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Journal articles on the topic 'Ruthenium compounds'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Kanaoujiya, Rahul, and Shekhar Srivastava. "Ruthenium based antifungal compounds and their activity." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 25, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/257rjce17721.

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Ruthenium is recognized as a highly attractive alternative to platinum since the toxicity of many ruthenium compounds is lower and some complexes are quite selective for antifungal drugs. Ruthenium has various chemical properties these chemical properties are very useful for antifungal drug design. Ruthenium compounds have several types of advantages as antifungal drugs because of lower toxicity. . Ruthenium has unique properties making it of particularly use as fungal in drug design specially in antifungal drugs. Several types of ruthenium complexes and their antifungal activity standards are described here.

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2

Kanaoujiya, Rahul, and Shekhar Srivastava. "Coordination Chemistry of Ruthenium." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 25, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/259rjce103106.

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Ruthenium is one of the rare elements that belongs to the platinum group metals. Ruthenium is very effective hardener for platinum and palladium. Well studied coordination and organometallic chemistry of ruthenium results in a various varieties of compounds. There are various features of ruthenium such as oxidation states, coordination numbers and geometries. Ruthenium compounds have various applications and also have low toxicity and they are ideal for the catalytic synthesis of drugs. The field of ruthenium chemistry is very broad and is extremely diverse in the field of catalysis and medicinal chemistry. This review article shows a classical general chemistry of ruthenium compounds.

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3

Motswainyana, William M., and Peter A. Ajibade. "Anticancer Activities of Mononuclear Ruthenium(II) Coordination Complexes." Advances in Chemistry 2015 (February 19, 2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/859730.

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Ruthenium compounds are highly regarded as potential drug candidates. The compounds offer the potential of reduced toxicity and can be tolerated in vivo. The various oxidation states, different mechanism of action, and the ligand substitution kinetics of ruthenium compounds give them advantages over platinum-based complexes, thereby making them suitable for use in biological applications. Several studies have focused attention on the interaction between active ruthenium complexes and their possible biological targets. In this paper, we review several ruthenium compounds which reportedly possess promising cytotoxic profiles: from the discovery of highly active compounds imidazolium [trans-tetrachloro(dmso)(imidazole)ruthenate(III)] (NAMI-A), indazolium [trans-tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)](KP1019), and sodium trans-[tetrachloridobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (NKP-1339) to the recent work based on both inorganic and organometallic ruthenium(II) compounds. Half-sandwich organometallic ruthenium complexes offer the opportunity of derivatization at the arene moiety, while the three remaining coordination sites on the metal centre can be functionalised with various coordination groups of various monoligands. It is clear from the review that these mononuclear ruthenium(II) compounds represent a strongly emerging field of research that will soon culminate into several ruthenium based antitumor agents.

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4

Barna, Fabienne, Karim Debache, Carsten A. Vock, Tatiana Küster, and Andrew Hemphill. "In VitroEffects of Novel Ruthenium Complexes in Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, no. 11 (August 26, 2013): 5747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02446-12.

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ABSTRACTUpon the screening of 16 antiproliferative compounds againstToxoplasma gondiiandNeospora caninum, two hydrolytically stable ruthenium complexes (compounds 16 and 18) exhibited 50% inhibitory concentrations of 18.7 and 41.1 nM (T. gondii) and 6.7 and 11.3 nM (N. caninum). To achieve parasiticidal activity with compound 16, long-term treatment (22 to 27 days at 80 to 160 nM) was required. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the rapid impact on and ultrastructural alterations in both parasites. These preliminary findings suggest that the potential of ruthenium-based compounds should thus be further exploited.

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5

Okawara, Toru, Masaaki Abe, Shiho Ashigara, and Yoshio Hisaeda. "Molecular structures, redox properties, and photosubstitution of ruthenium(II) carbonyl complexes of porphycene." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 19, no. 01-03 (January 2015): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424614501120.

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Two ruthenium(II) carbonyl complexes of porphycene, (carbonyl)(pyridine)(2,7,12,17-tetra-n-propylporphycenato)ruthenium(II) (1) and (carbonyl)(pyridine)(2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-octaethylpor-phycenato)ruthenium(II) (2), have been structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Cyclic voltammetry has revealed that the porphycene complexes undergo multiple oxidations and reductions in dichloromethane and the reduction potentials are highly positive compared to porphyrin analogs. UV-light irradiation (400 nm or shorter wavelength region) of a benzene solution of 1 and 2 containing external pyridine leads to dissociation of the carbonyl ligand from the ruthenium(II) centers to give the corresponding bis-pyridine complexes. The identical reaction has been also studied for a porphyrin derivative (carbonyl)(pyridine)(2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyriato)ruthenum(II) (3). The first-order kinetic analysis has revealed that the photosubstitution of all of the compounds occurs in the order of 10-3 s-1 at 298 K but proceeds faster for complexes of porphycene (1 and 2) than that of porphyrin (3).

