Journal articles on the topic 'Russia – Territorial expansion'
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1
BUKRIEIEVA, Iryna, Lyudmila AFANASIEVA, Natаlia HLEBOVA, Lyudmila GLYNS'KA, and Mykhailo SEMIKIN. "POLITICAL AND MENTAL FOUNDATIONS OF RUSSIAN IMPERIALISM." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 30 (2022): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2022.30.3.
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Today, Russian imperialism is undergoing a new phase of its transformation, moving from covert interference in the internal affairs of sovereign states to open territorial expansion. Its primary task is plans to seize the sovereign state of Ukraine through military aggression, forced inoculation of its own model of the world order and return to the space of a single "Russian world". The former post-Soviet Baltic republics, Belarus, Moldova, Georgia are considered as the next territories for integration into the imperial space of Russia. And this is a war not only and not so much for territories, but for ideas, a worldview that will dominate them. The main features of imperialism as an ideology and policy are an irrational desire for military expansion and absolute security, an unobsessed regime with a “center-periphery” subordination relationship, a patronage-client scheme, and the “privatization” of state functions by the ruling elite, turning them into a source of private profits. A distinctive feature of Russian imperialism is that it carries out not only territorial expansion, but above all ideological and ideological expansion, instilling its ideological picture of the world on the conquered peoples. The Russian imperial ideology has been formed over the centuries and is based on such mental traits as: superiority, dominance, psychological inclination towards permissiveness and robbery, servile submission to power in various forms, abnormal patience, religious fanaticism and more. These features of mentality became the basis of the imperial ideology of state building as a system of views, ideas and worldview of Russians. Russian imperialism (rashism) is a syncretism of Russian Nazism, Orthodoxy and psychotraumatic nostalgia for the USSR, which has turned into an imperial identity.
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Anderson, Nicholas D. "Push and Pull on the Periphery: Inadvertent Expansion in World Politics." International Security 47, no. 3 (January 1, 2023): 136–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00454.
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Abstract Why do great powers engage in territorial expansion? Much of the existing literature views expansion as a largely intentional activity directed by the leaders of powerful states. Yet nearly 25 percent of important historical instances of great power expansion are initiated by actors on the periphery of the state or empire without authorization from their superiors at the center. Periphery-driven “inadvertent expansion” is most likely to occur when leaders in the capital have limited control over their agents on the periphery. Through their actions, peripheral agents effectively constrain leaders from withdrawing from these newly captured territories because of sunk costs, domestic political pressure, and national honor. When leaders in the capital expect geopolitical consequences from regional or other great powers, such as economic sanctions, militarized crises, or war, they are far less likely to authorize the territorial claims. A mixed-methods research strategy combines new quantitative data on great power territorial expansion with three qualitative case studies of successful (and failed) inadvertent expansion by Russia, Japan, and France. Inadvertent expansion has not completely gone away, particularly among smaller states, where government authority can be weak, control over states’ apparatuses can be loose, and civil-military relations can be challenging.
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Voronin, E. "“Atlantic Еxpansion” and International Legal Basis for Reunification of the Crimea with Russia." Journal of International Analytics, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2018-0-1-88-93.
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Transatlantic expansion in Europe in order to move NATO’s strategic positions to the borders of Russia together with the inspirited Washington-Brussels duo, the “Ukrainian crisis”, is the main destabilizing factor for the security in the European region. In context of preventing threats to the Russian Federation it should be perceived through the declaration of will by the people of the Crimea, who used their right for self-determination and for their future as part of the Russian state and return of the Crimea to Russian fatherland. The article includes “three groups” of international legal grounds for the reunification of the Crimea with the Russian Federation: territorial succession, secession (but not annexation) and a territorial title. Justification for a fully legal inclusion of the Crimea into Russia as a state of historical sovereignty, unlike Ukraine, which historically never existed as an independent state, without legal claim for the Crimea, which was part of the Ukraine due to an anticonstitutional voluntarism of the soviet ruling of that time.
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Gough, Barry M. "British-Russian rivalry and the search for the Northwest Passage in the early 19th century." Polar Record 23, no. 144 (September 1986): 301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400007129.
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ABSTRACTBritish-Russian rivalry along the North Pacific littoral after 1815 was at once an extension of 18th century ambitions, commercial and geopolitical, and an enlargement of the interests of both nations in the existence of a Northwest Passage. John Barrow in Britain and Adam John von Krusenstern in Russia exhibited the opposing yet complementary interests of the two powers. British Admiralty activities resulted partly from a fear of Russian pre-emption, partly from ambitions for territorial and commercial aggrandizement. The Russian government supported the Russian American Company, and consolidated its overseas empire in Alaska. This paper describes die maritime activities and plans of both nations concerning the North Pacific and Northwest Passage, explaining political and territorial ambitions of the two powers that underlay the exploration, and their expansion of territorial empire and commerce in this area.
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Mazurova, O. V., E. V. Galperova, and V. I. Loktionov. "Forecasting Electricity Demand in the Russian Federation and Its Regions Taking Into Account Electrification Expansion." Economy of Region 18, no. 2 (2022): 528–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2022-2-16.
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A global priority of electrification expansion in all areas is also stated in the Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation. The study aims to forecast electricity demand in Russia taking into account possible electrification options in economic sectors. The article presents a multi-stage procedure and a concise review of methodological approaches to the long-term assessment of electricity demand, which considers the impact of complex interrelationships in social, economic and technological policies. In particular, this approach focuses on the regional level, where the interests of energy producers and consumers are reconciled. The current and promising directions of electricity use in Russian regions and economic sectors were analysed based on various statistics and forecasts. The conducted analysis demonstrated the stability of sectoral and territorial energy consumption patterns, as well as a decrease and convergence of values of gross regional product (GRP) energy intensity. Energy consumption of regions varies due to significant differences in industrial specialisation and living standards of the population. The highest energy consumption is observed in developed regions (Central Federal District) or regions with a large share of energy-intensive industries (Siberian Federal District). According to the accepted economic development and electrification expansion strategies for the period 2025–2040, on average, electricity demand in Russian regions is expected to increase by 1.4–1.8 % annually. It is anticipated that the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts will show the highest growth rates of energy consumption due to the accelerated development of these territories. Predicted dynamics of the gross domestic product (GDP) energy intensity in Russia confirms its compliance with global trends. The research findings may prove useful in creating programmes and development strategies for the country and its regions.
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Petrov, A. Y., V. N. Kostornichenko, and M. M. Koskina. "International Dimension in Colonization of the North-West of America and California at the End of the 17-18 th Centuries." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 5 (November 11, 2020): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-5-74-7-30.
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The article reviews the initial period of European colonization of the North Pacific Ocean and California within the context of diplomatic relations between Russia and Spain during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. It tries to understand the policies of European powers in the American Northwest and the reasons for pursuing their colonial interests there. It analyses the history of exploration of these territories, expeditions to the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, and historical maps of this region. For the first time in Russian historiography the authors touch upon the exploration of California in the 18th century.The exploration of the North Pacific Ocean, the northwestern American coast, including certain areas of California, Alaska and the Aleutian Islands has long attracted the attention of European powers. It was a process in which government authorities and private merchant companies took part. The expansion of the Spanish Empire into California was made possible in part because of the concerns of the Madrid court about the strengthening of the Russian and British empires in the North Pacific Ocean. The Spanish documents from the archives of Madrid, Seville and Simancas – the article introduces them into research communication the first time - show the validity of the fears of the Madrid court regarding the inevitable development of Russian colonization in the region. The advance of Russia to the shores of America has economic reasons: Cossacks and merchants reached the Pacific Ocean pursuing the desire to profit from the fur trade. As the economic influence expanded, the state interests of annexing territories and bringing the local population into citizenship followed behind. The territorial advance of the Russians to the Pacific Ocean was facilitated by the ambitious, but at the same time balanced diplomacy of Peter I, which managed to ensure the expansion of the borders of the Russian Empire.Spanish consolidation in certain territories in California was aimed at a possible containment of the Russian advance. Russian-Spanish relations in the Northwest Pacific at the end of the 17th – 18th centuries contributed to the nature of the subsequent development of territories in the North Pacific Ocean.
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Terenteva, L. V. "Territorial Aspect of State Jurisdiction and Sovereignty in Cyberspace." Lex Russica, no. 4 (May 2, 2019): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.149.4.139-150.
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The paper raises the question of the possibility of applying the territorial principle of sovereignty and jurisdiction of the State in relation to cyberspace, as well as the possible rethinking and expansion of the concept of “territory of the State” through the inclusion of virtual spatial units that do not have the properties of geographical extent. The inclusion of cyberspace in the concept of “territory of the State” is conditioned by the fact that cyberspace as a sphere of realization of social, economic and political relations cannot be beyond the sovereignty and jurisdiction of the State. If, however, the supremacy of a state is established in relation to a spatial unit, that unit must be referred to the concept of “territory of the State”, the legal meaning of which is to designate the spatial sphere of competence of the State. The question of the possible inclusion of cyberspace in the concept of “territory” is further justified by the lack of static content of this concept, which at certain stages of historical development as a result of political, geographical, technological and other factors began to cover new spatial boundaries (air, space, continental shelf space, etc.). At the same time, with the development of cyberspace, not the concept of “territory of the State” itself evolves, the legal significance of which lies in the spatial limits of the full jurisdiction of the State, but only the content components of the territory through the inclusion of new spatial units that do not have a tangible, planar aspect. The author analyzes the normative approaches of Russia and the United States to the issues of outlining the spatial contour of the jurisdiction of States in cyberspace, as a result of which it is revealed that the initiatives of Russian law are more limited to the dominance of the technological approach, which consists in establishing territorial boundaries with respect to physically located on the territory of the State devices and equipment with which access to information is carried out. In contrast to the American approach, which legislates the establishment of jurisdiction over data on servers in foreign countries, the Russian law does not raise the question of the possibility of including in the spatial limit of jurisdiction of information resources oriented to the territory of Russia, access to which is supported by equipment located outside the territory of Russia.
