Journal articles on the topic 'Russian military reform'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Russian military reform.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Russian military reform.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Renz, Bettina. "RUSSIAN MILITARY REFORM." RUSI Journal 155, no. 1 (February 2010): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071841003683476.
Full text
2
Olszanecka, Natalia. "Social Dimension of the Russian Armed Forces Reform." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.4517.
Full textAbstract:
At the beginning of the 1990s the political and military global reality was radically transformed. It affected all spheres of socio-political life and was visible also in the armed forces. At the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century, the Russian armed forces were still one of the most troubling military mechanisms in the world. In 2007 the Minister of Defense Anatoly Serdyukov decided to implement a broad military reform, which included (besides organizational issues and modernization of military equipment) also social issues. The aim of this article is to analyze the second stage of the armed forces reform in Russia (2010–2015) that entailed improvement of material status and livelihood of soldiers. The main research method used in this article was content analysis. A particularly important source was the study conducted by Irina Surkowa and articles published in Russian newspapers. The analysis showed that the reforms initiated by Serdyukov considerably improved the living conditions of the soldiers.
3
Vallance, Brenda. "The Rule of Law and Russian Military Reform: The Role of Soldiers' Mothers in Russian Society." Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 1407 (January 1, 2000): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.2000.85.
Full textAbstract:
Russian journals and newspapers today are filled with discussions about the need to reform the military, and this issue continues to be a subject debated in elections, headlined in the front pages of leading papers, and addressed in presidential speeches. It is not a new discussion, however, but the continuation of discussions and debates that began as early as 1987. At that time articles increasingly critical of the military began to appear in all types of Soviet journals and newspapers, with both civilian and military experts analyzing what needed to be done to make the military a democratic institution. Yet little progress has been made in military reform. Clearly, the upheavals of a state in transition from communism and the concomitant instability contributed to a basic neglect of the military. At the same time, one would think that the continual call for military reform over the last ten years, often voiced at the highest levels, would have elicited some reform action. Certainly there are people with enough power in Russia today, especially given the strong presidential system, to order military reform. Yet it has not happened. Given this lack of action, the intent of this essay is to ask, Who, finally will reform the Russian military?
4
Benecke, Werner. "Die Allgemeine Wehrpflicht in Russland: Zwischen militärischem Anspruch und zivilen Interessen." Journal of Modern European History 5, no. 2 (September 2007): 244–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944_2007_2_244.
Full textAbstract:
Universal Conscription in Tsarist Russia: Between Military Demands and Civil Interests Universal conscription was introduced in Russia in 1874 and completed the »Great Reforms» which had been started in 1861. After controversial debates war minister Dmitrij Alekseevič Miljutin wanted conscription to have as little effects as possible on civil life in the world's largest country, in order to prevent social unrest. A system of exemptions was applied to recruits considered to be indispensable in civil life. Any education obtained before mustering automatically reduced the duration of military service. In general, the conscription law made no exemptions for recruits of non-Russian or non-Orthodox origin. The principle of moving soldiers far away from their home towns and the ratio of 75% Russians and 25% non-Russians in the composition of military units were intended to respond to the army's multiethnic character. However, Jewish recruits suffered from systematic discrimination. Although Russia's imperial status was primarily based on its military power, universal conscription never included more than 30% of the annual number of potential recruits. Despite Miljutin's reform attempts, the fatal belief in the power of the seemingly inexhaustible human resources overshadowed all necessary reforms until the end of the Tsarist regime.
5
Herspring, Dale. "Russian Military Reform and Anatoly Serdyukov." Problems of Post-Communism 55, no. 6 (November 2008): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/ppc1075-8216550602.
Full text
6
Petraitis, Daivis. "The Russian Military Reform 2005-2015." Lithuanian Annual Strategic Review 9, no. 1 (December 1, 2011): 139–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10243-012-0003-6.
Full text
7
Herspring, Dale R., and Roger N. McDermott. "Serdyukov Promotes Systemic Russian Military Reform." Orbis 54, no. 2 (January 2010): 284–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2010.01.004.
Full text
8
Benda, V. N. "Russian Arms Industry During the Period of Military Reforms of the 60s–70s of the XIX Century." Prepodavatel XXI vek, no. 2, 2020 (2020): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2073-9613-2020-2-221-235.
Full textAbstract:
The article states that the Crimean War of 1853–1856 showed the imperfection of the Russian army’s weapon. The growth of weapons in European countries in the post-war period urged Russia to eliminate the backlog of the Russian army in the field of weapons and to carry out fundamental reform in this field. The article considers the issues related to military reforms in Russia in the second half of the 19th century, which covered all the main areas of military construction such as recruitment and organization of troops, principles of troop management, rearmament of infantry, artillery and cavalry, a system of combat training of troops and officers. The study focuses on the fact that one of the most important and difficult problem of military reform was the rearmament of the army. The scientific novelty lies in the interdisciplinary consideration of issues related to the results of the activities of the weapons industry in manufacturing new samples of small arms and their supply to the army with the involvement of the works of domestic historians. It is concluded that although during the period of military reforms of the 1860–1870s significant success was achieved in the development of the arms industry; its production capacities were not enough to fully satisfy the army’s needs for weapons. Keywords: XIX century, Crimean war, Russian army, reforms, weapons industry, new samples of small arms, production, rearmament of the army.
9
Kim, Kyung-Soon. "Russian Military Reform : Current Trends and Prospects." Journal of International Politics 17, no. 1 (March 31, 2012): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.18031/jip.2012.03.17.1.147.
Full text
10
Sergunin, Alexander. "On the Russian Military Reform: A Rejoinder." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 25, no. 2 (April 2012): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518046.2012.676515.
Full text
11
Makarychev, Andrei, and Alexander Sergunin. "Russian military reform: institutional, political and security implications." Defense & Security Analysis 29, no. 4 (December 2013): 356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14751798.2013.842711.
Full text
12
Renz, Bettina. "Russian Military Capabilities after 20 Years of Reform." Survival 56, no. 3 (May 4, 2014): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2014.920145.
Full text
13
Dick, Charles J. "Military reform and the Russian air force 1999." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 13, no. 1 (March 2000): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518040008430425.
Full text
14
Räkköläinen, Mikko. "Kaupallisten sotilaspalveluyritysten synty Venäjällä." Idäntutkimus 27, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2020): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33345/idantutkimus.101984.
