2 at longitudes between the midnight and morning-sector instrumentation.
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WALKEY, ALLAN J., MICHAEL IEONG, MIR ALIKHAN, and HARRISON W. FARBER. "Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing with Right-heart Catheterization in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis." Journal of Rheumatology 37, no. 9 (June 15, 2010): 1871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.091424.
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Objective.To examine the role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing with right-heart catheterization (CPET/RHC) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) with potentially multifactorial exertional limitation.Methods.This was a single-center retrospective cohort study of patients with SSc referred for CPET/RHC.Results.A total of 19 patients with SSc [subtypes: 10 limited, 5 diffuse, 1 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)/SSc overlap, and 3 with no subtype specified in the medical record] underwent CPET/RHC testing from February 2003 to February 2008. Of these patients, the primary limitations to exercise were found to be ventilatory (n = 6), deconditioning/cardiovascular (n = 6), pulmonary vascular (PVL; n = 3), and exercise-induced left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (exercise-LVDD; n = 4). No prior physical examination, pulmonary function test, imaging, or echocardiographic data reliably predicted the etiology of exercise limitation determined by CPET/RHC. Vital capacity and ventilatory equivalent for CO2 did not differ during CPET testing between PVL and exercise–LVDD, limiting the utility of CPET alone for discriminating these etiologies of dyspnea. Exercise alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient was elevated in subjects shown to have PVL [median 48 mm Hg (interquartile range 45.3, 62.0)] compared to those with exercise-LVDD [26.0 (IQR 10.6, 36.0)] and deconditioning [13.9 (IQR 4.0, 16.4); p = 0.02]. Major therapeutic changes occurred in 11/19 (58%) subjects after CPET/RHC testing.Conclusion.CPET/RHC testing in subjects with SSc and potentially multifactorial dyspnea adds potentially useful diagnostic information unavailable from noninvasive testing.
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Oh, Hyun-Mi, Kyung-Eak Kim, Kyung-Ja Ha, Larry Mahrt, and Jae-Seol Shim. "Quality Control and Tilt Correction Effects on the Turbulent Fluxes Observed at an Ocean Platform." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 50, no. 3 (March 1, 2011): 700–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jamc2367.1.
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Abstract This study investigates atmospheric factors influencing the quality and the postprocessing (e.g., tilt correction) of fast-response measurements of turbulent fluxes for difficult open-sea measurements over an offshore platform. The data were collected at the Ieodo Ocean Research Station over the Yellow Sea during the period from 5 November 2007 to 19 February 2008. The quality control removal of the data generally depends on wind speed, relative humidity, significant wave height, visibility, and stability. The removal of substantial water vapor data with weak-wind stable conditions is investigated. Three different tilt correction algorithms (double rotation, triple rotation, and planar fit) are applied to correct the data because of inadvertent tilt of sonic anemometers. The choice of tilt correction method significantly influences the angle between the wind and stress direction.
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Pasachoff, Jay M. "Solar Eclipses Observed from Antarctica." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S288 (August 2012): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921312017097.
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AbstractAspects of the solar corona are still best observed during totality of solar eclipses, and other high-resolution observations of coronal active regions can be observed with radio telescopes by differentiation of occultation observations, as we did with the Jansky Very Large Array for the annular solar eclipse of 2012 May 20 in the US. Totality crossing Antarctica included the eclipse of 2003 November 23, and will next occur on 2021 December 4; annularity crossing Antarctica included the eclipse of 2008 February 7, and will next occur on 2014 April 29. Partial phases as high as 87% coverage were visible and were imaged in Antarctica on 2011 November 25, and in addition to partial phases of the total and annular eclipses listed above, partial phases were visible in Antarctica on 2001 July 2011, 2002 December 4, 2004 April 19, 2006 September 22, 2007 September 11, and 2009 January 26, and will be visible on 2015 September 13, 2016 September 1, 2017 February 26, 2018 February 15, and 2020 December 14. On behalf of the Working Group on Solar Eclipses of the IAU, the poster showed the solar eclipses visible from Antarctica and this article shows a subset (see www.eclipses.info for the full set). A variety of investigations of the Sun and of the response of the terrestrial atmosphere and ionosphere to the abrupt solar cutoff can be carried out at the future eclipses, making the Antarctic observations scientifically useful.