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Strunina-Borodina, Nataliia G. "On the Russian financial assistance to Montenegro: From the origins of Russian-Montenegrin relations to the beginning of the 20th century." Slavic Almanac, no. 1-2 (2020): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2020.1-2.1.07.
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In 1711, official relations were established between Russia and Montenegro. Since 1715, Russia began to pay a constant financial subsidy to Montenegro. Over the years, its amount was growing, more and more new items of expenditure were added to the main subsidy. Based on documents, we note a special increase in these payments at the period of the Great Eastern Crisis of 1875-1878, during the Montenegrin-Turkish War of 1876-1877 and the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. Because of the latter, the Berlin Treaty was signed, officially securing the independence of Montenegro and its territorial expansion. In the post-war decade, Russia repeatedly provided loans to Montenegro for various needs, including military ones, and helped, almost annually, by sending foodstuffs. In 1889, two dynastic marriages were contracted between the Russian Empire and the Montenegrin principality. Before this, Petersburg had covered all the external debts of the Principality. Since 1895, Russia took upon itself the financing of one battalion of the Montenegrin army, and since 1902 of two battalions with a total cost of 331 thousand rubles. In our opinion, financial “injections” were an important measure of Russian-Montenegrin relations, which can be used to judge the interest of the Russian Empire in Montenegro, as well as the significance of this small Balkan country for the Russian Foreign Ministry’s policy plans.
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Stanziani, Alessandro. "Serfs, slaves, or wage earners? The legal status of labour in Russia from a comparative perspective, from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century." Journal of Global History 3, no. 2 (July 2008): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174002280800260x.
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AbstractComparative analyses of labour in Russia and the West often assume a dividing line between free and forced labour that is universally applicable. The first aim of this article is to show that, in Russia, the historical and institutional definition of serfdom poses a problem. I will therefore explore Russian legislation, and how it was applied, from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. Contrary to generally accepted arguments, serfdom as such was never clearly introduced institutionally in Russia. I will also discuss the presence of slaves in Russia, and the association between certain forms of servitude (especially for debt) and slavery. The presence of chattel slaves in the empire was related to territorial expansion, and to commercial relations with the Caucasus and the Ottoman Empire. Russian forms of bondage are compared to those in other situations, such as indentured service in the West, debt servitude in India, and Islamic slavery. My conclusion is that, not only in Russia but also around the globe, the prevailing forms of labour were not those familiar to us today, which were not introduced until the early twentieth century. Russia constituted an extreme case in a world in which severe constraints were imposed everywhere on labour and its movement, and the legal status of the wage earner and the peasant was lower than that of the master.
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Belaya, Raisa, Tatyana Morozova, and Galina Kozyreva. "Territorial features of consumer behavior in the medical services market." E3S Web of Conferences 301 (2021): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130104003.
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Expansion of the commercial medical service market in Russia is a risk factor that promotes social inequality. In remote rural areas, social infrastructure, in particular the healthcare system, has been degrading. As a result, patients have widely taken to the use of commercial medical services. In this situation, such behavioral models are demonstrated not only by well-off, but even by needy rural and small-town residents. In this context, research on the formation mechanisms of user practices in the commercial medical service market in remote rural areas and smaller towns gains more relevance. The objective of the study is to assess the behavior of people in the Republic of Karelia (Russia) as users of commercial services. Methodologically, the study employed the household approach and statistical data analysis methods: factor and discriminant analyses. We demonstrate that the active use of commercial medical services by poor population strata is a necessity-driven activity caused by the absence or low availability of free services of this sort, or their low quality at the local level. The findings can help in decision-making on upgrading the social policy in healthcare.
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Lisin, Evgeny, Wadim Strielkowski, Veronika Chernova, and Alena Fomina. "Assessment of the Territorial Energy Security in the Context of Energy Systems Integration." Energies 11, no. 12 (November 25, 2018): 3284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123284.
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Our paper tackles the timely and highly-debated issue of assessment of the level of energy security for Russia’s territorial entities. Our analysis is carried out from the perspective of economic and management threats to reliable power supply for consumers caused by the process of integration of energy systems and the expansion of market regulation mechanisms. In particular, we focus on the creation and integration of energy systems using a case study of the remote territorial entity represented by Russia’s Far Eastern region that present a topic of special interest with respect to the subject and the scope of this research. We define and build the methods that might be used for determining the economically justified level of energy security under the market economy conditions based on ensuring a balance of interests between territorial government bodies and territorial generating companies in the process of forming a strategy for the development of a territorial energy system. Our results clearly demonstrate that current electricity tariffs and prices for the end consumers at the remote territorial entities, such as the Russian Far Eastern region, pose a threat to energy security since they are underestimated due to social and political concerns and often lead to unprofitable power generation. We argue that political consideration aside, energy systems creation and integration should be made viable and sustainable not only in Russia, but also in other countries. Our outcomes show that a more reasonable energy tariff policy might be appropriate when relevant stakeholders and policy-makers attempt to create conditions for the advanced development of remote industrial areas.
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Stolberg, Eva-Maria. "The Siberian Frontier between “White Mission” and “Yellow Peril,” 1890s–1920s." Nationalities Papers 32, no. 1 (March 2004): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0090599042000186142.
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The Russian conquest of Siberia was not only a remarkable event in world history like the conquest of the New World by the Western European nations, but also a decisive step in Russia's empire-building. Through territorial enlargement the empire became multiethnic. This process resembled the expansion of the white settlers in North America. Like North America, Siberia represented an “open frontier.” Harsh nature and the encounter between the white settlers and the “savages” formed the identity of the frontier. From the perspective of modern cultural anthropology the frontier also shaped reflections on the self and the other. There existed, however, a decisive difference to the American frontier: Siberia became a meeting ground for Russian and Asian cultures. Whereas the American frontier—except in the encounter with Mexico—remained isolated, Russians early came in contact with Asian nations. From the early emergence of a modern state in Russia during the era of Enlightenment, Russia came into manifold contacts with “civilized” Asians (Chinese, Japanese, Koreans) and with “uncivilized” Asians, i.e. the tribes of Siberia. At the junction between Europe and Asia, Russia as a Eurasian empire was the sole country in Europe which was so near to Asia. It was therefore logical that Russia felt a kind of mission toward Asia and required the role of a mediator between Europe and Asia.
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Vasilyeva, N. A., and S. N. Pogodin. "The Problem of Self-identification of Russians in the 21st Century: Geopolitical and Regional Aspects." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 5(121) (November 19, 2021): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2021)5-01.
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The territorial changes that accompanied the process of the collapse of the USSR raised the question of the self-identification of Russians, since it was necessary to determine, both in the geopolitical coordinates of the new sovereign identity of the internationally recognized status of the Russian Federation, and in the regional coordinates of national and historical and cultural spaces. According to sociological studies, a trend has emerged in the self-identification of Russians as a civil nation, where ethnic and confessional identities are gradually fading into the background, giving way to the concept of statehood as a symbol of the unity of a multinational people. In this regard, it is logical to consider the processes of the formation of modern self-identification of Russians in the context of global regionalization, where Russia chooses the vector of development: West-East, North-South. The political and economic foundations for the European regional identification of Russians are clearly being lost, which is associated with the increased tension and obvious hostility in relations with the countries of Europe and with the West in general; well-founded fears of territorial and economic expansion of Asian neighbors (China, Japan) and multi-vector foreign policy of the Central Asian countries weaken the Eurasian regional identification tendencies.
In this regard, there is a promising tendency for the northern / arctic self-identification of Russians, which, firstly, is historically associated with the emergence of Russian statehood in the northern regions, and secondly, reflects the important economic and political direction of the development of Russia in the 21st century.
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Stupak, V. S., E. S. Feduleeva, A. A. Ishutin, and L. S. Zolotareva. "Palliative medical care for children at the federal and regional levels: analysis of expert opinions and new challenges to the healthcare system." Voprosy praktičeskoj pediatrii 17, no. 5 (2022): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1817-7646-2022-5-36-42.
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The Resolution on Palliative Care (PC) adopted by the World Health Assembly in 2014 implies PC integration into healthcare at all levels. In the Russian Federation, PC management and improvement are regulated by territorial health development programs. Objective. To analyze expert opinions on the quality of PC in various regions of the Russian Federation to optimize pediatric PC. Materials and methods. This prospective cohort study was conducted in 80 regions of the Russian Federation in October–December 2020. We interviewed 276 chief consultants, top healthcare executives, heads of healthcare institutions, pediatric departments, neonatology departments, and gynecological departments. Results. Respondents reported high quality of PC and equipment in healthcare institutions. However, they also marked limited territorial accessibility and volume of PC. They believe that PC in Russia requires better funding and expansion of home care, medical care in day hospitals and regular hospitals, and improvement of legal protection of patients. Conclusion. PC in the Russian Federation is one of the top priorities in healthcare. Several regulatory documents (including orders No 345n/372n and No 348n, resolution No 813, orders for the Moscow Region No 4-r and No 87-r) have been implemented. However, organizational problems still exist in some regions, which requires the improvement of the regulatory framework. Key words: pediatric palliative care, children, hospice and palliative care, medical and organizational measures, quality of life, suffering alleviation
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Khaitovich, A. B., and M. E. Lukyanova. "THE RISK OF THE SPREAD OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF MOSQUITOES - AEDES GENUS AS TRANSMITTERS OF ZIKA VIRUS IN RUSSIA AND CRIMEA." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 22, no. 1 (February 15, 2017): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40951.
