Academic literature on the topic 'Ruthenium-dmso'

The new Ru(III) complex tran-[(dmso)2H]+[RuCl4(dmso)2]− (1) (dmso = S-bonded dimethylsulfoxide) has been synthesized. New synthetic routes are reported for mer-RuX3(dms)3 complexes (dms = dimethylsulfide, X = Cl (2) and Br (3)) and for trans-RuCl2(dmso)4 (4). The complexes have been studied spectroscopically while 1, 2 and 4 have also been characterized crystallographically. Crystals of 1 are monoclinic, P2/n, a = 9.280(3), b = 16.518(4), c = 14.034(3) Å, β = 100.78(2)°, Z = 4, ρc = 1.75 g cm−3. Crystals of 2 are orthorhombic, Pca21a = 10.764(2), b = 11.375(1), c = 12.243(1) Å, Z = 4, ρc = 1.74 g cm−3.Crystals of 4 are tetragonal, I4/m, a = 9.1256(8), c = 11.184(2) Å, Z = 2, ρc = 1.73 g cm−3. The structures were determined by heavy atom methods and were refined by full-matrix least-squares procedures to R (Rw) values of 0.030 (0.036), 0.025 (0.032), and 0.051 (0.071) for 3051, 3354, and 1205 reflections with I ≥ 3σ(I), respectively. The ionic complex 1 contains the protonated dmso cation [(dmso)2H]+, with the proton asymmetrically bonded between the two O atoms (O(3)—H(1) = 1.30(6); 0(4)—H(1) = 1.12(6) Å), and the [RuCl4(dmso)2]− octahedral anion with trans-disposed S-bonded dmso ligands. The structure determined for 4 duplicates one reported recently in the literature (E. Alessio etal. Inorg. Chem. 27, 4099 (1988)), and reveals all S-bonded dmso ligands; the Ru—Cl distance, 2.432(1) Å, is significantly longer than that reported, 2.402(2) Å. The dms complexes 2 and 3 were isolated unexpectedly from reaction of Ru salts with acidic dmso solutions. Keywords: ruthenium complexes, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylsulfide, hydrogen bonding.

The interaction of two antitumor ruthenium(III) complexes,-Na[trans-RuCl4(DMSO)(Im)] and Na[trans-RuCl4(DMSO)(Ind)]- with human serum apotransferrin (apoTf) was investigated through a number of spectroscopic techniques such as UV-Vis absorption, CD and H1 NMR spectroscopy. Interestingly, the hydrolysis profiles of these complexes in a physiological buffer are markedly affected by the presence, in solution, of apoTf suggesting the occurrence of a specific interaction of their respective hydrolysis products with the protein. The formation of stable adducts with apotransferrin has been demonstrated by CD spectroscopy, and additional information obtained through H1 NMR of the hyperfine shifted signals. The bound ruthenium(III) species may be detached from these adducts by addition of excess citrate at low pH. The behavior of the investigated ruthenium(III) complexes with apoTf is compared with that of the recently described and strictly related ru-im and ru-ind antitumour complexes, and discussed in the frame of general strategies of drug targeting.

Novel ruthenium(III) complexes with histamine[RuCl4(dmso-S)(histamineH)]⋅O(1a) and[RuCl4(dmso-S)(histamineH)](1b) have been prepared and characterized by X-ray structure analysis. Their crystal structures are similar and show a protonated amino group on the side chain of the ligand which is not very common for a simple heterocyclic derivative such as histamine. Biological assays to test the cytotoxicity of the compound1bcombined with electroporation were performed to determine its potential for future medical applications in cancer treatment.

