Academic literature on the topic 'Russia – Territorial expansion'
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Journal articles on the topic "Russia – Territorial expansion"
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BUKRIEIEVA, Iryna, Lyudmila AFANASIEVA, Natаlia HLEBOVA, Lyudmila GLYNS'KA, and Mykhailo SEMIKIN. "POLITICAL AND MENTAL FOUNDATIONS OF RUSSIAN IMPERIALISM." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 30 (2022): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2022.30.3.
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Today, Russian imperialism is undergoing a new phase of its transformation, moving from covert interference in the internal affairs of sovereign states to open territorial expansion. Its primary task is plans to seize the sovereign state of Ukraine through military aggression, forced inoculation of its own model of the world order and return to the space of a single "Russian world". The former post-Soviet Baltic republics, Belarus, Moldova, Georgia are considered as the next territories for integration into the imperial space of Russia. And this is a war not only and not so much for territories, but for ideas, a worldview that will dominate them. The main features of imperialism as an ideology and policy are an irrational desire for military expansion and absolute security, an unobsessed regime with a “center-periphery” subordination relationship, a patronage-client scheme, and the “privatization” of state functions by the ruling elite, turning them into a source of private profits. A distinctive feature of Russian imperialism is that it carries out not only territorial expansion, but above all ideological and ideological expansion, instilling its ideological picture of the world on the conquered peoples. The Russian imperial ideology has been formed over the centuries and is based on such mental traits as: superiority, dominance, psychological inclination towards permissiveness and robbery, servile submission to power in various forms, abnormal patience, religious fanaticism and more. These features of mentality became the basis of the imperial ideology of state building as a system of views, ideas and worldview of Russians. Russian imperialism (rashism) is a syncretism of Russian Nazism, Orthodoxy and psychotraumatic nostalgia for the USSR, which has turned into an imperial identity.
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Anderson, Nicholas D. "Push and Pull on the Periphery: Inadvertent Expansion in World Politics." International Security 47, no. 3 (January 1, 2023): 136–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00454.
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Abstract Why do great powers engage in territorial expansion? Much of the existing literature views expansion as a largely intentional activity directed by the leaders of powerful states. Yet nearly 25 percent of important historical instances of great power expansion are initiated by actors on the periphery of the state or empire without authorization from their superiors at the center. Periphery-driven “inadvertent expansion” is most likely to occur when leaders in the capital have limited control over their agents on the periphery. Through their actions, peripheral agents effectively constrain leaders from withdrawing from these newly captured territories because of sunk costs, domestic political pressure, and national honor. When leaders in the capital expect geopolitical consequences from regional or other great powers, such as economic sanctions, militarized crises, or war, they are far less likely to authorize the territorial claims. A mixed-methods research strategy combines new quantitative data on great power territorial expansion with three qualitative case studies of successful (and failed) inadvertent expansion by Russia, Japan, and France. Inadvertent expansion has not completely gone away, particularly among smaller states, where government authority can be weak, control over states’ apparatuses can be loose, and civil-military relations can be challenging.
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Voronin, E. "“Atlantic Еxpansion” and International Legal Basis for Reunification of the Crimea with Russia." Journal of International Analytics, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2018-0-1-88-93.
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Transatlantic expansion in Europe in order to move NATO’s strategic positions to the borders of Russia together with the inspirited Washington-Brussels duo, the “Ukrainian crisis”, is the main destabilizing factor for the security in the European region. In context of preventing threats to the Russian Federation it should be perceived through the declaration of will by the people of the Crimea, who used their right for self-determination and for their future as part of the Russian state and return of the Crimea to Russian fatherland. The article includes “three groups” of international legal grounds for the reunification of the Crimea with the Russian Federation: territorial succession, secession (but not annexation) and a territorial title. Justification for a fully legal inclusion of the Crimea into Russia as a state of historical sovereignty, unlike Ukraine, which historically never existed as an independent state, without legal claim for the Crimea, which was part of the Ukraine due to an anticonstitutional voluntarism of the soviet ruling of that time.
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Gough, Barry M. "British-Russian rivalry and the search for the Northwest Passage in the early 19th century." Polar Record 23, no. 144 (September 1986): 301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400007129.