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The problem of the spread and acclimatization of mosquitos Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus is considered as major/minor vectors of Zika fever (and some other viral fevers) in the temperate climate of the Black Sea coast of Russia and Crimea. The analysis of the spread of the mosquitos in the world with taking into account geographic information system, maps of species habitats were made up; territorial boundaries of habitat were set, as well as biological and ecological characteristics of the different types of mosquito populations, climatic conditions, means of dispersal, conditions of a possible expansion of the regions; the risk of possible penetration of the major/minor species to other areas were assessed, including the Black Sea coast of Russia and Crimea.
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Gagieva, Anna K., and Nikolay N. Gagiev. "Scientific Research in the European Part of the Arctic Territories in the Second Half of the 19th – Early 20th Century as a Part of the North of European Russia Modernization Program." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2020): 774–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2020-3-774-785.
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The article discusses main stages of scientific research of the arctic territories of the European North in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. Drawing on historical sources and published literature, it concludes that the nature of research changed due to requirements of the time. It is known that the second half of the 19th – early 20th century was a time when society faced the task of expanding its reproduction base, which stimulated development of new spaces, introduction of new means of transport, and active inclusion of population and regions in production relations. The speed and efficiency of the developing commercial interactions between the territories came to the fore. Overcoming institutional and technical backwardness of the country and its territories involved a consistent expansion of the “effective national territory” by means of market development, spatial mobility of the main factors of production, capital, labor, and transport infrastructure improvement. The spatial expansion played a special part. The arctic zone of the North of European Russia presented great opportunities due its unique natural resources, and also prospects of solving geopolitical problems. This should have contributed to a new qualitative growth of production and transition to a new stage of development. Scientific research of the European part of the arctic territories, which was carried out at the time, was a part of the program of modernization of the North of European Russia, which unfolded on the pan-European scale. It was supported by the reorganization of administrative-territorial structure based on traditional structures of grass-roots management and prompted growing interest in the periphery as a source of resources for the growing economy; scientific research of the arctic territories intensified, as it became practical. Thanks to scientific research, the development of the Arctic territories became dynamic, which speeded up the integration of the region (in our case, the Komi krai) into the national space.
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Lyutsidarskaya, A. A. "Intention of the Russian State to Expand Its Borders in the East as a Sign of the Assertion of Its Power and Independence." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 812–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.0812-0815.
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Expansion to the new territories under the authority of the Russian Crown is considered in a wide ethno-political context. For the Muscovite state, territorial augmentation was a way of expanding its influence under the conditions of increasing competition from the national European states. Direct administrative subordination of neighboring peoples was presented as a symbol of the power of the “Third Rome” on the world stage. The author arguments that for these purposes there was a constant establishment of relations with neighboring proto-states and states. The tsarist authorities considered the report to the neighboring military-potestary and state associations about their new possessions to be the final symbolic formalization of the territories. The disagreement of neighbors resulted in a long-term border conflict. The tsarist title to new possessions did not involve any challenge. The Moscow government sought to introduce the world order existing in the central part of the country in all the territories under its control. This was a part of the symbolic inclusion of new territories in the ethnopolitical community, along with fiscal tax accounting, which marked the inclusion in the socio-economic community. It is proved that in most of these actions, serious military clashes were avoided. The reason was government policy. It incorporated the autochthonous population in these processes. The increase in the resettled Russian population stimulated the development of new territories and the construction of new towns. It is concluded that, by the end of the 17th century, Siberia had largely lost its dependence on the Moscow state. However, the coherency with European Russia only grew, implicating all aspects of life, including cultural.
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Bukharin, M. D. "Military Orientologist Schools in the Context of the Foreign and Military Policy of the Russian State in the Late 19th ‒ early 20th Centuries. [Review on:] Baskhanov M. K. A History of the Study of Eastern Languages in the Russian Imperial Army. Saint-Petersburg: Nestor-istoria, 2018. 632 p." Orientalistica 3, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 1189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2020-3-4-1189-1201.
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The territorial expansion of the Russian Empire in the 18th–19th cent. resulted in urgent need to study both the peoples of the newly acquired Eastern territories, which becameRussiaas well as and their neighbours. A special role in this process was played by the military servicemen who stationed on the borders. Since the second half of the 18th century in the Russian military schools was developed a system of teaching Oriental languages. In his recent monograph “The History of the Study of Oriental Languages in the Russian Imperial Army” (St. Petersburg: Nestor-Istoria; 2018) the author M. K. Baskhanov provides a detailed description of the history and teaching process in 24 Russian military schools where the cadettes were taught Oriental languages. M. K. Baskhanov outlines strengths and weaknesses of the teaching curricula, as well as the results gained by the Russian servicemen subject to this training. The author pays special attention to prospected plans in Orientalist training, which have never been implemented. The summary of M. K. Baskhanov’s research is that in spite of significant intellectual potential of the military specialists in Eastern countries their knowledge and experience were not used in full ‒ either in Imperial Russia or during the Soviet time. The monograph by M. K. Baskhanov is a remarkable piece of modern historical studies, which will be a reference book for many years to come for those who studyRussia’s foreign policy in 18th–20th cent.
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Andaya, Leonard Y. "Comments on Victor Lieberman's Strange Parallels." Journal of Asian Studies 70, no. 4 (November 2011): 995–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002191181100163x.
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In this historical tour-de-force Victor Lieberman moves beyond the traditional area studies boundaries to examine common patterns in another configuration, Eurasia. He argues that island and mainland Southeast Asia, Japan, Russia, France, China, and South Asia experienced parallel developments in territorial consolidation, administrative centralization, and cultural integration that strengthened lowland polities at the expense of outlying areas. What made it all possible was the convergence of a number of factors: the expansion of material resources, new cultural currents, intense interstate competition, and state interventions. Lieberman nonetheless acknowledges that there were “major discrepancies” in geography, population, and social and cultural models among the polities that he examined (Lieberman II: 50–1). For island Southeast Asia, these “major discrepancies” constituted a fundamental impediment to the “territorial consolidation, administrative centralization, and cultural integration” by which Lieberman characterizes Eurasia
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SALMASIZADEH, MOHAMMAD. "RUSSIAN-TURKISH WAR 1877-1878 IN IRANIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE XIX CENTURY AND MODERN IRANIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY." History and Modern Perspectives 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2020-2-1-56-61.
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The conflict between the Russian and Turkish in 1877-1878, though formed on the pretext of Russia's support for Christian nations under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, was actually part of the great scheme that European governments had begun to break up the Ottoman Empire and resolve the Eastern Question. The goals of these powers for world domination, that would sometimes results in wars among themselves, were mainly focused on expanding the territorial realm and winning economic gains. These goals were followed under the disguise of gaining freedom for Christians and securing independence for non-Turkish nations. The scientific and technological impairment of the Ottoman Empire compared to the European countries, accompanied by internal rivalries and frequent overthrow of the rulers, were some of the main weaknesses of the Ottoman state causing their demise. In the meantime, Russia was in pursue of its policy of territorial expansion and seeking access to warm waters. Russia's main objective was to obtain access to the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Having control over the Straits of Bosporus and Dardanelles that were under the rule of the Ottoman Empire would have connected Russia to the center of world trade in the Mediterranean and would have freed Russia from its land blockages and frozen ports. The causality, the start, and the ramifications of these wars have been reflected in the Iranian historiography of that era. Mohammad Hassan Khan Etemad al-Saltanah, a great historian of the Nasereddin Shah Qajar Age (1848-1898), using the reports of Iranian officials in Russia and the Ottoman Empire, and two books of Montazame Nasseri and Merat al-Boldan that were translations of selected articles from the French and Ottoman newspapers have recorded this important historical event. The reasons for Iranian attention to this historical event forms part of the modern and global historiography of Iran, in which attention to the developments in the Ottoman Empire plays an important role in Iran's acquaintance with modern civilization.
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BORDEA, Simona-Daniela. "ASPECTS OF RECONFIGURING THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD ORDER FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE EXISTING CHALLENGES IN THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT." BULLETIN OF "CAROL I" NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY 11, no. 1 (April 19, 2022): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-22-59.
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The struggle for supremacy dates back to ancient times, and the conquest of new territories or the desire to regain former affiliations is not new. Consequently, the central objective of the paper is to understand and review current geopolitical and geostrategic issues. At the beginning, the general framework of the research is pointed out. Although contemporaneity offers countless possibilities for states to have a prosperous and peaceful inner order, their tendency is different, in fact it is the same as always: territorial expansion and the obtaining of the scepter of international power. This scientific approach captures analytically and comparatively the attitude of two major state powers, from the Euro-Asian space, Russia and China, on the one hand, and the efforts of international actors, USA and NATO, which promote peace and stability and counteracts hostile actions that threaten its values. Following the results of this analysis, the conclusions of the research are drawn, accompanied by personal contributions, issues addressed and identified limitations.
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Chernikova, T. V. "Crimean-Ottoman Factor in the Socio-Cultural System of Russia in Early Modern Times." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 5 (November 11, 2020): 115–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-5-74-115-148.
