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Academic literature on the topic 'Russian Archaeological Mission in Giza'

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Published: 27 July 2024
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Russian Archaeological Mission in Giza"

1

Kormysheva, Eleonora, and Svetlana Malykh. "Lepsius Tombs in the Giza Necropolis Rediscovered: Preliminary Report on the Russian Archaeological Mission at Giza Excavations 2006–2008*." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 96, no. 1 (January 2010): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751331009600103.

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2

Goncharov, E. Yu, and S. E. Malykh. "ISLAMIC COINS FROM EASTERN GIZA (EGYPT)." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 3 (13) (2020): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-3-57-62.

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The article focuses on the attribution of one gold and two copper coins discovered by the Russian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS in the ancient Egyptian necropolis of Giza. Coins come from mixed fillings of the burial shafts of the Ancient Egyptian rock-cut tombs of the second half of the 3rd millennium B.C. According to the archaeological context, the coins belong to the stages of the destruction of ancient burials that took place during the Middle Ages and Modern times. One of the coins is a Mamluk fals dating back to the first half of the 14th century A.D., the other two belong to the 1830s — the Ottoman period in Egypt, and are attributed as gold a buchuk hayriye and its copper imitation. Coins are rare for the ancient necropolis and are mainly limited to specimens of the 19th–20th centuries. In general, taking into account the numerous finds of other objects — fragments of ceramic, porcelain and glass utensils, metal ware, glass and copper decorations, we can talk about the dynamic nature of human activity in the ancient Egyptian cemetery in the 2nd millennium A.D. Egyptians and European travelers used the ancient rock-cut tombs as permanent habitats or temporary sites, leaving material traces of their stay.
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Malykh, Svetlana E. "LATE POTTERY FROM THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TOMB OF NESEMNAU IN GIZA AND FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF THIEVES’ DEBRIS IN BURIAL SHAFTS." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 1 (19) (2022): 126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2022-1-126-139.

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The ancient Egyptian rock-cut tomb of Nesemnau in the north-eastern part of the Giza Necropolis was explored by the Russian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS in 2015–2017 and 2020. Archaeological study of the three tomb shafts revealed repeated violation of the filling layers due to the numerous robberies; as a result, the original burials of the Old Kingdom were destroyed, and later pottery (827 out of 2602 ceramic samples) and artifacts entered these complexes. Pottery analysis dating from the New Kingdom to the beginning of the 20th century allows speculating on the formation of thieves’ debris in the burial shafts of this tomb. Obtained data indicates repeated human intervention into the tomb, occurring apparently in the Late Period (possibly in order to create secondary burials), in Ptolemaic and Byzantine times, in the Middle Ages and in Modern times (during the robbery). Fragments from the same vessels are present in the fillings of all the shafts in Nesemnau’s tomb; therefore, they ended in these burial complexes at the same time as a result of the one and the same group of robbers’ activities. The latest ceramic fragments belonging to the zir-jars of the 19th — early 20th centuries indicate terminus ante quem of plundering. It is probable that the increase of tourism and the beginning of large-scale archaeological excavations in Giza Necropolis at that time intensified the thieves’ activity at the ancient site.
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4

Lebedev, Maksim, and Svetlana Malykh. "Apotropaea in the Equipment of Ancient Egyptian Infant Burials of the 1st Millennium BC from Eastern Giza: Archaeological Context, Typology, and Interpretation." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 2 (April 25, 2023): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp23281104.

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The paper analyzes the results of the work of the Russian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences at Giza in 2013, 2017, and 2019—2020. During these seasons, the team recorded a unique double infant burial in an amphora in rock-cut tomb GE 49 (the southern section of the Russian concession) and a cemetery to the west of the rock-cut tomb of Kakherptah (the north-western section of the Russian concession). The internments are dated to the first half of the 1st millennium B. C. The infant burial in an Egyptian amphora of Dynasty XXI (1070/1069—946/945 BC) has been preserved in fragments. However, part of the accompanying inventory has survived and is represented by a beaded bracelet and a scarab amulet. Of the 29 burials in the cemetery near the tomb of Kakherptah, 11 belonged to children. They are mostly well preserved, allowing us to study the features of burial rites, which included inhumation in an extended position on the back, head to the west with some shift to the south or north. The latter is probably related to burial at different months when orientation of internments followed the solar declination. Unlike the burials of adults, which remained without grave goods, the infant burials were equipped with a significant amount of jewelry and apotropaic amulets. Their shape is typical for Dynasties XXII—XXV (946/945—664 BC), which determines the dating of the cemetery near the tomb of Kakherptah. Despite the abundance of comparative material, primarily amulets, in Egyptological literature and museum collections, the discovery of these items in situ is extremely rare. The archaeological context allows us to consider the characteristics of their use in the ancient Egyptian burial rites of the Third Intermediate Period.
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5

Vetokhov, Sergey V. "Non-standart position of the false door in Giza tombs - a builing mistake or a least-evil solution?" Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 4 (2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080013935-5.