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ABSTRACTBritish-Russian rivalry along the North Pacific littoral after 1815 was at once an extension of 18th century ambitions, commercial and geopolitical, and an enlargement of the interests of both nations in the existence of a Northwest Passage. John Barrow in Britain and Adam John von Krusenstern in Russia exhibited the opposing yet complementary interests of the two powers. British Admiralty activities resulted partly from a fear of Russian pre-emption, partly from ambitions for territorial and commercial aggrandizement. The Russian government supported the Russian American Company, and consolidated its overseas empire in Alaska. This paper describes die maritime activities and plans of both nations concerning the North Pacific and Northwest Passage, explaining political and territorial ambitions of the two powers that underlay the exploration, and their expansion of territorial empire and commerce in this area.
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Mazurova, O. V., E. V. Galperova, and V. I. Loktionov. "Forecasting Electricity Demand in the Russian Federation and Its Regions Taking Into Account Electrification Expansion." Economy of Region 18, no. 2 (2022): 528–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2022-2-16.
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A global priority of electrification expansion in all areas is also stated in the Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation. The study aims to forecast electricity demand in Russia taking into account possible electrification options in economic sectors. The article presents a multi-stage procedure and a concise review of methodological approaches to the long-term assessment of electricity demand, which considers the impact of complex interrelationships in social, economic and technological policies. In particular, this approach focuses on the regional level, where the interests of energy producers and consumers are reconciled. The current and promising directions of electricity use in Russian regions and economic sectors were analysed based on various statistics and forecasts. The conducted analysis demonstrated the stability of sectoral and territorial energy consumption patterns, as well as a decrease and convergence of values of gross regional product (GRP) energy intensity. Energy consumption of regions varies due to significant differences in industrial specialisation and living standards of the population. The highest energy consumption is observed in developed regions (Central Federal District) or regions with a large share of energy-intensive industries (Siberian Federal District). According to the accepted economic development and electrification expansion strategies for the period 2025–2040, on average, electricity demand in Russian regions is expected to increase by 1.4–1.8 % annually. It is anticipated that the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts will show the highest growth rates of energy consumption due to the accelerated development of these territories. Predicted dynamics of the gross domestic product (GDP) energy intensity in Russia confirms its compliance with global trends. The research findings may prove useful in creating programmes and development strategies for the country and its regions.
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Petrov, A. Y., V. N. Kostornichenko, and M. M. Koskina. "International Dimension in Colonization of the North-West of America and California at the End of the 17-18 th Centuries." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 5 (November 11, 2020): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-5-74-7-30.
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The article reviews the initial period of European colonization of the North Pacific Ocean and California within the context of diplomatic relations between Russia and Spain during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. It tries to understand the policies of European powers in the American Northwest and the reasons for pursuing their colonial interests there. It analyses the history of exploration of these territories, expeditions to the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, and historical maps of this region. For the first time in Russian historiography the authors touch upon the exploration of California in the 18th century.The exploration of the North Pacific Ocean, the northwestern American coast, including certain areas of California, Alaska and the Aleutian Islands has long attracted the attention of European powers. It was a process in which government authorities and private merchant companies took part. The expansion of the Spanish Empire into California was made possible in part because of the concerns of the Madrid court about the strengthening of the Russian and British empires in the North Pacific Ocean. The Spanish documents from the archives of Madrid, Seville and Simancas – the article introduces them into research communication the first time - show the validity of the fears of the Madrid court regarding the inevitable development of Russian colonization in the region. The advance of Russia to the shores of America has economic reasons: Cossacks and merchants reached the Pacific Ocean pursuing the desire to profit from the fur trade. As the economic influence expanded, the state interests of annexing territories and bringing the local population into citizenship followed behind. The territorial advance of the Russians to the Pacific Ocean was facilitated by the ambitious, but at the same time balanced diplomacy of Peter I, which managed to ensure the expansion of the borders of the Russian Empire.Spanish consolidation in certain territories in California was aimed at a possible containment of the Russian advance. Russian-Spanish relations in the Northwest Pacific at the end of the 17th – 18th centuries contributed to the nature of the subsequent development of territories in the North Pacific Ocean.
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Terenteva, L. V. "Territorial Aspect of State Jurisdiction and Sovereignty in Cyberspace." Lex Russica, no. 4 (May 2, 2019): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.149.4.139-150.
