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Journal articles on the topic 'Ruthenium Metal Complexes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Sava, Gianni, Sabrina Pacor, Francesca Bregant, Valentina Ceschia, and Giovanni Mestroni. "Metal complexes of ruthenium." Anti-Cancer Drugs 1, no. 2 (December 1990): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001813-199012000-00001.

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2

Phillips, Ian G., and Peter J. Steel. "Mono- and Bi-nuclear Complexes of the Doubly Bidentate, Bridging Ligand 4,6-Di(2-pyridyl)pyrimidine." Australian Journal of Chemistry 51, no. 5 (1998): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/c97127.

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Thirteen mononuclear, homobinuclear and heterobinuclear transition metal complexes of 4,6-di(2- pyridyl)pyrimidine have been prepared. Assignments of the 1H n.m.r. spectra of the molybdenum(0) and ruthenium(II) complexes were achieved by a combination of one- and two-dimensional n.m.r. techniques, especially 1D-TOCSY. For the ruthenium complexes, electronic absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were used to probe the nature of the metal{ligand and, for the binuclear complexes, metal-metal interactions. The complexes have low HOMO−LUMO energy gaps. Meta-metal interactions are shown to be of similar magnitude to those in complexes of the better-studied ligands 2,2′-bipyrimidine and 2,3-di(2-pyridyl)pyrazine.

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3

Gałczyńska, Katarzyna, Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa, and Michał Arabski. "Antitumor Activity of Pt(II), Ru(III) and Cu(II) Complexes." Molecules 25, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 3492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153492.

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Metal complexes are currently potential therapeutic compounds. The acquisition of resistance by cancer cells or the effective elimination of cancer-affected cells necessitates a constant search for chemical compounds with specific biological activities. One alternative option is the transition metal complexes having potential as antitumor agents. Here, we present the current knowledge about the application of transition metal complexes bearing nickel(II), cobalt(II), copper(II), ruthenium(III), and ruthenium(IV). The cytotoxic properties of the above complexes causing apoptosis, autophagy, DNA damage, and cell cycle inhibition are described in this review.

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4

Houbrechts, Stephan, Carlo Boutton, Koen Clays, André Persoons, Ian R. Whittall, Raina H. Naulty, Marie P. Cifuentes, and Mark G. Humphrey. "Novel Organometallic Compounds for Nonlinear Optics." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 07, no. 01 (March 1998): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863598000090.

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Hyper-Rayleigh scattering is used to investigate the nonlinear optical properties of novel metal (ruthenium, nickel and gold) σ-arylacetylide complexes. The influence of the organometallic donor group and conjugating bridge on the quadratic hyperpolarizability is studied. For all organic ligands, the addition of the metal (donor) group is shown to increase the static hyperpolarizability by a factor of 2, 4 and 7 for gold, nickel and ruthenium complexes, respectively. Moreover, replacement of phenyl with a heterocyclic ring is demonstrated to enlarge the hyperpolarizability in the case of gold and ruthenium compounds.

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5

Voutyritsa, Errika, Ierasia Triandafillidi, Nikolaos V. Tzouras, Nikolaos F. Nikitas, Eleftherios K. Pefkianakis, Georgios C. Vougioukalakis, and Christoforos G. Kokotos. "Photocatalytic Atom Transfer Radical Addition to Olefins Utilizing Novel Photocatalysts." Molecules 24, no. 9 (April 26, 2019): 1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091644.

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Photocatalysis is a rapidly evolving area of research in modern organic synthesis. Among the traditional photocatalysts, metal-complexes based on ruthenium or iridium are the most common. Herein, we present the synthesis of two photoactive, ruthenium-based complexes bearing pyridine-quinoline or terpyridine ligands with extended aromatic conjugation. Our complexes were utilized in the atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) of haloalkanes to olefins, using bromoacetonitrile or bromotrichloromethane as the source of the alkyl group. The tailor-made ruthenium-based catalyst bearing the pyridine-quinoline bidentate ligand proved to be the best-performing photocatalyst, among a range of metal complexes and organocatalysts, efficiently catalyzing both reactions. These photocatalytic atom transfer protocols can be expanded into a broad scope of olefins. In both protocols, the photocatalytic reactions led to products in good to excellent isolated yields.

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6

Vatansever, Hafize Seda, Hilal Kabadayı, Mehmet Korkmaz, Feyzan Özdal-Kurt, Serdar Batıkan Kavukcu, and Hayati Türkmen. "Apoptotic Properties of Rutheinum Complexes on Different Type of Cancer Cell Lines." Proceedings 2, no. 25 (December 11, 2018): 1593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2251593.

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Among chemotherapeutic agents, cisplatin and the other platinum-based drugs have occupied for 35 years an enviable position. The limitations of platinum-based drugs, dose dependent side effects and development of drug resistance mechanisms, have boosted the research for finding other metal-based drugs. Among metals, ruthenium is probably the one showing the greatest promises. Ruthenium (Ru) appears to be less toxic than platinum and several biological studies have indicated that ruthenium complexes possess diverse modes of action. The redox chemistry of ruthenium is rich and compatible with biological media, and the overall toxicity of ruthenium is lower than platinum, thus allowing higher doses of treatment. In this study we aimed that, analyses of different type of ruthenium complexes in cancer cell lines. Six Ru complexes were determined by elemental analysis, FTIR, NMR, UV-visible spectroscopy, electron density on the metal was measured by cyclic voltammetry. After that, the cellular properties of this complexes were analyses on PC-3, HT-29, Du-145 and Vero cell lines. DNA damage was analyzed H2AX staining, apoptotic cell analyses were performed flow cytometry and western blotting. After 48 h incubation of Ru complexes three of them more effective for cell lines. Especially Ru3 was more effective in cancer cell lines. Apoptotic pathway was triggered after Ru complexes incubation in PC-3, Du-145 and Ht-29 cancer cell lines. Our study suggest that Ru complexes may be used for cancer cell cytotoxicity as a drugs in patients.