Ruthenium(II) complexes of the thiacyclophane ligands 2,5,8-trithia[9]-o-cyclophane (TT[9]OC) and 5-oxa-2,8-dithia[9]-o-cyclophane (ODT[9]OC) were synthesized by ligand displacement reactions employing RuCl2(DMSO)4, RuCl2(PPh3)3, and RuHCl(PPh3)3 as starting materials. X-ray crystal structures of two of these complexes, RuCl2(DMSO)(TT[9]OC) and RuCl2(PPh3)(ODT[9]OC), demonstrate how TT[9]OC and ODT[9]OC bind to Ru(II). RuCl2(DMSO)(TT[9]OC) crystallized as the DMSO solvate in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with a = 19.590(5), b = 16.849(4), c = 13.149(4) Å, V = 4340(3) Å3, and Z = 8. The structure refined to R = 5.27% and Rw = 6.27% for 2472 reflections with Fo2 > 3σ(Fo2). RuCl2(PPh3)(ODT[9]OC) crystallized as a ClCH2CH2Cl solvate in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 7.912(1), b = 22.419(5), c = 18.794(3) Å, β = 101.12(1),° V = 3271.2(9) Å3, and Z = 4. The structure refined to R = 4.96% and Rw = 5.14% for 1800 reflections with Fo2 > 3σ(Fo2). Both compounds are octahedral with the thiacyclophane ligand bound through three donor atoms in a facial coordination mode, cis chlorine atoms, and the unique ancillary ligand, DMSO or PPh3, bound trans to the central S or O donor of the macrocycle. The X-ray structures support 1H NMR spectral evidence which shows that the ligands are bound in an "endo" mode for L = DMSO and in an "exo" mode when L = PPh3. The reaction of RuHCl(PPh3)3 with TT[9]OC yields the ruthenium hydride complex RuHCl(PPh3)2(TT[9]OC). 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy are consistent with an octahedral species for which the macrocycle occupies only two coordination sites acting as a bidentate η2-chelating ligand. Keywords: thioether, macrocycle, hydride, crystal structure.

A series of ruthenium(II) complexes of formulation RuCl2(dmso)2Ln, where dmso = S-bonded dimethylsulfoxide, L is a 4-nitroimidazole derivative, and n = 1 or 2, have been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods, particularly 1H nmr and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. With L = 4-nitroimidazole itself (4-NO2Im), RSU-1170, -3083 or -3100, n = 2 and the six-coordinate complexes are considered to be of cis,cis,cis-geometry. The N-methyl-4-nitroimidazole (NMe-4-NO2Im) ligand (n = 1) chelates through the imidazole-N and the oxygen of NO2. The RSU-3159 ligand (n = 1) binds through the sulfur and may be chelated. The complexes are of interest because of their radiosensitizer properties toward hypoxic tumour cells; the RuCl2(dmso)2(NMe-4-NO2Im) complex has a higher sensitizing enhancement ratio than the free imidazole ligand, and shows no cytoxicity in vitro, and these data are compared to those reported previously for RuCl2(dmso)2(4-NO2Im)2. Some aspects of the aqueous solution chemistry of the complexes (aquation via loss of chloride, pKa of coordinated water) are discussed in relation to their biological activities.

Ruthenium compounds are highly regarded as potential drug candidates. The compounds offer the potential of reduced toxicity and can be tolerated in vivo. The various oxidation states, different mechanism of action, and the ligand substitution kinetics of ruthenium compounds give them advantages over platinum-based complexes, thereby making them suitable for use in biological applications. Several studies have focused attention on the interaction between active ruthenium complexes and their possible biological targets. In this paper, we review several ruthenium compounds which reportedly possess promising cytotoxic profiles: from the discovery of highly active compounds imidazolium [trans-tetrachloro(dmso)(imidazole)ruthenate(III)] (NAMI-A), indazolium [trans-tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)](KP1019), and sodium trans-[tetrachloridobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (NKP-1339) to the recent work based on both inorganic and organometallic ruthenium(II) compounds. Half-sandwich organometallic ruthenium complexes offer the opportunity of derivatization at the arene moiety, while the three remaining coordination sites on the metal centre can be functionalised with various coordination groups of various monoligands. It is clear from the review that these mononuclear ruthenium(II) compounds represent a strongly emerging field of research that will soon culminate into several ruthenium based antitumor agents.