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The paper raises the question of the possibility of applying the territorial principle of sovereignty and jurisdiction of the State in relation to cyberspace, as well as the possible rethinking and expansion of the concept of “territory of the State” through the inclusion of virtual spatial units that do not have the properties of geographical extent. The inclusion of cyberspace in the concept of “territory of the State” is conditioned by the fact that cyberspace as a sphere of realization of social, economic and political relations cannot be beyond the sovereignty and jurisdiction of the State. If, however, the supremacy of a state is established in relation to a spatial unit, that unit must be referred to the concept of “territory of the State”, the legal meaning of which is to designate the spatial sphere of competence of the State. The question of the possible inclusion of cyberspace in the concept of “territory” is further justified by the lack of static content of this concept, which at certain stages of historical development as a result of political, geographical, technological and other factors began to cover new spatial boundaries (air, space, continental shelf space, etc.). At the same time, with the development of cyberspace, not the concept of “territory of the State” itself evolves, the legal significance of which lies in the spatial limits of the full jurisdiction of the State, but only the content components of the territory through the inclusion of new spatial units that do not have a tangible, planar aspect. The author analyzes the normative approaches of Russia and the United States to the issues of outlining the spatial contour of the jurisdiction of States in cyberspace, as a result of which it is revealed that the initiatives of Russian law are more limited to the dominance of the technological approach, which consists in establishing territorial boundaries with respect to physically located on the territory of the State devices and equipment with which access to information is carried out. In contrast to the American approach, which legislates the establishment of jurisdiction over data on servers in foreign countries, the Russian law does not raise the question of the possibility of including in the spatial limit of jurisdiction of information resources oriented to the territory of Russia, access to which is supported by equipment located outside the territory of Russia.
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Strunina-Borodina, Nataliia G. "On the Russian financial assistance to Montenegro: From the origins of Russian-Montenegrin relations to the beginning of the 20th century." Slavic Almanac, no. 1-2 (2020): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2020.1-2.1.07.
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In 1711, official relations were established between Russia and Montenegro. Since 1715, Russia began to pay a constant financial subsidy to Montenegro. Over the years, its amount was growing, more and more new items of expenditure were added to the main subsidy. Based on documents, we note a special increase in these payments at the period of the Great Eastern Crisis of 1875-1878, during the Montenegrin-Turkish War of 1876-1877 and the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. Because of the latter, the Berlin Treaty was signed, officially securing the independence of Montenegro and its territorial expansion. In the post-war decade, Russia repeatedly provided loans to Montenegro for various needs, including military ones, and helped, almost annually, by sending foodstuffs. In 1889, two dynastic marriages were contracted between the Russian Empire and the Montenegrin principality. Before this, Petersburg had covered all the external debts of the Principality. Since 1895, Russia took upon itself the financing of one battalion of the Montenegrin army, and since 1902 of two battalions with a total cost of 331 thousand rubles. In our opinion, financial “injections” were an important measure of Russian-Montenegrin relations, which can be used to judge the interest of the Russian Empire in Montenegro, as well as the significance of this small Balkan country for the Russian Foreign Ministry’s policy plans.
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Stanziani, Alessandro. "Serfs, slaves, or wage earners? The legal status of labour in Russia from a comparative perspective, from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century." Journal of Global History 3, no. 2 (July 2008): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174002280800260x.
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AbstractComparative analyses of labour in Russia and the West often assume a dividing line between free and forced labour that is universally applicable. The first aim of this article is to show that, in Russia, the historical and institutional definition of serfdom poses a problem. I will therefore explore Russian legislation, and how it was applied, from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. Contrary to generally accepted arguments, serfdom as such was never clearly introduced institutionally in Russia. I will also discuss the presence of slaves in Russia, and the association between certain forms of servitude (especially for debt) and slavery. The presence of chattel slaves in the empire was related to territorial expansion, and to commercial relations with the Caucasus and the Ottoman Empire. Russian forms of bondage are compared to those in other situations, such as indentured service in the West, debt servitude in India, and Islamic slavery. My conclusion is that, not only in Russia but also around the globe, the prevailing forms of labour were not those familiar to us today, which were not introduced until the early twentieth century. Russia constituted an extreme case in a world in which severe constraints were imposed everywhere on labour and its movement, and the legal status of the wage earner and the peasant was lower than that of the master.
