Journal articles on the topic 'Rust disease'
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1
Journal, Baghdad Science. "Virulence surveillance of wheat black stem rust fungus." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 803–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.11.2.803-812.
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General survey for wheat rust diseases in Iraqi fields was done during the seasons of 2010, 2011 and 2012. The survey covered different fields in southern, middle and northern regions. Results of the first season indicated that most of Iraqi cultivars such as Tmmoze2, IPA 99 and Mexipak showed different types of susceptibility to both yellow and leaf rust infection. Disease severity increased when the conditions were favorable for infections with using susceptible cultivars. The severity of leaf rust was less in the north region comparing with the middle and south regions. Most of the introduced cultivars such as Sham6 and Cimmyto showed susceptible reaction to yellow and leaf rust. Yellow rust was in epiphytotic form at the Iraqi-Syrian-Turkish triangle where the disease severity was 100%. Low disease severity of stem rust was observed on some cultivars (1-5%), except for the cultivar Mexipak which showed 40%S in Najaf. Rusts at season of 2011 were restricted mostly in Baghdad and the yellow rust was dominant. The AUDPC of 15 wheat cultivars showed that Sawa and Sali were highly susceptible to the three types of rusts while Babil113 and Tamoze2 were resistant. No rusts were detected at season 2012.
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Meyer, M., N. Bacha, T. Tesfaye, Y. Alemayehu, E. Abera, B. Hundie, G. Woldeab, et al. "Wheat rust epidemics damage Ethiopian wheat production: A decade of field disease surveillance reveals national-scale trends in past outbreaks." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): e0245697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245697.
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Wheat rusts are the key biological constraint to wheat production in Ethiopia—one of Africa’s largest wheat producing countries. The fungal diseases cause economic losses and threaten livelihoods of smallholder farmers. While it is known that wheat rust epidemics have occurred in Ethiopia, to date no systematic long-term analysis of past outbreaks has been available. We present results from one of the most comprehensive surveillance campaigns of wheat rusts in Africa. More than 13,000 fields have been surveyed during the last 13 years. Using a combination of spatial data-analysis and visualization, statistical tools, and empirical modelling, we identify trends in the distribution of wheat stem rust (Sr), stripe rust (Yr) and leaf rust (Lr). Results show very high infection levels (mean incidence for Yr: 44%; Sr: 34%; Lr: 18%). These recurrent rust outbreaks lead to substantial economic losses, which we estimate to be of the order of 10s of millions of US-D annually. On the widely adopted wheat variety, Digalu, there is a marked increase in disease prevalence following the incursion of new rust races into Ethiopia, which indicates a pronounced boom-and-bust cycle of major gene resistance. Using spatial analyses, we identify hotspots of disease risk for all three rusts, show a linear correlation between altitude and disease prevalence, and find a pronounced north-south trend in stem rust prevalence. Temporal analyses show a sigmoidal increase in disease levels during the wheat season and strong inter-annual variations. While a simple logistic curve performs satisfactorily in predicting stem rust in some years, it cannot account for the complex outbreak patterns in other years and fails to predict the occurrence of stripe and leaf rust. The empirical insights into wheat rust epidemiology in Ethiopia presented here provide a basis for improving future surveillance and to inform the development of mechanistic models to predict disease spread.
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Pivonia, Shimon, and X. B. Yang. "Relating Epidemic Progress from a General Disease Model to Seasonal Appearance Time of Rusts in the United States: Implications for Soybean Rust." Phytopathology® 96, no. 4 (April 2006): 400–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-0400.
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Soybean rust, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, has been considered a threat to the production of the U.S. soybean, Glycine max. During the past decade, this disease gradually spread to Africa, South America, and recently to the United States. Previous soybean rust risk assessments with an assumption of availability of spores early in a season showed that weather conditions (dew and temperature) during a growing season, in general, are suitable for disease development in U.S. soybean-growing regions. Predicting the time of rust appearance in a field is critical to determining the destructive potential of rusts, including soybean rust. In this study, comparative epidemiology was used to assess likely rust incipient time in four locations within the U.S. Soybean Belt from south to north: Baton Rouge, LA; Charlotte, NC; Indianapolis, IN; and Minneapolis, MN. Temperature effects on the infection cycle of five rusts occurring in the Midwest were evaluated using a general disease model. The likely incipient times were examined with the modeling results. Among the rusts studied, early-appearing rusts had suitable conditions for development earlier in a season. However, a lag period of several weeks to more than 3 months was found from the time when conditions are suitable for a rust to develop or when hosts are available to the time when the rust was detected in fields. Length of the lag period differed among the rust species examined. If nature of long-distance dispersal is not significantly different among the rusts, implications of our study to the expected seasonal soybean rust incipience in fields lead to two possible scenarios: (i) average appearance time of soybean rust across the Soybean Belt should be somewhere between appearance times of common corn rust and southern corn rust, and (ii) with late appearance of the disease, late-planted soybean in the south has greater risk.
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Sanjel, Santosh, Bhim Chaulagain, Ian M. Small, Jack C. Comstock, Martha Hincapie, Richard N. Raid, and Philippe Rott. "Comparison of Progress of Brown Rust and Orange Rust and Conditions Conducive for Severe Epidemic Development During the Sugarcane Crop Season in Florida." Plant Disease 103, no. 5 (May 2019): 825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-18-0862-re.
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Brown rust (caused by Puccinia melanocephala) and orange rust (caused by P. kuehnii) are two major diseases of sugarcane in Florida. To better understand the epidemiology of these two rusts, disease severity and weather variables were monitored for two seasons in cultivars CL90-4725 (susceptible to brown rust and resistant to orange rust) and CL85-1040 (susceptible to orange rust and resistant to brown rust). Brown rust was most severe during mid-May to mid-July, whereas orange rust severity peaked during two periods: mid-May to early August and then November to December. Overall, disease severity was higher for orange rust than for brown rust. Maximum disease severity was correlated with the number of hours at night with an average temperature of 20 to 22.2°C for brown rust one season and orange rust both seasons. Slightly higher correlation was obtained when relative humidity above 90% was included in the number of hours at night with an average temperature of 20 to 22.2°C for brown rust but not orange rust, suggesting that leaf wetness is not a limiting factor for either disease in Florida. Epidemics of brown rust began at lower night temperatures (16.7 to 22.2°C) in one season, but epidemics of orange rust lasted longer under higher temperatures. The correlation of rust severity on recently emerged leaves with conducive temperatures recorded in 10-, 20-, or 30-day windows starting 7 days before disease assessment suggested that earlier inoculum production is needed to create severe epidemics that result in yield loss.
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Alemu, Gadisa. "Wheat Breeding for Disease Resistance: Review." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 4, no. 2 (2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000142.
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Breeding for disease resistance is a central focus of plant breeding programs, as any successful variety must have the complete package of high yield, disease resistance, agronomic performance, and end - use quality. Wheat breeding is focused on high yield, pathogen resistance and abiotic stress tolerance. Among diseases of wheat yellow rust, stem rust, and leaf rust are the most damaging diseases of wheat and other small grain cereals . Disease resistance in wheat breeding with one exception, the diseases of wheat that is important because of their effect on yield. Resistance to all diseases together can is important to avoid an unexpected loss in effectiveness of the resistance of a cu ltivar to a major disease. The genetic resistance to stem rust, leaf rust and yellow rust can be characterized as qualitative and quantitative resistances. Vertical resistance is specific to pathogen isolates based on single or very few genes. Race - specifi c is used to describe resistance that interacts differentially with pathogen races. Quantitative resistance is defined as resistance that varies in continuous way between the various phenotypes of the host population, from almost imperceptible to quite str ong. With the need to accelerate the development of improved varieties, genomics - assisted breeding is becoming an important tool in breeding programs. With marker - assisted selection, there has been success in breeding for disease resistance. Generally, bre eding programs have successfully implemented molecular markers to assist in the development of cultivars with stem, leaf and stripe rust resistance genes. When new rust resistance genes are to be deployed in wheat breeding programs, it unfortunately takes several years before the new sources of resistance will become available in commercial wheat cultivars. This is due to the long process involved in the establishment of pure breeding wheat lines. Biotechnology based techniques are available to accelerate t he breeding process via doubled haploid production.
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Ali, Yasir, Muhammad A. Khan, Muhammad Atiq, Waseem Sabir, Arslan Hafeez, and Faizan A. Tahir. "OPTIMIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONDUCIVE FOR STRIPE RUST OF WHEAT." Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology 29, no. 2 (December 30, 2017): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.33866/phytopathol.029.02.0400.