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6

Houbrechts, Stephan, Carlo Boutton, Koen Clays, André Persoons, Ian R. Whittall, Raina H. Naulty, Marie P. Cifuentes, and Mark G. Humphrey. "Novel Organometallic Compounds for Nonlinear Optics." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 07, no. 01 (March 1998): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863598000090.

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Hyper-Rayleigh scattering is used to investigate the nonlinear optical properties of novel metal (ruthenium, nickel and gold) σ-arylacetylide complexes. The influence of the organometallic donor group and conjugating bridge on the quadratic hyperpolarizability is studied. For all organic ligands, the addition of the metal (donor) group is shown to increase the static hyperpolarizability by a factor of 2, 4 and 7 for gold, nickel and ruthenium complexes, respectively. Moreover, replacement of phenyl with a heterocyclic ring is demonstrated to enlarge the hyperpolarizability in the case of gold and ruthenium compounds.

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7

Studer, Valentin, Nicoleta Anghel, Oksana Desiatkina, Timo Felder, Ghalia Boubaker, Yosra Amdouni, Jessica Ramseier, et al. "Conjugates Containing Two and Three Trithiolato-Bridged Dinuclear Ruthenium(II)-Arene Units as In Vitro Antiparasitic and Anticancer Agents." Pharmaceuticals 13, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph13120471.

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The synthesis, characterization, and in vitro antiparasitic and anticancer activity evaluation of new conjugates containing two and three dinuclear trithiolato-bridged ruthenium(II)-arene units are presented. Antiparasitic activity was evaluated using transgenic Toxoplasmagondii tachyzoites constitutively expressing β-galactosidase grown in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF). The compounds inhibited T.gondii proliferation with IC50 values ranging from 90 to 539 nM, and seven derivatives displayed IC50 values lower than the reference compound pyrimethamine, which is currently used for treatment of toxoplasmosis. Overall, compound flexibility and size impacted on the anti-Toxoplasma activity. The anticancer activity of 14 compounds was assessed against cancer cell lines A2780, A2780cisR (human ovarian cisplatin sensitive and resistant), A24, (D-)A24cisPt8.0 (human lung adenocarcinoma cells wild type and cisPt resistant subline). The compounds displayed IC50 values ranging from 23 to 650 nM. In A2780cisR, A24 and (D-)A24cisPt8.0 cells, all compounds were considerably more cytotoxic than cisplatin, with IC50 values lower by two orders of magnitude. Irrespective of the nature of the connectors (alkyl/aryl) or the numbers of the di-ruthenium units (two/three), ester conjugates 6–10 and 20 exhibited similar antiproliferative profiles, and were more cytotoxic than amide analogues 11–14, 23, and 24. Polynuclear conjugates with multiple trithiolato-bridged di-ruthenium(II)-arene moieties deserve further investigation.

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8

Domínguez-Jurado, Elena, Francisco J. Cimas, José Antonio Castro-Osma, Alberto Juan, Agustín Lara-Sánchez, Antonio Rodríguez-Diéguez, Alexandr Shafir, Alberto Ocaña, and Carlos Alonso-Moreno. "Tuning the Cytotoxicity of Bis-Phosphino-Amines Ruthenium(II) Para-Cymene Complexes for Clinical Development in Breast Cancer." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 10 (September 26, 2021): 1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13101559.

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Despite some limitations such as long-term side effects or the potential presence of intrinsic or acquired resistance, platinum compounds are key therapeutic components for the treatment of several solid tumors. To overcome these limitations, maintaining the same efficacy, organometallic ruthenium(II) compounds have been proposed as a viable alternative to platinum agents as they have a more favorable toxicity profile and represent an ideal template for both, high-throughput and rational drug design. To support the preclinical development of bis-phoshino-amine ruthenium compounds in the treatment of breast cancer, we carried out chemical modifications in the structure of these derivatives with the aim of designing less toxic and more efficient therapeutic agents. We report new bis-phoshino-amine ligands and the synthesis of their ruthenium counterparts. The novel ligands and compounds were fully characterized, water stability analyzed, and their in vitro cytotoxicity against a panel of tumor cell lines representative of different breast cancer subtypes was evaluated. The mechanism of action of the lead compound of the series was explored. In vivo toxicity was also assessed. The results obtained in this article might pave the way for the clinical development of these compounds in breast cancer therapy.

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9

MURAHASHI, Shun-Ichi, and Takeshi NAOTA. "Organic synthesis using ruthenium compounds." Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan 46, no. 10 (1988): 930–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.46.930.

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10

Zelen, Ivanka, Milan Zarić, Petar P. Čanović, Danica Igrutinović, and Ana Rilak Simović. "Antitumor activity of ruthenium(II) complexes on HCT 116 cell line in vitro." Education and Research in Health Sciences 1, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/erhs2201006z.