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Abstract: The article gives a description of the sociocultural organization of Russia and the peculiarities of its geopolitical position in the system of international relations of the early modern period. Questions were raised about the reasons for the rapid territorial expansion of the Russian state in the second half of the 15-17 centuries, as well as its high competitiveness in foreign policy both in relations with its western neighbors and in the eastern direction.For the states of Western Europe with the beginning of their modernization, modern age has come, however “Muscovy” in the 15-17 centuries remained a medieval country. At the same time, it not only did not share the fate of many eastern powers with a traditional way, which turned into the 17th-19th centuries in the colony and semi-colony, but also, on the contrary, it led a successful colonial expansion and demonstrated externally the almost synchronous trends in state building that were inherent in the Western European countries.The author believes that the patrimonial structure of the sociocultural system of the Russian state in the 15-17 centuries contributed to the mobilization of internal material and human resources, coupled with an early superficial “Europeanization” (regular borrowing the military, technical, and cultural experience of modernizing Western Europe), ensured Russia's competitiveness in the world. Since the emergence of the united Moscow state, Russia has developed as a land empire.However, the strategic national task of Russia was not to preserve the medieval patrimony, but to create the prerequisites for its modernization. Amid the socio-economic development, which is characteristic of all countries with a patrimonial structure, that could have started only by transferring the center of Russian extensive agriculture to the southern fertile lands. This would free part of the population of the non-chernozem center for trade and industrial activities. But the transfer of the agrarian center to the south was restrained by the constant military danger from the Wild Field, which was part of the Horde, and then the Crimean Khanate, backed until the end of the 18 century by the Ottoman Empire, perceiving the Black Sea with its “inland lake”. As a result, the struggle for the Black Sea and Crimea to become a part of Russia, as well as the overcoming the patrimonial order, becomes a matter of civilizational success or failure of Russia in the context of world history.
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Simonov, V. A. "Improvement of the constitutional mechanism for the protection of constitutionalism in Russia." Law Enforcement Review 5, no. 4 (January 5, 2022): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.52468/2542-1514.2021.5(4).100-108.
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The subject. The article names the conflict situations that have developed in the Russian Federation that threaten Russian constitutionalism, searches for ways to resolve them, and outlines measures to improve the constitutional and legal protection of the constitutional system and the territorial integrity of our state.The purpose of this article is to identify threats to constitutionalism in the Russian Federation from the point of view of the ethnopolitical and historical development of Russia as well as to identify conflict situations that generate these threats.The methodology. Dialectical method, systematic approach and system analysis, formaldogmatic, logical-legal, comparative-legal, concrete-historical and sociological methods were used.The main results, scope of application. The article indicates the impact on Russia of the negative processes that led to mass riots in foreign countries, and the conflict situations caused by them. When destabilizing public relations in Russia, one of the first places is occupied by inciting hostility on the basis of national relations, first of all, inciting an aggressive minority against a state-forming ethnic group. Grievances and disagreements that took place in the historical past, as well as contradictions of an interfaith and intercultural nature are used as reasons.The article makes proposals for the prevention, suppression and elimination of negative processes and conflict situations aimed at strengthening Russian constitutionalism.They are reduced not only to strict compliance with the existing constitutional and sectoral norms; elimination of contradictions in the Constitution, as well as the specification of constitutional norms by sectoral rules; timeliness, proportionality and inevitability of state coercion measures applied to offenders. Restoration and accelerated development of sectorsof the national economy destroyed during the perestroika; increasing the number of jobs with decent wages; employment of citizens of the Russian Federation first of all; comprehensive expansion of the network of professional training in industrial and technical specialties are among the important measures to protect constitutionalism.
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Serenko, Irina. "RUSSIA INCLUSION IN «PAKISTAN STREAM» IN COURSE OF MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL ECONOMIC COOPERATION." Eastern Analytics 13, no. 1 (2022) (2022): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2022-01-036-047.
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Air transport has become the most dynamic segment of the PRC's transport services market. As a necessary conditon for the country's territorial integrity and the unity of its economic space, regular air lines connect all parts of the huge state, ensure the expansion of China's foreign economic relatons and its integraton into the system of world economic relatons. Despite the losses incurred by the industry in 2020 due to the COVID‑19 epidemic, China contnues to explode its air travel market. Moreover, the Chinese airlines were the fastest to restore the previous, «dock‑like» indicators. At this stage, the main problem of Chinese civil aviaton is saturaton of the market with aircraf of its own producton. Actng in cooperaton with Russia and other post‑Soviet countries, the PRC begins producton of its own models of civil aircraf and is thinking about promotng these products to foreign markets.
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Gergilev, D. N., and N. S. Dureeva. "FEATURES OF ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL POSITION OF RUSSIA IN THE EARLY XIX CENTURY (AS EXEMPLIFIED BY SIBERIA)." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 2 (June 29, 2017): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2017-2-30-33.
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The article features the formation and development of state power in Siberia in the early XIX century. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of management tools formed as a result of the provincial reforms of Catherine II. In addition, the authors analyze the contradictory tendencies characteristic of the first phase of the reign of Alexander I. The special role of I. O. Selifontov and his project of administrative reform in the formation of management policies in Siberia is reported. It is shown that the result of the audit conducted by Selifontov was the formation in 1803 of a united Siberian General-governorship with the centre in Irkutsk and that, together with the new position, the new Governor-General received special instructions, which greatly expanded his powers. It is shown that the purpose of Selifontov’s administrative reforms was the expansion of the influence of the GovernorGeneral's authority on the financial and economic part of the local management. The article reveals the inconsistency of Selifontov’s successor B. Pestel and his administration. It is proved that Siberia got involved in the course of world history precisely because it joined the Russian State.
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Sarchenko, Vladimir. "Aqua-territorial production complexes of the Arctic zone as a new type of real estate in contemporary Russia." MATEC Web of Conferences 212 (2018): 07002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821207002.
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The paper is devoted to the identification of basic requirements for the formation of a new type of real estate in the Arctic zone of Russia. Based on the review of aqua-territorial production complexes and the evaluation of the prospects for their expansion, the resource potential for sustainable development of the national economy can be substantially adjusted. This predetermines their prospective advantage. The need for a parallel solution of the environmental issues is a peculiarity of the strategic approaches to the development of the Arctic spaces. In this regard, the potential of the Arctic in scientific research in this area is being actualized. In addition, the Arctic is the most important region in the world for studying climate change and its consequences. Taking into account the attention paid to this topic in the leading countries and the likely amount of damage due to the global warming, large-scale complex climate studies can turn into a full-fledged branch of the economy, which together with investment construction projects of the point development allows the Russian innovation cluster to take the advanced positions in the world. Considering domestic experience in implementing investment construction projects in the extreme conditions of the North and Siberia, it is advisable to focus investments in the development of aqua-territorial production complexes, the features of which are presented in the article. Their study allows formulating basic requirements for the implementation mechanisms for the projects of the Arctic zones development.
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Korobkov, Andrei V. "Migration trends in Central Eurasia: Politics versus economics." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 40, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 169–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2007.04.001.
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The post-Soviet ethnic migration wave was quickly followed by the contraction of population territorial mobility. The growing role of socioeconomic factors in defining the character and intensity of migration flows, including the expansion of temporary, labor and undocumented migration, has been especially pronounced. These changes indicate the evolving relationship between migration and conflicts developing in Central Eurasia. Initially as an indicator of ethnic tensions and discrimination of minorities, migration is becoming a mechanism of market transition, providing for the economic survival of population under crisis conditions. With the depletion of the number of ethnic Russian migrants, the influx of ethnic aliens, moving primarily from Central Asia and the Transcaucasus to Russia, is increasing in importance. The present paper discusses the impact of new migration flows on the economies, welfare mechanisms, financial systems, labor markets, and societies of Central Eurasia. Special attention is given to the governmental response to migration phenomenon—from labor migration criminalization to attempts to stimulate the flow of specific migrant groups.
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Gorodnia, Nataliya, and Valentyn Zatsepilo. "Development of the W. Wilson administration’s position on Bolshevik Russia (november 1917 – march 1918)." European Historical Studies, no. 22 (2022): 52–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2022.22.4.
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This article intends to highlight the Wilson administration’s position on the Russian Bolshevik government and the development of a new U.S. policy toward Russia from November 1917, the time of the Bolshevik coup in Petrograd, to March 1918, when Soviet Russia ratified the separate Brest-Litovsk peace treaty with the Quadruple Alliance. During November 1917 – February 1918, the Wilson administration’s position on the Bolshevik government in Petrograd remained uncertain. On the one hand, the United States did not recognize this government, the Council of People’s Commissars, and was trying to find out the ability of Russian anti-Bolshevik groups to overthrow it. On the other hand, the American government wanted to establish informal contacts and cooperation with the Petrograd government to prevent Russia’s withdrawal from the war and the collapse of the Eastern Front. In addition, it was necessary to prevent the Germans from obtaining military supplies from warehouses in the Russian Far East. To protect them, the Allies discussed the possibility of military intervention and encouraged the United States to take part in it. The American government rejected this possibility, primarily because of the predicted negative perception of it by the people of Russia. The U.S. also opposed Japanese intervention because believed that under the guise of common allied goals, Japan would pursue its interests in Russia, including territorial expansion. The change in the position of the Wilson administration regarding the Japanese intervention became apparent in early March 1918. Woodrow Wilson withdrew his objections to the Japanese intervention in the Russian Far East only after it became obvious that Japan would carry it out anyway. The authority for such an intervention, given to Japan by the Allies, created certain requirements and restrictions on Japanese actions, which were in Russia’s interests. The shift in the U.S. position was also caused by the signing of a separate peace with the Quadruple Alliance by the Russian Bolshevik government. After that, the President stated that the U. S. did not recognize this government even de facto, and therefore the peace treaty signed by it. However, despite the negative attitude to the Bolshevik government, W. Wilson continued to treat Russia as an ally and tried to avoid decisions that did not meet the interests of Russia’s people.