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Belaya, Raisa, Tatyana Morozova, and Galina Kozyreva. "Territorial features of consumer behavior in the medical services market." E3S Web of Conferences 301 (2021): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130104003.
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Expansion of the commercial medical service market in Russia is a risk factor that promotes social inequality. In remote rural areas, social infrastructure, in particular the healthcare system, has been degrading. As a result, patients have widely taken to the use of commercial medical services. In this situation, such behavioral models are demonstrated not only by well-off, but even by needy rural and small-town residents. In this context, research on the formation mechanisms of user practices in the commercial medical service market in remote rural areas and smaller towns gains more relevance. The objective of the study is to assess the behavior of people in the Republic of Karelia (Russia) as users of commercial services. Methodologically, the study employed the household approach and statistical data analysis methods: factor and discriminant analyses. We demonstrate that the active use of commercial medical services by poor population strata is a necessity-driven activity caused by the absence or low availability of free services of this sort, or their low quality at the local level. The findings can help in decision-making on upgrading the social policy in healthcare.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Russia – Territorial expansion"
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Lunet-Wauquier, Anne. "De la conquête territoriale au repli : l'exemple des relations politiques russo-japonaises : 1739-1996." Paris, INALCO, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INAL0004.
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Les relations politiques russo-japonaises forment le noyau dur d'une histoire qui offre plusieurs niveaux de lecture - local, régional et mondial. Depuis 1739, date à laquelle le Danois Spangberg au service de Pierre Le Grand consigna ses premiers contacts avec les habitants de l'île japonaise de Hokkaido, jusqu'à 1996, c'est la confrontation qui a prévalu, s'exprimant parfois dans des conflits ouverts - 1807, 1904-05, 1918-22, 1937-39, 1945, et le plus souvent dans une coexistence sur le pied de guerre. A partir de 1945, cette rivalité s'est nourrie d'affrontements opposant d'autres acteurs : la guerre froide, le schisme sino-soviétique, le jeu des alliances et l'agressivité de l'URSS ont entraîné les deux Etats dans des camps politico-militaires opposés. La décrue de la tension internationale générée par la faillite de l'URSS et la décomposition de son Empire, a, de nouveau, laissé à nu l'épineux différend territorial des Kouriles, dont le Japon entend désormais se servir dans ses négociations politiques, économiques et financières avec la Russie. Mais les rapports russo-japonais s'élargissent aussi au monde. Ce qui est en jeu semble bien une redéfinition des critères de la puissance jusqu'alors liée à l'acquisition de territoires. La victoire du marchand nippon sur le guerrier soviétique valorise la recherche de la prospérité au détriment des aventures militaires, du moins chez les Etats développés. La question se pose dorénavant de savoir à quel camp la Russie décidera d'appartenirThe political relations between Japan and Russia are the hard core of a story which can be studied from different sides -local, regional, worldwide. Since 1739, when Spangberg, a Danish sailor in Peter the Great's service, recorded his first contacts with residents of Hokkaido, to 1996, confrontation has prevailed, sometimes bursting into opened wars as in 1807, 1904-05, 1918-22, 1937-39, 1945, and more often remaining an armed coexistence. Since 1945 this rivalry has been fed with oppositions between other actors : the cold war, the sino-soviet rift, the system of alliances and the aggressivity of the Soviet Union drew the two States into opposite political and military blocs. The fall of international tenseness, created by the collapse of the USSR and of its Empire, once again revealed the thorny territorial dispute over the Kuril islands, which is used by Japan to restrict its financial help and commercial ties with Russia. But their relations are also of a more global matter. A new definition of what was seen as the foundations of power is now at stake. The victory of the Japanese merchant over the soviet warlord shows that, far away from territorial acquisition, developed countries tend to favour welfare. The question is now to know which road the new Russia will decide to follow
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Hazard, Ingrid. "Vie et mort du dernier empire ? : désunion soviétique et décolonisation." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001IEPP0015.