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In the chapels of a number of tombs in the Giza necropolis, both rock-cut and stone (mastaba), the false door – the main place of worship of the tomb – is sometimes not located on the west wall. Given that the tradition of placing the false door precisely on the western wall had deep roots for centuries, these cases raise a legitimate question about the reasons for such an anomaly. But the paucity of examples, both in Giza and in other necropolises, made it difficult to conduct a broad analysis of this phenomenon. This question has been repeatedly raised in the literature, but it is still debatable. And after the discovery of new examples at the site of the Russian Archaeological Mission at Giza of the Institute of Oriental Studies, RAS (RAMG), it became necessary to return to this problem to analyze it, to structure and summarize the early information, to try to understand the nature of the occurrence of such cases. A total of nine such cases are known in the Giza necropolis; all of them date from the time of the V–VI dynasties, when the necropolis is drastically compacted – and the tombs are occupied by any vacant space. It was not always possible to place false doors on the western wall of the chapels for each individual burial. As a result, sometimes the builders deliberately placed a false door not on the western wall but in the immediate vicinity of the burial to emphasise the connection between them.
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6

Goncharov, Evgeny Yu, and Svetlana E. Malykh. "ANTIQUE COINS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL MISSION OF THE INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL STUDIES RAS IN GIZA (EGYPT)." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 3 (17) (2021): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2021-3-144-151.

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7

Malykh, Svetlana E. "Egypt and the Levant in the 1st millennium B.C. on the ceramic material of the Memphite region: New data." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 2 (2023): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080024799-5.

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The article analyzes Levantine ceramics of the 1st millennium B.C., discovered in the Memphite region including the materials of the Russian Archaeological Mission at Giza. Memphis and its environs is a key region for Egypt, located on the border of Upper and Lower Egypt, which did not lose its significance when other cities received the role of the capital. Archaeological studies have revealed a significant amount of Levantine pottery – fragments of “torpedo” amphorae of the 7th–3rd centuries B.C., amphorae with basket handles of the “Cypriot type” of the 7th–4th centuries B.C., less often – Cypriot tableware and cosmetic vessels. Along with imports, local imitations of foreign amphorae were found. In the 1st millennium B.C. the Memphite region demonstrated stable relations with the Eastern Mediterranean, founded in earlier times and expressed in active trade, political and cultural interaction. Fluctuations in regional trade turned out to be a direct reflection of the general Egyptian-Levantine ties, which were bilateral; it is demonstrated not only by the presence of ceramic imports on Egyptian archaeological sites, the distinct influence of Eastern Mediterranean products on Egyptian handicraft products, but also by the appearance of Egyptianized objects in Palestine, Phoenicia and Cyprus. The abundance of Levantine imports in the Late Period and its growth since the annexation of Egypt by Persian Empire in 525 B.C. shows the involvement of foreigners in ancient Egyptian life. Fluctuation of the amount of imported pottery at archaeological sites is directly dependent on political events that affected the economy and regional trade.
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8

Malykh, S. E. "CERAMIC PIPES-OTTOMANS FROM GIZA: ON THE HISTORY OF TOBACCO SMOKING IN THE ORIENT." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 3 (13) (2020): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-3-77-89.

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The article analyzes 13 fragmented ceramic smoking pipes found at the eastern edge of the Eastern Field of the ancient Egyptian Giza Necropolis by the Russian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS. The objects of the late 17th — early 20th centuries were discovered during the exploration of the rock-cut tombs of the second half of the Third millennium B.C. and the adjacent area. They testify to the human activity in the ancient necropolis in the Modern Period and demonstrate the spread of tobacco smoking in Egypt, the first of the Ottoman provinces to encounter tobacco at the end of the 16th century through the mediation of Europeans. Morphologically, the pipes from Giza can be divided into three types in the shape of a cup — lily-shaped, round-cylindrical and daffodil-shaped. The round-cylindrical pipe is attributed as the products of Cairo pottery workshops situated near the Salah ad-Din Citadel in 1730–1780. Other objects demonstrate clay and the method of decorating characteristic of the workshops of Upper Egypt, located in Asyut and Aswan; some of them relate to the early types of the late 17th — early 18th centuries, others — to the late versions of the 19th — early 20th centuries. One fragment belongs to a pipe brought from Istanbul, and refers to the so-called “Tophane style”, which is characterized by bright red clay and gilding or silvering. This elite ware were produced by Istanbul craftsmen since the end of the 18th century until 1929; the pipe found in Giza can be dated to the interval from the 1860s to the 1900s.
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9

Vetokhov, Sergey V. "Door Construction of Ancient Egyptian Rock-Cut Tombs at the Eastern Plateau of the Giza Necropolis." Oriental Courier, no. 2 (2022): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310021617-6.