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Kousi, Timokleia, Lefkothea-Christina Mitsi, and Jean Simos. "The Early Stage of COVID-19 Outbreak in Greece: A Review of the National Response and the Socioeconomic Impact." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010322.
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Greece is a European-Union country, of around 10 million people, located in the southeast part of Europe. The economy is recovering from a long period of deep recession, due to the economic crisis that started in 2008. The economic problems greatly influenced the structure and resources of the healthcare system of the country. In addition to the economic challenges, the country has been facing a refugee crisis, characterized by many overcrowded hotspots and tensions with neighboring Turkey. The COVID-19 outbreak arrived in Greece on 26 February 2020, at the time that Athens had declared a state of emergency at the Greek/Turkish border. From this point in time the government enforced a series of measurements, aiming to contain the epidemic and avoid the collapse of the healthcare system. The vast majority of the general population complied to the measures and consequently Greece’s death toll was low. The impacts of the outbreak are expected to be, as everywhere worldwide, multifaceted and to affect many parts of the economic, social and political life of the country.
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Cigna, F., D. Tapete, and N. Casagli. "Semi-automated extraction of Deviation Indexes (DI) from satellite Persistent Scatterers time series: tests on sedimentary volcanism and tectonically-induced motions." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 19, no. 6 (November 26, 2012): 643–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-19-643-2012.
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Abstract. We develop a methodology based on satellite Persistent Scatterers (PS) time series and aimed to calculate two indexes which are capable to depict the deviation from a deformation model defined a priori. Through a simple mathematical approach, these indexes reproduce the visual process of identification of trend deviations that is usually performed manually by the radar-interpreter, and guide the prioritization of further interpretation for those areas recording significant variations within their motion history. First tests on semi-automated extraction of the Deviation Indexes (DI) from RADARSAT-1 PS data available over Southern Italy allowed the quantification of tectonically-induced land motions which occurred in February 2005 within the town of Naro, and also the clear recognition of the precursors to mud volcano eruptions which occurred in August 2008 in the village of St. Barbara. For these areas, the information level brought by the DI increases and adds onto that of other PS parameters, such as yearly velocity, standard deviation and coherence. Factors exerting influence on the DI are critically tackled within the discussions, together with the analysis of the potentials of these indexes for monitoring and warning activities of geohazards.
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Li, Dayong, Baoping Ren, Jie Hu, Yongsheng Shen, Xinming He, Ali Krzton, and Ming Li. "Impact of Snow Storms on Habitat and Death of Yunnan Snub-Nosed Monkeys in the Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China." ISRN Zoology 2012 (October 24, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/813584.
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Natural disasters such as snow storms have far-reaching effects on variations in the habitat structure and ecological aspects of non-human primates. Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) inhabit high-altitude forest and endure harsh winters. The effect of heavy snow-storms (January 19 to February 6, 2008) on two large groups of R. bieti (Gehuaqing group and Xiangguqing group) inhabiting Samage Forest in the Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve were assessed. Data on habitat damage were collected between March and May 2008 via field line sampling. The snow storms destroyed 237 big trees in the Samage Forest. The destroyed trees were mostly located along the mountain ridge and valley including Abies georgei, Tsuga dumosa, Pinus yunnanensis and Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon. These trees were important for R. bieti as they provide a dietary source of lichen that is a critical winter fallback food for this primate species, and consequently food availability for R. bieti was reduced. Our results also showed that two juveniles in the Gehuaqing group and three juveniles in the Xiangguqing group were found deceased following the storms. The fact indicates that R. bieti is well adapted to high altitude and strongly seasonal habitat might explain its resilience to heavy snow storms.