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"La colonisation est le facteur essentiel de notre histoire ", proclamait le célèbre historien russe, V. O. Klioutchevski, manifestant ainsi un trait particulier d'un empire qui a fait de l'expansion de ses frontières le leitmotiv de sa construction nationale depuis la conquête de Kazan en 1552 par Ivan IV dit le terrible. Contrairement à ce que proclament les dirigeants de l'URSS, la révolution communiste de 1917 n'abat pas cette facette impériale et "coloniale" de l'histoire russe puis soviétique. Elle ne fait que l'habiller sous une forme nouvelle: celle de l'internationalisme prolétarien. Une habile dissimulation qui ne résiste cependant pas au réveil des mouvements nationaux des peuples "colonisés" qui au fil des années réclament, revendiquent puis obtiennent leur indépendance. Mais alors, la dissolution de l'URSS, officiellement proclamée par Mikhai͏̈l Gorbatchev le 25 décembre 1991, ne serait-elle par conséquent que l'aboutissement d'un long processus aussi inattendu et rapide que tardif de décolonisation ? La ligne directrice de la présente thèse consiste donc avant tout à analyser cette tentative avortée de ressusciter l'Empire soviétique au moment même où les autres structures impériales européennes ou coloniales menacent puis achèvent de se disloquer. C'est de ce décalage historique par rapport au processus historiquement daté de la décolonisation et de ce paradoxe que cette recherche entend discuter. Comme les puissances coloniales, et peut-être avec une signification plus vitale, la puissance russe, qui succède à l'Union, doit aujourd'hui faire face à un défi crucial pour son avenir comme pour son identité: comment établir des relations radicalement nouvelles avec ces voisins pas comme les autres, qu'elle désigne sous le terme ambigu d'étranger proche ? De cette analyse comparative entre la fin de l'Union soviétique et la désintégration des empires coloniaux français et britannique dépend ainsi la réponse à une question fondamentale: la disparition de l'URSS sonne-t-elle le glas du dernier empire ?
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宋家璿. "A Comparative Study on Russian Territorial Expansion under Peter the Great and Catherine the Great." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10712597204598004041.
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碩士國立政治大學
俄羅斯研究所
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Russia was an inner-continental country before Peter I’s reign. With its own history and culture context, the empire lacked both operation and maintenance of external relations. From 1689, Peter the Great was formally on the throne, soon he started to westernize his fatherland by any means, and attained fruitful achievements in the beginning of 18th century. It wasn’t until the reign of Catherine the Great in the mid-1700s that Russia was finally able to inaugurate a new policy of Russian southward expansion directly targeting Crimea. Russo-Turkish wars for twice, the partitions of Poland for three times boosted her fame while in reign. The empress also adopted the rule of Enlightenment from France as her main characteristic in domination. This thesis gives a thoroughly introduction to Peter the Great and Catherine the Great as its first part; in the second, there is one comparative study targeting to several fields- from background and personal traits, internal reform, international situation and external relation, to territorial expansion. In sum, what matters are what the Tsars achieved during their regimes respectively, and what they left for posterity.
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DE, SANTI Chiara. "Strategies of Sovietization in Central Asia, 1924-1930: The Uzbek case." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/11996.
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Defence date: 16 January 2009Examining Board: Prof. Edward A. Rees (University of Birmingham, EUI) - supervisor Prof. Douglas T. Northrop (University of Michigan-Ann Arbor) - external supervisor Prof. Heinz-Gerhard Haupt (European University Institute) Prof. Galina M. Yemelianova (University of Birmingham)
First made available online: 26 July 2021
The thesis examines four cases of sovietization (modernization) as realized in Central Asia and especially in Uzbekistan in the 1920s, with particular emphasis on the period between 1924 (the regionalization of Central Asia) and 1930 (the end of the last general purges of the 1920s). Showing how Moscow intended to transform the region along the lines of Soviet ideology with the idea of converting the Homo Islamicus speaking Muslim into Homo Sovieticus speaking Bolshevik, the cases embodied by the four main parts of the thesis represent the intersection of soft-line and hard-line policies and bureaucratic control. Women, as a surrogate of the proletariat and as communicators between the population and the establishment, are the central subjects that tie the four cases together. The first part focuses on visual propaganda and introduces the first level of soft-line control with state-sponsored posters being regarded as direct means for modifying the attitudes of Central Asians using images and slogans. The second part, devoted to the Red Cross and the Red Crescent, represents the second level of soft-line bureaucracy with nuances of hard-line control, highlighting the interconnections between a supposedly neutral international (front) organization and party-state and Red Army institutions. The third part of the thesis is devoted to gender policy with particular emphasis on the hujum, the reactions among the indigenous population that emerged in the form of resistance in the second half of the 1920s, and the counter-reactions by the establishment through the first stage of purges, illustrating the transition from soft-line to hard-line policy, and leading both chronologically and conceptually to the fourth part dealing with the general purges of the 1929-1930, which represent the highest degree of hard-line policy and further confirm that the Soviets intended to sovietize the region beginning with its women.