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In the field of non-platinum complexes, ruthenium complexes have shown very strong antitumor activity on various types of cisplatin-resistant tumors. In addition, Ru(II) and Ru(III) complexes have shown a high degree of selectivity towards cancer cells as well as antimetastatic effects. Importantly, ruthenium compounds can bind to the DNA molecule of a tumor cell and thus reduce the viability of cancer cells. Moreover, ruthenium complexes can bind to human serum albumin and transferrin, which makes their transfer to tumor cells more efficient than platinum compounds. Consequently, the research aim was to investigate the antitumor effect of two synthesized Ru(II) complexes [Ru(Cl-Ph-tpy)(phen)Cl]Cl (K1) and [Ru(Cl-Ph-tpy)(o-bqdi)Cl]Cl (K2) on the HCT 116 cell line, and to define the mechanism of cell death that these compounds induce in HCT 116 cancer cells. Results of our research clearly showed that the two investigated ruthenium complexes K1 and K2 showed very strong antitumor activity against the HCT 116 tumor cell line. Additionally, ruthenium complex K1 showed higher antitumor activity than ruthenium K2 complex and cisplatin after 72 hours of treatment. Our findings demonstrated that both K1 and K2 ruthenium compounds exhibited strong antitumor activity against HCT 116 cell line by induction of early apoptosis.

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11

Fabijańska, Małgorzata, Maria M. Kasprzak, and Justyn Ochocki. "Ruthenium(II) and Platinum(II) Complexes with Biologically Active Aminoflavone Ligands Exhibit In Vitro Anticancer Activity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 7568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147568.

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Continuing our studies on the mechanisms underlying the cytotoxicity of potential drugs, we have described several aspects of the in vitro anticancer activity of ruthenium(II) and platinum(II) complexes with bioactive, synthetic aminoflavone ligands. We examined the mechanism of proapoptotic activity of cis-dichlorobis(3-imino-2-methoxyflavanone)ruthenium(II), cis-dichlorobis(3-imino-2-ethoxyflavanone)ruthenium(II), and trans-dichlorobis(3-aminoflavone)platinum(II). Cisplatin was used as a reference compound. The cytotoxicity was investigated by MTT assay. The mechanism of proapoptotic activity of the tested compounds was investigated by evaluation of caspase-8 activity, cytometric analysis of annexin-V positive cells, and mitochondrial potential loss measurement. The results showed that ruthenium compounds break partially or completely the cisplatin resistance by activating the caspase 8-dependent apoptosis pathway and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Platinum compounds also have a cytostatic effect, but their action requires more exposure time. Potential mechanisms underlying drug resistance in the two pairs of cancer cell lines were investigated: total glutathione content, P-glycoprotein activity, and differences in the activity of DNA repair induced by nucleotide excision. Results showed that cisplatin-resistant cells have elevated glutathione levels relative to sensitive cells. Moreover, they indicated the mechanisms enabling cells to avoid apoptosis caused by DNA damage. Pg-P activity has no effect on the development of cisplatin resistance in the cell lines described.

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12

Zahirović, Adnan, Irnesa Osmanković, Emir Turkušić, and Emira Kahrović. "Improved method for spectrophotometric determination of ruthenium using 1,10-phenanthroline: application for analysis of complex compounds." Analytical Methods 10, no. 42 (2018): 5078–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ay01755g.

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13

Ma, J. "Block by ruthenium red of the ryanodine-activated calcium release channel of skeletal muscle." Journal of General Physiology 102, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 1031–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.102.6.1031.

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The effects of ruthenium red and the related compounds tetraamine palladium (4APd) and tetraamine platinum (4APt) were studied on the ryanodine activated Ca2+ release channel reconstituted in planar bilayers with the immunoaffinity purified ryanodine receptor. Ruthenium red, applied at submicromolar concentrations to the myoplasmic side (cis), induced an all-or-none flickery block of the ryanodine activated channel. The blocking effect was strongly voltage dependent, as large positive potentials that favored the movement of ruthenium red into the channel conduction pore produced stronger block. The half dissociation constants (Kd) for ruthenium red block of the 500 pS channel were 0.22, 0.38, and 0.62 microM, at +100, +80, and +60 mV, respectively. Multiple ruthenium red molecules seemed to be involved in the inhibition, because a Hill coefficient of close to 2 was obtained from the dose response curve. The half dissociation constant of ruthenium red block of the lower conductance state of the ryanodine activated channel (250 pS) was higher (Kd = 0.82 microM at +100 mV), while the Hill coefficient remained approximately the same (nH = 2.7). Ruthenium red block of the channel was highly asymmetric, as trans ruthenium red produced a different blocking effect. The blocking and unblocking events (induced by cis ruthenium red) can be resolved at the single channel level at a cutoff frequency of 2 kHz. The closing rate of the channel in the presence of ruthenium red increased linearly with ruthenium red concentration, and the unblocking rate of the channel was independent of ruthenium red concentrations. This suggests that ruthenium red block of the channel occurred via a simple blocking mechanism. The on-rate of ruthenium red binding to the channel was 1.32 x 10(9) M-1 s-1, and the off-rate of ruthenium red binding was 0.75 x 10(3) s-1 at +60 mV, in the presence of 200 nM ryanodine. The two related compounds, 4APd and 4APt, blocked the channel in a similar way to that of ruthenium red. These compounds inhibited the open channel with lower affinities (Kd = 170 microM, 4APd; Kd = 656 microM, 4APt), and had Hill coefficients of close to 1. The results suggest that ruthenium red block of the ryanodine receptor is due to binding to multiple sites located in the conduction pore of the channel.