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Tilmes, S., R. Müller, R. J. Salawitch, U. Schmidt, C. R. Webster, H. Oelhaf, C. C. Camy-Peyret, and J. M. Russell. "Chemical ozone loss in the Arctic winter 1991–1992." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 7 (March 31, 2008): 1897–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1897-2008.
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Abstract. Chemical ozone loss in winter 1991–1992 is recalculated based on observations of the HALOE satellite instrument, Version 19, ER-2 aircraft measurements and balloon data. HALOE satellite observations are shown to be reliable in the lower stratosphere below 400 K, at altitudes where the measurements are most likely disturbed by the enhanced sulfate aerosol loading, as a result of the Mt.~Pinatubo eruption in June 1991. Significant chemical ozone loss (13–17 DU) is observed below 380 K from Kiruna balloon observations and HALOE satellite data between December 1991 and March 1992. For the two winters after the Mt. Pinatubo eruption, HALOE satellite observations show a stronger extent of chemical ozone loss towards lower altitudes compared to other Arctic winters between 1991 and 2003. In spite of already occurring deactivation of chlorine in March 1992, MIPAS-B and LPMA balloon observations indicate that chlorine was still activated at lower altitudes, consistent with observed chemical ozone loss occurring between February and March and April. Large chemical ozone loss of more than 70 DU in the Arctic winter 1991–1992 as calculated in earlier studies is corroborated here.
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Mugirase, Gloriose, and Speciose N. Ndimurugero. "A 2021 Online Workshop for the Review of Two Modules on Methodology for Using English as a Medium of Instruction in Rwanda: Opportunities and Challenges." European Journal of Teaching and Education 3, no. 4 (December 20, 2021): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ejte.v3i4.554.
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Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan in China and its rapid spread around the globe, people’s life and work styles have changed. Governments have installed and implemented lockdowns, social distancing, and stay home preventive measures that have forced most people to work from their homes. Research units and higher learning institutions were not spared as well. International conferences that were to take place in 2020 were turned into virtual presentations and until recently nothing has changed. To handle the crisis, the University of Rwanda also thought of transforming its work ethos. In this regard a two-phase online workshop was held in January and February 2021 to review two modules produced during a face-to face workshop in October 2021. These were modules on methodologies to help pre-primary, primary and lower secondary school teachers to effectively deliver their subject content through English, the medium of instruction, and promote learners’ proficiency in this language. As this online review was the first virtual workshop experience of the kind for most participants, the researchers decided to investigate the opportunities it offered them and the challenges faced. Theories on online work and of quantitative and qualitative research paradigms were used. The research tools were a questionnaire and observations. Graphs were utilised and emerging themes grouped into typologies for data presentation and analysis. The research findings revealed a number of opportunities and challenges. The findings also showed the respondents’ potential solutions to these challenges. The proposed resolutions were supplemented by the researchers’ recommendations.
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Peralta-Milan, Shielameh, and Severino Salmo III. "Evaluating Patterns of Fish Assemblage Changes from Different-aged Reforested Mangroves in Lingayen Gulf." Journal of Environmental Science and Management 16, no. 1 (June 30, 2013): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2013_1/02.
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Philippines, composed of: seven-year (Tondol, Anda), nine-year (Pangapisan, Alaminos), 11-yr (Imbo, Anda), 12-yr (pilar, Bolinao, and 19-yr stands (Bangrin, Bani) were investigated. A modified local triangular trap net was deployed ~1 m from the edge of the plantation of each site at low tide for three days (before, during, and after spring tide) in December 2008 and February 2009. Fish samples were collected the following day, measured, then weighed in the laboratory. Fish species were categorized based on trophic level and habitat preferences. A total of 593 individuals belonging to 50 species from 22 families were recorded. There were no apparent trends in terms of fish abundance, fish biomass, and trophic categories with age of mangrove stands. In terms of habitat preference, mangrove-associated species dominated the mature plantation (> 12 yr) while reef-associated species were mostly found in younger stands (<12 yr). The fish assemblages have 43% similarity between seven-year and nine-year plantation and 35% similarity between 11-year and 12-year plantation. In contrast, the 19-yr old plantation was clearly separated from the younger plantations, indicating a possible shift of fish assemblage with age of mangrove stands.