Full textAbstract:
Wagner-ryhmänä tunnettu organisaatio on 2010-luvulla osallistunut Venäjän ja sen liittolaisten tukena konflikteihin muun muassa Itä-Ukrainassa, Libyassa ja Syyriassa. Siihen viitataan vaihtelevasti venäläisenä yksityisenä sotilasyrityksenä tai Venäjän asevoimien epävirallisena osana. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastelen kehityskulkua, joka on saanut Venäjän hyödyntämään kaupallisia sotilaspalveluyrityksiä ulko- ja turvallisuuspolitiikassaan. Sovellan analyysissa Deborah Avantin (2000) esittämää teoreettista mallia sotilaallisen toiminnan muutoksista. Keskeinen argumenttini on, että sotilaspalveluyritysten synty Venäjällä on reaktio ulkoisen toimintaympäristön muutoksen aiheuttamiin ongelmiin. Georgian sota vuonna 2008 ja siitä seurannut asevoimien uudistusohjelma loivat tilanteen, joissa länsimaiden sotilaallisen ulkoistamisen mallin kopiointia kannattaneet toimijat pystyivät edistämään tavoitteitaan. Venäjän patrimoniaalinen hallintomalli vaikutti kuitenkin vahvasti siihen, että lopputuloksena syntyneet organisaatiot ovat luonteeltaan erilaisia kuin länsimaiset vastineensa.
Abstract in English
The birth of commercial military service companies in Russia
During the 2010’s the organization known as Wagner Group has supported the Russian Federation and its allies in East Ukraine, Libya and Syria, among other conflicts. Wagner is referred to as either a Russian private military company or as an unofficial part of the Russian armed forces. In this article I examine the process which has led Russia to utilize commercial military service providers as foreign and security policy tools. I employ a model of military reform proposed by Deborah Avant (2000). My central argument is that military service providers were created in Russia as a reaction to challenges posed by changes in the external security environment. The Russo-Georgian war of 2008 and the following military reform created circumstances, in which actors wishing to emulate the Western model of military outsourcing could advance their agenda. However, the patrimonial governance system of Russia had a significant impact in the resulting organizations differing substantially from their Western counterparts.
15
SHISHOV, Alexey. "MILITARY REFORMS OF PETER THE GREAT DURING THE NORTHERN WAR (1700–1721)." Perspectives and prospects. E-journal, no. 4 (27) (2021): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32726/2411-3417-2021-4-63-70.
Full textAbstract:
The Russian regular army and navy were created in the course of Peter the Great’s military reforms carried out under the circumstances of warfare of the 20-year long Great Northern War. The article explores the main specificities of this military build-up process. It is shown how the introduction of conscription fundamentally changed the organization of the armed forces, made them regular, well-trained, combat-ready and provided with professional officer corps. The replacement of the old military administration bodies by the new ones as well as military implications of the territorial reform of 1707-1708s are considered. The author emphasizes that at the beginning of the 18th century, conscription was a progressive phenomenon and quickly proved its superiority over the systems of recruiting mercenary armies adopted in Western Europe. The army manning system established under Peter the Great lasted, on the whole, until Milyutin's military reforms of the 1860s-70s. In the course of Peter's reforms Russia created a military that could not only win the Great Northern War, but moved to one of the first places in Europe in organization, armament and combat training.
16
von Hagen, Mark. "Autocracy Defeats Military Reform on Eve of First World War." Russian History 38, no. 1 (2011): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633111x549669.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSteinberg reconstructs the history of the Russian Imperial General Staff during the final decades of the autocracy and highlights the reformist vision of War Minister Alexei Kuropatkin. The aim of the reformers was to create a general staff on the Prussian/German model that would allow Russia to fight the new wars of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, wars marked by increasingly large conscript armies and the application of ever more lethal weaponry made possible by Europe's industrial revolutions. The reforms also focused on officer education and aimed at creating leadership for the management and coordination of the troops in wartime. Unfortunately for Russia, these reforms foundered on the resistance of the autocrat himself and the structure of privilege that gave family connections and noble privilege power over merit and competence. They also met resistance from an older tradition of military leadership and education that favored elan over technical expertise with modern weaponry. The first test against a modern enemy during the Russo-Japanese War ended in humiliating defeat and the marginalization of the General Staff Academy by Nicholas II and his entourage, save for his uncle, the Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich. Even with the Grand Duke's encouragement of the reformers, what they could accomplish was too little and too late for the next large confrontation that sealed the fate of the Russian Empire, World War I.
17
Raevsky, Andrei. "Development of the Russian national security policies: Military reform." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 6, no. 4 (December 1993): 529–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518049308430117.
Full text
18
Shcherbinin, Pavel, Svetlana Bukalova, and Aleksei Chubarov. "Central Black Earth Region: the military class and its role in regional development." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 183 (2019): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-183-193-203.
Full textAbstract:
We consider the multifactorial effects of the military class, including the soldiers of the Russian army and their families, as well as indefinite, spare and retired soldiers, military disabled, on the social and cultural, ethnic and confessional, social and class development of the Central Black Earth Region. Included in it Voronezh, Kursk, Orel and Tambov Governorates were the largest densely populated, agricultural regions, traditionally used by the government for military procurement, cantonment of troops and other military mobilization activities in the Russian Em-pire in the 18th – early 20th century. The military factor had almost continuous impact on all as-pects of life of the Central Black Earth Region population, forming in its inhabitants a special character, endurance and stamina, which allowed to be quite successful in a peaceful, “non-military” life. We give the evaluation of historiographical approaches and interpretation of sources on the role of the military class in the Center Black Earth Region development in domestic and foreign historiography. We pay special attention to the impact of recruitment on the daily life of the population in the cities of the region and rural areas. We reveal the historical and legal aspects of changes in the legal status of male and female representatives of the “military class” in the agrarian society in the Imperial Russia. We clarify military and statistical indicators of military class representation in the social structure of the provincial society during the period of conscript obligation and in post-reform Russia, as well as the complexity of accounting for family members of military servicemen during the service and after retirement. The involvement of archival docu-ments, statistical and other published materials allowed for a successful reconstruction of the so-cial and legal regulation and the position of the military class in the Center Black Earth Region of the considered chronological period. We draw conclusions about the prospects of studying the post-reform ethnic and social, social and cultural, class and legal features of the military class life in a non-belligerent provincial society. We prove that the military class was a special social institu-tion in the Russian province of the Imperial period of Russian history.