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14

Bratsos, Ioannis, Stephanie Jedner, Teresa Gianferrara, and Enzo Alessio. "Ruthenium Anticancer Compounds: Challenges and Expectations." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 61, no. 11 (November 28, 2007): 692–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2007.692.

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15

Marques da Silva Paula, Marcos, Claus Tröger Pich, Fabrícia Petronilho, Lilian Batista Drei, Martina Rudnicki, Marcos Roberto de Oliveira, José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira, João Antônio Pegas Henriques, César Vittorio Franco, and Felipe Dal Pizzol. "Antioxidant activity of new ruthenium compounds." Redox Report 10, no. 3 (June 2005): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/135100005x38897.

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16

Steed, Jonathan W., and Derek A. Tocher. "Organometallic carboxylato compounds of ruthenium(IV)." Inorganica Chimica Acta 189, no. 2 (November 1991): 135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-1693(00)80179-6.

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17

de Sousa, Aurideia P., Ana C. S. Gondim, Eduardo H. S. Sousa, Luiz Gonzaga de França Lopes, Edson H. Teixeira, Mayron A. Vasconcelos, Patrícia H. R. Martins, Elizabeth J. T. Medeiros, Alzir A. Batista, and Alda K. M. Holanda. "Biphosphinic ruthenium complexes as the promising antimicrobial agents." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 48 (2020): 21318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj03122d.

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There is an urgent need for new antimicrobial compounds to combat the growing threat of widespread antibiotic resistance. Ruthenium compounds have shown promising activities including two biphosphinic compounds as described here.

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18

Mondal, Ashaparna, and Priyankar Paira. "Synthesis and Biological Evaluations of Organoruthenium Scaffolds: A Comprehensive Update." Current Organic Synthesis 15, no. 2 (April 24, 2018): 179–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179414666170703143049.

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Background: Currently ruthenium complexes are immerging as effective anticancer agents due to their less toxicity, better antiproliferative and antimetastatic activity, better stability in cellular environment and most importantly variable oxidation and co-ordination states of ruthenium allows binding this molecule with a variety of ligands. So in past few years researchers have shifted their interest towards organoruthenium complexes having good fluorescent profile that may be applicable for cancer theranostics. Nowadays, photodynamic therapy has become more acceptable because of its easy and effective approach towards killing cancer cells. Objective: Objective of this review article is to shed light on synthesis, characterization, stability and fluorescence studies of various ruthenium [Ru(II) and Ru(III)] complexes and different bioactivity studies conducted with the synthesized compounds to test their candidacy as potent chemotherapeutic agents. Methods: Various heterocyclic ligands containing N,O and S as heteroatom mainly were prepared and subjected to complexation with ruthenium-p-cymene moiety. In most cases [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(µ-Cl)Cl]2 was used as ruthenium precursor and the reactions were conducted in various alcohol medium such as methanol, ethanol or propanol. The synthesized complexes were characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, GC-MS, ESI-MS, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray crystallography methods. Fluorescence study and stability study were conducted accordingly using water, PBS buffer or DMSO. Stable compounds were considered for cell viability studies. To study the efficacy of the compounds in ROS generation as photosensitizers, in few cases, singlet oxygen quantum yields in presence of light were calculated. Suitable compounds were selected for in vitro & in vivo antiproliferative, anti-invasive activity studies. Result: Many newly synthesized compounds were found to have less IC50 compared to a standard drug cysplatin. Those compounds were also stable preferably in physiological conditions. Good fluorescence profile and ROS generation ability were observed for few compounds. Conclusion: Numerous ruthenium complexes were developed which can be used as cancer theranostic agents. Few molecules were synthesized as photosensitizers which were supposed to generate reactive singlet oxygen species in targeted cellular environment in presence of a particular type of light and thereby ceasing cancer cell growth.

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19

Genet, Jean Pierre, Angela Marinetti, and Virginie Ratovelomanana-Vidal. "Recent advances in asymmetric catalysis. Synthetic applications to biologically active compounds." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173020299.

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New chiral cationic ruthenium complexes have been used for the industrial synthesis of (+) -dihydrojasmonate. A new class of electron-rich C2-symmetric 2,4-disubstituted phosphetanes (CnrPHOS) was developed. Preliminary evaluation of their catalytic properties revealed high efficiency in rhodium and ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenations. A new stereochemical model is presented in which the phosphetane Rh-catalyzed hydrogenation follows an apparent stability-controlled mechanism.