A influência da isomeria cis/trans na reatividade de complexos do tipo [RuCl2(DMSO)3(L)], onde L = DMSO (2;4), n-butilamina (1;3) na polimerização via metátese por abertura de anel (ROMP) foi investigada. Os complexos 1 e 2 apresentaram isomeria fac, enquanto que os complexos 3 e 4 foram trans e mer, respectivamente. Os dados cristalográficos sugerem uma conformação fac para o novo complexo 1. Os parâmetros eletrônicos e estéreos dos ligantes, medidos pelos valores de pka e θ, respectivamente, foram usados para interpretação dos resultados. Os monômeros cíclicos usados foram norborneno (NBE), norbornadieno (NBD) e diciclopentadieno (DCPD), considerando como parâmetros as razões molares monômero/complexo, temperatura, tempo de reação e estrutura geométrica. Complexos cis foram mais ativos do que os complexos trans para a polimerização de norborneno e de norbornadieno, sendo os resultados a 50 oC melhores do que os resultados a 25 oC. Na polimerização de norbornadieno, ao contrário da polimerização com norborneno, os melhores rendimentos foram obtidos com os complexos contendo os ligantes cloro trans-posicionados. Os compostos isolados foram caracterizados por analise elementar, FTIR, voltametria cíclica, espectroscopia na região do UV-vis, RMN de 1H e 13C e espectroscopia de difração de raio-x. Em adição, combinação de resultados teóricos e dados experimentais para a reação de ROMP de norborneno usando [RuCl2(PPh3)2(piperidina)] mostra a otimização estrutural das espécies envolvidas na catálise e o perfil termodinâmico de toda reação. Fatores entrópicos explicam a espontaneidade observada para a dissociação de grupos de saída, que são processos endotérmicos. Logo após a etapa determinante da velocidade, ocorre a coordenação de uma molécula de norborneno e um efeito trans-sinérgico entre este monômero e o ligante piperidina ativa a catálise. O uso de outros diazocompostos (TBDA e BDA) foi feito para analisar as influências eletrônicas e estéricas do carbeno em questão. Efeitos eletrônicos tem menos influência sobre a estrutura da espécie ativa do que os efeitos estéricos, influenciando nos rendimentos e nos dados dos polímeros formado.
The influence of cis/trans isomery on the reactivity of complexes of the type [RuCl2(DMSO)3(L)], where L = DMSO (2;4), n-butylamine (1;3) in the ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) was investigated. The complexes 1 and 2 showed isomerism fac, while the complexes were 3 and 4 were trans and mer, respectively. The crystallographic data suggest a fac conformation for the new complex 1. The electronic and steric parameters from ligands, measured by pKa values and θ, respectively, were used for interpretation of the results. The cyclic monomers used were norbornene (NBE), norbornadiene (NBD) and dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), given as parameters the molar ratios monomer/complex, temperature, reaction time and geometric structure. The cis complexes were more active than the trans complex for polymerization of norbornene and norbornadiene, and the results at 50 oC better than the results at 25 oC. The polymerization of norbornadiene, unlike the polymerization of norbornene, best yields were obtained with complexes containing trans-positioned chloro ligands. All compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, cyclic voltammetry, UV-vis spectroscopy, NMR 1H and 13C spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. In addition, combination of theoretical and experimental results data for ROMP reactions of norbornene using [RuCl2(PPh3)2(piperidine)] shows the structural optimization of the species involved in the catalysis and the thermodynamic profile of the whole reaction. Entropic factors explain the spontaneity observed for dissociation from both leaving groups, which are endothermic processes. Immediately after the rate-determining step occurs the coordination of a norbornene molecule and a trans- synergistic effect between the monomer and ligand piperidine actives the catalysis. The use of other diazocompostos (TBDA and BDA) was done to analyze the electronic and steric influences of the carbene in question. Electronic effects had less influence on the structure of the active species than the steric effects, influencing the yield and the data of the polymers formed.