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Guliyev, Eldar, Bayali Atashov, and Aygun Guliyeva. "Governmental approaches to food security management: A bibliometric analysis." Environmental Economics 15, no. 2 (July 19, 2024): 22–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.15(2).2024.03.
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The government’s duty is to guarantee unimpeded access to food. Thus, relevant public policies, individual methods and tools, approaches, and strategic decisions are always the focus of attention of scientists, politicians, and government officials. Recognizing the critical importance of this imperative, this study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis that sheds light on the scientific landscape of strategic public administration of food security. The paper conducts a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications (using VosViewer – from 1990 to February 2024 using Scopus and WoS scientometric databases); monographs/textbooks (using Google Books and Ngram Viewer – for 1990–2019); and trend analysis (using Google Trends – from 2004 to February 2024). The analysis showed an exponential increase in the number of publications since 2000, with peaks in 2008 (financial crisis), 2019–2020 (COVID-19), and 2023 (threat to food security due to military conflicts). The clustering of scientific papers by content showed that the most significant (red) cluster unites research that links food security to agricultural development, sustainable development, climate change, and water supply. The spatial clustering of scientific publications revealed that scientific leadership belongs to scientists from the United States and China. The largest research funders are Chinese scientific institutions. It also reflected regional differences in research focus. In particular, Italy, Switzerland, and France emphasize agricultural innovation and quality standards, while China and Australia focus on increasing yields and food storage technologies.
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Aziz, Mukhriz Izraf Azman, Norzalina Ahmad, Jin Zichu, and Safwan Mohd Nor. "The Impact of COVID-19 on the Connectedness of Stock Index in ASEAN+3 Economies." Mathematics 10, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10091417.
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This paper explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the connectedness of stock indexes in the group of developed and emerging economies known as the ASEAN+3. We derived our empirical findings from the Diebold and Yilmaz (DY12) and Baruník and Křehlík (BK18) spillover methods, using daily data from 10 May 2005 to 24 February 2021. We show that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a bigger impact on the return and volatilities of ASEAN+3 stock markets than previous economic turmoil, such as the 2008 global financial crisis and the 2009–2012 European debt crisis. Using a frequency domain methodology, we find evidence that return spillovers mostly occur in the short-term, while volatility connectedness is more pronounced in the long-term. The Singapore stock market primarily acts the as top transmitter in returns and volatilities, whereas Vietnam has become the top receiver of shocks in returns. We also demonstrate that it is possible to replicate the frequency-domain connectedness measures of BK18 with a DY12 methodology. Using a series decomposed with a wavelet-based approach, we find that the total spillover indices for short-, medium-, and long-term frequencies computed with the DY12 approach are comparable to the within connectedness indices of BK18. Our results have important policy implications for investors, regulators, and policy makers.
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Varenov, Andrey V. "In Memoriam Gai Shanlin (1935–2020) – A Prominent Chinese Rock Art Researcher." Oriental Studies 19, no. 10 (2020): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-10-162-166.
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Gai Shanlin (盖山林), of Manchu origin, was a native of Xingtang County, Hebei Province in China. He was born on 10 September 1935, and received higher education in Lanzhou city in 1960. Since 1962, Gai Shanlin was employed at the Inner Mongolian Archaeology of Cultural Heritage Research Institute. He was a prominent rock art researcher, considered to be No. 1 in China. Gai Shanlin was the first who discovered, described and published materials of the rock art sites of Inner Mongolia in the Yinshan mountains, the Wulanchabu grassland and the Badain Jaran Desert. During his life, he wrote about a dozen books and several hundred articles on the subject. Since 1988, Gai Shanlin was also a member of the China Association for Promoting Democracy. He was elected Vice-Chairman of the 9th CPPCC Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regional Committee in 2003 and held that post until 2008. Gai Shanlin aged 85 passed away on 9 February 2020, in Hoh-hot city.