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20

Grigoreva, T. F., E. A. Pavlov, P. A. Vitiaz, and N. Z. Lyakhov. "Mechanochemical synthesis of intermetallic compounds in the system gallium – ruthenium." Chimica Techno Acta 8, no. 1 (February 8, 2021): 20218104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/chimtech.2021.8.1.04.

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The interaction of a solid inert metal Ru with liquid active metal Ga during mechanical activation in a high-energy planetary ball mill was studied using the X-ray diffraction and the high resolution scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray microanalyses. This paper considers mechanical activation effects on formation of intermetallic compounds GaxRuy and their solubility in concentrated acids. Gallium is a surface-active substance with respect to Ruthenium. Under intensive mechanical treatment, liquid Gallium penetrates into grain boundaries of polycrystalline Ruthenium particles and sharply reduces their strength. Because of severe mechanical deformation, an intensive increase of contact surface between solid and liquid metals observed, which a place of rapid formation of intermetallic compounds. This processing leads to high reactive products of mechanical activation of Ga + Ru. Their interaction with a mixed concentrated hydrochloric and nitric acid allows Ruthenium (~37%) to pass into an acidic solution, forming complex compounds of the HxRuCly type (H2RuCl6).

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21

Das, Ujjwal. "Sulfur-center Reactivity toward Oxygenation Mediated by Ruthenium: Effective Bioactive Compounds (A Review)." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 38, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 555–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/380305.

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Transition metal mediated thiolato compounds are highly vulnerable for S-centered oxidation due to its high nucleophilicity and which is immensely important in the point of its bio-activity. It is generally noticeable that a range of chemical changes occurred with molecular O2 and ruthenium thiolato metalloligands in varying conditions. These oxygenations are facile under strictly oxygen environment and produce mono and di sulfenato and/or sulfinato depending on the substrate thiolato. The numerous heteroatomic substituents of thiolato-S ligand have performed a vital task during the course of oxygenation producing oxygenated products as sulfenates, sulfinates and sulfones. There appear to be numerous mechanisms that are involved in the oxygenation process are considerably more complex. Some bizarre photo-induced S-center oxygenation of metal-thiolato to the sulfonated compound is also mentioned. The ruthenium sulfur compounds jointly with the S-oxygenates show remarkable bioactivity as well as enzymatic catalytic activity and interaction with the bio-molecules like DNA that opens a new theme for the researcher for design novel Ru-sulfur-oxygenates compounds as metallodrugs.

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22

Peña, Bruno, Amanda David, Christiane Pavani, Mauricio S. Baptista, Jean-Philippe Pellois, Claudia Turro, and Kim R. Dunbar. "Cytotoxicity Studies of Cyclometallated Ruthenium(II) Compounds: New Applications for Ruthenium Dyes." Organometallics 33, no. 5 (February 18, 2014): 1100–1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om500001h.

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23

Thakur, Rajesh K., Rasna Thakur, N. Kaurav, G. S. Okram, and N. K. Gaur. "Structural and Thermal Properties of YMn_1-xRu_xO₃." Advanced Materials Research 975 (July 2014): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.975.69.

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We report the structural and thermo-power measurement of the ruthenium doped YMnO3 compounds. The room temperature XRD study shows the single phase formation of the reported compounds with the incremental unit cell volume and lattice parameters attributed to the larger ionic radius of the Ru3+ (0.68 Å) and Ru4+ (0.62 Å) as compared with that of the Mn3+ (0.65 Å) Mn4+ (0.52 Å). The observed variation of lattice parameters provides us valuable information into the better consideration of the valence state of ruthenium, in these compounds. The thermo-power measurement reveals hole-like conduction mechanism for the thermo-electric transport.

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24

Kvasnica, Miroslav, Iva Tišlerová, Jan Šarek, Jan Sejbal, and Ivana Císařová. "Preparation of New Oxidized 18-α-Oleanane Derivatives." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 70, no. 9 (2005): 1447–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20051447.

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19β,28-Epoxy-4,5-seco-3,5-cyclo-18α-olean-3(5)-ene (2) is an appropriate compound for oxidations, which lead to new oxidized compounds with potential biological activities. Several oxidations were used such as epoxidation, allylic oxidation, oxidative cleavage of double bond and other ones. From the starting compound epoxides 3a, 3b and unsaturated ketone 4 were prepared. This ketone was further oxidized to diketone 6 and anhydride 7. The double bonds of all unsaturated compounds were cleaved with ruthenium tetroxide to afford new A-seco oleananes. The structure and stereochemistry of the compounds were derived from IR, MS, 1H and 13C NMR spectra (1D and 2D COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC).

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25

Gossens, Christian, Ivano Tavernelli, and Ursula Rothlisberger. "Rational Design of Organo-Ruthenium Anticancer Compounds." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 59, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/000942905777676795.