Books on the topic "Russia – Territorial expansion"
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Thomson, Gladys Scott. Catherine the Great and theexpansion of Russia. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1985.
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Catherine the Great and the expansion of Russia. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1985.
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Instytut ukraïnsʹkoï arkheohrafiï ta dz︠h︡ereloznavstva im. M.S. Hrushevsʹkoho. and Shevchenko Scientific Society (U.S.), eds. Moskovsʹka ekspansii︠a︡ i Perei︠a︡slavsʹka rada 1654 roku. Kyïv: [s.n.], 2005.
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Mark, Smith. Russia and the Arctic: The "last dash north". [Shrivenham, England]: Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Advanced Research and Assessment Group, 2007.
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Reviving greater Russia?: The future of Russia's borders with Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova and Ukraine. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2006.
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Ėtkind, Aleksandr. Vnutrenni︠a︡i︠a︡ kolonizat︠s︡ii︠a︡: Imperskiĭ opyt Rossii = Internal colonization : Russia's Imperial Experience. Moskva: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2013.
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Ėtkind, Aleksandr. Internal colonization: Russia's imperial experience. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2011.
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Russkie Ukraĭny: Zavoevanii︠a︡ Velikoĭ Imperii. Moskva: AST, 2008.
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March, G. Patrick. Eastern destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1996.
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Imperial boundaries: Cossack communities and empire-building in the age of Peter the Great. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Russia – Territorial expansion"
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Baar, Vladimír, and Slavomír Horák. "Introduction to Russian and Soviet territorial expansion." In De Facto States in Eurasia, 43–45. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. |: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429244049-5.
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Golubchikov, Yuri N., and Dmitry V. Sevastyanov. "Russian Territorial Expansion into Siberia: The Initial Stage (XVI–XVII Centuries)." In Springer Geography, 135–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90061-8_5.
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Gent, Stephen E., and Mark J. C. Crescenzi. "Russia." In Market Power Politics, 125–69. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197529805.003.0006.
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This chapter examines how Russia’s pursuit of territorial expansion and gray zone tactics in Georgia and Ukraine can be seen as part of its overall strategy to preserve and expand its market power in the natural gas market. As the predominant gas supplier to many European countries, Russia’s state-owned gas company, Gazprom, has price-setting capabilities that the Russian state can exploit to extract rents and exert political leverage internationally. As part of its overall strategy to block potential competitors and secure its control over the transit of gas to European consumers, Russia has perpetuated territorial disputes with neighboring Georgia and Ukraine. Given its high level of economic interdependence with the European Union, Russia has largely refrained from escalating these disputes militarily and has instead relied upon strategic delay to achieve its market power goals.
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Ohanyan, Anna. "The Russian Empire and Transcaucasia." In The Neighborhood Effect, 148–87. Stanford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503632059.003.0006.
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The chapter begins by discussing the ways in which the Russian empire navigated two problems of imperial governance: attempts at administrative centralization and reform without broad-based political participation; and territorial expansion without institutional consolidation of administrative governance in the conquered territories. The chapter reviews various peripheries of the empire, largely within the analytical framework of the regional connectivity, the neighborhood effect, developed in this work. The chapter then focuses on Ukraine, describing its history as a political region in imperial Russia. This section is linked to the armed conflicts in eastern Ukraine, covered in chapter 7. The chapter also introduces a case study of a single political region, Russian Transcaucasia. A key theme introduced here is a reflection on regional hybridity, manifested in this region in parallel processes of regional fracture and resilience.
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Gent, Stephen E., and Mark J. C. Crescenzi. "Empirical Cases." In Market Power Politics, 81–93. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197529805.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses the selection of the case studies for the book: Iraq and the oil market, Russia and the natural gas market, and China and the rare earth elements market. These cases provide useful plausibility probes for the authors’ theory of market power politics. First, these cases involve competition in key commodity markets in which states could potentially have the opportunity and willingness to pursue a market power opportunity though territorial expansion. Second, since these states have had significant control over their firms in these commodity markets, one can isolate the mechanism by which market power motivations influence foreign policy decisions. Finally, these cases include incidents of both violence and strategic delay, which provides variation on the dependent variable.