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Sewell, Michael J. "Rodney Hill. 11 June 1921 — 2 February 2011." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 61 (January 2015): 161–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2014.0024.
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Rodney Hill was born on 11 June 1921 in Leeds, and educated at Leeds Grammar School. He went up to Cambridge University in October 1939, with a Major Scholarship at Pembroke College. He graduated BA with first-class honours in 1942 in the Mathematical Tripos. Volunteering for war work immediately, he worked in full-time government service on ballistics in the Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory, and on the plasticity of metals in the Cavendish Laboratory. In 1943 he moved to the Armament Research Department at Fort Halstead in Kent, for three years. Here he was involved in, for example, the modelling of armour penetration by projectiles. This established his expertise in the Mathematical Theory of Plasticity, in which he became a world-recognized leader via the writing of a renowned book with that title (still in print after 60 years) and 170 research articles with eventually 26 collaborators. He had more than 10 research students. In 1963 he wrote a textbook, Principles of dynamics , based on his lectures to undergraduates. Subsequent appointments were at the British Iron and Steel Research Association in Sheffield, at Bristol University, and then as Professor of Applied Mathematics at Nottingham University (1953–62), and at Cambridge University. He retired in 1979 but continued with active research for more than another 20 years. Hill was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1961, whose Royal Medal he received in 1993. He received the Honorary Degree of DSc from the Universities of Manchester (1976) and Bath (1978). He was awarded the von Karman Medal of the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1978, and the Panetti Medal of the Turin Academy in 1988. In 1982 The Rodney Hill 60th Anniversary Volume called Mechanics of solids was published, edited by H. G. Hopkins and M. J. Sewell. It contains 19 articles by 23 contributors in 693 pages. The Rodney Hill Prize in Solid Mechanics (US $25 000, at four-yearly intervals) has been established by Elsevier Ltd. It was awarded first in 2008 (Ortiz) and then in 2012 (Gao). A principal relaxation of Hill for 50 years was in extended botanical expeditions with his wife, Jeanne, in many parts of the English countryside, searching for, and identifying and recording, many species of wild flowers and fungi; and in the cultivation of a garden at home. Rodney Hill married Jeanne Wickens in 1945. She died in 2003. They had one daughter, Caroline, who survives them. Rodney died in Cambridge on 2 February 2011.
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Weintraub, Ana Cecília Andrade de Moraes, Michelle de Sousa Vasconcellos, Isabella Teixeira Bastos, Felipe Lessa da Fonseca, and Alberto Olavo Advíncula Reis. "Socio demographic characterization of users of Child and Adolescent Psychosocial Care Centers in the state of São Paulo." Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) 30, no. 3 (September 2013): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-166x2013000300008.
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The "Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Infanto-Juvenil" are dispositives of treatment for children and adolescents suffering from severe mental disorders. This article describes sociodemografic characteristics of users of those centers between September 2008 and February 2009 in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Data from active files randomly selected was collected in 19 Centers in the state of São Paulo. The characteristics analyzed were divided in four groups of variables: identity; living conditions; family structure; schooling and occupation. The results indicated a higher concentration of users between 10 to 14 years-old; prevalence of males; tendency to nuclear and reduced family arrangements (45%); care primarily given by the mother (57%) and high frequency of users attending the regular school (86%). It was possible to identify a well-defined socio demographic profile of users, with differences regarding gender, attending the regular school and/or other institutions, as well as sharing a nuclear family arrangement.