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7

Vadivel, T., M. Dhamodaran, S. Kulathooran, M. Kavitha, and K. Amirthaganesan. "In Vitro Evaluation of Antifungal Activities by Permeation of Ru(III) Complexes Derived from Chitosan-Schiff Base Ligand." Current Applied Polymer Science 3, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2452271603666191016130012.

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Background: The transition metal complexes are derived from a natural biopolymer which is a very potent material in various research areas of study. Objective: This study aims to show the preparation of ruthenium(III) complexes from chitosan Schiff base ligand for effective application in antifungal studies. Methods: Chemical modification was carried out through a condensation reaction of chitosan with some aromatic aldehydes, which resulted in the formation of a bidentate Schiff base ligand. The Ru(III) complexes were prepared by complexation of ruthenium metal ion with bidentate ligands. The series of Ru(III) complexes were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope with Electron dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis, Powder XRD. The biopolymer-based transition metal complexes have potential uses for their biological activities. The synthesized metal complexes were directed for antifungal study by the disc diffusion method. Results: The antifungal study results showed that the transition metal complexes have significant antifungal activities against some vital fungal pathogens such as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillim chryogenum and Trigoderma veride. Conclusion: A chitosan biopolymer offers some peculiar features such as biodegradability, biocompatibility etc., which are favorable for green synthesis of transition metal complexes through complexation with bidentate ligands. These metal complexes possess good antifungal property due to their chelation effect on micro-organisms.

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8

Enow, Charles A., Charlene Marais, and Barend C. B. Bezuidenhoudt. "Catalytic epoxidation of stilbenes with non-peripherally alkyl substituted carbonyl ruthenium phthalocyanine complexes." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 16, no. 04 (April 2012): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424612500459.

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A number of novel carbonyl(1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octaalkylphthalocyaninato)-ruthenium(II) complexes were prepared by metal insertion with Ru3(CO)12. The new compounds have been characterized by1H NMR,13C NMR, IR, UV-vis and mass spectroscopy. This study demonstrated that this type of complexes and specifically carbonyl(1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octahexylphthalo-cyaninato)ruthenium(II) and carbonyl[1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octa(2-cyclohexylethyl)phthalocyaninato]-ruthenium(II), exhibit high catalytic activity and stability in the epoxidation of stilbenes with 2,6-dichloropyridine N-oxide as oxidant.

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9

Motswainyana, William M., and Peter A. Ajibade. "Anticancer Activities of Mononuclear Ruthenium(II) Coordination Complexes." Advances in Chemistry 2015 (February 19, 2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/859730.

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Ruthenium compounds are highly regarded as potential drug candidates. The compounds offer the potential of reduced toxicity and can be tolerated in vivo. The various oxidation states, different mechanism of action, and the ligand substitution kinetics of ruthenium compounds give them advantages over platinum-based complexes, thereby making them suitable for use in biological applications. Several studies have focused attention on the interaction between active ruthenium complexes and their possible biological targets. In this paper, we review several ruthenium compounds which reportedly possess promising cytotoxic profiles: from the discovery of highly active compounds imidazolium [trans-tetrachloro(dmso)(imidazole)ruthenate(III)] (NAMI-A), indazolium [trans-tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)](KP1019), and sodium trans-[tetrachloridobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (NKP-1339) to the recent work based on both inorganic and organometallic ruthenium(II) compounds. Half-sandwich organometallic ruthenium complexes offer the opportunity of derivatization at the arene moiety, while the three remaining coordination sites on the metal centre can be functionalised with various coordination groups of various monoligands. It is clear from the review that these mononuclear ruthenium(II) compounds represent a strongly emerging field of research that will soon culminate into several ruthenium based antitumor agents.

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10

Ford, Peter C. "Photochemical reactions of metal nitrosyl complexes. Mechanisms of NO reactions with biologically relevant metal centers." International Journal of Photoenergy 3, no. 3 (2001): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1110662x01000204.

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The discoveries that nitric oxide (a.k.a. nitrogen monoxide) serves important roles in mammalian bioregulation and immunology have stimulated intense interest in the chemistry and biochemistry of NO and derivatives such as metal nitrosyl complexes. Also of interest are strategies to deliver NO to biological targets on demand. One such strategy would be to employ a precursor which displays relatively low thermal reactivity but is photochemically active to release NO. This proposition led us to investigate laser flash and continuous photolysis kinetics of nitrosyl complexes such as the Roussin's iron-sulfur-nitrosyl cluster anionsFe2S2(NO)42−andFe4S3(NO)7−and several ruthenium salen and porphyrin nitrosyls. These include studies using metal-nitrosyl photochemistry as a vehicle for delivering NO to hypoxic cell cultures in order to sensitizeγ-radiation damage. Also studied were the rates and mechanisms of NO “on” reactions with model water soluble heme compounds, the ferriheme protein met-myoglobin and various ruthenium complexes using ns laser flash photolysis techniques. An overview of these studies is presented.