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26

Kanaoujiya, Rahul, Mukta Singh, Jyoti Singh, and Shekhar Srivastava. "Ruthenium Based Anticancer Compounds and Their Importance." Journal of scientific research 64, no. 01 (2020): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37398/jsr.2020.640150.

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27

Kobel, Wolfram, and Michael Hanack. "Bis axially coordinated (phthalocyaninato)ruthenium(II) compounds." Inorganic Chemistry 25, no. 1 (January 1986): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic00221a027.

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28

Kaithal, Akash, Basujit Chatterjee, and Chidambaram Gunanathan. "Ruthenium Catalyzed Selective Hydroboration of Carbonyl Compounds." Organic Letters 17, no. 19 (September 18, 2015): 4790–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02352.

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29

Lewis, Jack, and Paul R. Raithby. "Reflections on osmium and ruthenium carbonyl compounds." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 500, no. 1-2 (September 1995): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-328x(95)00512-o.

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30

Du Plessis, P. de V. "Electrical resistivity of rare earth ruthenium compounds." Physica B: Condensed Matter 163, no. 1-3 (April 1990): 603–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(90)90282-y.

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31

Radulovic, S., S. Bjelogrlic, S. Arandjelovic, and Z. Tesic. "Antitumor activity of two ruthenium (Ru) compounds." Journal of Clinical Oncology 23, no. 16_suppl (June 2005): 2116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.2116.

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32

Mitsudo, Take-aki, Nobuyoshi Suzuki, Teruyuki Kondo, and Yoshihisa Watanabe. "Ruthenium Complex-Catalyzed Carbonylation of Allylic Compounds." Journal of Organic Chemistry 59, no. 25 (December 1994): 7759–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00104a036.

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33

Bora, Tankeswar, Meena Devi, and Pradip K. Gogoi. "Compounds of imidazoles with ruthenium(III) chloride." Transition Metal Chemistry 11, no. 12 (December 1986): 467–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01386878.

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34

Wohlers, M., B. Herzog, T. Belz, A. Bauer, Th Braun, Th Rühle, and R. Schlögl. "Ruthenium-C60 compounds: properties and catalytic potential." Synthetic Metals 77, no. 1-3 (February 1996): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(96)80057-9.

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35

Thiere, Alexandra, Hartmut Bombach, and Michael Stelter. "The Behavior of Ruthenium in Copper Electrowinning." Metals 12, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12081260.

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The recycling of material containing precious metals can lead to the entry of ruthenium into the copper electrowinning process, by so far unknown effects. There, ruthenium is oxidized to highly volatile ruthenium tetroxide. In order to avoid ruthenium losses during electrolysis, the oxidation behavior of ruthenium in copper electrowinning was investigated by testing different oxygen overvoltages using lead alloy and diamond anodes. Furthermore, the temperature and the current density were varied to investigate a possible chemical or electrochemical reaction. The results of the study show that ruthenium is not directly electrochemically oxidized to ruthenium tetroxide at the anode. Especially at anodes with high oxygen overvoltage, the formation of other oxidants occurs parallel to the oxygen evolution in the electrolyte. These oxidants oxidize ruthenium compounds to highly volatile ruthenium tetroxide by chemical reactions. These reactions depend mainly on temperature; the formation of the active oxidants depends on the anodic potential. To avoid ruthenium losses in the copper electrowinning process, anodes with a low anodic potential should be used at low electrolyte temperatures.

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36

Melián-Rodríguez, Saravanamurugan, Meier, Kegnæs, and Riisager. "Ru-Catalyzed Oxidative Cleavage of Guaiacyl Glycerol--Guaiacyl Ether-a Representative -O-4 Lignin Model Compound." Catalysts 9, no. 10 (October 3, 2019): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9100832.

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The introduction of efficient and selective catalytic methods for aerobic oxidation of lignin and lignin model compounds to aromatics can extend the role of lignin applications in biorefineries. The current study focussed on the catalytic oxidative transformation of guaiacyl glycerol--guaiacyl ether (GGGE)–a -O-4 lignin model compound to produce basic aromatic compounds (guaiacol, vanillin and vanillic acid) using metal-supported catalysts. Ru/Al2O3, prepared with ruthenium(IV) oxide hydrate, showed the highest yields of the desired products (60%) in acetonitrile in a batch reactor at 160 C and 5-bar of 20% oxygen in argon. Alternative catalysts containing other transition metals (Ag, Fe, Mn, Co and Cu) supported on alumina, and ruthenium catalysts based on alternative supports (silica, spinel, HY zeolite and zirconia) gave significantly lower activities compared to Ru/Al2O3 at identical reaction conditions. Moreover, the Ru/Al2O3 catalyst was successfully reused in five consecutive reaction runs with only a minor decrease in catalytic performance.

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37

Stein, Sebastian, Marcel Kersting, Lukas Heletta, and Rainer Pöttgen. "Rare earth-ruthenium-magnesium intermetallics." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 72, no. 6 (May 24, 2017): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2017-0048.