19
Wallander, Celeste A. "Russia's New Security Policy and the Ballistic Missile Defense Debate." Current History 99, no. 639 (October 1, 2000): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2000.99.639.339.
Full textAbstract:
An understanding of Russia's concerns about missile defense “requires an understanding of Russia's new security, military, and foreign policy doctrines; the complex role nuclear weapons play in defense policy; the relationship between Russian conventional and nuclear capabilities; and the priorities for economic reform articulated by President Vladimir Putin's administration.”
20
Starodubtsev, Mikhail Pavlovich. "The artillery and engineering gentry cadet corps as an important part of the system of military personnel training in Russia." Samara Journal of Science 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20161313.
Full textAbstract:
In the course of modernization of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the transition to the new image of the officer, military education of the Russian Federation today faces a complex and important task of the scientific study of processes of formation and training of officers, capable of solving problems of the security of the state, and reform of the system of military education that meets the priority tasks of the Russian Armed Forces. These facts lead to the need to turn to the history of the formation of the system of military education and the necessity to examine military education in Russia in second half XVIII century with the aim of summarizing, organizing, recording and use of past experience in contemporary Russia. In the process of training at the artillery and engineering gentry cadet corps pupils were taught to love Russian history, Russian army, the Navy, and developed high moral standards. Cadets were notable for their extensive professional knowledge, broad outlook, patriotism, honor, duty, and comradeship. Until the end of the eighteenth century, the training of future officers in the cadet corps took place on the basis of the revitalization of moral education, free and comprehensive development of personality of a future officer of the Russian army. The author makes use of some archival sources that have not yet been examined.
21
Milasheva, Natalia V., Dmitrii V. Ovchinnikov, and Vladimir O. Samoilov. "Robert Erskine — the first archiater and creator of military medicine and military medical education in Russia." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 23, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma80316.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to analyze many archival published documents and contemporary testimonies at the beginning of the 18th century, which reflects little-known facts of medicine history. The creation history of military medicine in Saint Petersburg, an integral part of the military history of Russia, was presented against the background of the most important events of the Northern War against Sweden (17001721) and military reform. The role of Robert Erskine (16771718), the reformer of Russian medicine, the head of the entire military medical service of Russia since 1706, the first Russian archiater, Surgeon in Ordinary to the King, and loyal companion and friend of Peter I was carefully studied, as he played a crucial role in establishing military medicine and medical education in Russia, mainly in Saint Petersburg. R. Erskine, who had encyclopedic-level knowledge, was also the creator and head of the Kunstkamera, the first public natural science museum in Russia (1714). The report of the head of the Moscow hospital on Yauza, Doctor N.L. Bidloo, to the Holy Synod (1722) with description and analysis of the most important facts of the Russian medicine history was also studied. Detailed documents on the number of sick and wounded people in Saint Petersburg since 1708 were presented. Not only military hospitals but also medical students in the military capital of Russia before 1715, had been documented. The documentary lists of Navy doctors from Saint Petersburg and lists of medical students who stayed in Saint Petersburg at the Navy Hospital, with the indication of the salary by articles (categories) for 1710, as well as documents on the number of sick and wounded people of the ground forces for 1712 and 1713 (Russian State Archives of the Navy), were presented. The medical staff lists of the Russian army for 1711 were examined. The absence of a large specialized medical complex at Vyborg side and insufficient suitable hospitals of any medical units located in wooden barracks at other territories cannot be proof of the absence of any hospitals until 1715 or medical schools until 1733. Ignorance of the military history of Russia can lead to numerous mistakes by historians who are interested in military medicine.
22
Vladimir, Bobkov. "Artillery Arsenals of the Russian Empire during the Period of Military Reforms in the 60-s-70-s of the XIX Century." TECHNOLOGOS, no. 4 (2021): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/perm.kipf/2021.4.06.
Full textAbstract:
The relevance of the submitted research is determined by the importance of further studying the genesis of the artillery arsenals of Russia during the period of military reforms in the 60-70s of the XIX century, as well as the need for systematization and interpretation of historiographic material on this problem. In the article documentary material on the history of modernization of the artillery arsenals of the Russian Empire during the period of military reforms in the 60-70s of the XIX century has been systematized and analyzed on the present-day scientific and methodological level. On the basis of previously unknown and little-known historical sources it is illustrated that at the beginning of the Russian Arsenals transformation domestic artillery was developed very well. The experience of the Crimean War clearly demonstrated the strength of artillery of the Russian Empire which was up-to standard of our opponents’ artillery, and sometimes it was much better. The worthy state of domestic artillery induced our opponents to intensify noticeably theirproduction of artillery and this could threaten our national security in the future. Artillery production growth in foreign countries required our reaction. It isarguable that the reforms of the Russian Arsenals became the answer to the increase ofour foreign policy opponents’ artillery production (quantitative and qualitative). Realizing the reform program of domestic arsenals the military authorities of the Russian Empire refused to apply forced laborand gradually began to use free hiring of labor power. Further the modernization of the arsenals was continued. In the course of its realization domestic artillery management was centralized, the administration of Arsenals wasdismissed from organization of artillery production, the material and technical basis of the considered enterprises activity was noticeably strengthened, and a number of other important measures were carried out. As a result, all the types of Arsenals (local, movable, and district) were markedly transformed in the process of their improvement. In the article it is illustrated that conducted reforms made possible to carry out the re-equipment of the Russian Army with new artillerytubes.
23
Rudyakov, P. "Serbian Military Settlements of New Serbia and Slavic Serbia on Ukrainian Lands in the 18th Century (Part 1)." Problems of World History, no. 9 (November 26, 2019): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2019-9-3.
Full textAbstract:
The article explores the Serbian military settlements of New Serbia and Slavian Serbia (1751-1764) in the territory of modern Kirovograd and Lugansk regions, founded by the tsarist government forSerbian immigrants from Austria. The general situation in which the resettlement was being prepared was analyzed. Attention is drawn to Austrian military reform under Maria Theresa, to Vienna’sconcessions to Hungarian feudal lords to the detriment of Serbian landmilitia. Marked Russia’s access to the Black Sea and the deployment of the process of colonization of the Black Sea. A set of motiveshas been disclosed that pushed the border Serbs to move to Russia, and Russia to accept them. It is alleged that after a critical deterioration in living conditions as a result of the reform of militarysettlements on the border with Turkey, immigrants were dominated by motives of a socio-economic, as well as a national-cultural, religious nature. The Serbs were interested in the Russian side as a sourceof personnel to ensure colonization, the organization of the military border on the newly annexed lands. Russia equipped the new border according to the model of the military border borrowed fromAustria. Mentioned about those who came to Russia and entered the Russian service in the first half of the 18th century. well-known immigrants from Serbian ethnic territories in the Balkans and fromAustria, who played the role of predecessors for immigrants from New Serbia and Slavic Serbia: Savva Vladislavich, Pantu Bozhich, Mikhail Miloradovich and others. Based on archival and othermaterials, the content and sequence of preparatory actions of Russia and “Austrian” Serbs to relocation.