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11

Burmeister, Hilke, Pascal Dietze, Lutz Preu, Julia E. Bandow, and Ingo Ott. "Evaluation of Ruthenium(II) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes as Antibacterial Agents and Inhibitors of Bacterial Thioredoxin Reductase." Molecules 26, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 4282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144282.

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A series of ruthenium(II) complexes with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands of the general type (arene)(NHC)Ru(II)X2 (where X = halide) was prepared, characterized, and evaluated as antibacterial agents in comparison to the respective metal free benzimidazolium cations. The ruthenium(II) NHC complexes generally triggered stronger bacterial growth inhibition than the metal free benzimidazolium cations. The effects were much stronger against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) than against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and all complexes were inactive against the fungus Candida albicans. Moderate inhibition of bacterial thioredoxin reductase was confirmed for selected complexes, indicating that inhibition of this enzyme might be a contributing factor to the antibacterial effects.

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12

Chatterjee, Debabrata, and Rudi van Edik. "Prospect of RuIII(edta) in Catalysis of Bicarbonate Reduction." Current Catalysis 9, no. 1 (September 10, 2020): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211544708666190902124817.

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Reduction of carbon dioxide into formic acid using transition metal complexes as catalysts is a research area of abiding importance. Although ruthenium(II) complexes as ‘molecular catalysts’ have received much attention, use of ruthenium(III) complexes in the selective reduction of carbon dioxide into formic acid has recently been explored. This review focuses on the recent research progress in the use of a ruthenium(III) complex containing the ‘edta’ ligand (edta4- = ethylenediaminetetraacetate) as catalyst or mediator in the catalytic, electro-catalytic and photocatalytic conversion of bicarbonate to formate selectively. Details of the reaction mechanism pertaining to the overall catalytic process are discussed.

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13

Schenk, Wolfdieter A., and Nikolai Kuhnerta. "Synthesis of Halfsandwich Ruthenium Complexes of Sulfinic Acid Esters [1]." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 55, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 527–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2000-0614.

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A series of halfsandwich ruthenium sulfinato complexes [CpRu(PR'3)2(SO2R)] (R = Me, CH2Ph, C2H4Ph, Ph, 4-C6H4Me; PR'3 = PMe3, 1/2 dppm) with various electronic and steric environments around the ruthenium centre, have been prepared by insertion of SO2 into a ruthenium carbon bond, by a direct ligand exchange reaction, or by oxidation of thiolato complexes with 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The chiral complexes [CpRu(CO )(PPh3)(SO2R)] (R = Me, CH2Ph, Ph) were obtained similarly by oxidation of the corresponding thiolates with magnesium monoperoxyphthalate. Alkylation of the sulfinato complexes with oxonium salts [R"3O]X (R" = Me, Et; X = BF4 , PF6) gave ruthenium complexes of sulfinic acid esters, [CpRu(L)(L′)(S(O)(OR″)R)]X in high yields and, for the chiral complexes, up to 82% de. The esters may be detached from the metal by ligand exchange with acetonitrile. Stronger nucleophiles such as I- or SMe- dealkylate the coordinated sulfinic acid esters.

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14

Jha, Anjali, Y. L. N. Murthy, G. Durga, and T. T. Sundari. "Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 3,5-Dibenzyl-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole and its Diazo Ligand, Metal Complexes Along with Anticancer Activity." E-Journal of Chemistry 7, no. 4 (2010): 1571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/569605.

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Synthesis of 3,5-dibenzyl-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole was accomplished via a conventional method as well as microwave irradiation method, followed by diazotization and coupling with 2,4-pentanedione. The dinucleating ligand was isolated and complexed with Ni(II), Cu(II) and Ru(III) chlorides. These complexes were screened on Jurkat, Raji & PBMC cell lines for anticancer activity. Ruthenium complexes showed potential anticancer activities.

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15

Fernandes, Ana Cristina. "Synthesis, Biological Activity and Medicinal Applications of Ruthenium Complexes Containing Carbohydrate Ligands." Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 35 (December 13, 2019): 6412–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867326666190124124350.

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The search for new metal-efficient drugs has attracted considerable attention of the scientific community. Among them, ruthenium complexes have emerged as an excellent alternative of platinum complexes. This review presents a thorough and timely coverage of the synthesis, biological activity and medicinal applications of ruthenium complexes bearing carbohydrate ligands, allowing a large community of readers, in particularly the community that works in organic, inorganic, bioorganometallic and medicinal chemistry, ready access to the most relevant examples.

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16

Li, Xin, Kirsten Heimann, Fangfei Li, Jeffrey M. Warner, F. Richard Keene, and J. Grant Collins. "Dinuclear ruthenium(ii) complexes containing one inert metal centre and one coordinatively-labile metal centre: syntheses and biological activities." Dalton Transactions 45, no. 9 (2016): 4017–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5dt04885k.

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17

Yanagisawa, Masaru, Ferenc Korodi, Jonas Bergquist, Anna Holmberg, Anders Hagfeldt, Björn Åkermark, and Licheng Sun. "Synthesis of phthalocyanines with two carboxylic acid groups and their utilization in solar cells based on nano-structured TiO2." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 08, no. 10 (October 2004): 1228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424604000581.