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Должиков, Вячеслав Александрович. "ALTAI RUSSIA: ON THE HISTORY OF NATIONAL RESISTANCE TO THE DISCRIMINATION “ANTIRASKOL” POLICY OF THE IMPERIAL REGIME." Society and Security Insights 2, no. 1 (March 26, 2019): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/ssi(2019)1-5366.
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On the basis of modern methodological positions, the article highlights the unique historical experience of the formation of a large territorial community of “bricklayers” in the mountainous areas of the Russian Altai, the system-forming core of which was the peasants migrated from northern Russian regions who were Orthodox believers in their religion. The purpose of the study is to emphasize the importance of freedom as a basic ideological value, organically inherent in this ethno-confessional community and allowing them to successfully operate in adverse political conditions. Emphasizing the love of freedom of the founding fathers of Altai Russia, the author argues that it is this quality of human capital of the Russian Old Believers that allowed them not only to withstand the long-term opposition to the expansion of the serf regime, but it also allowed to develop their economies in a market-oriented, entrepreneurial manner. Special attention is paid to the economic success of this people’s colony, the principles of organization of local self-government, collectivist relationships, lifestyles, culture and morality of the peasant Old Believers of Altai Russia. In the final section of the article, the author dwells on the final results of this phenomenal experiment and formulates the conclusion that the resistance of the Altai pioneers to the discriminatory policy of the imperial regime was not fruitless. The will to freedom helped them to maintain their relative autonomy as an autonomous communal-volost territory, which subsequently existed in fact outside the jurisdiction of the mining and imperial department.
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Kasaev, Boris Sultanovich, and Azat Ashatovich Razakov. "The Problems of Investment in Innovations, Range of Products and Technological Re-equipment of the Construction Corporation." Studies in Engineering and Technology 2, no. 1 (July 30, 2015): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/set.v2i1.992.
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The article considers the current state of the investment process in innovations applied to the construction companies in Russia. The subject of research: problems of investing in innovations, expansion and technological re-equipment of the construction corporation. The article covers the following topics: the study of statistical data regarding the present state of the construction sector. Object: to identify the main problems and the tendencies of development of the investment processes to provide innovations in the conditions of the transformed economy. The work carried out processing statistical information, which allowed the state to give the quantitative characteristics of the construction sector and its role in the economic development of Russia, as well as in the formation of federal budget revenues. The study used methods of system analysis, synthesis, complex approach, comparison, modeling and other methods of cognition. It is concluded that the presence of a wide range of indicators of the state of the economy in the sectoral and territorial aspects. A substantial increase in the state's share of investing activities in crisis and post-crisis period. It is concluded that the gradual transition of the Russian construction industry, the path to the updated development involves restructuring algorithms to achieve growth. A key source providing this transition should be a systematic approach to innovation. In this regard, the structure of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 shall be implemented in two successive stages.
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Mezentseva, Svetlana V. "The South of the Russian Far East as a Unique Ethnic Region: Concerning the Issue of Interaction of Musical Cultures." ICONI, no. 2 (2021): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33779/2658-4824.2021.2.094-101.
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The article examines the southern part of the Russian Far East, which has a great potential from the perspective of the interaction of musical cultures and the formation of a unique ethno-cultural zone. On the basis of contemporary research works the circle of possible ethnic contacts in the region on the contemporary stage is delineated. In the ethnic characterization of the Russian Far East certain modifi cations towards the direction of expansion of the ethnic makeup and change of the region’s social characterization. The adjacency with the two provinces of North-Eastern China — Heilongjiang and Jilin bordering Russia on the north and east — are noted as a territorial premise for close mutual cooperation. The persistent interest in having foreign students receive an academic musical education of a Western European type in the region’s artistic educational institutions. Accentuation is made of the great potential for the interaction between musical cultures connected with the use of contemporary computer music technologies. The author of the article highlights the fastest developing trends in the interaction between the musical cultures of the peoples of the Far East of Russia and China on the basis of the use of computer music technologies: compositional activities, performance and education. Observation is made of the decline of the population of the indigenous peoples of the Russian Far East and the change of the region’s ethnic make-up as the result of the processes of migration, as well as the increase in the number of foreign students from China in the educational space and the concert and competition venues of the region.
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Panteleimonova, Lyudmila V. "FEATURES OF ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL DIVISION IN THE RSFSR IN THE 1920s (based on the materials of the Chuvash Autonomy)." Historical Search 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-1-61-84.
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The article examines the features of the administrative-territorial division in the RSFSR in the 1920s, which influenced the evolvement of the national-territorial autonomy of the Chuvash people and its transformation into the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. This theme contains a regional value, and a the comparative historical approach enables us to explore both general patterns and features of the processes that took place. In this regard, the scientific novelty of the presented work is determined by the undertaken study of the Soviet state’s national policy peculiarities on the materials of the Chuvash autonomy, the relationship between the central authorities and the local management system; the study of numerous sources. Relying on historiography and sources, the author tries to analyze and generalize the historical experience: organization and reconstruction of the national association; solving the issue of establishing borders; confrontation of the Chuvash leaders in the issues concerning territory expansion, development of numerous projects. The article presents a historical picture of the central socio-economic and cultural policy, the difficulties of the recovery period, solving the problems of the national personnel formation, indigenization of the administrative apparatus, development of the native language and culture. The study shows that all the transformations of the Chuvash autonomy in the area under study took place in connection with changes in the form of power organization as well as with the change in the principles of regional policy and the direction of economic development of the country’s territories. In the modern period, opinions about incompetence of the Chuvash authorities have increasingly begun to appear in the research literature, issues about the fallacy and short-sightedness characteristic for the organization of national construction are being discussed, which became the subject of a detailed analysis by the author of this article, which substantiates interconnection of administrative-territorial division and economic regionalization in Russia.
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Perekopskaia, Marina A., and Iurii V. Alekseev. "Planning of settlements in timber-producing areas (on the example of the Arkhangelsk region)." Vestnik MGSU, no. 9 (September 2021): 1124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2021.9.1124-1135.
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Introduction. The Arkhangelsk region is one of the largest domestic timber-processing regions with the most modern production complex. This region has a great raw material potential (the total wood stock is 2,573 million m3) and has a unique position for the export of target products. However, the existing potential in this timber industry area, as in other regions of Russia, is used irrationally. Only 20 % of the harvested wood is processed at the enterprises of the domestic timber industry complex (hereinafter –– TIC), and the rest is exported in unprocessed form. The irrational use of resources is due to a number of reasons, including the peculiarities of the existing territorial and spatial organization of industrial territories and settlements, which does not correspond to the changed technologies of harvesting, transportation and processing of wood, as well as reproduction of forest resources. As a result of this discrepancy and the old ways of explaining it, extensive forest use is carried out, significant disturbed territories are formed, the boundaries of logging activities are constantly shifting, which leads to the removal of forest resource base sites from settlements where the production territories of TIC enterprises are located. All this negatively affects the functioning of these enterprises and, as a result, the viability of settlements whose population participates in the processes of processing and processing of wood. A change in the approach to the territorial and spatial organization of settlements can contribute to solving these problems.
Materials and methods. The study was carried out on the basis of publicly available data, published works of foreign and domestic authors. During the research, the method of system analysis and the methodology of the territorial and spatial organization of settlements in the region were used.
Results. The classification and identification of interconnected settlements of the timber industry district is proposed, based on their role in the planning organization of the district and in the implementation of technological processes of wood processing. The existing production functions of settlements are defined and possible options for their expansion are proposed. On the example of the Arkhangelsk region, a scheme for expanding the production functions of settlements has been prepared. Measures have also been identified to bring the areas of the forest resource base of timber processing enterprises closer to the production territories of settlements, which must be implemented during the territorial and spatial organization of settlements.
Conclusions. In the current socio-economic conditions, there is a need for a planning system that makes it possible to develop a TIC that ensures the relationship of the processes of harvesting, consistent waste-free processing of wood and reproduction of forest resources with the territorial and spatial organization of settlements in the timber industry district.
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Eberhardt, Piotr. "Przemiany narodowościowo-językowe ludności Białorusi na przełomie XX i XXI wieku." Sprawy Narodowościowe, no. 43 (April 16, 2015): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2013.019.
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Ethnic and linguistic changes of the Belarusian population at the turn of the 21th centuryThe first part of the article presents historical background of the origin of the Belarusian nation, located in the area of a confrontation between Russia and Poland. This rivalry was won by Russia, and in effect Belarusian land was incorporated into the Russian Empire, and later into the Soviet state. The next part presents the 20th century ethnic structure as the consequence of the Bolshevik Revolution and World Wars I and II, resulting in some border changes, war loses and migration movements. The main part of the article deals with the ethnic and language changes which occurred in the last decade of the 20th and in the first decade of the 21st centuries. The statistical analysis and interpretation is based on data from three population censuses (1989, 1999, 2009). An ethnic structure and linguistic situation are presented with the emphasis placed on the status of the two languages commonly used in Belarus, i.e. Russian and Belarusian, as seen in two categories: of mother language and of the language used for communication at home. The conclusions prove the expansion of popularity of the Russian language and gradual decrease of the use of the Belarusian language, both in public and at home. The processes of Russification, which had begun in the Soviet period, are intensifying despite the fact that Belarus regained its political souverianity as a country. On the basis of quantitative data the author defines specific intensity and territorial distribution of the influence of the Russian language. The final part of the article shows political and geo-political consequences of these changes in Belarus.