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Wheat rusts are the significant diseases of wheat crop and potential threats worldwide. Among all major wheat diseases occurring in all wheat growing areas of the world, yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is a big hazard when it occurs in severe condition. The susceptible germplasm and conducive environmental conditions contribute towards wide outbreak of rust diseases. In the present study, eight wheat lines were screened out and correlated with epidemiological factors (temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and wind speed). Results showed that maximum disease severity was observed at minimum and maximum temperature ranging from 13.7-16.7 and 23.5-27.65 0C respectively. Their disease severity was increased with increase in relative humidity ranging from 52-64 %. Similarly, rain fall ranging from 5.7-21.99 mm and wind speed 6.88-11.73 km/h respectively proved conducive for yellow rust development in Sargodha. A positive correlation was observed between disease severity and all environmental factors.
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Ogbonnaya, F. C., M. Imtiaz, H. S. Bariana, M. McLean, M. M. Shankar, G. J. Hollaway, R. M. Trethowan, E. S. Lagudah, and M. van Ginkel. "Mining synthetic hexaploids for multiple disease resistance to improve bread wheat." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 5 (2008): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07227.
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A collection of 253 synthetic hexaploid wheats (SHWs) produced from 192 Aegilops tauschii accessions and 39 elite durum varieties were studied to identify, characterise, and evaluate potentially untapped diversity of disease resistance in wheat. The diseases for which resistance was sought included cereal cyst nematode (CCN), root lesion nematode (RLN), Stagonospora nodorum blotch (SNB), Septoria tritici blotch (STB), and the 3 rusts, leaf rust, stem rust, and stripe rust, all important diseases of bread wheat worldwide, which can severely reduce wheat yield and quality. The SHWs exhibited a wide spectrum of resistance to the 8 pathogens. The frequency of disease-resistant SHWs ranged from 1% for one species of RLN (Pratylenchus neglectus), 3% and 10% for Septoria nodorum leaf and glume blotch, 10% for seedling resistance to yellow leaf spot, 16% for CCN, 21% for the second species of RLN (Pratylenchus thornei), 73% for Septoria tritici blotch, and 15%, 40%, and 24% for leaf rust, stem rust, and stripe rust, respectively. Five SHWs, Aus26860, Aus30258, Aus30294, Aus30301, and Aus30304, exhibited high levels of resistance to CCN, YLP, STB, LR, and SR, while 56 SHWs showed resistance to either 3 or 4 diseases. The genetics of resistance to CCN in some of the SHWs revealed that some of the accessions carry the same CCN gene(s) against pathotype Ha13, while others may carry different resistance gene(s). Additional studies were carried out to understand the relationship between the resistances identified in SHWs and the ones already present in common wheat, in particular the resistance genes Cre1 and Cre3 against CCN. The use of perfect markers associated with Cre1 and Cre3 suggested that some SHWs may carry a new CCN resistance gene(s), which could be deployed in breeding programs to increase the diversity of available resistance. The identification of SHWs with resistance to a range of diseases provides an opportunity to generate genetic knowledge and resistant germplasm to be used in future variety development.
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Kharouf, Shoula, Shadi Hamzeh, and Mohamad Fawaehz Azmeh. "Races Identification of Wheat Rusts in Syria during the 2019 Growing Season." Arab Journal for Plant Protection 39, no. 1 (March 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-39.1.001013.
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Kharouf, Sh., Sh. Hamzeh and M.F. Azmeh. 2021. Races Identification of Wheat Rusts in Syria during the 2019 Growing Season. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 39(1): 1-13. Wheat rust diseases, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (stripe or yellow rust), P. triticina f. sp. tritici (leaf or brown rust) and P. graminis f. sp. tritici (stem or black rust) are important factors affecting both durum and bread wheat production in Syria. Considerable losses were caused by these diseases, especially stripe rust, estimated at more than one million metric tons, in the 2010 season, out of 5 million anticipated production. Therefore, it is essential to monitor and follow the movement of these three rust physiological races. In the 2019 growing season, 165 wheat fields were surveyed, and 312 samples were collected and characterized. Ten races of stripe rust were identified in ten locations, of which, four represent new record in Syria, namely the races 16E154, 69E150, 264E46 and 258E64. In addition, four races of leaf rust were identified in four locations, one of which (BKLP) is a new record in Syria. In addition, three previously recorded stem rust races were identified from three different locations. It should be mentioned that the newly recorded races of stripe rust are able to overcome resistance genes Yr1 and Yr5, on which the resistance of durum wheat cultivars such as "Cham3" depended, with a disease severity of 40S recorded in the same locations. It is also worth noting that the stripe rust race 462E128 (warrior) was not detected in the isolates studied. Likewise, the stem rust race Ug99 was also not identified, and because of the aggressiveness of this race, continuous inspection through field surveys accompanied with pathogenicity tests is essential during the coming seasons. Keywords: Stripe (yellow) rust, Leaf (brown) rust, stem (black) rust, race identification, wheat, Syria
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Pfender, W. "Demonstration of Pathotype Specificity in Stem Rust of Perennial Ryegrass." Phytopathology® 99, no. 10 (October 2009): 1185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-99-10-1185.
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Rust diseases cause significant damage in forage and seed crops of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), which is highly heterozygous and heterogeneous and thus presents difficulty in genetic analysis. There has been no definitive demonstration of the existence of pathotypes for stem rust or other rusts of perennial ryegrass, although experiments with crown rust (Puccinia coronata) of this host are strongly suggestive of pathotype specificity. We made single-pustule isolates of P. graminis subsp. graminicola, and applied them individually to a set of genetically diverse, clonally propagated individuals of L. perenne. There were clear examples of different patterns of virulence among isolates across the different plant clones, including qualitative and quantitative differences in resistance. These data demonstrate the existence of pathotype specificity in stem rust of L. perenne, information which will be useful in breeding for disease resistance.
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Beirn, Lisa A., William A. Meyer, Bruce B. Clarke, and Jo Anne Crouch. "A Greenhouse-based Inoculation Protocol for Fungi Causing Crown Rust and Stem Rust Diseases of Kentucky Bluegrass Turf." HortScience 50, no. 10 (October 2015): 1509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.10.1509.
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Rusts are destructive fungal diseases that can cause severe thinning and unattractive discoloration of kentucky bluegrass (KBG; Poa pratensis L.). Currently, turfgrass breeding programs rely on field evaluations to screen KBG germplasm for rust resistance; methods that are expensive, labor intensive, and require large turf areas. The availability of a greenhouse-based assay to perform prescreening of KBG germplasm for resistance to rust diseases before field trials would allow breeders to remove the poorest performing plants before field evaluations thus enhancing breeding efficiency. In this study, we set out to develop a reliable, low-cost greenhouse inoculation protocol for the two most common rust pathogens of KBG in temperate growing regions: Puccinia coronata and Puccinia graminis, the causal agents of crown and stem rust, respectively. Using a modified inoculation assay and custom-built plexi-glass chambers adapted from protocols used for cereal rust pathogens, urediniospores of crown and stem rust fungi developed on inoculated plants 10 to 14 days postinoculation. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, disease symptomology, and morphology of urediniospores confirmed the presence and identity of both rust pathogens from inoculated host tissue. The inoculation protocols described here represent an effective method to accelerate screening of KBG germplasm for resistance to crown and stem rust diseases. Infection of KBG plants in the greenhouse will also allow breeders to maintain populations of crown and stem rust fungi throughout the year, providing a reliable and ongoing source of pathogen inoculum for experimentation and screening in the future.
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Suhas Kundlik Kamble. "Puccinia duthiei Ellis & Tracy: a new host record on Chrysopogon velutinus from India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 11 (August 26, 2020): 16644–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5981.12.11.16644-16646.
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Chrysopogon Trinius belongs to poaceae is represented by 23 species in India. Rust disease is caused by pathogenic fungi of the order Pucciniales, which comprises about 168 genera and nearby 7,000 species of rusts. An attempt has been made to record new rust fungi, Puccinia duthiae Ellis and Tracy on Chrysopogon velutinus (Hook. F.) Bor from India.
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Singh, Kuldeep, Satish Kumar, and Pawan Kaur. "Automatic detection of rust disease of Lentil by machine learning system using microscopic images." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i1.pp660-666.