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A way of anchoring unsymmetrical phthalocyaninato-metal complexes (metal ion: zinc and ruthenium) is described. The synthesis and characterization of these complexes are presented. In case of the zinc complex, the obtained product is an aggregate, while only the monomer is obtained in the case of the ruthenium derivative. Both complexes could be attached onto the TiO 2 surface by using the reported method. Both dyes are expected to form monolayers with dye molecules standing on the surface of nano-structured TiO 2, forming higher-order aggregates with the zinc but not with the ruthenium complex. A highest monochromatic incident photo-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of 1.6% at 690 nm was obtained for a solar cell based on the Pc-Zn sensitized nano-structured TiO 2 electrode, while an IPCE of 23% at 630 nm was obtained for the Pc-Ru sensitized electrode. Overall conversion efficiencies (η) at a simulated AM 1.5 (100 W.m-2) of 0.03% and 0.40% for the zinc and ruthenium complexes were achieved, respectively. The difference in efficiencies could be due to the formation of face-to-face aggregation in the former case. This work shows that the ruthenium complex, with two axial methylpyridine ligands, does not form aggregates in solution nor on the surface of TiO 2, making it possible for further construction of supramolecular systems with such types of phthalocyanine.

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18

Naik, Surabhi, Synøve Ø. Scottwell, Hsiu L. Li, Chanel F. Leong, Deanna M. D'Alessandro, and Leslie D. Field. "Dinuclear acetylide-bridged ruthenium(ii) complexes with rigid non-aromatic spacers." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 8 (2020): 2687–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt04856a.

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A series of dinuclear acetylide-bridged ruthenium complexes with rigid linkers 1,4-bicyclooctane and 1,12-p-carborane was synthesised and the metal-to-metal communication through the bridge was explored using cyclic voltammetry.

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19

Ackermann, Lutz. "Transition-metal-catalyzed direct arylations via C–H bond cleavages." Pure and Applied Chemistry 82, no. 7 (May 2, 2010): 1403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-09-08-17.

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Palladium catalysts allowed for intermolecular direct arylations of heteroarenes with aryl chlorides, tosylates, or mesylates as electrophiles. As an economically attractive alter-native, inexpensive copper catalysts could be employed for regioselective C–H bond aryl-ations of 1,2,3-triazoles. On the contrary, intermolecular C–H bond functionalizations of arenes were accomplished with ruthenium complexes derived from air-stable (heteroatom-substituted) secondary phosphine oxide (HASPO) preligands. Particularly, the use of ruthenium(II) carboxylate complexes enabled broadly applicable direct arylations with inter alia aryl tosylates and phenols, and set the stage for unprecedented intermolecular direct alkylations with unactivated alkyl halides bearing β-hydrogens.

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20

Acosta-Ramirez, Alberto, Edward D. Cross, Robert McDonald, and Matthias Bierenstiel. "Binuclear ruthenium η6-arene complexes with tetradentate N,S-ligands containing the ortho-aminothiophenol motif." Dalton Trans. 43, no. 8 (2014): 3104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3dt53075b.

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21

Mauri, Luca, Alessia Colombo, Claudia Dragonetti, Francesco Fagnani, and Dominique Roberto. "Iridium and Ruthenium Complexes Bearing Perylene Ligands." Molecules 27, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 7928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227928.

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The present review summarizes the work carried out mostly in the last decade on iridium and ruthenium complexes bearing various perylene ligands, of particular interest for bioimaging, photodynamic therapy, and solar energy conversion. In these complexes, the absorption spectra and the electrochemical properties are those of the perylene subunit plus those of the metal moiety. In contrast, the emissions are completely changed with respect to perylenes considered alone. Thus, fully organic perylenes are characterized by a strong fluorescence in the visible region, lifetimes of a few nanoseconds, and luminescence quantum yields approaching 100%, whereas perylene Ir and Ru complexes usually do not emit; however, in few cases, weak phosphorescent emissions, with lifetimes in the range of microseconds and relatively low quantum yields, are reported. This is due to a strong interaction between the perylene core and the heavy metal center, taking place after the excitation. Nevertheless, an important advantage deriving from the presence of the heavy metal center is represented by the ability to generate large amounts of singlet oxygen, which plays a key role in photodynamic therapy.

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22

Gaiddon, Christian, Isabelle Gross, Xiangjun Meng, Marjorie Sidhoum, Georg Mellitzer, Benoit Romain, Jean-Batiste Delhorme, Aïna Venkatasamy, Alain C. Jung, and Michel Pfeffer. "Bypassing the Resistance Mechanisms of the Tumor Ecosystem by Targeting the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway Using Ruthenium- and Osmium-Based Organometallic Compounds: An Exciting Long-Term Collaboration with Dr. Michel Pfeffer." Molecules 26, no. 17 (September 4, 2021): 5386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175386.

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Metal complexes have been used to treat cancer since the discovery of cisplatin and its interaction with DNA in the 1960’s. Facing the resistance mechanisms against platinum salts and their side effects, safer therapeutic approaches have been sought through other metals, including ruthenium. In the early 2000s, Michel Pfeffer and his collaborators started to investigate the biological activity of organo-ruthenium/osmium complexes, demonstrating their ability to interfere with the activity of purified redox enzymes. Then, they discovered that these organo-ruthenium/osmium complexes could act independently of DNA damage and bypass the requirement for the tumor suppressor gene TP53 to induce the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway, which is an original cell death pathway. They showed that other types of ruthenium complexes—as well complexes with other metals (osmium, iron, platinum)—can induce this pathway as well. They also demonstrated that ruthenium complexes accumulate in the ER after entering the cell using passive and active mechanisms. These particular physico-chemical properties of the organometallic complexes designed by Dr. Pfeffer contribute to their ability to reduce tumor growth and angiogenesis. Taken together, the pioneering work of Dr. Michel Pfeffer over his career provides us with a legacy that we have yet to fully embrace.