24
Andresen, Rolf-Inge Vogt. "Russian Military Reform. A Failed Exercise in Defence Decision Making." Nordisk Østforum 24, no. 02 (July 5, 2010): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn1891-1773-2010-02-07.
Full text
25
Blank, Stephen J. "Valuing the human factor: The reform of Russian military manpower." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 12, no. 1 (March 1999): 64–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518049908430379.
Full text
26
Tsypkin, Mikhail. "Military reform and strategic nuclear forces of the Russian federation." European Security 9, no. 1 (March 2000): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09662830008407438.
Full text
27
Lukowski, J. T. "The Papacy, Poland, Russia and Religious Reform, 1764-8." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 39, no. 1 (January 1988): 66–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900039075.
Full textAbstract:
The years 1764-8 form a rare unity in Polish history, distinguished by an unprecedented attempt at constitutional and economic reform on a scale not to be repeated for another two decades. The fragile nature of the reforms which accompanied the election, in September 1764, of King Stanislaw August Poniatowski (1764-95) was revealed as early as autumn 1766, when internal opponents, supported by Russia and, to a lesser degree, Prussia, imposed the first serious checks on the reformers and then proceeded to try to secure their total defeat. The tensions between reformers and conservatives, compounded by large-scale Russian military and diplomatic intervention, were to plunge Poland into ungovernability and civil war by March 1768 and to drag it inexorably towards the First Partition.
28
Vasilyev, Alexey V. "Military clergy reorganization in the Paul’s I of Russia military reform." RUDN Journal of Russian History 20, no. 3 (December 15, 2021): 426–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2021-20-3-426-436.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines an important historical stage in the development of military clergy. During this period, effective systems of military administration, training and recruitment and social protection of its members were established. In the process of the Emperor Paul's reform the military clergy acquired the features of a political institution. This was manifested in the active intervention of the state in the managerial system of the clergy. And the head of the military priests becomes the ober-priest of the Russian army and navy. A system of candidates selection for the positions of military priests has been built. A specialized educational institution was established for recruiting military clergy from the children of military clergy - the Army Seminary. After leaving the military department, martial ober-priests are provided with places in urban parishes, and martial priests are appointed to the rural churches of the dioceses from which they came to serve. A pension was introduced for the military clergy who were unable to continue serving because of age or illness. The military clergy were extracted from the subordination of the Holy Synod. And in the person of the ober-priest it was subordinated to the highest political leadership. As a result, the organization of the military clergy, which was optimal from the point of view of military-political management and effective use, was integrated into the military organization of the state. But this came into conflict with the canonical church norms and the position of the holy synod. After the tragic death of emperor Paul, this organization was largely dismantled.
29
SOBOLEV, Leonid B. "On improving the training of aircraft engineers." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 20, no. 5 (May 28, 2021): 865–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.20.5.865.
Full textAbstract:
Subject. The article continues the discussion about the method of training aircraft engineers to work in the military and civil segments of aviation and rocket-and-space industry. Objectives. The purpose is to improve the training of Russian engineers to work in the competitive market environment, on the basis of the analysis of experience in training the aviation engineers in leading foreign technical universities. Methods. The study rests on the comparative analysis of implementation of major projects in the military and civil segments of aviation in the U.S. and Russia, as well as programs for training aircraft engineers in both countries. Results. The analysis shows that the duration of modern large military aviation projects in both countries is the same (the comparison of cost is impossible, due to information protection in Russia), while in the civil segment of the aviation industry, Russia's lagging behind is significant both in terms of the duration of projects and performance results. One of the reasons is in the poor training of aircraft engineers to work in the competitive environment. Conclusions. It is crucial to reform Russian aviation universities in terms of conformity to global trends in multidisciplinarity and differentiation of financing and research base.
30
Poe, Marshall. "The Military Revolution, Administrative Development, and Cultural Change in Early Modern Russia." Journal of Early Modern History 2, no. 3 (1998): 247–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006598x00207.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAmong Western historians it is generally agreed that the "military revolution" spurred bureaucratization, and that bureaucracy in turn caused social and cultural change. This essay examines the links between military reform, administrative development, and cultural change in the Muscovite context. It argues that the "Europeanizing" military reforms of the mid-sixteenth to the mid-seventeenth century indeed had a significant impact on both Russian government and culture, at least among the service elite. In the era of Ivan III (1462-1505), the Muscovite court was a moderately-sized gathering of unlettered warriors who, together with a small group of scribes, managed a considerable principality in northeastern Rus'. A bit more than a century later the court was a much more complex entity comprising a well-stratified political elite, a system of functionally differentiated chancelleries, and a large network of gunpowder military forces. Behind this transformation were successive waves of military reform, waves which brought with them well-elaborated literate administration. The coming of literate administration to the governing class-the court elite, chancellery personnel, and higher gentry-had four effects: integration on an imperial level; increased status and functional differentiation; a slow movement from mechanical to organic solidarity; and, finally, the impersonalization of social identity.
31
Dmitriev, A. L. "Akim Mikhailovich Zolotarev – Reformer Statistician." Voprosy statistiki 29, no. 3 (July 6, 2022): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2022-29-3-125-133.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the life and work of a prominent, but now forgotten, Russian statistician and statesman A.M. Zolotarev (1853– 1912), who headed the Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1904–1911. Based on the analysis of his works and on a number of historiographic publications, the image of the scientist who was at the origins of the formation of the course of military statistics in the military educational institutions of the country is recreated. His role in the teaching of military geography is shown. The paper covers his activities in the Central Statistical Committee: issuing of a new periodical statistical publication «Yearbook of Russia», attempts to reform state statistics undertaken in 1908. The article characterizes proposals of A.M. Zolotarev on reforming state statistics. The author argues that despite the fact that for a number of reasons, mostly objective, some conceptual ideas of A.M. Zolotarev about the organizational principles of Russian state statistics were not accepted at that time, his role in the development of the Russian state statistics and especially in the formation of military statistics is very significant.