Se han sintetizado dos nuevos complejos mononucleares de Ru, con formula [RuCl2(Hbpp)(dmso)2], a partir de la reacción entre [RuCl2(dmso)4] y Hbpp (3,5-bis(2-piridil)pirazola). El hecho que sólo tres de los seis posibles estereoisómeros se obtengan a partir de esta reacción, se ha racionalizado en base a factores estructurales y electrónicos. Estos complejos se han caracterizado de forma estructural, espectroscópica y electroquímica. En acetonitrilo en medio básico, el isómero trans,cis-[RuCl2(Hbpp)(dmso)2] da lugar a procesos de isomerización de enlace de un ligando dmso cuando el Ru(II) se oxida a Ru(III). Las constantes termodinámicas y cinéticas para el proceso se han determinado por voltametria cíclica. La irradiación de trans,cis-[RuCl2(Hbpp)(dmso)2] y cis(out),cis-[RuCl2(Hbpp)(dmso)2] con luz UV o solar da lugar a reacciones de fotosustitución de un ligando dmso por una molécula de acetonitrilo para dar un nuevo compuesto el cual ha sido caracterizado en solución por técnicas espectroscópicas y electroquímicas. Ambos complejos resultan catalizadores útiles en la transferencia de hidrógeno de isopropanol a acetofenona, obteniéndose 1-feniletanol como único producto y un 42.1% de conversión (36.1 ciclos metálicos) a 80ºC con el isómero trans,cis-[RuCl2(Hbpp)(dmso)2], que resulta significativamente más eficaz que el complejo cis(out),cis-[RuCl2(Hbpp)(dmso)2].
La reacción de cis(out),cis-[RuCl2(Hbpp)(dmso)2] con trpy (2,2':6',2"-terpiridina) da lugar a los dos isómeros geométricos del complejo [Ru(Hbpp)(trpy)(Cl)]+, el in y el out. Estos complejos se han aislado y caracterizado por técnicas estructurales, espectroscópicas y electroquímicas. Estos cloro complejos han sido utilizados como precursores para la síntesis de los complejos análogos con ligandos aqua (in,out-[Ru(Hbpp)(trpy)(H2O)]2+) y piridina (in,out-[Ru(Hbpp)(trpy)(py)]2+), los cuales también han sido aislados y caracterizados. Las propiedades ácido-base de los aqua complejos, y del complejo out-py se han estudiado detalladamente por voltametria cíclica y mediante valoraciones espectrofotométricas ácido-base. El tratamiento matemático de los datos así obtenidos nos ha permitido determinar los valores de pKa para los distintos equilibrios de protonación de los complejos en los estados de oxidación II y III. El complejo out-aqua ha demostrado ser un buen catalizador para la oxidación electroquímica del alcohol benzílico, presumiblemente a benzaldehido. La constante de velocidad de segundo orden para el proceso ha sido determinada como 17.1 M-1 s-1, por simulación matemática.
El dímero con un puente cloro, [Ru2Cl(bpp)(trpy)2]2+ ha sido preparado por dos rutas sintéticas diferentes. El dímero análogo con un puente acetato se ha obtenido por reacción del cloro dímero con un exceso de acetato sódico. El dímero con dos ligandos aqua [Ru2(bpp)(trpy)2(OH2)2]3+ puede obtenerse por hidrólisis ácida del complejo con un acetato puente o por hidrólisis básica del complejo con un puente cloro. Estos complejos han sido caracterizados por técnicas estructurales, espectroscópicas y electroquímicas. Las soluciones del dímero con dos ligandos aqua en medio ácido resultan inestables a la coordinación de aniones de la solución con el tiempo. Las propiedades ácido-base del dímero con dos aguas coordinadas han sido estudiadas por voltametria cíclica y mediante experimentos de electrólisis a potencial controlado. El pKa para la desprotonación de uno de los ligandos aqua ha sido determinado mediante una valoración espectrofotométrica ácido-base como 6.7. Este valor tan bajo de pKa se atribuye a la formación de la entidad {Ru2O2H3}, favorable termodinámicamente. Los espectros UV-vis para los distintos estados de oxidación del aqua dímero, de RuIIRuII a RuIIIRuIV, han sido obtenidos por oxidación química y electroquímica del complejo. Se han llevado a cabo estudios cinéticos de la oxidación, paso a paso, de RuII,II a RuIV,IV , y se han determinado las constantes de oxidación de segundo orden para los distintos procesos de oxidación. La capacidad del aqua dímero en la oxidación del agua a oxígeno molecular ha sido investigada en solución homogénea utilizando CeIV como oxidante. La evolución de oxígeno se ha demostrado por cromatografia de gases. Se ha obtenido una eficiencia del 73% y 18.6 ciclos catalíticos, cuando 1.83 x 10-6 moles de dímero se han mezclado con un exceso de 100 equivalentes de cerio. El dímero con dos aguas cataliza también la oxidación del agua de forma heterogénea, con el complejo adsorbido sobre una membrana de nafion, aunque la eficiencia es menor. Se ha propuesto un mecanismo intramolecular para la reacción de oxidación del agua. Consiste en la oxidación a 4 electrones del dímero, de RuII,II a RuIV,IV, el cual reacciona con el agua para formar oxígeno y revierte nuevamente al estado de oxidación II,II. Este modelo es consistente con estudios catalíticos de la evolución de oxígeno en función de las concentraciones de cerio y catalizador, llevados a cabo en solución ácida homogénea, que demuestran que la oxidación a 4 electrones del agua se encuentra catalizada por una sola molécula de complejo bajo concentraciones elevadas de cerio. La constante de pseudo-primer-orden para la evolución de oxígeno tiene un valor de 1.4 x 10-2 s-1, que es uno de los valores de constante más elevados obtenidos hasta la fecha. Desafortunadamente, el aqua dímero se desactiva durante el proceso de catálisis dando lugar a una especie naranja, la cual estamos actualmente tratando de caracterizar.