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Onder, Akin, Sadullah Girgin, Murat Kapan, Mehmet Toker, Zulfu Arikanoglu, Yilmaz Palanci, and Bilsel Bac. "Pilonidal Sinus Disease: Risk Factors for Postoperative Complications and Recurrence." International Surgery 97, no. 3 (October 1, 2012): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9738/cc86.1.
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Abstract The aim of this study is to analyze the risk factors for complications and recurrence in pilonidal sinus disease. The prospective study consisted of 144 patients with pilonidal sinus disease who were operated on at Dicle University Medical Faculty, Department of General Surgery, between February 2008 and December 2010. Patients receiving the Limberg flap totaled 106 (73.6%), while 38 (26.4%) had primary closure. Postoperative complications developed in 42 subjects (29.2%), and recurrence occurred in 19 (13.2%). The Limberg flap method was statistically considered as a risk factor for postoperative complications (P = 0.039). Regarding recurrence, family tendency (P = 0.011), sinus number (P = 0.005), cavity diameter (P = 0.002), and primary closure (P = 0.001) were found to be risk factors. Postoperative complication rate is higher in the Limberg flap method than primary closure method. The risk of recurrence is related to family tendency, sinus number, cavity diameter and anesthesia type and is also higher in primary closure.
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Tomioka, Kodai, Yoshihiro Fukoe, Yugen Lee, Masahiro Lee, Takeshi Aoki, Takashi Kato, and Masahiko Murakami. "Clinical Evaluation of Laparoscopic-Assisted Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (LAPEG)." International Surgery 100, no. 6 (June 1, 2015): 1144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.9738/intsurg-d-14-00261.1.
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Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is the standard modality for long-term enteral nutrition; however, complications are common. To avoid these complications, we introduce laparoscopic-assisted PEG (LAPEG) and describe its advantages. The aim of this study was to describe the advantages of LAPEG relative to other procedures. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 19 patients who underwent LAPEG at our institution from June 2008 to February 2013. They were thought to be difficult cases for PEG. LAPEG was successfully performed in 18 patients (average age, 78.5 years; range, 50–98 years). The average surgical duration was 32.4 ± 6.2 minutes. No major intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed. Feeding tubes were successfully placed in all patients within some days. LAPEG is a safe, effective, and simple procedure. The strongest advantage of LAPEG is the possibility of observing the intraperitoneal condition and the ability to perform PEG safely without any complications. LAPEG should be the first-choice procedure if it is difficult to accomplish conventional PEG.
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Marzęda-Młynarska, Katarzyna. "Food Security and International Security: Tracing the Links." Athenaeum Polskie Studia Politologiczne 79, no. 3 (2023): 70–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/athena.2023.79.04.
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The article aims to analyze food security from the perspective of international security studies. Russia’s aggression against Ukraine in February 2022 has generated renewed interest in food security. The undeniable links between war and famine have taken on an added dimension in this conflict due to the importance of both warring parties to the global food market. While the way food security is conceptualized points to its indirect relationship with international security, the change that took place in the study of international security after the Cold War recognized socio-economic problems as equivalent of threats to the national security. The analysis allowed the following conclusions. First, food security should be treated as a new research area of international security because it challenges the stability of the global socio-economic system. Second, as the 2008 and 2010–2011 food crises, the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s aggression against Ukraine have shown, food insecurity generates threats to international security.
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Failler, Pierre, Yuhang Zheng, Yue Liu, Negar Akbari, Helga Josupeit, Andy Forse, and Benjamin Drakeford. "Time-varying effects of crude oil price fluctuations on tuna fish prices." Sustainable Economies 2, no. 3 (April 18, 2024): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.62617/se.v2i3.103.