32
Nevzorov, Evgeniy, Svetlana Bukalova, and Sergey Simonov. "Soldiers' children as a special social institution in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 181 (2019): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-181-164-172.
Full textAbstract:
We consider the social and legal status, family status and class transformations of soldiers’ offspring in the second half of the 19th century. The great reforms of the 60–70s of the 19th century did not actually affect the regulation of children of lower ranks and reserve soldiers. In this context, it is clear that there has been very little change in the situation of such children compared to the recruitment period. Soldiers’ children in the 19th century continued to fill up the lumpenized population groups of the Russian Empire, and their situation remained shaky, unstable and uncertain. We reveal the historical and legal dynamics aspects of the social and class status of children of representatives of the “military class”: soldiers’ children, reserve soldiers’ children, recruits’ children. We ascertain features of the charity and welfare organization for the families with called up soldiers during the Crimean War of 1853–1856 and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. Attracting a wide range of archival sources and published materials allowed quite successfully to reconstruct existing social and legal regulation and the practice of charity “military offspring” of lower ranks soldiers. We reveal features of the “reflection” of soldiers’ position in primary archival documents and legislative acts, including social and legal conflicts and trends that determined the life and fate of “military children”. We give a historiographic assessment of the study of legal status of soldiers’ children and their everyday life in the war and peace years of the second half of the 19th century. We identify research gaps in the works of domestic and foreign historians on the stated issues. We draw conclusions about the prospects of studying the post-reform ethnic and social, social and cultural, class and legal features of the soldier’s offspring, which is still “in the shadow” of research interest in the history community. We prove that “soldiers’ children” were and remained a special social institution in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. We reveal the peculiarities of studying this category of “military class” in pre-reform and post-reform Russia.
33
OLEINIKOV, ALEXEY V. "A NEW WORD IN THE SECURITY OF RUSSIAN REPUBLIC: THE QUESTION OF THE COSSACK ARMY ORGANIZATION IN AUGUST - SEPTEMBER, 1917." Caspium Securitatis: Journal of Caspian Safety & Security 1, no. 1 (2021): 106–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/2713-024x-2021-1-1-106-122.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of the article is to examine projects aimed at strengthening the security of Russia through the formation of a Cossack (cavalry) army. A similar operational and strategic association owes its practical origin to the Soviet Republic; the Whites also had corresponding projects (in particular, those of P.N. Wrangel). The author of the article managed to establish the fact that projects of creation of such formations existed much earlier, in August - September, 1917, and their realization would not only provide safety of the Russian republic, but also would influence the combat effectiveness of the Russian active army and prospects of the final stage of Russia's participation in the World War I. This determines the scientific novelty of the research. The objectives of the article are to analyze the projects of the formation of the Cossack army of the Russian Republic in the summer-autumn of 1917, as well as the reform of the Cossack cavalry, its division into army and strategic cavalry. After the corresponding reform, the Cossack cavalry (including all 3 Astrakhan Cossack regiments) became the most important operational and strategic tool and reserve of the Russian active army at the final stage of World War I. The article is based on previously unpublished archival documents extracted from the archives of the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA). Research methods: archive study, historico-comparative analysis and historico-systemic analysis.
34
Edwards, Allyson. "A Vulnerable Russia: Militarisation Through Anxiety in 1990s Russian Historical Textbooks." Political Crossroads 25, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7459/pc/25.1.02.
Full textAbstract:
Russia’s military in the 1990s was physically and morally fragile. Culturally, however, the militarisation of society persisted because of the prominence of militarised discourses in various discursive spaces. Militarised themes were dominant in Russia’s historical education, with Russia’s vulnerability serving to underscore the militarisation of Russia’s youth during this period because it drew upon notions of paranoia and anxiety, which formed the foundations of Russian identity. This article examined 16 Russian historical textbooks published in the 1990s. Adopting Robert Sutherland’s schema for identifying ‘ways in which inherent ideologies are expressed’ in literature for children, including; ‘Politics of advocacy’ and ‘Politics of attack,’ this article found that Russia’s vulnerabilities were used to equip its youth with militarised worldviews. Historical victories were often framed as ‘victory despite weaknesses, because of the patriotic, united efforts of the Russian peoples. On the other hand, loss at war was often characterised by ‘unequal and heroic battle[s]’ followed by military reform, with emphasis on need to improve weapon procurement, combat readiness and strategy. Through these discourses, students were told that Russia would be safe and militaristically successful if 1) society remained united and 2) Russia’s military institution was technologically and strategically superior. These textbooks maintained the militarisation of society by sustaining the narrative that Russia constantly needed to defend itself, evidenced well with a historical trail of invasion from belligerent nations, where Russia has not always been able to defend itself.
35
Трегубова, М. С. "Shaping Masculine Identity in Military Education Institutions of Post-reform Russia (based on the memoirs of noblemen)." Вестник Рязанского государственного университета имени С.А. Есенина, no. 2(71) (July 7, 2021): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2021.71.2.004.
Full textAbstract:
В статье на основе мемуаров дворян — выпускников кадетских корпусов и военных училищ, исследуются способы и возможности формирования мужественности в военных учебных заведениях дореволюционной России. События Крымской войны продемонстрировали необходимость реформирования российской армии. Среди комплекса военных реформ 1860–1870-х годов значительное место занимали перемены в сфере военного образования. Вместе с тем изменение системы и структуры обучения не должно было затронуть главную составляющую образа офицера — его мужественность, под которой понимался комплекс качеств, характерных для сильного физически, умственно подготовленного и достойного воина. Обучение в военных заведениях было нацелено на формирование мужественности путем серьезной физической подготовки, а также воспитания смелости и доблести. The article analyzes memoirs of noblemen, graduates of cadet schools and military colleges to investigate the process of masculine identity shaping in military education institutions in pre-revolutionary Russia. The events of the Crimean war highlighted the necessity of military reforms in the Russian Army. Military education reforms constituted an essential part of the Great Reforms of the 1860s-1870s. It was crucial that military education reforms should not affect the major characteristic of an officer, i.e. an officer’s masculinity which was treated as a complex of physical, mental and moral traits and qualities. Military education was aimed at the shaping of masculine identity via extensive physical training, the development of courage and valour.