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<p>Accurate and early detection of plant diseases will facilitate mitigate the worldwide losses experienced by the agriculture area. MATLAB image processing provides quick and non-destructive means of rust disease detection. In this paper, microscopic image data of rust disease of <em>Lentil</em> was combined with image processing with depth information and developed a machine learning system to detect rust disease at early stage infected with fungus <em>Uromyces fabae</em> (Pers) de Bary. A novel feature set was extracted from the image data using local binary pattern (LBP) and HBBP (Brightness Bi-Histogram Equalization) for image enhancement. It was observed that by combining these, the accuracy of detection of the diseased plants at microscopic level was significantly improved. In addition, we showed that our novel feature set was capable of identifying rust disease at haustorium stage without spreading of disease. </p>
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Rahayu, Sri, Nor Aini Ab Shukor, Lee Su See, and Ghizan Saleh. "Responses of Falcataria moluccana seedlings of Different Seed Sources to Inoculation With Uromycladium tepperianum." Silvae Genetica 58, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2009): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2009-0008.
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Abstract Falcataria moluccana (batai) is one of the valuable multipurpose tree species for forest plantations, particularly in Malaysia and Indonesia. Gall rust disease caused by Uromycladium tepperianum (Sacc.) is one of the most destructive diseases in Batai plantations. The disease causes severe damage at all developmental stages of the plant from the nursery stage to mature trees in the field and includes the development of chocolate brown, cauliflower-like or whip-like galls on the stem, branch, petiole, shoot and pod. Different seed sources may respond differently to gall rust fungus. Thus, the responses of F. moluccana seedlings from 6 selected seed sources to gall rust disease caused by U. tepperianum, were evaluated, at the Brumas Estate, Malaysia, in terms of gall rust disease severity, mortality, and disease infection rate of the seedlings. Based on disease severity, infection rate and cumulative mortality due to gall rust disease, the wamena was found to be the best seed source in relation to gall rust disease resistance.
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Sibiya, Malusi, and Mbuyu Sumbwanyambe. "Automatic Fuzzy Logic-Based Maize Common Rust Disease Severity Predictions with Thresholding and Deep Learning." Pathogens 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020131.
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Many applications of plant pathology had been enabled by the evolution of artificial intelligence (AI). For instance, many researchers had used pre-trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) such as the VGG-16, Inception, and Google Net to mention a few, for the classifications of plant diseases. The trend of using AI for plant disease classification has grown to such an extent that some researchers were able to use artificial intelligence to also detect their severities. The purpose of this study is to introduce a novel approach that is reliable in predicting severities of the maize common rust disease by CNN deep learning models. This was achieved by applying threshold-segmentation on images of diseased maize leaves (Common Rust disease) to extract the percentage of the diseased leaf area which was then used to derive fuzzy decision rules for the assignment of Common Rust images to their severity classes. The four severity classes were then used to train a VGG-16 network in order to automatically classify the test images of the Common Rust disease according to their classes of severity. Trained with images developed by using this proposed approach, the VGG-16 network achieved a validation accuracy of 95.63% and a testing accuracy of 89% when tested on images of the Common Rust disease among four classes of disease severity named Early stage, Middle stage, Late Stage and Healthy stage.
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Sopialena, Sopialena, Suyadi Suyadi, and Septri Alfian Noor. "Ecosystem Monitoring on Leaves of Leaf Rust Disease of Maize (Zea mays L.)." Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 37, no. 1 (February 14, 2022): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v37i1.34920.
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Endemic leaf rust disease always occurs in almost all maize plantations in Indonesia. Furthermore, the development of this disease differs concurrently and is greatly influenced by the ecological conditions of maize cultivation. Therefore, this study fills the epidemiological gap of diseases that has not been conducted against the epidemiology of maize rust. This identifies the causes of leaf rust that attacked the maize plants in two locations, namely Bayur and Muang Dalam, Lempake, Samarinda, Indonesia. This study also analyzed the relationship or model between ecological factors of temperature, humidity, and soil fertility on the intensity of leaf rust and the infection rate of maize leaf rust. Measurement of disease intensity, the rate at which it developed, soil fertility and temperature and humidity of the area are conducted in this study. Meanwhile, soil fertility also influenced disease progression and the nutrient-poor soils in two sites cause leaf rust disease to develop well. The identification results showed that the cause of maize leaf rust was <em>Puccinia sorghi</em> Schw. Therefore, the temperature accompanied by the increased humidity is directly proportional to the development of the leaf rust.
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Altın, Nedim, Hüseyin Güngör, and İsmet Yıldırım. "Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi Düzce Ekolojik Koşulları Altında Bazı Ekmeklik Buğday Çeşitlerinin Yaprak Hastalıklarına Karşı Reaksiyonlarının Belirlenmesi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 6 (July 12, 2017): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i6.653-659.1136.
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This study was conducted to determine the response of 19 bread wheat varieties to natural infection of leaf diseases under ecological conditions of Düzce in the Western Black Sea Region. The trial was established in accordance with randomized block with four replications and the seeds were planted on 17.11.2015. The wheat varities were observed for the associated diseases including septoria leaf spot disease (caused by Septoria tritici during milking stage), yellow rust disease (caused by Puccinia striiformis at the end of the flowering period), brown rust disease (caused by Puccinia recondita at the beginning of milking stage). The disease severity were assessed in the field conditions according to natural contamination. According to determined diseases severity, the most sensitive variety against septoria leaf spot disease was “Bereket” with 60%, while the most tolerant variety was “Aslı” with 14%. The most sensitive variety against yellow rust disease was “Tekirdağ” with 45.4%, while the most tolerant variety was “Midas” with 0.6%. The most sensitive variety against brown rust disease was “Tahirova” with 22%, while the most tolerant variety was “Midas” with 0.2%. The results indicated that promising wheat varieties for future breeding studies were: Aldane, Aslı, Konya 2002, Köprü, Masaccio and Tosunbey (against septoria leaf spot disease), Aslı, Esperia, Kate A1, Karasunya Odeska, Masaccio and Midas (against yellow rust disease), Aldane, Aslı, Bereket, Köprü, Masaccio, Midas and Tekirdağ (against brown rust disease).
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Konkova, E. A., S. V. Lyashcheva, and A. I. Sergeeva. "Screening of the world winter bread wheat collection for leafstem disease resistance in the Lower Volga region." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 2 (April 28, 2022): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2022-80-2-36-40.
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The current paper has presented the study results of collection winter bread wheat samples. The purpose of the study was to screen the world collection of winter bread wheat for disease resistance in the Nizhnevolzhsky region. The study was carried out on the basis of the FSBSI “Federal Agricultural Research Center of the South-East” (Saratov). In 2017–2021 there was conducted an estimation of the resistance of 152 winter bread wheat samples to the main pathogens. The samples were sown at the optimal time with the SSFC-8 seeder on plots of 3 m2 in a single repetition. The seeding rate was 450 germinating seeds per m2 . There have been studied the world collection varietal samples of winter bread wheat VIR (from breeding centers of the USA, Canada, Ukraine, Slovakia, Latvia, Hungary, etc.), as well as the samples of domestic breeding (FANC of the South-East, NTsZ named after P.P. Lukyanenko, Severokavkazsky FNATS, etc.). There have been identified the most harmful leaf-stem diseases, such as brown rust (Puccinia triticina Erikss.) and stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. Tritici), septoria (Septoria tritici Rob. et Desm.) and yellow leaf blotch (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died) Drechsler). There has been characterized the resistance of the winter bread wheat collection to the complex of leaf-stem diseases. There have been identified two samples with group resistance to brown and stem rusts, septoria and pyrenophorosis; one sample resistant to leaf rust and stem rust; three samples resistant to stem rust and septoria; one sample resistant to leaf and stem rust and septoria; six samples resistant to septoria and pyrenophorosis.
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Malaker, P. K., and M. M. A. Reza. "Resistance to rusts in Bangladeshi wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 47, Special Issue (October 20, 2011): S155—S159. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3271-cjgpb.
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Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina is the most important disease among the three rusts of wheat in Bangladesh. The disease occurs in all wheat growing areas of the country with varying degrees of severity. Stem rust caused by P. graminis f.sp. tritici was last observed during the mid 1980s, while yellow rust caused by P. striiformis f.sp. tritici occurs occasionally in the north-western region, where a relatively cooler climate prevails during the winter months. None of the rusts has yet reached an epidemic level, but damaging epidemics may occur in future, particularly if a virulent race develops or is introduced. The genes conferring rust resistance in the breeding lines and wheat varieties released in Bangladesh were investigated at CIMMYT-Mexico and DWR-India. The resistance genes Lr1, Lr3, Lr10, Lr13, Lr23 and Lr26, Sr2, Sr5, Sr7b, Sr8b, Sr9b, Sr11 and Sr31; and Yr2KS and Yr9 were found. An adult plant slow rusting resistance gene Lr34 was also identified in some of the breeding lines and varieties based on the presence of clear leaf tip necrosis under field conditions. Considering the possible risk of migration of the devastating Ug99 race of stem rust into the Indo-Pak subcontinent, the Bangladeshi wheat lines and cultivars are being regularly sent to KARI in Kenya for testing their resistance against this race. The resistant lines have been included in multi-location yield trials and multiplied for future use in order to mitigate the threat of Ug99. The resistant lines have also been included in crossing schemes to develop genetic diversity of rust resistance.