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On the basis of extensive material obtained during the work of the Russian archaeological mission, a generalization of the structural design of doors in Ancient Egyptian rock-cut tombs on the Eastern Plateau of Giza was carried out. The analysis showed that the size and structural design of the doors are directly related to the time of the chapel construction, the wealth of the tomb owner and natural or artificial features of the rocky area. Thus, the first rock-cut tombs whose owners had a high social status, which began to be built from the middle of the V dynasty on the eastern edge of the Eastern Plateau, are distinguished not only by their large size and extensive pictorial program of chapel decoration, but also by wide passages, inserted drums of better stone and well executed door fastening places. While towards the end of the Old Kingdom, when the Necropolis became compact and generally impoverished, there was a marked tendency not only to reduce the size of the passages to the chapels, but also to simplify the door arrangement and even to abandon the doors in most of the tombs. The development of gentle rocky areas and areas of poor rock quality in V–VI dynasties, leads to the appearance of steps to descend into the chapel, open courtyards and reduced dimensions of the passages to maintain their strength. Statistical analysis of the width of the passages and drums height in the chapels of the 72 currently available rock-cut tombs has demonstrated the existence of stable dimensional standards at the beginning of the development of the rock massif (c. mid V dynasty). For example, the tombs that appeared first in the tomb groups had an opening width of 10 or 12 ancient Egyptian palms (76–80 or 90–98 cm) and a drum height of 4 or 7 palms (30 or 52 cm). But towards the end of the Old Kingdom the width of the passages is reduced to about 8 palms (about 60 cm) and the height of the drums above the passages to 17 cm, and in many cases they disappear from the decoration of the entrances.
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10

Lebedev, M. A. "G. B. CAVIGLIA AND THE BEGINNING OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF ROCK-CUT TOMBS OF THE EASTERN ESCARPMENT OF GIZA." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 3 (13) (2020): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-3-63-76.

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The paper continues a series of publications dealing with early explorers who contributed to the study of the eastern escarpment of the Giza Necropolis. Its protagonist is the Italian antiquarian Giovanni Battista Caviglia, the author of the first documented archaeological works in rock-cut tombs on the territory of the modern-day Russian concession at the pyramids. The paper argues that the Italian researcher had access to many burial complexes both in the southern and in the northern parts of the necropolis area currently studied by specialists from the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Contemporary reports demonstrate that Caviglia not only excavated ancient tombs, but also lived in one of the rock-cut complexes and used rock-cut chapels as storerooms for his finds. In 1835, the British officer Howard Vyse, who hired Caviglia for his excavations at Giza, built a large camp at the eastern escarpment of the necropolis. The author locates the camp in front of the tombs of Perinendju, Tjenty I, Tjenty II, and Khufuhotep and examines its fate: After the end of British excavations in 1837, the camp was converted into the first hotel at the foot of the pyramids. Narrative and visual materials presented in works of explorers of the first half of the 19th century correspond neatly with the material culture artifacts retrieved in Giza during contemporary Russian excavations. Despite the disappearance of the camp built by Vyse, the occupation layer preserved in the rock-cut tombs contains numerous finds and complexes that can be dated to the 18th–19th centuries. A thorough study of the activities and field practices of early explorers in the age of antiquarianism contributes to the better understanding of the general stratigraphy of the Giza Necropolis and works toward more accurate interpretation of the archaeological evidence obtained by contemporary specialists at the foot of the pyramids.
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Books on the topic "Russian Archaeological Mission in Giza"

1

Kormysheva, Ė. E. (Ėleonora Efimovna), Malykh Svetlana (Svetlana Evgenʹevna), and Vetokhov Sergey, eds. Giza, Eastern necropolis: Russian archaelogical mission in Giza. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies (Russian Academy of Sciences), 2010.

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2

Kormysheva, E. ; Malykh, S. ; Vetokhok, S. Giza Eastern Necropolis I. The Tomb of Khafraankh G 7948 (Russian Arkhaelogigal Mission in Giza). Moskva: Institut vostokovedeniia RAN, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Russian Archaeological Mission in Giza"

1

Shcherbakova, Marina I. "Novo-Athos Simon-Kananite Monastery. To the Backstory." In Abkhazia in Russian Literature of the 19th — 20th Centuries: in 3 vols. Vol. 2, 160–68. A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/arl-2023-2-160-168.

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The article deals with the letters introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, relating to the prehistory of the New Athos Simono-Kananite Monastery in Abkhazia. The head of the Black Sea coastline, Baron Alexander Ivanovich Budberg, fulfilling the request of Innokenty, Archbishop of Kherson and Taurida, informed him in 1849 about the state of Christian shrines on the Black Sea coast. The letters testify to the desire of Archbishop Innokenty to revive not only in the Crimea, but also outside the peninsula, the most ancient Christian shrines, monuments of ancient Greek colonies. In this regard, the correspondents are discussing the conditions and possibilities for the restoration of the shrines of Abkhazia, their historical and archaeological research, the preparation of a project for the revival of the Pitsunda temple, the establishment of a monastery and a spiritual mission under it, the mission staff, in the choice of which is no less important than education, is the knowledge of local customs and languages, the habit of climate. This idea “could not be abandoned for its lofty and pious purpose,” but in the middle of the 19th century favorable time for the first steps of the restoration of Christianity in the Abkhazian land has not yet come.
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