36
Bychenko, Yuri G., and Alexey V. Egorov. "The values in the system of a Russian serviceman’s of the family social culture." Izvestia of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Sociology. Politology 21, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1818-9601-2021-21-1-11-16.
Full textAbstract:
Theoretical, methodological, and empirical substantiation of the problem of values’ development of a serviceman’s family after the implementation of the civil-military relations reform in Russia in 2012 is presented. On the basis of the study from the sociological survey “Family Culture of the Russian Servicemen”, the trends in updating family values in the post-reform period are revealed. The identification of the changes in the values of a serviceman’s family made it possible to clarify and reveal the structure of military families and the ways transforming not only the vital interests and priorities of this family, but also the changes in labor motives, needs and social needs of their members, as a whole. It is proved that the value priorities of military personnel in modern conditions should be characterized as one of the generalized indicators of their professional cultural potential. With regards to the priorities of life values, military families are conventionally divided into several groups: 1) 20% “money savers” (the families whose members have predominant values related to material well-being, the desire for high earnings); 2) 17% “health-oriented” (the families that have the most important priority in maintaining health, developing the physical potential of their members); 3) 10% “strong family members” (the families whose members have predominant values related to their own family, striving to maintain good relations in the family); 4) 10% “career professionals” (the families whose life activities are aimed at ensuring the conditions for career growth of military personnel, and increasing their military educational potential); 5) 6% “self-sacrificing patriots” (the families that focus on finding things to their liking, realizing themselves in interesting military activities, meeting the need for military intellectual work, subordinating their own interests, sacrificing them for the good of society, the country and the state).
37
Shamiev, Kirill. "THE ROLE OF ADVOCACY COALITIONS IN RUSSIA’S DEFENSE POLICIES: THE CASE OF SERDYUKOV REFORM." Political Science (RU), no. 2 (2021): 206–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/poln/2022.02.10.
Full textAbstract:
Between 2007 and 2012, the Russian armed forces went through unprecedented changes that affected all elements of the military organization. Despite political and financial support from the president and prime minister, the reformers could not meet all reform goals, and some changes were slowed down or backpaddled. The research uses data from 18 expert interviews, online media materials and employs the advocacy coalition framework to show that the Ministry of Defense has been unable to implement some changes because of the opposition within the military and presidential coalitions of civil-military relations. Interagency resistance forced the Ministry of Defense to abandon some of the changes. Some others were canceled after Minister Serdyukov’s ouster. This article demonstrates the strategies that the reformers used to pursue their goals and overcome the resistance from the reform opponents. The resistance eventually led to the defence minister's resignation, which halted further radical changes in the Russian armed forces. The results show that even the full political support from an authoritarian leader cannot save politicians and their programs from the influence of other actors. Dissatisfaction with the changes split the presidential coalition. It also damaged the interagency interaction, which ultimately weakened the managerial position of the reformer. Moreover, this case study showed that in civil-military relations, the conformity of the reformer’s behavior with the dominant military beliefs plays a major role alongside the factual component of reform.
38
Mickiewicz, Piotr, and Daniel Damian Kasprzycki. "Od „konfliktu hybrydowego” do działań konwencjonalnych? Koncepcja oddziaływania militarnego Rosji, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zmian po 2018 roku." Przegląd Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego 13, no. 25 (2021): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20801335pbw.21.019.14296.
Full textAbstract:
Evolving from hybrid conflict leading into conventional warfare? The Russian concept of military impact, with particular reference to the changes after 2018 The article presents the evolution of the Russian idea of military operations as a form of implementing security policy. Significant changes in the concept of conducting hybrid operations were pointed out in relation to the way they were carried out in the process of the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula and during the Russian intervention in Syria. It was shown that the concept of the reconstruction of the armed forces since 2018 has been aimed at both preparing them for the implementation of the so-called integrated operations, expanding the external defence zone, and performing antiaccess operations. This is to be achieved by adequately saturating the armed forces with the necessary means to conduct such a task and by practically implementing the active defence strategy, which assumes that Russia will take pre-emptive actions based on precise planning algorithms. The Russian strategy of active defence is complemented by a strategy of limited operations. According to Russian experts, this strategy should involve external actions to protect and promote Russian interests abroad. The analyses demonstrate that the Russians have decided that the basic form of contemporary and future political-military conflict will be a non-linear conflict with a dynamic course. That is why a key role has been assigned to both kinetic and non-kinetic instrumentation capabilities and special operations with a comprehensive scope. To implement these plans, a thorough reform of the armed forces was carried out in terms of restructuring the organization, reforming the training system and modernizing the armaments. The main phase of the reforms had been successfully implemented by December 2020, despite the sanctions. The experience of Syria and the Donbass influenced the transformation of the Russian military doctrine. Its most important assumption was to move away from the primacy of synchronized non-military actions within a non-kinetic destabilizing operation. The concept of coordinated use of military and non-military means with a decisive role of the armed forces has become the basic form of conducting operations of this type. W artykule opisano ewolucję rosyjskiej koncepcji działań militarnych jako formy realizacji polityki bezpieczeństwa. Przedstawiono istotne zmiany w koncepcji dotyczącej prowadzenia działań hybrydowych w stosunku do sposobu, w jaki je realizowano podczas aneksji Półwyspu Krymskiego oraz rosyjskiej interwencji w Syrii. Wykazano, że obowiązująca od 2018 r. koncepcja przebudowy sił zbrojnych ma na celu ich przygotowanie do realizacji zarówno tzw. operacji zintegrowanych, poszerzania zewnętrznej strefy obrony, jak i operacji o charakterze antydostępowym. Służyć temu ma wyposażenie sił zbrojnych w odpowiednie środki, umożliwiające wykonywanie tak sformułowanych zadań, oraz wdrożenie strategii aktywnej obrony, zakładającej podejmowanie przez Rosję działań wyprzedzających na podstawie precyzyjnych algorytmów planowania. Uzupełnieniem rosyjskiej strategii aktywnej obrony jest strategia działań ograniczonych. Zdaniem rosyjskich ekspertów powinna ona zakładać prowadzenie działań zewnętrznych w celu ochrony oraz promowania rosyjskich interesów za granicą. Z przeprowadzonych analiz wynika, że Rosjanie uznali, że podstawową formą konfliktu polityczno-militarnego zarówno obecnie, jak i w przyszłości będzie konflikt nieliniowy o dynamicznym przebiegu. W związku z tym ważną rolę przypisano możliwościom stosowania instrumentarium kinetycznego i niekinetycznego oraz operacjom specjalnym o kompleksowym charakterze. W celu realizacji tych planów gruntownie zreformowano siły zbrojne. Zmieniono strukturę organizacyjną, system szkolenia i zmodernizowano uzbrojenie. Najważniejszy etap reform został ukończony, pomimo sankcji, w grudniu 2020 r. Na zmiany wprowadzane w rosyjskiej doktrynie wojskowej miały wpływ doświadczenia płynące z działań w Syrii i Donbasie. Przede wszystkim nastąpiło odejście od prymatu zsynchronizowanych działań niemilitarnych w ramach niekinetycznej operacji destabilizacyjnej. Obecnie główny sposób prowadzenia operacji polega na skoordynowanym użyciu środków wojskowych i pozamilitarnych, przy czym siły zbrojne odgrywają w takich operacjach decydującą rolę.