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Mueller, D. S., S. N. Jeffers, and J. W. Buck. "Effect of Timing of Fungicide Applications on Development of Rusts on Daylily, Geranium, and Sunflower." Plant Disease 88, no. 6 (June 2004): 657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.6.657.
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Integrated disease management should provide the most effective means of controlling rusts on ornamental crops over time, and fungicides are an important component of an integrated rust management program. Proper timing of fungicide applications is critical for effective disease management; however, information about application timing is lacking for rusts on ornamental crops. The objective of this study was to determine how fungicides affected rust development on daylily, geranium, and sunflower plants when applied several days before or after inoculation. Five fungicides registered for use against rusts on ornamental crops were evaluated: the strobilurin azoxystrobin; three sterol biosynthesis inhibiting fungicides—myclobutanil, propiconazole, and triadimefon; and the broad spectrum protectant chlorothalonil. All five fungicides significantly reduced lesion development by rust pathogens on daylily, geranium, and sunflower plants when these compounds were applied preventatively up to 15 days before inoculation and infection with a few exceptions (e.g., propiconazole on geranium and triadimefon on sunflower). Curative activity, which resulted from fungicide application after inoculation, was observed for the three rusts with some products (azoxystrobin on all three plants and myclobutanil, propiconazole, and triadimefon on geranium) when applied up to 7 days postinoculation. In general, fungicide efficacy with several of the products decreased as the time from application to inoculation (preventative activity) or inoculation to application (curative activity) increased.
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Campeau, Cindy, John T. A. Proctor, Chung-Ja C. Jackson, and H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe. "Rust-spotted North American Ginseng Roots: Phenolic, Antioxidant, Ginsenoside, and Mineral Nutrient Content." HortScience 38, no. 2 (April 2003): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.38.2.179.
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Rusty root is a major problem in ginseng production worldwide as it reduces root quality. Full characterization of rusty root is unavailable, and necessary for development of effective control measures. A comparison of phenolics, antioxidants, ginsenosides, and mineral nutrient content of rusted and non-rusted tissue from disease-free roots is reported. Periderm and adjacent tissues of 4-year-old North American ginseng roots (Panax quinquefolius L.) had a total phenolic content of 3.05 mg·g-1 dry weight (as gallic acid equivalents), which was increased 53% by rust-spotting. Antioxidant activity increased with phenolic content and was 33% higher (3.6 vs. 2.7 mg·g-1 dry weight as ascorbic acid equivalents) in rust-spotted tissue. Total ginsenoside content was higher (139.1 vs. 119.4 mg·g-1) in healthy than in rust-spotted tissue, the latter reflecting a significant decrease in four of the major ginsenosides (Rb2, Rc, Rd, and Re). The Rg group was higher (38.0 vs. 29.9 mg·g-1) in healthy than in rust-spotted tissue. The mineral elements N, P, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, and Fe were higher, and K lower (21%) in rust-spotted tissue than in healthy tissue.
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Amgai, Resham B., Shreejan Pokharel, Sumitra Pantha, Atit Parajuli, Sudeep Subedi, and Shambhu P. Dhital. "Selection of Pyramided Barley Advanced Lines for Stripe Rust, Leaf Rust and Crown Rust Diseases Using Molecular Markers." Nepal Journal of Biotechnology 8, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njb.v8i3.33665.
Full textAbstract:
Barley diseases are the major yield limiting factors for barley cultivation in Nepal. Stripe/Yellow rust (P. striformis f.sp. hordei and P. striformis f.sp. tritici), leaf rust (Puccinia hordei), and crown rust (P. coronata) are the major rust diseases in Nepal. Pyramiding resistance genes against all these rust diseases are possible through molecular marker assisted breeding. Sweden originated barley variety ‘Bonus’ is found resistant to stripe rust and having linked microsatellite markers for stripe rust and crown rust resistance. Similarly, Nepalese hull-less barley variety ‘Solu Uwa’ and Nepalese awn-less barley landrace NPGR Acc# 2478 have linked microsatellite markers for leaf rust resistance. Therefore, one polymorphic sequence tagged sites (STS) marker (ABG054) for stripe rust resistance, two polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers (Bmac0144h and HVM049) for leaf rust and one polymorphic SSR marker (Bmag0006) for crown rust resistance were used to select the advanced barley lines (at F8 stage) from above parents. Field screening of stripe rust resistance was also conducted. Among 51 advanced and field disease resistance lines from Bonus/Solu Uwa cross, we have selected 10 pyramided lines for all three types of barley rust resistance. Similarly, among 39 advanced and field disease resistance lines from Bonus/NPGR Acc#2478 cross we have selected three pyramided lines and advanced for further yield testing for general cultivation purpose. The chances of losing the desired gene are high in late generation selection using molecular marker assisted selection (MAS); but the chances of getting agronomically superior varietal output will also increase.
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Ali, Sajjad, Javeed Asghar Tariq, Manzoor Ali Abro, Ghulam Hussain Jatoi, Naeem Muhammad, Imran Rauf, and Raza Muhammad Memon. "Evaluation of Incidence, Some Wheat Lines and Fungicides for their Performance against Leaf Rust of Wheat in Sindh Province of Pakistan." Plant Protection 6, no. 3 (December 28, 2022): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33804/pp.006.03.4347.
Full textAbstract:
Rusts cause considerable qualitative and quantitative losses to the wheat crop. However, their severity and losses can be minimized through the deployment of resistant cultivars. Current investigations were made to conduct surveys for leaf rust in Sindh province to scrutinize wheat germplasm against the disease and to check the efficacy of potential fungicides in controlling leaf rust of wheat. Experiments were conducted under artificial conditions at Nuclear Institute for Agriculture, Tandojam. Cobb's scale was used for disease ratings. Among screened wheat lines, one was rated as resistant, two were found moderately resistant, six showed moderately resistant and moderately susceptible type reactions, and one line exhibited moderately susceptible reaction. Moreover, the correlation between severity ratings (area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and yield traits unveiled that there was a negative correlation between AUDPC and spike length, awn length, plants/sq.ft., and grain yield while a positive correlation for remaining traits. Among fungicides, Tilt and Bloom were found to be the most effective in controlling leaf rust. It is, therefore, recommended that the resistant genotypes should be used in future breeding programs to evolve resistant materials against leaf rusts of wheat and the most effective fungicides be used for the management of the disease to minimize yield losses.
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Wang, Hui, Feng Qin, Qi Liu, Liu Ruan, Rui Wang, Zhanhong Ma, Xiaolong Li, Pei Cheng, and Haiguang Wang. "Identification and Disease Index Inversion of Wheat Stripe Rust and Wheat Leaf Rust Based on Hyperspectral Data at Canopy Level." Journal of Spectroscopy 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/651810.
Full textAbstract:
Stripe rust and leaf rust with similar symptoms are two important wheat diseases. In this study, to investigate a method to identify and assess the two diseases, the canopy hyperspectral data of healthy wheat, wheat in incubation period, and wheat in diseased period of the diseases were collected, respectively. After data preprocessing, three support vector machine (SVM) models for disease identification and six support vector regression (SVR) models for disease index (DI) inversion were built. The results showed that the SVM model based on wavelet packet decomposition coefficients with the overall identification accuracy of the training set equal to 99.67% and that of the testing set equal to 82.00% was better than the other two models. To improve the identification accuracy, it was suggested that a combination model could be constructed with one SVM model and two models built usingK-nearest neighbors (KNN) method. Using the DI inversion SVR models, the satisfactory results were obtained for the two diseases. The results demonstrated that identification and DI inversion of stripe rust and leaf rust can be implemented based on hyperspectral data at the canopy level.
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Kamp, B. J. van der. "Lodgepole pine stem diseases and management of stand density in the British Columbia interior." Forestry Chronicle 70, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 773–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc70773-6.