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Dickerson, Matthew, Brock Howerton, Younsoo Bae, and Edith C. Glazer. "Light-sensitive ruthenium complex-loaded cross-linked polymeric nanoassemblies for the treatment of cancer." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 4, no. 3 (2016): 394–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tb01613d.

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Cross-linked polymeric nanoassemblies are potential carrier systems for cytotoxic ruthenium complexes, and exhibit a combination of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with the metal complexes that impact release rates, release percentages, and biological activity.

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24

D’Aléo, A., S. Welter, E. Cecchetto, and L. De Cola. "Electronic energy transfer in dinuclear metal complexes containing meta-substituted phenylene units." Pure and Applied Chemistry 77, no. 6 (January 1, 2005): 1035–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200577061035.

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The synthesis and photophysical properties of heterometallic dinuclear complexes based on ruthenium and osmium trisbipyridine units, Ru-mPh3-Os and Ru-mPh5-Os, in which the metal complexes are linked via an oligophenylene bridge centrally connected in the meta position, are described. Electronic energy transfer from the excited ruthenium-based component (donor) to the osmium moiety (acceptor) has been investigated using steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy. The results obtained for the meta-substituted compounds are compared with the analogous systems in which the phenylene spacers are substituted in the para position. The mechanism of energy transfer is discussed.

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Zhang, Si-Qi, Li-Hua Gao, Hua Zhao, and Ke-Zhi Wang. "Recent Progress in Polynuclear Ruthenium Complex-Based DNA Binders/Structural Probes and Anticancer Agents." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 22 (June 30, 2020): 3735–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867326666181203143422.

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Ruthenium complexes have stood out by several mononuclear complexes which have entered into clinical trials, such as imidazolium [trans-RuCl4(1H-imidazole)(DMSO-S)] (NAMI-A) and ([Ru(II)(4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine)2-(2(2'-,2'':5'',2'''-terthiophene)-imidazo[4,5-f] [1,10]phenanthroline)] 2+) (TLD-1433), opening a new avenue for developing promising ruthenium-based anticancer drugs alternative to Cisplatin. Polynuclear ruthenium complexes were reported to exhibit synergistic and/or complementary effects: the enhanced DNA structural recognition and DNA binding as well as in vitro anticancer activities. This review overviews some representative polynuclear ruthenium complexes acting as DNA structural probes, DNA binders and in vitro anticancer agents, which were developed during last decades. These complexes are reviewed according to two main categories of homo-polynuclear and hetero-polynuclear complexes, each of which is further clarified into the metal centers linked by rigid and flexible bridging ligands. The perspective, challenges and future efforts for investigations into these exciting complexes are pointed out or suggested.

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26

Novokmet, Slobodan, Isidora Stojic, Katarina Radonjic, Maja Savic, and Jovana Jeremic. "Toxic Effects of Metallopharmaceuticals." Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 18, no. 3 (October 26, 2017): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjecr-2016-0082.

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Abstract Discovery of the metallopharmaceutical cisplatin and its use in antitumour therapy has initiated the rational design and screening of metal-based anticancer agents as potential chemotherapeutics. In addition to the achievements of cisplatin and its therapeutic analogues, there are significant drawbacks to its use: resistance and toxicity. Over the past four decades, numerous transition metal complexes have been synthesized and investigated in vitro and in vivo. The most studied metals among these complexes are platinum and ruthenium. The key features of these investigations is to find novel metal complexes that could potentially exert less toxicity and equal or higher antitumour potency and to overcome other pharmacological deficiencies. Ru complexes have a different mode of action than cisplatin does, some of which are under clinical trials for treating metastatic or cisplatin-resistant tumours. This review consists of the current knowledge, published and unpublished, related to the toxicity of metallopharmaceuticals, and special attention is given to platinum [Pt(II) and Pt(IV)] and ruthenium [Ru(II) and Ru(III)] complexes.

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27

Li, Panpan, Zhaoyu Jin, Meilian Zhao, Yanxue Xu, Yong Guo, and Dan Xiao. "Self-enhanced electrogenerated chemiluminescence of ruthenium(ii) complexes conjugated with Schiff bases." Dalton Transactions 44, no. 5 (2015): 2208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4dt03310h.

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28

Caramori, Giovanni F., Leone C. Garcia, Diego M. Andrada, and Gernot Frenking. "Ruthenium(ii) complexes of N-heterocyclic carbenes derived from imidazolium-linked cyclophanes." Dalton Trans. 43, no. 39 (2014): 14710–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4dt01473a.

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29

Tashima, Naoto, Satomi Ohta, and Shigeki Kuwata. "Metal–ligand cooperative C–O bond cleavage of propargylic alcohol with protic pyrazole complexes of ruthenium." Faraday Discussions 220 (2019): 364–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9fd00040b.

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30

Dixon, Isabelle M., Jean-Louis Heully, Fabienne Alary, and Paul I. P. Elliott. "Theoretical illumination of highly original photoreactive3MC states and the mechanism of the photochemistry of Ru(ii) tris(bidentate) complexes." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19, no. 40 (2017): 27765–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp05532c.

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31

Karpin, George W., Joseph S. Merola, and Joseph O. Falkinham. "Transition Metal–α-Amino Acid Complexes with Antibiotic Activity against Mycobacterium spp." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, no. 7 (May 6, 2013): 3434–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00452-13.