39
Shchekoturov, Aleksandr V., Mihail I. Krishtal, and Elena P. Zimovina. "Media images of Kaliningrad region in the structure of migration attitudes of millennials and the reform generation." Sustainable development of the Baltic Sea Region 13, no. 2 (2021): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2021-2-9.
Full textAbstract:
The article explores the role of the image of a region created in mass media in the formation of migration attitudes. Attention is drawn to the Kaliningrad region — a Russian exclave, whose population growth is solely due to migration. The purpose of the article is to determine the significance of the key media images of the Kaliningrad region in the decision-making process on the immigration of millennials and the reform generation (Radaev's concept of generations). Publications about the Kaliningrad Region in Russian media (2014—2018) (N =1,913) and semi-structured interviews (N =44) formed the empirical basis of the study. The main research methods are the analysis of publications and in-depth interviews with their subsequent processing using the Atlas.ti software. Five images of the Kaliningrad region constantly present in the Russian information space were identified: a region of international cooperation, a military outpost, an economically and touristically attractive region, and a region with a developing infrastructure. The most significant intergenerational differences were identified in relation to the Kaliningrad region as a military outpost and an economically attractive region. Compared with millennials, the reform generation is more inclined to perceive a military threat from other countries, therefore the security issue was a significant factor when deciding to relocate. Millennials showed greater awareness of what constitutes the image of an economically attractive region. It is concluded that the differences between millennials and the reform generation in assessing the significance of the media images of the Kaliningrad region are largely due to the specifics of migration motives. For millennials, the priority is employment opportunities and career growth whilst for the reform generation, it is finding a comfortable place to live in old age.
40
Tsvelev, Y. V., V. G. Abashin, and V. F. Bezhenar'. "Medical and social problems of the military service of women." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 54, no. 1 (June 1, 2005): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd81603.
Full textAbstract:
The reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (RF Armed Forces) in the current unfavorable demographic situation is accompanied by the involvement of a significant number of women in all types and branches of the armed forces in various positions associated mainly with the specialties of military humanitarian, medical, engineering, legal and other profiles.
41
Kuzmin, Sergey Aleksandrovich, Lyubov Kuzminichna Grigorieva, and Margarita Vadimovna Mirzaeva. "Issues of medical examination and selection of citizens for military service under a contract in Armed Forces of the Russian Federation." Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), no. 1 (2022): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2201-07.
Full textAbstract:
In the context of the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and a significant increase in the proportion of military personnel doing military service under contract, the issues of manning the troops with healthy, physically developed citizens with high moral and business qualities are of paramount importance. Of particular importance in the selection of candidates for military service under the contract is the conduct of laboratory and instrumental studies, professional and psychological selection, determination of the level of citizens’ physical fitness. The Federal Law «On Military Duty and Military Service» defines a two-stage system for medical examination of citizens entering military service under contract, which is necessary as a barrier in order to prevent citizenswho do not meet the necessary requirements for military personnel from entering the Russian Armed Forces. At the first stage (preliminary examination), the military and medical examination of citizens was carried out by specialist doctors working in medical organizations of the outpatient-polyclinic link of municipalities at the place of citizens’ permanent residence. Medical specialists of the regular military medical commission of the military commissariat of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation participated in the second stage (final examination) of the military medical examination. During the five-year period under study, 5,133 citizens (72.9 %) were selected out of 7,043 candidates for military service under contract, who fully met all the criteria for defenders of the Fatherland.
42
KULYUKIN, A. A. "Organizational and legal framework for execution of punishments by the military police in the Russian Empire." Ius Publicum et Privatum 4, no. 14 (November 18, 2021): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2713-2811-2021-4-18-22.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines the issues of execution of punishments against military personnel by the military police in the Russian Empire. The functions of the military police related to the execution of punishments in the army are determined, a description of the stages of development of this institution (from the 17th century to the 20th century) is given, in particular, depending on the reform of legislation, the creation of new institutions for the execution of sentences, four stages are identified: 1) 1621–1716, 2) 1717–1826, 3) 1827– 1867, 4) 1868–1917. It is concluded that the genesis of the penal system is a structured and purposeful process of transforming the relevant institutions. The need to apply the experience accumulated in the army of the Russian Empire is emphasized.
43
Nevlev, Vladislav Vladimirovich, Larisa Vladimirovna Solovyova, Vladislava Igorevna Solovyova, Inna Mikhailovna Nevleva, Anastasia Vladislavovna Nevleva, and Vladimir Kuzmich Nevlev. "Influence of cooperative ideologies on the origin of credit societies in Russia." Cuestiones Políticas 39, no. 71 (December 25, 2021): 579–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3971.34.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the research was to examine the influence of cooperative ideologies on the origin of credit societies in Russia. The emergence of a legal framework for consumer and, later, credit cooperation in Russia came in two ways. The first formal credit union was established in 1831 by Russian military officers banished to Siberia after the December 1825 revolt. Other cooperatives were organized in a Western model by enthusiasts from the wealthy strata. Later, the history of cooperation in consumer credit before the revolution in Russia can be divided into three stages: first, 1831-1860 (before the peasant reform); second, 1861-1904 (after the peasant reform); and third, 1905-1917 (adoption of government regulations on cooperation). To solve the objective set, the authors used the documentary method close to the historical method. It is concluded that analysis of the preconditions of the first cooperative organizations in Russia shows that there were some known forms of primitive cooperation or pre-cooperation over the centuries.