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Diaz-Andreu, Margarita. "Archaeology and the Liberal Revolutions (c. 1820–1860): Nation, Race, and Language in the Study of Europe’s Past." In A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199217175.003.0021.
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There was no return to the Ancien Régime after Napoleon’s downfall in 1815. Firstly, the early nineteenth-century economy was increasingly strengthened by the industrial, imperial and trading expansion of the European powers throughout the world (Chapters 5 to 10), which helped to stimulate Western Europe’s financial growth. Adding immeasurable impetus to this movement was the territorial expansion of Russia and the US, and later in the century other countries such as Japan contributed by broadening their frontiers manifold (Chapters 9 and 10). Factors such as these accelerated the enlargement and aspirations of the middle classes, who were precisely the group leading most of the revolutionary activity in the first half of the nineteenth century. Secondly, the reforms in administration made the state machine more efficient than that of the Ancien Régime and this impeded a full restoration of the old order. Also, for the efficient functioning of the state, the enthusiasm with which educated individuals identified with the nation was extremely important to ensure their loyalty. The late eighteenth and early nineteenth-century socio-political revolutions had brought a series of new meanings to concepts such as conservatism, liberal, democrat, party, and the distinction between left and right (Roberts 1996: 21). For example, liberalism was a doctrine that favoured ‘progress’ and ‘reform’. It was also linked with the type of nationalism that the French Revolution had promoted with the sovereignty of nations and the belief that all citizens were equal in the eyes of the law (although at this time ‘citizenship’, as propagated by the proponents of this doctrine, mainly meant the prosperous classes and male citizens). For progressive liberals, it was not only the established states that had the right to be a nation. The nationalist sentiments and claims by Greeks, Slovaks, Czechs, Brazilians, Mexicans, Hungarians, and a myriad of would-be nations, illustrate the growth of the widespread notion of nationhood that reached to other people with distinctive pasts and cultures. Liberals also had to confront, or negotiate with, the reactionary forces that brought down Napoleon in 1815. They were mainly made up of the nobility, and also supported by conservative intellectuals.
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Heere, Cees. "Empire and Exclusion." In Empire Ascendant, 100–129. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837398.003.0005.
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Japanese expansion after the Russo-Japanese War was dynamic and multi-directional, and manifested itself in the growth of trade and emigration across the Pacific as well as territorial acquisition in Asia. The fourth chapter explores the Japanese ‘immigration crisis’ of 1906–8, when an increase in the number of Japanese immigrants sparked a panic on the Pacific coast of North America. Its central focus is on the Vancouver riots of September 1907, the largest incidence of anti-Asian violence during this period. Mass rioting against Japanese immigrants placed the Canadian government in in a difficult position, as it attempted to reconcile the clamour for a ‘white Canada’ with its position in the empire. This chapter analyses British and Canadian efforts to manage the migration crisis. It also dwells on the crisis’s transnational dimension, which expressed itself through declarations of racial solidarity between Canada and the United States.
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Mankoff, Jeffrey. "Greater Iran ( Iranzamin ) and Iran’s Imperial Imagination." In Empires of Eurasia, 189–206. Yale University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300248258.003.0010.
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Belief in the existence of a Greater Iran (Iranshahr or Iranzamin), which includes not only Mesopotamia but also the Caucasus and much of Central and South Asia, is often linked to nostalgia for the pre-Islamic age, and is used as a justification for Iran’s claims to regional-power status. Only in the mid-nineteenth century, with the expansion of Russian and British power into the center of Eurasia, were Iranian claims decisively terminated. The erosion of Iranian influence in these regions in the century and a half following the end of the Safavid dynasty shifted Iran’s center of gravity from central Eurasia toward the Persian Gulf and the Levant, which remain the focal point for the Islamic Republic’s foreign policy today. Many Iranian intellectuals nevertheless consider the territories on the Eurasian mainland comprising Iran’s old empires part of Tehran’s natural sphere of influence. Perhaps most important, the loss of Iran’s imperial hinterlands feeds the Islamic Republic’s narrative of victimization. The 1979 Islamic Revolution, with its combination of millenarianism, grievance, and appeals to thousands of years of Iranian greatness, is thus difficult to imagine absent the trauma accompanying Iran’s loss of empire.