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ABSTRACTSynthetic iridium-, rhodium-, and ruthenium-amino acid complexes with hydrophobicl-amino acids have antibiotic activity againstMycobacteriumspp., includingMycobacterium bovisBCG and the rapidly growing speciesMycobacterium abscessusandMycobacterium chelonae. Concentrations of transition metal-amino acid complexes demonstrating hemolysis or cytotoxicity were 10- to 25-fold higher than were the MICs.

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32

Metzker, Gustavo, Inara de Aguiar, Maykon Lima Souza, Daniel Rodrigues Cardoso, and Douglas Wagner Franco. "Reaction of ruthenium(II) complexes with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and hydroxyl radicals." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 92, no. 8 (August 2014): 788–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2014-0082.

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The reaction of the complexes trans-[RuII(NO+)(NH3)4L] and [RuII(NO+)HEDTA] with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and hydroxyl (OH•) radicals has been investigated at 25.0 ± 0.1 °C using spectroscopic (UV-vis and electron paramagnetic resonance) and electrochemical techniques (differential pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry). The redox potential of RuIII/RuII for the ruthenium nitrosyl complexes was determined and is in the range of +2.2 V (L = HEDTA) to +2.6 V (L = isn) versus the normal hydrogen electrode . The trans-[RuII(NO+)(NH3)4L]3+ and [RuII(NO+)HEDTA] complexes do not react with the DPPH• radical in aqueous solution at pH = 3.0. However, the corresponding aquo species, trans-[RuII(H2O)(NH3)4L]2+ and [RuII(H2O)HEDTA]+, respectively, react quantitatively, resulting in metal center oxidation. The trans-[RuII(NO+)(NH3)4L]3+ and [RuII(NO+)HEDTA] complexes react with OH• through a complicated pathway that leads to metal center oxidation followed by a series of secondary reactions. In addition to acting as NO donors, after their reduction, these ruthenium(II) nitrosyl complexes exhibit, through their generated aquo species, a radical scavenging ability, which is important for better understanding the already proven biological activity of these ruthenium nitrosyls in vivo.

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33

Varela, Jesús A., Carlos González-Rodríguez, Silvia G. Rubín, Luis Castedo, and Carlos Saá. "New cyclizations via catalytic ruthenium vinylidenes." Pure and Applied Chemistry 80, no. 5 (January 1, 2008): 1167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200880051167.

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New carbocyclizations that proceed via catalytic metal-vinylidenes are presented. Metal-vinylidene catalytic species, which are easily accessible from terminal alkynes and catalytic amounts of transition-metal complexes, can be involved either in pericyclic reactions or in tandem processes triggered by nucleophilic attack at the electrophilic position of the vinylidene. In both cases, a wide variety of valuable cyclic compounds are easily accessible. Some recent carbocyclizations will be described.

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34

Osborne, Shani A. M., and Zoe Pikramenou. "Highly luminescent gold nanoparticles: effect of ruthenium distance for nanoprobes with enhanced lifetimes." Faraday Discussions 185 (2015): 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00108k.

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The photophysical properties of gold nanoparticles, AuNPs, with sizes of 13, 50 and 100 nm in diameter, coated with surface-active ruthenium complexes have been studied to investigate the effect of the distance of the ruthenium luminescent centre from the gold surface. Luminescence lifetimes of the three ruthenium probes, RuS1, RuS6 and RuS12, with different length spacer units between the surface active groups and the ruthenium centre were taken. The metal complexes were attached to AuNP13, AuNP50 and AuNP100via thiol groups using a method of precoating the nanoparticles with a fluorinated surfactant. The luminescence lifetime of the longer spacer unit complex, RuS12, was enhanced by 70% upon attachment to the AuNP when compared to the increase of the short and medium linker unit complexes, RuS1 (20%) and RuS6 (40%) respectively. The effect of the surfactant in the lifetime increase of the ruthenium coated AuNPs was shown to be larger for the medium spacer probe, RuS6. There was no effect of the change of the size of the AuNPs from 13 to 50 or 100 nm.

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35

Soma sekhar, A., A. Jayaraju, and J. Sreeramulu. "Spectrochemical Investigation of di methoxy Aniline Dithiocarbamate metal complexes-Biological activity." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 6-s (December 15, 2019): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i6-s.3741.

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Dithiocarbomates are a class of sulfur-based metal-chelating compounds commonly used in industry, agriculture, and medicine. 2,6 di methoxy Aniline dithiocarbamate Complexes of Copper and Ruthenium have been prepared and Characterized by Spectroscopic methods like IR,NMR and also analysis of Biological activity. The investigation of these complexes confirmed that the stability of metal–ligands coordination through, S & S,N atoms as bidendate chelates..

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36

Jayakumar, Thanasekaran, Joen-Rong Sheu, Chih-Wei Hsia, Periyakali Saravana Bhavan, and Chao-Chien Chang. "Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms of Novel Synthetic Ruthenium Compounds." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (October 28, 2021): 10092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110092.

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Inflammation is the primary biological reaction to induce severe infection or injury in the immune system. Control of different inflammatory cytokines, such as nitric oxide (NO), interleukins (IL), tumor necrosis factor alpha-(TNF-α), noncytokine mediator, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), facilitates anti-inflammatory effect of different substances. Coordination metal complexes have been applied as metallo-drugs. Several metal complexes have found to possess potent biological activities, especially anticancer, cardioprotective, chondroprotective and anti-parasitosis activities. Among the metallo drugs, ruthenium-based (Ru) complexes have paid much attention in clinical applications. Despite the kinetic nature of Ru complexes is similar to platinum in terms of cell division events, their toxic effect is lower than that of cisplatin. This paper reviews the anti-inflammatory effect of novel synthetic Ru complexes with potential molecular mechanisms that are actively involved.