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Kumratova, Alfira, and Vitaliy Aleschenko. "PRODUCTIVITY OF GRAIN PRODUCTION IN RUSSIA: TRENDS AND PROSPECTS." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 16, no. 3 (November 21, 2021): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2021-142-146.
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The purpose of this study is to assess and predict the factors of productivity of Russian grain production in the context of the ongoing territorial and sectoral structural changes. The research methodology includes a retrospective assessment of the production of major grain crops in the key grain-producing zones of the country. The identification of tendencies and trends was carried out using the methods of nonlinear dynamics. The time period of the study covers 1990-2020. Calculations show that, in Russia as a whole, by 2030 there will be a stable growth in the values of the yields of grain and leguminous crops. The maximum growth rate will be demonstrated by rye (1.9 times more than the average), buckwheat (1.5) and corn (1.3). Wheat and barley yields will grow at the average level. A significant part of the structure of grain production with growth trends will be wheat (winter and spring), as well as barley and corn for grain. The following federal districts will be the leading regions of Russia in grain production: Southern, Central, Povolzhsky, Siberian, North Caucasian. Russia has a enough margin of stability in the productivity of grain production. The growth trends of the main indicators of the productivity of grain production in Russia will continue: the gross harvest of grain and leguminous crops due to the factors of intensification of production has a reserve of 10.4 - 25.7 million tons in excess of the officially planned indicators by 2030. The extensive option of grain production (expansion of the sown area while maintaining the global growth rates of yield) is additionally estimated at 24.5 - 42.6 million tons of the planned values of strategic documents. An increase in demand for grain in the world market will lead to the strengthening of wheat in the structure of grain production in Russia, a sharp increase in specialized zones for the production of corn for grain
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Kaps, Klemens. "Orientalism and the geoculture of the World System: Discursive othering, political economy and the cameralist division of labor in Habsburg Central Europe (1713-1815)." Journal of World-Systems Research 22, no. 2 (August 16, 2016): 315–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2016.619.
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This article addresses the question of to what degree the concept of geoculture can be brought in line with research on Orientalist stereotypes and imaginary. Following Said’s original definition of orientalism discourses of the 18th-century political economy are reassessed by focusing on their perception of spatial hierarchies in Eastern Europe. This article reconsiders these discourses as an active factor in the struggle for power and a tool in the hands of the geopolitical interests of absolutist monarchs in Prussia, the Habsburg Monarchy, and Russia in the age of mercantilism, as demonstrated by the Partitions of Poland-Lithuania. By focusing on the Habsburg Monarchy between the Spanish War of Succession and the Congress of Vienna, it is demonstrated here that, territorial landlocked empires within Europe used a similar language as colonial maritime empires in order to justify their geopolitical expansion and territorial domination of Eastern Europe. In a second step, it is shown that this discourse was part of the geopolitical culture of the World System and was instrumental in setting ideological conditions for cameralist-driven institutional transformations in favor of the core regions within the Habsburg dominions in Central Europe.
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Mironov, Boris. "The Challenge of Space and the Technologies of Management of Ethno-Confessional Diversity in the Russian Empire." Russian History 44, no. 1 (April 28, 2017): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04401001.
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Territorial expansion led to the fact that Russia gradually developed into a multiethnic empire in which the titular nation was the minority. Long-term preservation of the unity of the multiethnic and multiconfessional Russian empire is explained by the relatively flexible ethno-confessional policy of imperial ethno-paternalism, which respected the status quo of an attached territory and the population living upon it; cooperated extensively with local elites; demonstrated religious and ethnic tolerance; instituted some advantages in the legal position of non-Russians compared with Russians; and offered indigenous peoples of annexed territories the right to be civilian actors equally with Russians. The principles of ethno-paternalism, which at first glance are not compatible with autocracy and serfdom, were in fact the reality and were dictated by a twofold need: the small proportion of those of strictly Russian ethnicity in the imperial population as whole and in some particular areas, and the lack of administrative and financial resources and the underdeveloped information and transportation infrastructures necessary for the rapid and thorough assimilation of the non-Orthodox borderlands. These principles represented a kind of “technology” of management of the ethno-confessional diversity in the empire, enabling the realization of both the “assembling” of imperial space, and the gradual, relatively flexible and non-linear integration and modernization of traditional society and “national borderlands” into the modern polity. When and where these imperial technologies were not applied with sufficient consistency, ethno-confessional conflict arose, as did issues with the loyalty of local ethnic communities and their leaders in relation to the imperial center, and problems with regard to general regional stability and security.
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Pankevich, N. "Political and Legal Aspects of Russia’s and US Natural Resources Strategies in Arctic Region." World Economy and International Relations, no. 7 (2015): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-7-97-110.
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The article deals with the situation of competition for resources (primarily oil and gas) between states, in the Arctic Region. The reasoning is generally based on the assumption that today’s competitive process is mainly shaped and determined by the specificity of the international political system. At present, the founding principle of international environment is the assumption of the state territorial sovereignty that reduces the possibilities of action towards resources, mainly to remote supplies via international trade and territorialisation, i.e. embracing the parcel of interest by the state border and its inclusion into the space guarded by state sovereign authority. In turn, this leads to a crucial increase of the expansion on the sea importance, since the land territory is already delimited among the sovereign polities. For Russian Federation this means that the Arctic Region will acquire the greatest importance in the state territorial strategy. The author further analyses the strategies of Russia’s competitors from Arctic Region and beyond, and finds out that the U.S. strategy is of the principle importance, even though the Arctic does not present a first rank priority for this state. Nevertheless, the politics of the USA is an example of a novel approach to the outer territories that goes beyond the traditional view on international system. This approach is unilateral and is based on a novel reading of the sovereignty concept. The indicating point is not signing the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that enables the USA to act with lesser need for coordination with other participants of the international system. The instrumental support for this policy is the increasing usage of extraterritorial application of national laws and particular norms. The article provides case analyses of such policies towards resources, companies, international organizations and can be used in the Arctic that presents an ideal place for extraterritorially shaped policy to implement. The article also posits that in Russia the lack of interest toward extraterritoriality of laws is evident, while this could become an effective instrument of the state interest promoting. Acknoledgement. The publication is prepared within the fundamental research project of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences No. 15-15-6-29 “Perspectives of Arctic Policies: Interests and Strategies of the World Leading States”.
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Putintseva, E. V., S. K. Udovichenko, D. N. Nikitin, N. V. Borodai, I. M. Shpak, V. K. Fomina, A. V. Nesgovorova, et al. "West Nile Fever: Results of Monitoring over the Causative Agent in the Russian Federation in 2021, the Incidence Forecast for 2022." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 1 (April 19, 2022): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2022-1-43-53.
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The epidemiological situation on West Nile fever (WNF) in Russia in 2021 was characterized by an increase in the incidence relative to 2020 (more than 6-fold increase). The peculiarities of the WNF epidemic process have been determined: the territorial distribution of cases (75 % – in the constituent entities of the Central Federal District), the expansion of the causative agent’s areal with the involvement of new territories (official registration of cases in Moscow and the Tula Region for the first time ever), the early end of the epidemic season. An increase in the proportion of neuroinvasive forms, an increase in the share of male patients and the age group of 30–39 years, a decrease in the proportion of the population in contact with the pathogen in natural places of mass recreation were observed in the incidence structure. According to the results of the monitoring studies carried out by the Reference Center, intensive circulation of the pathogen was established on the territory of the Central Federal District, Southern Federal District, and the North Caucasian Federal District. The low reported incidence was due to insufficient detection of WNF patients. The results of moleculargenetic study showed that in the European part of Russia, WNV lineage 2 circulated in both epizootic and epidemic cycles, lineage 2 in the south of Western Siberia (Omsk Region) and lineage 4 in the Volgograd Region – in the epizootic cycle only. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains isolated from the Astrakhan, Volgograd, Rostov, Voronezh Regions and the Republic of Dagestan in 2021 belong to the genovariant of WNV lineage 2 not registered in Russia previously. The topology of the phylogenetic tree indicates the possible African origin of the isolates, probably imported into Russia by migratory birds across the coast of the Caspian Sea. In the Volgograd Region, WNV of both the entrenched clade of lineage 2 (since 2007) and new genovariant circulated. The specialists of the Reference Center developed a forecast of WNF epidemiological situation development in the Volgograd Region in 2022 on the basis of the neural network modeling technique, according to which an increase in the incidence is expected, comparable to that in 2010 and 2012. Based on the climate projections, an increase in the incidence is possible in all Federal Districts of the European part of Russia, the southern territories of the Urals, Western Siberia, and the Far East.
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Sinitsyn, N. A. "Regionalization of Russia-Belarus borderlands with demographic potential method." Regional nye issledovaniya 72, no. 2 (2021): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2021-2-4.