Two new mononuclear Ru complexes with formula [RuCl2(Hbpp)(dmso)2], 2a and 2b, have been prepared from [RuCl2(dmso)4] and Hbpp (3,5-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazole). The fact that only three (2a and the pair of enantiomers 2b) from the six possible stereoisomers are obtained from this reaction, has been rationalized in terms of structural and electronic factors, particularly the intramolecular hydrogen bond between the inner dmso and the aminic proton of Hbpp. 2a and 2b have been structurally, spectroscopically and electrochemically characterized. In acetonitrile basic media, 2a has proven to undergo linkage isomerization reactions of one dmso ligand when going from RuII to RuIII. The kinetic and thermodynamic constants for this process have been determined by means of cyclic voltammetry. Irradiation of either 2a or 2b with UV or sunlight provokes the replacement of one dmso by an acetonitrile molecule so that a new compound is formed, which has been characterized in solution by spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. The fact that only one of the two dmso ligands is substituted, compared to related systems where two successive substitutions of dmso for MeCN take place, suggests that the inner dmso is much more stable due to the hydrogen bond with the aminic proton of Hbpp. 2a and 2b have proven to be active catalysts in the hydrogen transfer from 2-propanol to acetophenone, yielding 2-phenylethyl alcohol as the only product and 42.1% conversion (36.1 metal cycles) at 80 ºC for 2a, which is markedly more efficient than 2b.
Two geometrical chloro isomers with formula out and in-[Ru(Hbpp)(trpy)(Cl)]+, 2a (out) and 2b (in), are obtained from the reaction of cis(out),cis-[RuCl2(Hbpp)(dmso)2] and trpy (2,2':6',2"-terpyridine). Better yields of these complexes can be obtained by a different route which uses [RuCl3(trpy)] and bpp-BOC as starting materials. These compounds have been isolated and characterized by means of structural, spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. 2a and 2b have been used as starting materials for the synthesis of the analogous aqua (out and in-[Ru(Hbpp)(trpy)(H2O)]2+; 3a and 3b) and pyridine (out and in-[Ru(Hbpp)(trpy)(py)]2+; 4a and 4b) complexes, which have also been isolated and characterized. The acid-base properties of the aqua complexes, 3a and 3b, and the pyridyne complex 4a have been thoroughly investigated by cyclic voltammetry (Pourbaix diagram) and acid-base spectrophotometric titrations. Mathematical treatment of the experimental data thus obtained has allowed us to determine the pKa values for the different protonation equilibria of the complexes in oxidation states II and III. 3a has been shown to be a good catalyst in the electrochemical oxidation of benzyl alcohol, presumably to benzaldehyde. The second-order rate constant for the process has been determined as 17.1 M-1 s-1 by mathematical simulation. Two different synthetic routes have been used to prepare the chloro-bridge dimer [Ru2(Cl)(bpp)(trpy)2]2+, 1, in good yield. The acetato-bridge dimer [Ru2(O2CCH3)(bpp)(trpy)2]2+, 2, has been obtained from 1 and excess sodium acetate. The diaqua complex [Ru2(bpp)(trpy)2(OH2)2]3+, 3, has been prepared from either basic hydrolysis of 1 or acid hydrolysis of 2. These complexes have been characterized by means of structural, spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. Long-standing solutions of the diaqua dimer 3 in acidic media have proven to be unstable to coordination of anions from the solution. Crystals of the trifluoroacetato-bridge dimer 4 have been obtained in acidic CF3COOH media after some days. The acid-base properties of the diaqua dimer 3 have been thoroughly investigated by cyclic voltammetric and bulk electrolysis experiments, and the corresponding Pourbaix