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37

Thoresen, Eirik Mydske, Sigurd Øien-Ødegaard, Gurpreet Kaur, Mats Tilset, Karl Petter Lillerud, and Mohamed Amedjkouh. "Strongly visible light-absorbing metal–organic frameworks functionalized by cyclometalated ruthenium(ii) complexes." RSC Advances 10, no. 15 (2020): 9052–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra06984d.

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The metal–organic framework (MOF) UiO-67 was functionalized by incorporating different cyclometalated ruthenium(ii) complexes using three different methods: premade linker synthesis, postsynthetic functionalization, and postsynthetic linker exchange.

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38

Jimenez, Jorge, Indranil Chakraborty, and Pradip Mascharak. "Synthesis and structures of ruthenium di- and tricarbonyl complexes derived from 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 71, no. 11 (October 13, 2015): 965–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229615018100.

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Carbon monoxide (CO) has recently been shown to impart beneficial effects in mammalian physiology and considerable research attention is now being directed toward metal–carbonyl complexes as a means of delivering CO to biological targets. Two ruthenium carbonyl complexes, namelytrans-dicarbonyldichlorido(4,5-diazafluoren-9-one-κ2N,N′)ruthenium(II), [RuCl2(C11H6N2O)(CO)2], (1), andfac-tricarbonyldichlorido(4,5-diazafluoren-9-one-κN)ruthenium(II), [RuCl2(C11H6N2O)(CO)3], (2), have been isolated and structurally characterized. In the case of complex (1), thetrans-directing effect of the CO ligands allows bidentate coordination of the 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one (dafo) ligand despite a larger bite distance between the N-donor atoms. In complex (2), thecisdisposition of two chloride ligands restricts the ability of the dafo molecule to bind ruthenium in a bidentate fashion. Both complexes exhibit well defined1H NMR spectra confirming the diamagnetic ground state of RuIIand display a strong absorption band around 300 nm in the UV.

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39

Bhattacharjee, Rita, and Virupaiah Gayathri. "Synthesis and Characterization of Ru(III) Complexes Containing Quinazoline Derivatives and their Biological and Catalytic Activities." Asian Journal of Chemistry 35, no. 7 (2023): 1645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2023.27941.

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Ruthenium trichloride trihydrate (RuCl3·3H2O) reacted with quinazoline derivative ligands (L) in 1:1 mole ratio in acetone to yield a series of brown/green/greenish black ruthenium(III) complexes of the type RuX3L·nH2O where X = Cl, n = 0, 1, 2 and 3 and L is 6-R-5,6-dihydrobenzoimidazo[1,2- c]quinazoline (R = ethyl: L1/n or i-propyl: L2, L3/n or i-butyl: L4, L5/phenyl: L6/furyl: L7/thiophenyl: L8/o or p-hydroxyphenyl: L9, L10/o or p-chlorophenyl: L11, L12/dimethylaminophenyl: L13). All the synthesized Ru(III) complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, conductivity measurements, infrared, electronic, ESR and mass spectral techniques, TGA, magnetic susceptibility and electrochemical studies. A square pyramidal geometry around the metal ion was proposed for all the complexes. The biological activities of the ligand and its ruthenium(III) complexes have been studied on microorganisms such as B. subtilis, E. coli and yeast by cup-plate method. The catalytic activity of the synthesized ruthenium(III) complexes towards oxidation of benzyl alcohol, cyclohexanol and hydroquinone was also carried out in acetonitrile with tert.-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH) as co-oxidant.

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40

Shi, Jing, Bowen Hu, Dawei Gong, Shu Shang, Guangfeng Hou, and Dafa Chen. "Ruthenium complexes bearing an unsymmetrical pincer ligand with a 2-hydroxypyridylmethylene fragment: active catalysts for transfer hydrogenation of ketones." Dalton Transactions 45, no. 11 (2016): 4828–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6dt00034g.

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41

MATSUZAKA, Hiroyuki, Atsushi FUKUOKA, Yukio KOYASU, Makoto UE, Masami ORISAKU, and Masanobu HIDAI. "Chemistry of cobalt-ruthenium mixed metal clusters and mixed metal complexes." NIPPON KAGAKU KAISHI, no. 5 (1988): 705–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/nikkashi.1988.705.

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42

Tan, Cai-Ping, Yan-Mei Zhong, Liang-Nian Ji, and Zong-Wan Mao. "Phosphorescent metal complexes as theranostic anticancer agents: combining imaging and therapy in a single molecule." Chemical Science 12, no. 7 (2021): 2357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc06885c.

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43

Akatsuka, Komi, Ryosuke Abe, Tsugiko Takase, and Dai Oyama. "Coordination Chemistry of Ru(II) Complexes of an Asymmetric Bipyridine Analogue: Synergistic Effects of Supporting Ligand and Coordination Geometry on Reactivities." Molecules 25, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010027.