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The incidence of western gall rust, stalactiform blister rust, comandra blister rust and Atropellis canker was measured in 16 permanent sample plots in young lodgepole pine stands in the Interior of B.C. in 1980, shortly following juvenile spacing, and again in 1985 and 1992. The incidence (as percent of living trees with live rust infections) of the three rusts increased substantially between 1980 and 1985 in both treated and control plots, but declined from 1985 to 1992, partly because of infected tree mortality, but mostly because of a low rate of new infection and the death of all branch infections on many surviving trees. More than 85 percent of all stalactiform and comandra blister rust infections and 60 percent of all gall rust stem infections occurred within 2 m of the ground. The low incidence of new infection in these plots since 1985 is probably attributable to the loss of live branches due to crown closure and branch suppression in that 2 m zone as well as altered climatic conditions and reduced inoculum levels. Atropellis canker infection increased at each remeasurement, and in 1992, was less in spaced plots than in unthinned controls (3.4 and 8.9% of trees infected). A set of recommendations concerning allowances for disease mortality at the time of regeneration and juvenile spacing is presented. Key words: stand density management, Lodgepole pine, western gall rust, blister rust, Atropellis canker
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Woods, Alex J., Albert Nussbaum, and Bill Golding. "Predicted impacts of hard pine stem rusts on lodgepole pine dominated stands in central British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-236.
Full textAbstract:
We developed two models to predict volume loss due to western gall rust (Endocronartium harknessii (J.P. Moore) Y. Hiratsuka) and comandra blister rust (Cronartium comandrae Peck) on juvenile lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) dominated stands in central British Columbia. The models suggest that volume loss is significantly and positively correlated to the incidence of comandra blister rust. The relationship between volume loss and western gall rust incidence was weak. The addition of stand density data improved the statistical fit of the model. We used the growth and yield model Tree and stand simulator (TASS) to predict volume at culmination age (age at which the merchantable mean annual increment was maximized) in thirty 1-ha stem-mapped stands. The lodgepole pine trees we stem mapped were also assessed for hard pine stem rust incidence. We developed our volume loss functions assuming that trees with stem infections of both comandra blister rust and western gall rust were lethal, and that infected trees would die from ages 21 to 40. In areas where comandra blister rust is common, the losses due to the disease can be considerable. We predict that the volume losses due to hard pine stem rusts in lodgepole pine dominated stands are as high as 7.2% by culmination age.
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Ligon, Courtney, Mercy Olmstead, and Philip Harmon. "Peach Rust." EDIS 2015, no. 6 (September 1, 2015): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-hs1263-2015.
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Peach rust is a fungal disease that affect the leaves and, less commonly, twigs and fruit of peach trees. The fungus that causes peach rust thrives in Florida’s humid climate and may cause significant economic losses in severely affected orchards. This 5-page fact sheet details peach rust symptoms, disease cycle, and management, including fungicide treatments. Written by Courtney Ligon, Mercy Olmstead, and Phillip Harmon, and published by the UF Department of Horticultural Sciences, June 2015.
HS1263/HS1263: Peach Rust (Transchelia spp.) (ufl.edu)
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KHANFRI, Siham, Mohammed BOULIF, and Rachid LAHLALI. "Yellow Rust (Puccinia striiformis): a Serious Threat to Wheat Production Worldwide." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 10, no. 3 (September 27, 2018): 410–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb10310287.
Full textAbstract:
Wheat (Triticum sp. L.), as one of the first domesticated food crops, is the basic staple food for a large segment of population around the world. The crop though is susceptible to many fungal pathogens. Stripe rust is an important airborne disease caused by Puccinia striiformis (Pst) and is widespread wherever wheat is cultivated throughout the world, in temperate-cool and wet environments. The causal fungus of stripe rust or yellow rust is an obligate parasite that requires another living host to complete its life cycle. Pst includes five types of spores in the life cycle on two distinct hosts. Stripe rust is distinguished from other rusts by the dusty yellow lesions that grow systemically in the form of streaks between veins and on leaf sheaths. The importance and occurrence of stripe rust disease varies in cultivated wheat, depending on environmental conditions (moisture, temperature, and wind), inoculum levels and susceptible host varieties. Transcaucasia was previously thought to be the center of origin for the pathogen. However, new findings further underlined Himalayan and near-Himalayan regions as center of diversity and a more tenable center of origin for P. striiformis. Long-distance dispersal of stripe rust pathogen in the air and occasionally by human activities enables Pst to spread to new geographical areas. This disease affects quality and yield of wheat crop. Early seeding, foliar fungicide application and cultivation of resistant varieties are the main strategies for its control. The emergence of new races of Pst with high epidemic potential which can adapt to warmer temperatures has expanded virulence profiles. Subsequently, races are more aggressive than those previously characterized. These findings emphasize the need for more breeding efforts of resistant varieties and reinforcement of other management practices to prevent and overcome stripe rust epidemic around the world.
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Afzal, Amir, Muhammad Ijaz, Sharmin Ashraf, Hafiz Hasnain Nawaz, Javed Iqbal, Rubab Altaf, and Sairah Syed. "DETERMINATION OF RELATIONSHIP OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS WITH STRIPE RUST IN WHEAT." Plant Protection 6, no. 2 (August 23, 2022): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33804/pp.006.02.4256.
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Changes in climate scenario affect natural conditions in farming system, hence affect plant pests and diseases development. Universally, adverse effects of climate changes namely failing the ecosystem apparatuses that control the balance of plant pests and diseases, failing the plant resistance and the development of environmental situation supportive plant pests and diseases growth in general. The disposed cultivars and favorable ecological circumstances play part towards rust diseases in epidemic form. In this study meteorological data and disease incidence data were correlated to establish relationship between environmental variables and stripe rust development. Linear correlation was established among minimum and maximum air temperature and development of rust was positive. Impact of relative humidity could not be assessed because variation in range between minimum and maximum mean relative humidity remained non-significant during the period under study. However, data generated seems insufficient to conclude authentic result to determine the role of relative humidity in stripe rust development. Three genotypes having different responses against stripe rust were studied to correlate the response of yellow rust with epidemiological factors (temperature, relative moisture, and precipitation). Impact of meteorological factors indicated that environment significantly affected disease incidence and severity of yellow rust through its impact on development rate of the pathogen. Same cultivars responded differentially under unlike meteorological conditions.
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Valkoun, Jan, Karl Hammer, Dagmar Kučerová, and Pavel Bartoš. "Disease resistance in the genusAegilops L. — stem rust, leaf rust, stripe rust, and powdery mildew." Die Kulturpflanze 33, no. 2 (June 1985): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01997267.
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Heidarian Dehkordi, Ramin, Moussa El Jarroudi, Louis Kouadio, Jeroen Meersmans, and Marco Beyer. "Monitoring Wheat Leaf Rust and Stripe Rust in Winter Wheat Using High-Resolution UAV-Based Red-Green-Blue Imagery." Remote Sensing 12, no. 22 (November 11, 2020): 3696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12223696.
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During the past decade, imagery data acquired from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), thanks to their high spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions, have attracted increasing attention for discriminating healthy from diseased plants and monitoring the progress of such plant diseases in fields. Despite the well-documented usage of UAV-based hyperspectral remote sensing for discriminating healthy and diseased plant areas, employing red-green-blue (RGB) imagery for a similar purpose has yet to be fully investigated. This study aims at evaluating UAV-based RGB imagery to discriminate healthy plants from those infected by stripe and wheat leaf rusts in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), with a focus on implementing an expert system to assist growers in improved disease management. RGB images were acquired at four representative wheat-producing sites in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Diseased leaf areas were determined based on the digital numbers (DNs) of green and red spectral bands for wheat stripe rust (WSR), and the combination of DNs of green, red, and blue spectral bands for wheat leaf rust (WLR). WSR and WLR caused alterations in the typical reflectance spectra of wheat plants between the green and red spectral channels. Overall, good agreements between UAV-based estimates and observations were found for canopy cover, WSR, and WLR severities, with statistically significant correlations (p-value (Kendall) < 0.0001). Correlation coefficients were 0.92, 0.96, and 0.86 for WSR severity, WLR severity, and canopy cover, respectively. While the estimation of canopy cover was most often less accurate (correlation coefficients < 0.20), WSR and WLR infected leaf areas were identified satisfactorily using the RGB imagery-derived indices during the critical period (i.e., stem elongation and booting stages) for efficacious fungicide application, while disease severities were also quantified accurately over the same period. Using such a UAV-based RGB imagery method for monitoring fungal foliar diseases throughout the cropping season can help to identify any new disease outbreak and efficaciously control its spread.
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Wang, Hongli, Qian Jiang, Zhenyu Sun, Shiqin Cao, and Haiguang Wang. "Identification of Stripe Rust and Leaf Rust on Different Wheat Varieties Based on Image Processing Technology." Agronomy 13, no. 1 (January 14, 2023): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010260.