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This article is dedicated to the question of demographic potential surface zoning. The area of study is inter capital space between Moscow and Minsk. Three surfaces were analysed for three census years – 1897, 1989 and 2010. A method for zoning of demographic potential surface has been developed. It is based on the decomposition of the surface into separate terms. Terms are the induced potentials of settlements. It is possible to identify groups of points with a similar structure of induced potentials with the help of hierarchical cluster analysis. Such clusters will be the regions of demographic potential surface. Five types of regions were defined – spheres of dominance, zones of influence, areas of gravity, residual regions and hinterlands. There are about 20 regions on the surface of demographic potential of the inter capital region of Russia and Belarus. Its territorial structure consists of 3 large parts. The hinterlands of Moscow and Minsk are areas of the potential surface, where these cities have the largest share in the structure of the induced potential of clusters. “Real” inter capital space are areas of the potential surface, where the largest share in the structure of the induced potential of clusters belongs to any other cities, except capitals. The main processes of the evolution of demographic potential are following: expansion of the hinterlands of Moscow and Minsk, complication of the Minsk’s hinterland structure, disappearance of Roslavl’s hinterland, growth of the Gomel’s hinterland, reduction of the Bobruisk’s hinterland, formation of the residual area centered in the Polotsk agglomeration, disappearance of the residual area in the Mogilev and Bryansk regions.
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Baczkowski, Michał. "Gospodarcze skutki okupacji Galicji przez wojsko rosyjskie w 1809 roku." Prace Historyczne 147, no. 3 (2020): 491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.20.027.12481.
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Economic consequences of the occupation of Galicia by the Russian army in 1809 The intervention of the Russian army in Galicia in June 1809, during the War of the Fifth Coalition, was formally the implementation of the alliance with Napoleon (the Treaty of Tilsit). In reality, Russia was concerned with preventing territorial expansion of the Duchy of Warsaw and hoping for a possible seizure of some Austrian lands. The costs of maintaining the Russian army had to be covered by the inhabitants of the part of Galicia they occupied. The value of food, forage supplies and taxes collected to supply Russian troops, as well as requisitions, amounted at least to 5.87 million florins. That was a serious sum, all the more so because taxes had already been collected from Galicia and the supplies were transferred to the Austrian army. However, these burdens have not led to the collapse of the country’s economy. This was partly due to the fact that only the beneficiary of military supplies changed: the Russian army took the place of the Austrian army. The several-month stay of the Russian army in Galicia contributed to the weakening of the economic and military potential of the Habsburg monarchy at the final stage of the war of 1809, as the state was deprived of the inflow of financial and material resources from its north-eastern areas before the Treaty of Schönbrunn.
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Scott, Hamish. "The Changing Face of the Holy Roman Empire." Austrian History Yearbook 48 (April 2017): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237816000680.
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Few institutions have possessed as enduring importance in Europe's history as the Holy Roman Empire. Dating its foundation to Charlemagne's coronation in 800, it survived for a millennium, being dissolved only in 1806 in the face of the overwhelming threat from Napoleonic imperialism. Its geographical extent was equally remarkable: at its peak, imperial territory stretched eastward from the North Sea as far as Poland, and southward from the shores of the Baltic deep into the Italian Peninsula. Around 1800, shortly before its nemesis, the Empire was Europe's second largest polity, with a territorial area of around 687,000 square kilometers. It was eclipsed only by Russia, which during the later-seventeenth and eighteenth century had expanded spectacularly. Its population too was impressive: with around twenty-nine million inhabitants, its only rivals were France and Russia. Claiming descent from ancient Rome, the Empire long embodied the idea of a unified Christendom, while its defensive role against Ottoman expansion from the late fifteenth century onward sustained its religious mission even after the Protestant Reformation. Yet it is often squeezed out of accounts of Europe's past, an exclusion which is particularly evident for the early modern centuries.
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Rybakovsky, Leonid, and Natalia Kozhevnikova. "The Strategy of Russia's Demographic Development: Its Determinants and Centuries-old Vector." Level of Life of the Population of the Regions of Russia 16, no. 4 (November 20, 2020): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/lsprr.2020.16.4.1.
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The article gives the author's idea of the concept of "strategy" and its specification in relation to demographic development. The difference between the concept of "strategy" and the concept of "concept", which defines a particular policy, carried out in a certain tactical period of the country's demographic development, is shown. Such is, for example, the time of the collectivization and industrialization of the country in the Soviet Union or the 90s of the twentieth century in modern Russia, when the replacement of the socialist structure by the capitalist (market economy) was intensively carried out. The concept of "strategy of demographic development" means a unidirectional vector, focused on achieving certain results, calculated for a long historical period and conditioned not by momentary considerations or temporarily emerging situations, but by the fundamental national interests of the state. The article shows what economic and, most importantly, geopolitical features of a particular country determine the nature of its demographic development strategy. Based on the history of the formation of the Russian state, its territorial expansion, and the centuries-old attitude of the states that determined world politics to it, the substantiation of the geopolitically necessary strategic goal of its demographic development is given. It is shown that in the modern world Russia can maintain its geopolitical status, inviolability of borders, i.e. its territory with its natural resources and geographical advantages only if it builds up its demographic potential. The article examines the periods of the demographic development of Russia, the first of which dates back to the time of the formation of the Russian Empire up to the October Revolution. The second period covers the Soviet period with its pre-war and post-war years, during which, with a few exceptions, there was an upward demographic dynamics. In the third period, and this is the functioning of Russia as an independent state, in the demographic development of which radical changes took place. These periods have not only different socio-economic and political features, but also differ in the nature of population dynamics and changes in its geographical distribution.
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Kondrashin, Anatoly V., Lola F. Morozova, Ekaterina V. Stepanova, Natalia A. Turbabina, Maria S. Maksimova, and Evgeny N. Morozov. "Anthology of Dirofilariasis in Russia (1915–2017)." Pathogens 9, no. 4 (April 9, 2020): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9040275.
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Dirofilariasis is a helminths vector-borne disease caused by two species of Dirofolaria—D. repens and D. immitis. The former is overwhelmingly associated with human dirofilariasis. The vector of the worm are mosquitoes of the family Culicidae (largely Culex, Aedes and Anopheles). The definitive hosts of Dirofilaria are dogs and to a lesser extent cats. Humans are an accidental host. A total of 1200 human cases caused by Dirofilaria were registered in the territory of the ex-USSR during the period 1915–2016. Zonal differences have been seen in the prevalence of infected dogs and mosquitoes. Studies undertaken in the southern part of the Russian Federation (RF) revealed the prevalence of Dirofilaria in dogs to be 20.8% with wild variations of larva density. Studies carried out in the central part of the RF found that the prevalence of parasites in dogs was 4.1%. Aedes mosquitoes were infected less than Culex and Anopheles mosquitoes. The latter were infected by D. repens more often than Culex and Aedes. Zonal differences were also traced in regard to Dirofilaria prevalence in humans, thus allowing identification of three zones of risk of infection (low, moderate, and stable), reflected in a series of constructed maps. Although Dirofilariasis was known on the territory of Russia from 1915, only sporadic cases of the disease were reported occasionally. Its number was showed an increasing trend only during the 1980s–1990s, reaching the level of hundreds of cases. The majority of cases were confined to the southern parts of Russia with geographic coordinates of 43°–45° on the northern latitude. Comparison of the timing of the global trend of climate warming during the 1990s with the temporal pattern of Dirofilaria on the territory of Russia during the same period demonstrated a close association between two phenomena. With the continuous process of global climate warming, the incidence of dirofilariasis both in man and dogs goes unabated exemplified by the territorial expansion of the disease northwards and eastwards attaining the latitude of 56°–57° on the northern latitude in the European and Asian parts of Russia. It appears that within the period of the last 20–25 years, the population at risk has doubled. Under these circumstances, dirofilariases in Russia should be considered as an emerging public health problem necessitating the establishment of a comprehensive epidemiological monitoring system with strong entomological and veterinary components. Based on the results obtained, an appropriate control intervention could be developed.
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Labban, Mazen. "Contradiction of space, centralization of capital, and the hybrid state oil company: The case of Russia." Human Geography 1, no. 2 (July 2008): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277860800100210.
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A new species of capital has emerged from the development of inter-capitalist competition in the oil industry. Oil-producing states have fused with financial and productive/extractive capital, foreign and domestic, into hybrid state oil companies. These are centralized monopolies that transcend the historical geographical opposition between private transnational oil companies and national oil companies. As partially nationalized state monopolies, they allow oil-producing states access to global capital markets, while retaining the control of the state over the flow of foreign capital into the domestic oil industry. They thus mediate the contradiction between the integration of capital at the transnational level and its territorial fragmentation at the national scale, only to internalize it in the process. I examine this process in the case of the ongoing consolidation of the Russian oil industry under state control, focusing on two inter-related contradictions: an attempt by the Russian state to liberalize the oil industry, yet shield it against the expansion and control of foreign oil companies; and the dependence of the state on foreign financial capital in the very process of consolidating control over the oil industry.
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Tomberg, Igor. "THE AIR TRANSPORT OF CHINA." Eastern Analytics 13, no. 1 (2022) (2022): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2022-01-024-035.
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Air transport has become the most dynamic segment of the PRC's transport services market. As a necessary conditon for the country's territorial integrity and the unity of its economic space, regular air lines connect all parts of the huge state, ensure the expansion of China's foreign economic relatons and its integraton into the system of world economic relatons. Despite the losses incurred by the industry in 2020 due to the COVID‑19 epidemic, China contnues to explode its air travel market. Moreover, the Chinese airlines were the fastest to restore the previous, «dock‑like» indicators. At this stage, the main problem of Chinese civil aviaton is saturaton of the market with aircraf of its own producton. Actng in cooperaton with Russia and other post‑Soviet countries, the PRC begins producton of its own models of civil aircraf and is thinking about promotng these products to foreign markets.
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Voropayeva, Tetiana. "THE MAIN CHALLENGES, THREATS AND DANGERS FOR MODERN UKRAINIANNESS." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 27 (2020): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2020.27.8.