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The reactivities of transition metal coordination compounds are often controlled by the environment around the coordination sphere. For ruthenium(II) complexes, differences in polypyridyl supporting ligands affect some types of reactivity despite identical coordination geometries. To evaluate the synergistic effects of (i) the supporting ligands, and (ii) the coordination geometry, a series of dicarbonyl–ruthenium(II) complexes that contain both asymmetric and symmetric bidentate polypyridyl ligands were synthesized. Molecular structures of the complexes were determined by X-ray crystallography to distinguish their steric configuration. Structural, computational, and electrochemical analysis revealed some differences between the isomers. Photo- and thermal reactions indicated that the reactivities of the complexes were significantly affected by both their structures and the ligands involved.

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44

Bhat, Satish S., Vidyanand K. Revankar, Ayesha Khan, Raymond J. Butcher, and Krishnachary Thatipamula. "Supramolecular architecture and photophysical and biological properties of ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes." New Journal of Chemistry 39, no. 5 (2015): 3646–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4nj02394c.

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A two-dimensional cyclic hybrid water–chloride anionic network has been structurally characterized in a metal–organic matrix. DNA interactions and the cytotoxicity of ruthenium(ii) complexes have been studied.

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45

Murahashi, Shun-Ichi, Naruyoshi Komiya, Yukiko Hayashi, and Tatsuyuki Kumano. "Copper complexes for catalytic, aerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173020311.

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Catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons can be performed efficiently upon treatment with tert-butylhydroperoxide or peracetic acid in the presence of a low-valent ruthenium catalyst. Furthermore, aerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons can be performed in the presence of acetaldehyde using ruthenium, iron, and copper catalysts. Copper derived from copper chloride/crown ether or copper chloride/crown ether/alkaline metal salts have proved to be efficient catalysts. Further study revealed that specific copper complexes formed from copper salts and acetonitrile are convenient and highly useful catalysts for the aerobic oxidation of unactivated hydrocarbons.

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46

Ashok, R. F. N., M. Gupta, K. S. Arulsamy, and U. C. Agarwala. "Cyclopentadienyl ruthenium complexes. Part III. Reactivity of some η5-cyclopentadienylbis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) complexes with nitrosyl tribromide and dinitrogen trioxide." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 963–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-160.

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Mixed ruthenium(II) nitrosyls have been synthesized in yields larger than 60% by a general reaction of [Ru(η5-C5H5)(PPh3)L]+X− (L = 2,2′-bipyridine or 1,10-phenanthroline, X = Cl or Br) or [Ru(η5-C5,H5)(PPh3)(L)X] (L = PPh3, pyridine, 3-picoline, 4-picoline, [Formula: see text], or [Formula: see text]; X− = Cl−, Br−, I−, CN−, NCS−, H−, or SnCl3−) with NOBr3 and N2O3. In these complexes NO seems to bind with the metal ion as NO+. The reactions of N2O3 gave either nitrito or nitrosyl dinitrito complexes. The reactions of NOBr3 with trichlorostannate complexes did not yield nitrosyl complexes, instead nitrito complexes were isolated in which spectroscopic evidence (ir, 1H nmr) suggest π-interaction of one of the phenyl rings of the triphenylphosphine ligand to the ruthenium center. All products are characterised by elementary microanalyses, conductivity, magnetic moment measurements, electronic, ir, and 1H nmr spectral data.

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47

Barnsley, Jonathan E., James A. Findlay, Georgina E. Shillito, William S. Pelet, Synøve Ø. Scottwell, Sam M. McIntyre, Elliot J. Tay, Keith C. Gordon, and James D. Crowley. "Long-lived MLCT states for Ru(ii) complexes of ferrocene-appended 2,2′-bipyridines." Dalton Transactions 48, no. 41 (2019): 15713–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt02025j.

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48

Kim, Junhwan, and Malcolm E. Kenney. "The synthesis and properties of iron, ruthenium, and osmium octabutoxynaphthalocyanine." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 16, no. 09 (September 2012): 1068–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424612500903.

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New series of iron, ruthenium, and osmium octabutoxynaphthalocyanines were synthesized by inserting corresponding metals into the metal-free octabutoxynaphthalocyanine. Although preparation of axial ligand-free iron octabutoxynaphthalocyanines was reported before, we could not reproduce the synthesis by following the reported method. We attributed the failure to the instability of the iron octabutoxynaphthalocyanines. Bis-ligation increased the stability of the iron complex but only sufficiently for characterization. The application of iron complexes will be limited by their instability. However, ruthenium and osmium formed stable complexes with this macrocycle ring but with significantly lower reaction yields. These new complexes were characterized by NMR, UV-vis, and mass spectrometry.

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49

Downard, AJ, PJ Steel, and J. Steenwijk. "Syntheses of Chelating Tetrazole-Containing Ligands and Studies of Their Palladium(II) and Ruthenium(II) Complexes." Australian Journal of Chemistry 48, no. 9 (1995): 1625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9951625.

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Eleven chelating tetrazole -containing ligands have been synthesized, and their complexes with palladium(II) and ruthenium(II) prepared. Proton n.m.r. spectroscopy, electronic absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry have been used to study the nature of the metal-ligand interactions in these complexes. The negatively charged tetrazolate group is shown to be a strong electron donor with very different properties to those of the protonated or alkylated tetrazole group. This leads to pH control of the properties of transition metal complexes containing such ligands.

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Aksakal, Nuray Esra, Esra Tanrıverdi Eçik, Hasan Hüseyin Kazan, Gönül Yenilmez Çiftçi, and Fatma Yuksel. "Novel ruthenium(ii) and iridium(iii) BODIPY dyes: insights into their application in photodynamic therapy in vitro." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 18, no. 8 (2019): 2012–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9pp00201d.

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