Full textAbstract:
The timely and accurate identification of stripe rust and leaf rust is essential in effective disease control and the safe production of wheat worldwide. To investigate methods for identifying the two diseases on different wheat varieties based on image processing technology, single-leaf images of the diseases on different wheat varieties, acquired under field and laboratory environmental conditions, were processed. After image scaling, median filtering, morphological reconstruction, and lesion segmentation on the images, 140 color, texture, and shape features were extracted from the lesion images; then, feature selections were conducted using methods including ReliefF, 1R, correlation-based feature selection, and principal components analysis combined with support vector machine (SVM), back propagation neural network (BPNN), and random forest (RF), respectively. For the individual-variety disease identification SVM, BPNN, and RF models built with the optimal feature combinations, the identification accuracies of the training sets and the testing sets on the same individual varieties acquired under the same image acquisition conditions as the training sets used for modeling were 87.18–100.00%, but most of the identification accuracies of the testing sets for other individual varieties were low. For the multi-variety disease identification SVM, BPNN, and RF models built with the merged optimal feature combinations based on the multi-variety disease images acquired under field and laboratory environmental conditions, identification accuracies in the range of 82.05–100.00% were achieved on the training set, the corresponding multi-variety disease image testing set, and all the individual-variety disease image testing sets. The results indicated that the identification of images of stripe rust and leaf rust could be greatly affected by wheat varieties, but satisfactory identification performances could be achieved by building multi-variety disease identification models based on disease images from multiple varieties under different environments. This study provides an effective method for the accurate identification of stripe rust and leaf rust and could be a useful reference for the automatic identification of other plant diseases.
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Ellis, Jeffrey G., Rohit Mago, Raja Kota, Peter N. Dodds, Helen McFadden, Greg Lawrence, Wolfgang Spielmeyer, and Evans Lagudah. "Wheat rust resistance research at CSIRO." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 6 (2007): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06151.
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Although chemical control is available for rust diseases in wheat, economic and environmental factors favour genetic solutions. Maintenance and improvement of levels of resistance and durability of the genetic control of the 3 wheat rust diseases will occur with the application of DNA markers for pyramiding resistance genes. Information about the molecular basis of rust resistance, including durable, adult-plant resistance, coming from studies in model species such as flax and flax rust and from studies of wheat and barley, will provide knowledge for new biotechnological approaches to rust resistance. Increasing cereal gene sequence data will improve the efficiency of cloning disease resistance genes and, together with the rapid progress in understanding the molecular basis of rust resistance, will make it possible to construct transgenic plants with multiple rust resistance genes at a single locus, which will provide efficient breeding and increased durability of rust resistance.
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du Preez, E. D., N. C. van Rij, K. F. Lawrance, M. R. Miles, and R. D. Frederick. "First Report of Soybean Rust Caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi on Dry Beans in South Africa." Plant Disease 89, no. 2 (February 2005): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0206c.
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During April 2004, a 150-m2 dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plot growing adjacent to rust-infected soybean (Glycine max) at Cedara Agricultural Research Farm (29°32′S 30°16′E) was observed to be infected with two distinct rust types. Common bean rust (caused by Uromyces appendiculatus) with reddish brown uredinia and black telia was readily identified. A second rust with smaller sporulating uredinia (1.0 to 1.5 mm2), which were gray in appearance, was also found. Visual rust severity on the dry bean plants, which were in mid pod-fill, was high (approximately 30 to 40% disease incidence). Twenty plants were examined and observed to be infected with both rusts. With microscopic examination of no fewer than 20 leaves per plant, the urediniospores from the smaller lesions were determined to be morphologically similar to Phakopsora pachyrhizi (3). Real-time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction assays on six leaves and sequence analysis of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region 2 (1) verified the identity of the urediniospores as P. pachyrhizi. Although P. vulgaris is a known host of P. pachyrhizi, to our knowledge this is the first time since the arrival of soybean rust in 2001 that P. pachyrhizi has been observed on an alternate host plant in South Africa (2). Since dry beans are grown all year in frost-free areas, the implications are that dry beans may serve as an important overwintering host and source of inoculum for seasonal soybean rust outbreaks. References: (1) R. D. Frederick et al. Phytopathology 92:217, 2002. (2) Z. A. Pretorius et al. Plant Dis. 85:1288, 2001. (3) J. B. Sinclair and G. L. Hartman. Soybean Rust. Pages 25–26 in: Compendium of Soybean Diseases, 4th ed. G. L. Hartman et al. eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1999.
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SARABJOT KAUR SANDHU, PARMINDER SINGH TAK, and P. P. S. PANNU. "Forewarning of stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) of wheat in central zone of Punjab." Journal of Agrometeorology 23, no. 4 (November 11, 2021): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v23i4.160.
Full textAbstract:
Wheat crop is attacked by number of diseases some of which cause yield losses and deteriorates quality. Rust pathogens are most important pathogens of wheat which can cause considerable economic losses if uncontrolled. Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is an important wheat disease common in wheat growing areas experiencing cold and humid weather conditions during the crop season. Different meteorological parameters influence occurrence and development of stripe rust in northern India including Punjab. Based on investigations on relationship of stripe rust with weather parameters, weather based prediction model for stripe rust was developed using disease severity and weather data (2007-08 to 2018-19) recorded at Ludhiana. The data of 2009-10 and 2019-20 was used for validation of model. Regression model based on maximum and minimum temperature, morning relative humidity and sunshine hours gave good results. Validation of model indicated that relationship between observed values of disease and predicted values was very close.
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Hernández, J. R., M. Yasem de Romero, C. G. Díaz, and J. C. Ramallo. "First Report of Puccinia polysora on Corn in Argentina." Plant Disease 86, no. 2 (February 2002): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.2.187b.
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Corn (Zea mays L.) is an important crop in northwest Argentina but acreage has declined over the last several years due to disease problems. During the 2000 to 2001 growing season, leaf diseases were observed on corn growing in northeastern Tucumán Province (Departamiento Leales), which resulted in yield losses. One of the most prevalent diseases was caused by a rust fungus that produced both uredinial and telial stages. At the time of flowering 32% of the leaf area was infected, and 3 weeks later 69% was infected. Three rust fungi are known from corn (2), and this fungus was identified as Puccinia polysora Underw. based on the morphology of the two types of sori and spores (1). Although known from most tropical and subtropical regions, to our knowledge, this is the first report of P. polysora in Argentina (voucher BPI 841342). Tucumán Province, where the disease was observed, is a subtropical region with temperatures during the growing season >24°C and a relative humidity >90%. P. polysora has not been observed in the Pampas Humedas, the corn belt of Argentina, possibly because the area is more temperate than northwest Argentina and therefore the environment is not conducive to disease development or perhaps P. polysora has not been introduced into the region. References: (1) G. B. Cummins. The Rust Fungi of Cereals, Grasses and Bamboos. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1971. (2) J. K. Pataky. Rusts. Pages 35–38 in: Compendium of Corn Diseases, 3rd ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1999.
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Merle, Isabelle, Jimmy Pico, Eduardo Granados, Audrey Boudrot, Philippe Tixier, Elías de Melo Virginio Filho, Christian Cilas, and Jacques Avelino. "Unraveling the Complexity of Coffee Leaf Rust Behavior and Development in Different Coffea arabica Agroecosystems." Phytopathology® 110, no. 2 (February 2020): 418–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-03-19-0094-r.
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Crop health management systems can be designed according to practices that help to reduce crop losses by restricting pathogen development and promoting host plant growth. A good understanding of pathogen and host dynamics, which are interdependent, is therefore needed. In this article, we used a holistic approach to explain the behavior of coffee leaf rust (CLR), a major coffee disease. We monitored coffee plant and CLR dynamics simultaneously in plots under different disease management and agroforestry systems. Diseased leaves were also collected to characterize inoculum stock and rust life stages (latent rust area, area with uredospores, necrosis due to rust) through picture analysis. We used structural equation modeling to obtain an overview of CLR pathosystem functioning on a plant scale. This overview integrates processes such as disease dilution by host leaf renewal, direct and indirect effects of fruit load on CLR development, antagonistic effects of shading depending on rust life stages, the tonic effect of copper-based fungicides on leaf retention, and effects on rust life stages depending on fungicide types. From our results, we also deduced that the inoculum stock could be calculated in unsprayed plots from the rust area with uredospores, with uredospores at 58 × 103 cm−2, on average.
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Afzal, Amir, Sairah Syed, Muhammad Saeed, Rabia Sultan, Misbah Kanwal, Moazan Shahid, Muhammad Zahid, and Basharat Mahmood. "Breeding Wheat for Rust Resistance: Conventional and Modern Approaches." Plant Protection 6, no. 3 (December 28, 2022): 285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33804/pp.006.03.4388.