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The article is devoted to the study of the biggest challenges, threats and dangers for modern Ukrainianness. The issue of challenges, threats and dangers facing Ukraine and Ukrainianness since 1991 is very relevant today. Scientists who work in the field of crisisology distinguish the concepts of «challenges», «threats», «dangers», «crises», «risks», «catastrophes», «collapse», «wreck», etc. The theoretical and methodological basis of our study is a combination of scientific potential of crisisology, conflictology and Ukrainian studies. Crisisology, conflictology and Ukrainian studies face the task of transdisciplinary understanding of the essence and severity of these challenges, threats and dangers, which are relevant in many areas such as military-defense, geopolitical, demographic, state-building, spiritual worldview, ecological, economics, energy, information, cultural and artistic, linguistic, moral and ethical, scientific, nation-building, educational, political and legal, social, territorial, technological, financial, etc. To these are added threats and dangers: 1) large-scale war with Russia; 2) total spread of COVID-19 in Ukraine; 3) the implementation of a new geostrategic course in Russia (called «geopolitical revenge»); 4) spreading the ideology of the «Russian world», intensifying new attempts by the Russian Federation to dismember Ukraine, supporting separatization and federalization of Ukraine; 5) possible escalation of the Russian-Ukrainian and Armenian-Azerbaijani conflicts, which could lead to a new global confrontation and even a world war; 6) ineffective fight against corruption in Ukraine; 7) the lack of a proper response from the authorities to the need to immediately end Russia’s information and psychological war against Ukraine; 8) destruction of small and medium business and further financial and economic stratification of Ukrainian society; 9) procrastination with the solution of the poverty problem (in conditions when about 60% of Ukrainians are below the poverty line); 10) possible man-made disasters in Ukraine; 11) possible transformation of Ukraine from a subject into an object of international relations; 12) possible rejection of European integration; 13) discrediting the Orange Revolution and the Revolution of Dignity, in order to spread Russian narratives about the coup in Ukraine; 14) intensification of interfaith conflicts in Ukraine; 15) inadequate decision-making by incompetent authorities (threat of economic decline and large-scale financial crisis in Ukraine, possible change in Ukraine’s vector of development, threat of capitulation, refusal of the authorities to resolve the «Ukrainian crisis» (which began after Russia’s aggression and has become a factor influencing the security of Europe and the world) from the standpoint of Ukraine as a subject, not an object); 16) refusal to solve the problems of internally displaced persons; 17) possible «freezing» of the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict in order to further destabilize Ukraine; 18) strengthening of geopolitical and geoeconomic instability, intensification of intercivilizational and geopolitical confrontation in the world; 19) possible decline of democracy and rise of authoritarianism in Ukraine; 20) expansion of the border with Russia (in case of its absorption of Belarus); 21) possible disintegration of Ukrainian society and world Ukrainiannes; 22) further violation of international law by the Russian Federation; 23) exacerbation of the economic and migration crisis in Europe; 24) radicalization of part of the Islamic world; 25) due to the collapse of the USSR. The challenges, threats and dangers facing Ukrainians can unfold at the global, continental and national levels. Ukrainians must find adequate answers to modern challenges and mechanisms to minimize threats and dangers; ensure stable economic growth; to create a powerful system of national security, army and defense-industrial complex; find ways to ensure national interests in the current crisis; to develop optimal models for resolving the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict, reintegrating the population of the occupied territories and restoring the territorial integrity of Ukraine.
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С.Я., Сущий,. "Cultural Dynamics of the South of Russia: Formation and Development of Regional Complexes (17th – Early 21st Centuries)." Nasledie Vekov, no. 3(31) (September 30, 2022): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36343/sb.2022.31.3.003.
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В статье проанализирована историческая динамика культуры на Юге России, процесс ее эволюции в различных социотерриториальных общностях макрорегиона от спорадически-очаговых проявлений к устойчивой масштабной практике, со временем институционально и структурно оформившейся в ряд региональных комплексов, располагающих значительными профессиональными кадрами, развитой инфраструктурой, широкой социальной средой распространения и потребления. Анализ основан на результатах исторических, культурологических, искусствоведческих исследований и данных статистики. В процессе формирования данных комплексов выделено несколько этапов, различающихся по уровню развития региональных творческих сообществ и социокультурной инфраструктуры, интенсивности и широте общественной потребности в продуктах культурного процесса. Установлено, что южнороссийские культурные комплексы эволюционировали от провинциализма к самобытному регионализму, позволившему им в ХХ в. занять заметное место в российской социокультурной системе. The article analyzes the features of the historical dynamics of culture in the South of Russia and fixes the specifics of the formation of its regional complexes. As sources, studies of historians, culturologists, art historians, as well as statistical materials reflecting the sociocultural indicators of the studied regions were used. The methodology provides for the study of the formation of cultural complexes in direct relationship with the political, administrative and socioeconomic development of each of the southern Russian territorial communities. At the same time, its own internal algorithm of the dynamics of the local cultural process is also taken into account. There are several stages in the development of regional cultural complexes in the South of Russia. The “initial” (1) stage coincides with the period of inclusion of territories into the empire, when local societies have practically no layer of professional cultural figures and its infrastructure, and the public need for its products is minimal. The “organizational-infrastructural” (2) stage is associated with the emergence in the southern regions of local stable groups of representatives of creative professions, the formation of public education, the organization of the first institutions of cultural infrastructure; gradual activation of cultural life. The “reproductive” (3) stage of cultural dynamics in most regions of the South of Russia coincides with the post-reform decades and is characterized by an increase in the number of professional cultural figures, diversification of cultural infrastructure, and a significant expansion of the social environment for the distribution and consumption of cultural products. At the same time, South Russian culture was only groping for its own original creative beginning. The 1930s–1980s are the “sociocultural complex” (4) stage in the cultural dynamics of the South of Russia, during which culture becomes one of the leading elements of the social life of the macroregion. The increased personnel potential of culture contributes to the growth of creative productivity, the transition from provincialism to original regionalism. At the end of the twentieth century, the “transformational” (5) stage begins in the development of South Russian culture. It is associated with the reforms of the state and society, the crisis of the 1990s, and subsequent socioeconomic stabilization. Thus, local cultural life has evolved from sporadically focal manifestations to a stable large-scale practice, which over time institutionally and structurally took shape in a number of regional cultural complexes.
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Muhatova, Orazgul H., Ziyabek E. Kabuldinov, Nurgul N. Kurmanalina, and Zhanymkhan Oshan. "Крещение калмыков в Семиречье и его последствия." Oriental studies 15, no. 4 (November 15, 2022): 663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-61-4-663-672.
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Introduction. In the process of territorial expansion, Imperial Russia was seeking to implement internal policies, including that of Christianization. Christian missionary endeavors across Kazakh steppes were to involve not only Kazakh ethnic groups proper but also other populations to have emigrated from China in the 19th century. Goals. The study aims at exploring problems and consequences of Semirechye Kalmyks’ conversion to Orthodox Christianity after their arrival from China, revealing the role of missionaries in that Christianization campaign, determining key techniques and methods employed by the latter, identifying essentials and crucial events to have proved efficient thereto and based on the destruction of indigenous culture, traditions and lifestyle of ethnic groups who had been forced to stay away from their historical roots. Results. The paper analyzes archival sources to examine the history of how China’s emigrant Kalmyks acquired Russian citizenship and converted to Orthodox Christianity in the 1860s–1870s. In the aftermath of the Dungan Revolt, the refugee Kalmyks settled in Qapal, Sarkand, Koksu, Verny, Turgen and other areas of Semirechye. Fertile land plots were allotted for them to conveniently engage in agriculture, gardening and vegetable farming. Another goal was that they were thus to establish close relations with Russian peasants and learn the latter’s language, culture, and peculiarities of the newly adopted faith. Conclusions. The missionary activities and Kalmyks’ conversion to Orthodox Christianity resulted in acculturation characterized by that the newly baptized would often change their personal and family names and receive Russian Cossack peasant clothes in missionary shelters.
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Muhatova, Orazgul H., Ziyabek E. Kabuldinov, Nurgul N. Kurmanalina, and Zhanymkhan Oshan. "Крещение калмыков в Семиречье и его последствия." Oriental studies 15, no. 4 (November 15, 2022): 663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-62-4-663-672.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. In the process of territorial expansion, Imperial Russia was seeking to implement internal policies, including that of Christianization. Christian missionary endeavors across Kazakh steppes were to involve not only Kazakh ethnic groups proper but also other populations to have emigrated from China in the 19th century. Goals. The study aims at exploring problems and consequences of Semirechye Kalmyks’ conversion to Orthodox Christianity after their arrival from China, revealing the role of missionaries in that Christianization campaign, determining key techniques and methods employed by the latter, identifying essentials and crucial events to have proved efficient thereto and based on the destruction of indigenous culture, traditions and lifestyle of ethnic groups who had been forced to stay away from their historical roots. Results. The paper analyzes archival sources to examine the history of how China’s emigrant Kalmyks acquired Russian citizenship and converted to Orthodox Christianity in the 1860s–1870s. In the aftermath of the Dungan Revolt, the refugee Kalmyks settled in Qapal, Sarkand, Koksu, Verny, Turgen and other areas of Semirechye. Fertile land plots were allotted for them to conveniently engage in agriculture, gardening and vegetable farming. Another goal was that they were thus to establish close relations with Russian peasants and learn the latter’s language, culture, and peculiarities of the newly adopted faith. Conclusions. The missionary activities and Kalmyks’ conversion to Orthodox Christianity resulted in acculturation characterized by that the newly baptized would often change their personal and family names and receive Russian Cossack peasant clothes in missionary shelters.