diagram obtained. The pKa for the one-proton deprotonation of one aqua ligand has been determined by acid-base spectrophotometric titration as 6.7. This low pKa value is attributed to the formation of the highly stable (Ru2O2H3) entity. The UV-vis spectra for the different oxidation states of 3, from RuIIRuII to RuIIIRuIV, have been obtained by either chemical or electrochemical oxidation of the complex. UV-vis kinetic studies on the stepwise oxidation from RuII,II to RuIV,IV have been performed, and the individual second-order rate constants for the different oxidation processes determined. The capability of 3 in water oxidation to molecular dioxygen has been investigated in homogeneous solution using CeIV as oxidant. Oxygen evolution has been clearly demonstrated by gas chromatography. An efficiency of 73% and 18.6 metal cycles were obtained using 1.83 x 10-6 mols of dimer and 100-fold molar excess of cerium. This complex has also been shown to catalyze water oxidation in a heterogenous Nafion membrane, but the yields of O2 evolution are lower. An intramolecular pathway for the water oxidation process has been proposed. It involves the four-electron oxidation of the RuII,II dimer to the RuIV,IV complex that reverts to the RuII,II oxidation state upon releasing of molecular dioxygen. This model is consistent with kinetic studies on the evolution of oxygen as a function of catalyst and cerium concentrations, performed in homogeneous acidic solution, which show that the four-electron oxidation of water is catalyzed by one molecule of complex under large excesses of cerium. The pseudo-first-order rate constant for oxygen evolution has been calculated as 1.4 x 10-2 s-1, which is among the highest values reported up to date. Unfortunately, the diaqua dimer 3 is deactivated during the catalysis to yield an orange species which we are currently trying to characterize.

In this thesis we present the synthesis and characterization of different types of ruthenium complexes containing N-donor ligands together with dmso, Cl and H2O ligands, along with their complete characterization through spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. The complexes have been evaluated as catalysts for olefin epoxidation and nitrile hydration in homogeneous phase. On the other hand, taking into account the importance and advantages of the heterogeneous catalysis, we have carried out the immobilization of some of these complexes on silica-type supports and we have evaluated their catalytic activity, comparing them with the analogous homogeneous systems. It is outstanding the activity of complexes with dmso and pyrazolyl ligands in nitrile hydration to the amide products using water as solvent. The heterogeneous Ru-OH2 systems have been tested in olefin epoxidation and have been reused for several runs maintaining high values of selectivity for the epoxide.
En aquesta tesi es presenta la síntesi de diferents tipus de complexos de ruteni que contenen lligands N-donadors en combinació amb lligands dmso, Cl i H2O, i la seva completa caracterització mitjançant tècniques espectroscòpiques i electroquímiques. Els complexos han estat avaluats com a catalitzadors en epoxidació d'olefines i hidròlisi de nitrils en fase homogènia. Per altra banda, tenint en compte la importància i els avantatges de la catàlisi heterogènia, s’ha dut a terme la immobilització d’alguns d’aquests complexos sobre suports tipus sílice i se n'ha avaluat l'activitat catalítica, comparant-los amb els anàlegs en fase homogènia. És destacable l'activitat dels complexos amb lligands dmso i pirazole en la hidròlisi de nitrils a amides en aigua com a dissolvent. Els sistemes Ru-OH2 heterogenis s'han avaluat en l'epoxidació d'olefines i s'han pogut reutilitzar durant diversos cicles mantenint alts valors de selectivitat per l'epòxid.