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Three rusts are destructive, diminishing produce and nutritious value significantly, affect food availability and consequently food security through reductions in yield. In agricultural research institutes with mandate of wheat improvement, incorporating genes resistant against rust is matter of routine. The dilemma of rusts in wheat has been addressed the most, leading to discovery of principles of plant breeding for resistance e.g. gene disease genes inherit following Mendelian genetics, concept of genetic diversity and concept of gene for gene theory. Two strategies of breeding wheat for disease resistance are being followed. 1- Conventional and 2- Advanced. Among conventional approaches selection and hybridization are well known. However rust resistance has been found short lived and may also be durable in certain cases. Durability of disease resistance is desired and has been explored widely. Durability of resistance is generally attained through incorporation of genes effective at adult plant stage and combination of quantitative genes. Application of biotechnology to improve productivity of rust resistance breeding is the usage of molecular markers in pyramiding genes and substantiates the existence of genes in, and confirming released cultivars are pure. This involves molecular markers that are precise and pertinent across extensive ranges of breeders’ germplasm. This review article encompasses all features of wheat development through application of different techniques of wheat improvement. However, despite development of novel approaches that has accelerated wheat breeding, breeding in pathogen leading to producing more virulent strains. Consequently, wheat breeding is a continuous process.
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Lopes, Daniela B., and Richard D. Berger. "The Effects of Rust and Anthracnose on the Photosynthetic Competence of Diseased Bean Leaves." Phytopathology® 91, no. 2 (February 2001): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.2.212.
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The effects of rust (caused by Uromyces appendiculatus) and anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) and their interaction on the photosynthetic rates of healthy and diseased bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves were determined by gas-exchange analysis, in plants with each disease, grown under controlled conditions. The equation Px/P0 = (1 - x)β was used to relate relative photosynthetic rate (Px/P0) to proportional disease severity (x), where β represents the ratio between virtual and visual lesion. The β values obtained for rust were near one, indicating that the effect of the pathogen on the remaining green leaf area was minimal. The high values of β obtained for anthracnose (8.46 and 12.18) indicated that the photosynthesis in the green area beyond the necrotic symptoms of anthracnose was severely impaired. The impact of anthracnose on bean leaf photosynthesis should be considered in assessments of the proportion of healthy tissue in diseased leaves. The accurate assessment of the healthy portion of the leaf could improve the use of concepts such as healthy leaf area duration and healthy leaf area absorption, which are valuable predictors of crop yield. The equation used to analyze the interaction between rust and anthracnose on the same leaf was Pz = P0 (1 - x)βx × (1 - y)βy, where Pz is the relative photosynthetic rate of any given leaf, P0 is the maximum relative photosynthetic rate, x is anthracnose severity, y is rust severity, βx is the β value for anthracnose in the presence of rust, and βy is the β value for rust in the presence of anthracnose. From the resulting response surface, no interaction of the two diseases was observed. Dark respiration rate increased on diseased leaves compared with control leaves. The remaining green leaf area of leaves with both diseases was not a good source to estimate net photosynthetic rate because the effect of anthracnose extended far beyond the visual lesions, whereas the effect of rust on photosynthesis was essentially limited to the pustule plus halo.
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de Resende, Mário L. V., Edson A. Pozza, Tharyn Reichel, and Deila M. S. Botelho. "Strategies for Coffee Leaf Rust Management in Organic Crop Systems." Agronomy 11, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 1865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091865.
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Coffee is a crop of great economic importance in many countries. The organic coffee crop stands out from other production systems by aiming to eliminate the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. One of the most important limitations in the organic system is the management of diseases, especially coffee rust, which is considered the main disease of this crop. Coffee rust causes a production slump of up to 50%, significantly affecting the profitability of coffee growers. This work aims to review the integrated rust management in organic coffee crop in different producing countries. Regarding the disease management strategies, this review addresses the use of rust-resistant cultivars, cultural management, biological control, use of plant extracts, and chemical rust control by cupric fungicides. Considering the importance of the organic system, the increase in world coffee consumption, and the potential market for this kind of coffee, this review may help researchers and producers looking for alternative strategies to control rust in an organic coffee cultivation system.
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Aboneh, Tagel, Abebe Rorissa, Ramasamy Srinivasagan, and Ashenafi Gemechu. "Computer Vision Framework for Wheat Disease Identification and Classification Using Jetson GPU Infrastructure." Technologies 9, no. 3 (July 2, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies9030047.
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Diseases have adverse effects on crop production and yield loss. Various diseases such as leaf rust, stem rust, and strip rust can affect yield quality and quantity for a studied area. In addition, manual wheat disease identification and interpretation is time-consuming and cumbersome. Currently, decisions related to plants mainly rely on the level of expertise in the domain. To resolve these challenges and to identify wheat disease as early as possible, we implemented different deep learning models such as Inceptionv3, Resnet50, and VGG16/19. This research was conducted in collaboration with Bishoftu Agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia. Our main objective was to automate plant-disease identification using advanced deep learning approaches and image data. For the experiment, RGB image data were collected from the Bishoftu area. From the experimental results, the VGG19 model classified wheat disease with 99.38% accuracy.
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Coutinho, T. A., M. J. Wingfield, A. C. Alfenas, and P. W. Crous. "Eucalyptus Rust: A Disease with the Potential for Serious International Implications." Plant Disease 82, no. 7 (July 1998): 819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.7.819.
Full textAbstract:
Eucalyptus spp. are propagated extensively as non-natives in plantations in many parts of the tropics and sub-tropics. A number of diseases result in serious losses to this economically important forest resource. Eucalyptus rust, caused by Puccinia psidii, is one such example. The economic losses due to this disease are the result of infections of seedlings, young trees, and coppice. P. psidii occurs predominately in Central and South America, but reports of a similar rust are known from other areas. Eucalyptus rust is a remarkable disease in that the pathogen is not known on eucalypts in their centers of origin. It has apparently originated on native Myrtaceae in South America and is highly infective on some Eucalyptus spp. planted there. P. psidii causes one of the most serious forestry diseases in Brazil and is considered to be the most serious threat to eucalypt plantations worldwide. Advances in eucalyptus rust research are reviewed here, with a focus on topics such as distribution, host range, pathogen specialization, symptomatology, etiology, epidemiology, and control.
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Koike, S. T., and R. H. Molinar. "Rust Disease on Lemongrass in California." Plant Disease 83, no. 3 (March 1999): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.3.304d.
Full textAbstract:
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is a minor crop grown for its edible stem and oil. The plant is grown both commercially, by specialty producers, and noncommercially, particularly by homeowners of various Asian communities. For several years, a rust disease has affected the lemongrass plantings in coastal and inland California. Symptoms consist of elongated, stripelike, dark brown lesions that develop on both sides of leaf surfaces. Only lesions on abaxial leaf surfaces erupt and develop dark cinnamon brown uredinial pustules. Lesion development can be substantial, and coalescing lesions result in significant foliage death. Ellipsoidal urediniospores measured 22 to 28 μm by 22 to 25 μm and contained 3 to 4 germ pores in an equatorial configuration. Uredinia contained clavate paraphyses. Teliospores were not observed. Based on the morphology of the uredinia and urediniospores, the rust was identified as Puccinia nakanishikii (1). Rust on lemongrass has been observed during various seasons, but this is the first report identifying the causal pathogen in California. A Darluca mycoparasite species was often observed in uredinia of infected lemongrass from the coastal counties. In the United States, P. nakanishikii has also been reported on lemongrass in Hawaii (2). References: (1) G. B. Cummins. 1971. The Rust Fungi of Cereals, Grasses, and Bamboos, Springer-Verlag, New York. (2) D. E. Gardner. Plant Dis. 69:1100, 1985.
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Zhao, Duli, Neil C. Glynn, Barry Glaz, Jack C. Comstock, and Sushma Sood. "Orange Rust Effects on Leaf Photosynthesis and Related Characters of Sugarcane." Plant Disease 95, no. 6 (June 2011): 640–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-10-0762.