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This research presents an investigation of the time varying effects of crude oil on the price of three Tuna species, namely skipjack, albacore and yellow fin. The investigation analyses the impact coefficient of oil price fluctuation on tuna species over time with specific phases related to time points when crude oil prices fall, including December 2008 (due to the impact of the Financial Crisis), February 2016 (due to the impact of the US shale oil and gas revolution) and April 2020 (due to the impact of the global COVID-19). The analysis shows that the price of yellow fin and skipjack show sensitivity to these phased oil price shocks however stay consistent after recovery. This research finds that the relationship between oil price and Tuna price depend on specific phases of the oil price fluctuations and that global crude oil price shocks could have immediate and short-term impacts on fish markets especially during a period of financial crisis.
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Khalid, Zarafsheen, Afsheen Gul, Farrah Naz, and Nighat Sultana. "“Psychological Resilience, Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress among Doctors in Covid-19 pandemic”." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 8 (August 26, 2021): 2113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211582113.
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Pakistan is among the countries affected during the period of Covid-19 pandemic. A high prevalence of psychological distress was observed among the general population as well as doctors in this outbreak. Aims & Objectives: This research was conducted to study the relationship of psychological resilience, burnout and secondary traumatic stress among doctors in COVID-19 pandemic. It also identified the mediating effect of burnout between the relationship of psychological resilience and secondary traumatic stress. Patients and Method: It is a descriptive study with purposive sampling strategy and correlational research design. The sample comprised of 100 doctors from two hospitals of Lahore between September 2020 to February 2021. Participants age range was between 25-40 years. Data was collected by using the following tools, The Brief Resilience Scale (Smith et al., 2008), Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (Bride et al., 2004), and Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (Halbesleben & Demerouti, 2005). Results: Results have signified a negative relationship of psychological resilience with secondary traumatic stress and burnout. Burnout has a significant positive relationship with secondary traumatic stress. Moreover, both subscales of burnout (i.e. disengagement and exhaustion) emerged as mediators in the relationship between one subscale of secondary traumatic stress (i.e. intrusion) and psychological resilience. Conclusion: It is concluded that psychological resilience has a significant negative relationship with burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Future researches can design emotional coping strategies and should try to promote programs that can help doctors to enhance resilience so it helps them combat their stress and burnout. Keywords: Psychological resilience, Covid-19, Secondary traumatic stress, burnout
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Bettim, Ariane Lima, and Maria Angélica Haddad. "First record of endoparasitism of Pycnogonida in Hydrozoan polyps (Cnidaria) from the Brazilian coast." Biota Neotropica 13, no. 2 (June 2013): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032013000200033.
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Despite the relatively high number of recent studies on Cnidaria off the Brazilian coast, we have observed only two records of parasitism on macromedusae and none on polyps. Endoparasitic associations between Pycnogonida larvae and hydroids have been well known since the early 20th century. Protonymph larvae develop inside the gastrovascular cavity of polyps, typically gastrozooids, which are then called gallzooids. This short communication is an unprecedented record of parasitism on the polyps of Brazilian cnidarian fauna. The parasitic association between Pycnogonida Anoplodactylus stictus and a new hydroid species of Podocoryna has been casually detected on the encrusting communities of experimental polyethylene plates installed at the Paranaguá Yacht Club, Paranaguá, south of Brazil from February 2007 to February 2008. This hydrozoan host is most likely an exotic species because it had not been observed in previous studies of Paranaguá Bay or beaches along the southern coast of Brazil in the previous 20 years. Eighty-eight hydroid colonies were analyzed, of which 19 were parasitized mainly from June to August 2007. Protonymphs were pink-red colored, similar to gallzooids and all other polyps of the colony, thus indicating that they had eaten the hosts' tissues. Up to six protonymphs were observed inside the gallzooids. The gallzooid column was elongated, and the tentacles were atrophied or even absent because of the development of the larvae. Some observations of endoparasitism in two live colonies that were maintained in aquaria until their complete disappearance (one month) are also described in this note.
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Falentino, Andre, and Yuli Nawangsasi. "THE EFFECT OF TAX ARREARS BILLING BY DISTRESS WARRANT TO REPAYMENT OF TAX ARREARS." Jurnal ASET (Akuntansi Riset) 7, no. 1 (November 23, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jaset.v6i2.8994.