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AbstractEight new intermetallic rare earth-ruthenium-magnesium compounds have been synthesized from the elements in sealed niobium ampoules using different annealing sequences in muffle furnaces. The compounds have been characterized by powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Sm9.2Ru6Mg17.8 (a=939.6(2), c=1779(1) pm), Gd11Ru6Mg16 (a=951.9(2), c=1756.8(8) pm), and Tb10.5Ru6Mg16.5 (a=942.5(1), c=1758.3(4) pm) crystallize with the tetragonal Nd9.34Ru6Mg17.66 type structure, space group I4/mmm. This structure exhibits a complex condensation pattern of square-prisms and square-antiprisms around the magnesium and ruthenium atoms, respectively. Y2RuMg2 (a=344.0(1), c=2019(1) pm) and Tb2RuMg2 (a=341.43(6), c=2054.2(7) pm) adopt the Er2RuMg2 structure and Tm3Ru2Mg (a=337.72(9), c=1129.8(4) pm) is isotypic with Sc3Ru2Mg. Tm3Ru2Mg2 (a=337.35(9), c=2671(1) pm) and Lu3Ru2Mg2 (a=335.83(5), c=2652.2(5) pm) are the first ternary ordered variants of the Ti3Cu4 type, space group I4/mmm. These five compounds belong to a large family of intermetallics which are completely ordered superstructures of the bcc subcell. The group-subgroup scheme for Lu3Ru2Mg2 is presented. The common structural motif of all three structure types are ruthenium-centered rare earth cubes reminicent of the CsCl type. Magnetic susceptibility measurements of Y2RuMg2 and Lu3Ru2Mg2 samples revealed Pauli paramagnetism of the conduction electrons.

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38

Barthelmes, Kevin, Andreas Winter, and Ulrich S. Schubert. "Hybrid materials based on ruthenium and fullerene assemblies." Dalton Transactions 45, no. 38 (2016): 14855–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6dt02613c.

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39

Enow, Charles A., Charlene Marais, and Barend C. B. Bezuidenhoudt. "Catalytic epoxidation of stilbenes with non-peripherally alkyl substituted carbonyl ruthenium phthalocyanine complexes." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 16, no. 04 (April 2012): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424612500459.

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A number of novel carbonyl(1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octaalkylphthalocyaninato)-ruthenium(II) complexes were prepared by metal insertion with Ru3(CO)12. The new compounds have been characterized by1H NMR,13C NMR, IR, UV-vis and mass spectroscopy. This study demonstrated that this type of complexes and specifically carbonyl(1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octahexylphthalo-cyaninato)ruthenium(II) and carbonyl[1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octa(2-cyclohexylethyl)phthalocyaninato]-ruthenium(II), exhibit high catalytic activity and stability in the epoxidation of stilbenes with 2,6-dichloropyridine N-oxide as oxidant.

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40

Saha, Koushik, Urminder Kaur, Rosmita Borthakur, and Sundargopal Ghosh. "Synthesis of Trithia-Borinane Complexes Stabilized in Diruthenium Core: [(Cp*Ru)2(η1-S)(η1-CS){(CH2)2S3BR}] (R = H or SMe)." Inorganics 7, no. 2 (February 13, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020021.

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The thermolysis of arachno-1 [(Cp*Ru)2(B3H8)(CS2H)] in the presence of tellurium powder yielded a series of ruthenium trithia-borinane complexes: [(Cp*Ru)2(η1-S)(η1-CS){(CH2)2S3BH}] 2, [(Cp*Ru)2(η1-S)(η1-CS){(CH2)2S3B(SMe)}] 3, and [(Cp*Ru)2(η1-S)(η1-CS){(CH2)2S3BH}] 4. Compounds 2–4 were considered as ruthenium trithia-borinane complexes, where the central six-membered ring {C2BS3} adopted a boat conformation. Compounds 2–4 were similar to our recently reported ruthenium diborinane complex [(Cp*Ru){(η2-SCHS)CH2S2(BH2)2}]. Unlike diborinane, where the central six-membered ring {CB2S3} adopted a chair conformation, compounds 2–4 adopted a boat conformation. In an attempt to convert arachno-1 into a closo or nido cluster, we pyrolyzed it in toluene. Interestingly, the reaction led to the isolation of a capped butterfly cluster, [(Cp*Ru)2(B3H5)(CS2H2)] 5. All the compounds were characterized by 1H, 11B{1H}, and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The molecular structures of complexes 2, 3, and 5 were also determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.

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41

Gałczyńska, Katarzyna, Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa, and Michał Arabski. "Antitumor Activity of Pt(II), Ru(III) and Cu(II) Complexes." Molecules 25, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 3492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153492.