Full textAbstract:
Orange rust of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids), caused by Puccinia kuehnii, is a relatively new disease in the Western Hemisphere that substantially reduces yields in susceptible sugarcane genotypes. The objective of this study was to determine the physiological mechanisms of orange rust–induced reductions in sugarcane growth and yield by quantifying effects of the disease on leaf SPAD index (an indication of leaf chlorophyll content), net photosynthetic rate, dark respiration, maximum quantum yield of CO2 assimilation, carbon fixation efficiency, and the relationships between these leaf photosynthetic components and rust disease ratings. Plants growing in pots were inoculated with the orange rust pathogen using a leaf whorl inoculation method. A disease rating was assigned using a scale from 0 to 4 with intervals of 0.5. At disease ratings ≥2, the rust-infected leaf portion of inoculated plants showed significant reductions in SPAD index, maximum quantum yield, carbon fixation efficiency, stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration rate, and net photosynthetic rate; but the rusted portion of the infected leaves had increased intercellular CO2 concentration and leaf dark respiration rate. Although leaf SPAD index, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate at the rust-infected portion decreased linearly with increased rust rating, the effect of orange rust on photosynthetic rate was much greater than that on stomatal conductance and transpiration. Unlike earlier reports on other crops, reduction in leaf photosynthesis by orange rust under low light was greater than that under high light conditions. These results help improve the understanding of orange rust etiology and physiological bases of sugarcane yield loss caused by orange rust.
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Boyd, L. A., P. H. Smith, A. H. Wilson, and P. N. Minchin. "Mutations in wheat showing altered field resistance to yellow and brown rust." Genome 45, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): 1035–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g02-072.
Full textAbstract:
Intensive screening of a small population of mutagenised wheat lines revealed a large number of lines with altered resistance to both yellow and brown rust. The parental cultivar Guardian has an intermediate level of adult plant resistance to this disease; mutants were therefore isolated that showed either enhanced resistance or enhanced susceptibility to yellow rust. Seven lines were identified that gave an altered yellow rust disease phenotype as adult plants under both field and greenhouse conditions. Simultaneous field testing for brown rust infection identified two of these lines as having increased resistance to brown rust.Key words: Disease resistance, mutants, wheat, yellow rust.
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Koike, Steven T., Richard F. Smith, R. Michael Davis, J. Joe Nunez, and Ron E. Voss. "Characterization and Control of Garlic Rust in California." Plant Disease 85, no. 6 (June 2001): 585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.6.585.
Full textAbstract:
In 1998, a devastating outbreak of rust disease severely damaged the garlic crop in California, resulting in yield losses of 51% and an economic loss of 27% to the industry. The disease also occurred in 1999 and 2000, indicating that rust may have become an annual problem in some parts of the state. The presence of urediniospores, two-celled teliospores, and telial paraphyses indicated that the pathogen was Puccinia allii. Isolates from garlic infected onion and chives, but not leek, elephant garlic, or shallot in inoculation experiments. Garlic cloves obtained from diseased plants were planted under controlled conditions, but the resulting plants did not develop rust. Fungicide trials were conducted for 3 years and showed that none of the currently registered materials gave satisfactory control. However, tebuconazole and azoxystrobin provided good protection against rust if sprayed at 10-day intervals. A variety trial of 34 garlic cultivars and selections was planted, inoculated, and evaluated for resistance to rust. Although there was variability in rust severity among the selections, acceptable levels of resistance were not observed in any cultivar.
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Keishilov, Zhenis Sovetkanovich, Alma Myrzabekovna Kokhmetova, Madina Talgarovna Kumarbayeva, Danna Kоmekkyzy Zhanuzak, and Rsaliyev Syrashovich Shynbolat. "Monitoring of yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici) of wheat in the Almaty region conducted in 2019–2021." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. “Biology, medicine, geography Series” 106, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2022bmg2/82-88.
Full textAbstract:
Yellow rust (P. striiformis f.sp.tritici) is an important disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum), especially in cool and moist weather conditions. In Central Asian countries, including Kazakhstan, yellow rust remains a serious disease in wheat crop area. In our research 2019–2020 in the Almaty region in Zhambyl, Karasai, Talgar regions, cultivars were selected, that have high resistance to the P. striiformis pathogen, which showed the immune type of reaction “IT — 0: Vassa”, “Naz”, “Bezostaya-1”, “Sapaly”, and “Triticale”. At the same time, based on the data of phytopothological monitoring, in the Zhambyl region, the greatest spread of the disease was observed in the cultivar “Bogarnaya 56”, the prevalence was 26%, and the level of infestation was 9.90%. In the Talgar region, in the winter wheat cultivar “Kazakhstan–10”, the prevalence of yellow rust disease was 6%, and the level of infection was 0.52%. In the Karasai region, the cultivar “Karasai” was found to have a high level of yellow rust infestation, the prevalence of the disease was 22%, and the infestation was 1.04%. In addition, as a result of the monitoring carried out in 2021, the obtained data demonstrated that all the studied wheat cultivars were resistant to the P. striiformis pathogen due to dry weather and lack of precipitation, low humidity resistance to the disease was high. Research shows the need for continued work to find new sources of yellow rust resistance. The results of the experiment show that most of the wheat varieties in the Almaty region are not resistant to rust diseases.
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Upadhyay, Vinod, Kuldip Medhi, Puja Pandey, Palash Thengal, Sunil Kumar Paul, and K. P. S. Kushwaha. "Rust Disease of Pea: A Review." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8, no. 04 (April 10, 2019): 416–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.804.046.
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Věchet, L. "Development of powdery mildew and leaf rust epidemics in winter wheat cultivars." Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 10 (December 10, 2011): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4154-pse.
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Development of powdery mildew and leaf rust epidemics was examined on three winter wheat cultivars with different predispositions to powdery mildew in three-year experiments. The progress of powdery mildew and leaf rust on the same cultivar was conditioned by its dissimilar susceptibility to the respective disease. Fit temperature played an important role at the beginning of the particular disease and during its progress. Significant differences in the disease severity of powdery mildew and leaf rust were recorded on single leaves. Disease severity of leaf rust was higher on upper leaves while disease severity of powdery mildew was higher on lower leaves.
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Din, Ghulam M. U., Amjad Ali, Amjad Abbas, Muhammad Naveed, Javed Anwar, and Muhammad H. Tanveer. "EFFECT OF LEAF RUST DISEASE ON VARIOUS MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES IN BREAD WHEAT." Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology 29, no. 1 (July 12, 2017): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.33866/phytopathol.029.01.0302.
Full textAbstract:
Leaf rust of wheat caused by Puccinia triticina is one of the most important diseases in the Pakistan and cause both yield and quality reduction. To investigate the effect of leaf rust of wheat on morph-physiological processes and grain yield, a field experiment was conducted using different wheat lines and varieties. The morpho-physiological attributes of the infected plant leaves were badly affected by the infection of leaf rust of wheat. The experiment comprised two treatments, one was inoculated with leaf rust spores manually and Morocco as a spreader while other keeping as a control. The results showed that there was -42.92, -23.72, -23.01, and -11.42, % decrease in chlorophyll content, flag leaf area, specific flag leaf area and relative water content in leaf rust (diseased) plot respectively while 21.24, 160.16% increase in relative dry weight and relative membrane permeability in the leaf rust plot. The results also revealed that leaf rust of wheat also reduces the yield components like number of grains per spike, spike length and 1000 grain weight (-52.38, -43.37 and -45.50 respectively). Thus, it could be concluded that leaf rust of wheat affect the morph-physiological process of wheat plants and badly reduce the yield as well.
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Malau, Sabam. "Genotypic and Phenotypic Correlations between Leaf-Rust Disease and Leaf Morphology and its Ratio in Arabica Coffee." Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 25, no. 3 (July 29, 2020): 468–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18343/jipi.25.3.468.
Full textAbstract:
Selection parameter in coffee breeding for leaf rust (Hemeleia vastatrix) resistance is very important. Breeders used leaf-rust severity and leaf-rust incidence as parameters of direct selection. However, scientific proof is not yet available whether leaf morphology can be used as a parameter of indirect selection. The objective of this research was to seek the possibility of leaf morphology parameter and its ratio to be used as selection criteria through analyses of genotypic and phenotypic correlations of parameter of rust disease and parameter of leaf morphology and its ratio. The result revealed that genotypes showed significant variations in leaf-rust severity (5.21–25.84%), leaf morphology, and leaf-morphology ratio. Leaf length to leaf width ratio, leaf length to leaf area ratio, and leaf width to leaf weight ratio were not affected by the environment. Leaf-rust severity performed highly significant positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations the ratio of with leaf length to leaf area. For selection criteria, leaf-rust severity could be better used rather than leaf-rust incidence and branch-rust incidence. The ratio of leaf length to leaf area could also be used as an indirect selection criterion because the ratio showed a highly significant genotypic correlation with leaf-rust severity (rGab = 0.254**). However, the ratio of leaf length to leaf area is even better chosen for selection criteria rather than leaf-rust severity because the ratio was not affected by the environment.
Keywords: fungus, Hemeleia vastatrix, indirect selection