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Abstract. The government has issued The act No.19 of 2000 about Billing of state tax with the Distress Warrant and Minister of Finance Regulation No.24 / PMK.03 / 2008 , those applicable since February 6, 2009. This study aims to determine the effect of Tax arrears billing by Distress Warrant to the repayment of tax arrears on the Tax Office Pratama Bandung Cicadas. The method used is descriptive method with quantitative approach. Statistical test used is using linear regression, Pearson correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination. The hypothesis test result is that there is no effect of Tax arrears billing by Distress Warrant to Repayment of tax arrears The effect of Tax arrears billing by Distress Warrant to the Repayment of tax arrears is 1.02%, and 98.98% influenced by other factors such as The tax payer are appealing, to objections or Tax Repayment Installment.Keywords: tax arrears billing; distress warrant; repayment tax arrearsAbstrak. Pemerintah menerbitkan Undang-undang No.19 tahun 2000 tentang Penagihan Pajak Negara dengan Surat Paksa dan Peraturan Menteri Keuangan No.24/PMK.03/2008 yang mulai berlaku tanggal 6 Februari 2009. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penagihan tunggakan pajak dengan surat paksa terhadap pelunasan tunggakan pajak pada Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Pratama Bandung Cicadas. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Dari uji hipotesis diperoleh hasil bahwa pengaruh penagihan tunggakan pajak dengan surat paksa terhadap terhadap pelunasan tunggakan pajak tidak terbukti. Pengaruh penagihan tunggakan pajak dengan surat paksa terhadap pelunasan tunggakan pajak sebesar 1,02%, sedangkan sisanya yaitu sebesar 98,98% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain seperti penanggung pajak sedang melakukan banding, mengajukan keberatan atau mengajukan permohonan angsuran dalam melakukan pelunasan tunggakan pajak.Kata Kunci: penagihan tunggakan pajak ; pelunasan pajak ; surat paksa.
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Fralick, Michael, Christina Fung, Monali Ray, Christopher M. Booth, Ranjeeta Mallick, Matthew Burke, and Mark Clemons. "Bevacizumab for advanced breast cancer: Hope, hype, and hundreds of headlines." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): e11597-e11597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e11597.
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e11597 Background: On February 22, 2008, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted accelerated approval for the use of bevacizumab (Avastin) in metastatic breast cancer. Based on the results of subsequent clinical trials this accelerated approval was revoked on November 18, 2011.In this study we categorize and analyze the newspaper reports related to bevacizumab use in advanced breast cancer. Methods: Using the FACTIVA media database, we reviewed all newspaper reports published in the United States and Canada from January 4,2002 to January 4, 2012 with the words “breast cancer” and “Avastin” or “bevacizumab”. Articles were classified as pre-approval (Jan 4 2002 – Feb 21 2012); approval (Feb 22 2008 – Nov 17 2011); or post-approval loss (Nov 18 2011 – Jan 4 2012). Information related to benefits, side effects, costs, interviewees, and article tone and theme were abstracted from each article by two independent reviewers. Differences between the 3 study phases were compared using the Chi square test. Results: 353 articles met our study inclusion criteria. The major article themes evolved over each study period. Reports having a positive headline tone (36%, 18%, 9%; p=0.0004) and/or positive article tone (42%, 19%, 9%; p<0.0001) declined with each study period. The proportion of articles discussing side effects (25%, 49%, 60%; p<0.0001) and financial costs (19%, 46%, 41%; p<0.0001) increased while those discussing efficacy decreased (82%, 59%, 15%; p<0.0001) with each study period. Drug representatives were most likely to be quoted in newspaper articles prior to bevacizumab’s approval (33%, 23%, 11%; p=0.015). Conclusions: Media reports are a common source of medical information for patients, practitioners, and policy-makers. Although we cannot discern cause from effect, we did observe substantial fluidity of media reports over time.