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Metal complexes are currently potential therapeutic compounds. The acquisition of resistance by cancer cells or the effective elimination of cancer-affected cells necessitates a constant search for chemical compounds with specific biological activities. One alternative option is the transition metal complexes having potential as antitumor agents. Here, we present the current knowledge about the application of transition metal complexes bearing nickel(II), cobalt(II), copper(II), ruthenium(III), and ruthenium(IV). The cytotoxic properties of the above complexes causing apoptosis, autophagy, DNA damage, and cell cycle inhibition are described in this review.

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42

Grawe, Gregory F., Katia M. Oliveira, Celisnolia M. Leite, Tamires D. de Oliveira, João Honorato, Antonio G. Ferreira, Eduardo E. Castellano, Marcia R. Cominetti, Rodrigo S. Correa, and Alzir A. Batista. "Ruthenium(ii)-diphosphine complexes containing acylthiourea ligands are effective against lung and breast cancers." Dalton Transactions 51, no. 4 (2022): 1489–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1dt02851k.

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43

Pfeffer, Michael G., Christian Pehlken, Robert Staehle, Dieter Sorsche, Carsten Streb, and Sven Rau. "Supramolecular activation of a molecular photocatalyst." Dalton Trans. 43, no. 35 (2014): 13307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4dt00761a.

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44

Bagh, Bidraha, and Douglas W. Stephan. "Half sandwich ruthenium(ii) hydrides: hydrogenation of terminal, internal, cyclic and functionalized olefins." Dalton Trans. 43, no. 41 (2014): 15638–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4dt02407a.

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Ruthenium(ii) complexes 2b–e with the general formula RuCl₂(p-cymene)(NHC) were reacted with Et₃SiH to generate a series of ruthenium(ii) hydrides 5b–e. These compounds 5b–e are effective catalysts for the hydrogenation of terminal, internal and cyclic and functionalized olefins.

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45

Owalude, Samson O., Ezekiel O. Odebunmi, Uche B. Eke, Adedibu C. Tella, Arnold L. Rheingold, Randy Jackson, and Steven L. Suib. "Hexakis(benzonitrile)ruthenium(II) bis[tetrafluoroborate(1-)]: a precursor to ruthenium organometallic compounds." Research on Chemical Intermediates 41, no. 6 (November 30, 2013): 3817–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11164-013-1491-7.

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46

Sánchez, Mateo I., Cristina Penas, M. Eugenio Vázquez, and José L. Mascareñas. "Metal-catalyzed uncaging of DNA-binding agents in living cells." Chem. Sci. 5, no. 5 (2014): 1901–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3sc53317d.

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47

Czaban-Jóźwiak, Justyna, Łukasz Woźniak, Artur Ulikowski, Katarzyna Kwiecińska, Adam Rajkiewicz, and Karol Grela. "Modification of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (POSS) Molecules by Ruthenium Catalyzed Cross Metathesis." Molecules 23, no. 7 (July 14, 2018): 1722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071722.

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The scope of ruthenium (Ru)-catalyzed cross metathesis (CM) of allyl-decorated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) was explored. A variety of different commercial and non-commercial ruthenium complexes were tested to determine that the nitro-activated Ru catalyst is optimal for this transformation. The reported transformation was used to prepare selected hybrid steroid-POSS compounds.

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48

Scrase, Tom G., Simon M. Page, Paul D. Barker, and Sally R. Boss. "Folates are potential ligands for ruthenium compounds in vivo." Dalton Trans. 43, no. 22 (2014): 8158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4dt00081a.

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A labile ruthenium(ii) complex has been observed to chelate to folates under physiologically relevant conditions. The diastereomeric complexes formed would interfere with the one-carbon carrying role of folate in vivo. This highlights the importance of considering small molecules alongside macromolecules when determining the chemical origins of cytotoxicity of metallodrug candidates.

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Juszczak, Michał, Magdalena Kluska, Daniel Wysokiński, and Katarzyna Woźniak. "Anti-cancer properties of ruthenium compounds: NAMI-A and KP1019." Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 74 (February 19, 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.8549.

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Cancer research is among the key challenges in current medicine and biology. Many decades of investigations have brought measurable benefits in both areas with regard to expanding the knowledge of the molecular mechanism of cancer and developing treatment strategies. Despite that cancers are still among diseases with the highest mortality rate, and cancer treatment is often unsuccessful and connected with severe side effects. The development of therapeutic strategies in both targeting the primary tumor origin and preventing metastasis is largely based on testing newly synthesized chemical agents, including a group of metal-containing complexes. It seems that ruthenium-containing complexes are of high potential in cancer therapy, and our work presents the current data about the application of ruthenium-based complexes − NAMI-A and KP1019 in cancer therapy.

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Oliveira, Katia M., João Honorato, Guilherme R. Gonçalves, Marcia R. Cominetti, Alzir A. Batista, and Rodrigo S. Correa. "Ru(ii)/diclofenac-based complexes: DNA, BSA interaction and their anticancer evaluation against lung and breast tumor cells." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 36 (2020): 12643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt01591a.

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