44
Vitarbo, Gregory. "Nationality Policy and the Russian Imperial Officer Corps, 1905-1914." Slavic Review 66, no. 4 (2007): 682–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20060379.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines the imperial Russian army's attempt to formulate a comprehensive nationalities policy for its officer corps after 1905. The army sought to establish service quotas for each nationality according to its percentage of the empire's population. The professed goal of this policy was the preservation of the numerical, and thus cultural, predominance of Orthodox, ethnic Russian officers. Yet this attempt to fashion an officer corps both “imperial” and “Russian” exposed competing paradigms of service, loyalty, and identity among tsarist officers, raising broader questions about the relationship between army, state, and empire. Thus concerns of nationality and nationalism affected the officer corps more deeply than has been assumed. Gregory Vitarbo's work provides new insights into the intersection of military reform, nationality policy, and imperial ideology in the late Russian empire, while further illustrating suggestive linkages with contemporary pan-European trends concerning military practices, nationality politics, and cultural ferment.
45
Verminenko, Yulia V., and Sergey E. Zverev. "Problems of Formation of Russian Public Consciousness in the Age of Enlightenment." Alma mater. Vestnik Vysshey Shkoly, no. 12 (December 2022): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/am.12-22.106.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyzes the results of Russia’s development during Catherine’s reign, when, due to objective and subjective factors, a vector of militarization of the consciousness of the elites and the whole society to the detriment of the country’s education and cultural development was outlined for the authorities. It is noted that during the reign of the House of Romanov and under Soviet rule, in terms of the social and state structure, Russia was a military empire, doomed to develop extensively, through military victories and conquests. Unilateral concentration on the heroic values of public consciousness causes the depletion of the productive forces of the state-forming people, leads to stagnation and decline. Only education can be a condition and guarantee for the reform of the military empire into a developed civil society based on the ideals of the right of the individual, free from bias, dogmatism and obscurantism, and the triumph of the law.
46
Tsedilin, L. I. "Funding of science: A comparison of approaches and outcomes in Russia and Germany." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2021-2-147-160.
Full textAbstract:
Russia and Germany use fundamentally different models of science funding. Russian government has inherited planning and distribution system’s principles in this sphere, when the development of the military-industrial complex was an absolute priority. The modern Russian model of R&D financing is also characterized by the predominance of the state research funding and insignificant business participation in R&D investment. The German model of science financing with the predominance of the business sector in the structure of investment in science shows more significant results and contributes more to the transformation of science into a real productive force. These fundamental differences directly affect the export performance of high-tech products (in Germany it is 20 times higher). The comparison of approaches to R&D financing and the results of their application lead to the conclusion that it is necessary to reform the Russian model of financing usage.
47
Volkhonskiy, Michael A. "TRANSFORMATION OF THE SYSTEM OF MILITARY-PEOPLE’S ADMINISTRATION IN THE CAUCASUS UNDER ALEXANDER III IN 1882–1888." Ural Historical Journal 77, no. 4 (2022): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-178-187.
Full textAbstract:
Introduced in the 1850s, the military-public administration, along with the institute of viceroyalty, was one of the main distinguishing features of the special administrative status of the Caucasus as part of the Russian Empire. Various aspects of this system have been the object of historians’ research many times. However, the period from the 1880s to 1917 is still poorly studied. The article is devoted to the analysis of the circumstances of the discussion, development and implementation of projects for the transformation of the military-people’s administration in the Caucasus Region in the 1880s. The process of developing the reform in 1882 was initiated by the Minister of War in connection with the planned general transformation of the administration system of the Caucasus. The reform project was developed by the new chief of the Caucasus, Prince A. M. Dondukov-Korsakov, who opposed the abolition of the military-public administration. Of the two projects submitted by him to St. Petersburg in 1883 and 1885, only the former was implemented. The project included: the abolition of the Central Caucasian military-people’s administration in Tiflis; subordination of local military-people’s administrations to military governors; annexation of the districts of the Batumi region and the Sukhumi district, where the military-people’s administration was maintained, to the Kutaisi province.
48
Hongsub Lee. "Russian Military Reform in the 21st Century: Preparation for the Network-Centric Warfare(NCW)." Korean Journal of Slavic Studies 29, no. 1 (March 2013): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.17840/irsprs.2013.29.1.004.
Full text
49
Herspring, Dale. "Russian Military Reform: A Failed Exercise in Defence Decision Making, by Pallin, Carolina Vendil." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 22, no. 2 (May 29, 2009): 318–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518040902918535.
Full text
50
Milasheva, N. V., and V. O. Samoilov. "Peter the Great is the founder of the military medical education in Saint Petersburg." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 22, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma26004.
Full textAbstract:
The study is dedicated to the founding date of medical (medical and surgical) schools at the General hospitals of St. Petersburg, which are the historical foundation of the Medical and Surgical (Military Medical) Academy. Archival documents from the funds of the Russian State Archive of the Navy, as well as published sources prove and confirm that Peter the Great is the founder of medical (medical and surgical) schools at the General hospitals of St. Petersburg. According to the ingenious converter of Russia, the establishment of medical schools in the military and naval capital of the Russian Empire was part of state reform plans, it was extremely necessary and mandatory for the development of domestic medicine. A historical review of Russian military legislation of the era of Peter the Great is presented, where issues of medicine are touched. Particular attention is paid to archival documents. The reports (programs) of the first archivist and president of the Medical Chancellery and the entire medical service of Russia, Robert Erskine, and his successor, archivist Ivan Lavrentievich Blumentrost, to the president of the Admiralty Board, General Admiral Count F.M., were examined and analyzed in detail. Apraksin on bringing the medical unit in the fleet in proper condition. In the report I.L. Blumentrosta dated December 3, 1719 explicitly said about the already established medical school at the Admiralty Hospital of St. Petersburg and about the conduct of training sessions in it. The submitted documents developed a plan for the organization of marine hospitals, calculated the staff of medical personnel in the hospital and navy, reflected the plan for training medical students and preparing doctors, proposed solutions to other issues of organizing a medical service. The «Regulations on hospitals and on the positions of commissioners, doctors, clerks and others identified by them» of 1722, compiled on the basis of the programs of R. Erskine and I. L. Blumentrosta. This Regulation was the Russian hospital charter until the approval of the new law - the «General Regulation on Hospitals» (1735), which included 40 paragraphs of the Regulation 1722.