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Коbа Оlena, Коbа Оlena. "ACCOUNTING AND ANALYTICAL ENSURING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY." In MODERN SOCIETY & SCIENCE PROGNOSIS & ACHIEVEMENT, 162–75. 2nd ed. IRETC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/msspa02022022-162.
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As a result of the war with the Russian Federation, the economy of Ukraine underwent significant structural changes that negatively affected the economic security of its industries, in particular the construction industry. Capital outflow; decrease in the number of economically active population involved in work in the industry due to their departure abroad or mobilization; interruptions in the supply of construction materials, both domestic and imported; growth of transport risks; damage to logistics routes and connections due to a sea blockade, stoppage of railway traffic in the territory of hostilities, suspension of air traffic, destruction of highways; damage to equipment, construction objects; critical infrastructure destruction; lack of material resources; increasing economic uncertainty; the impossibility of conducting business in the regions of hostilities and in the territories adjacent to them; decrease in demand; reducing the scope of activities; losses due to termination or suspension of activity - this is far from a complete list of problems, the solution of which depends today on the economic security of not only the construction industry, but also the state as a whole. After all, it is the construction industry that ensures the reconstruction of the country, solves the problem of employment of the population; fills the revenue part of local budgets; stimulates the expansion of other industries: metallurgy, mechanical engineering, woodworking, petrochemical industry, energy, transport, etc.; performs a social function, in particular providing housing.
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Diaz-Andreu, Margarita. "Colonialism and Monumental Archaeology in South and Southeast Asia." In A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199217175.003.0016.
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In the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century, political and economic power was concentrated in just a few countries. Having eclipsed the most mighty early modern empires—those of Spain and Portugal, the Ottoman Empire, The Netherlands, and the Scandinavian countries— Britain, France, the Russian, and the Austro-Hungarian Empires became the major European powers. Later, these were joined by the newly formed countries of Germany and Italy, together with the United States of America and Japan. In these countries elites drew their might not only from the industrial revolution but also from the economic exploitation of their ever-increasing colonies. Colonialism, a policy by which a state claims sovereignty over territory and people outside its own boundaries, often to facilitate economic domination over their resources, labour, and markets, was not new. In fact, colonialism was an old phenomenon, in existence for several millennia (Gosden 2004). However, in the nineteenth century capitalism changed the character of colonialism in its search for new markets and cheap labour, and the imperial expansion of the European powers prompted the control and subjugation of increasingly large areas of the world. From 1815 to 1914 the overseas territories held by the European powers expanded from 35 per cent to about 85 per cent of the earth’s surface (Said 1978: 41; 1993: 6). To this enlarged region areas of informal imperialism (see Part II of this book) could be added. However, colonialism and informal colonialism were not only about economic exploitation. The appropriation of the ‘Other’ in the colonies went much further, and included the imposition of an ideological and cultural hegemony throughout each of the empires. The zenith of this process of colonization was reached between the 1860s and the First World War, in the context of an increasingly exultant nationalism. In a process referred to as ‘New Imperialism’, European colonies were established in all the other four continents, mainly in areas not inhabited by populations with political forms cognate to the Western powers. In the case of Africa, its partition would be formally decided at an international meeting—the Berlin Conference of 1884–5.
Conference papers on the topic "Russia – Territorial expansion"
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Bogachev, Dmitry V. "TERRITORIAL ASPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA." In Treshnikov readings – 2021 Modern geographical global picture and technology of geographic education. Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33065/978-5-907216-08-2-2021-166-168.
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At the present stage, agribusiness, in the form of vertically integrated companies operating at different territorial levels, holds leading positions in the agricultural and food production. A serious problem is the assessment of vertically integrated companies’ activities scale . This study is designed to identify the relationship of regional agriculture development and local agribusiness expansion.
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Иванова, Наталия Александровна. "THEORIES OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AS A METHODOLOGICAL BASIS FOR THE FORMATION OF RUSSIA'S REGIONAL POLICY." In Сборник избранных статей по материалам научных конференций ГНИИ «Нацразвитие» (Санкт-Петербург, Ноябрь 2021). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/nov322.2021.42.96.006.
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Актуальность исследования для экономики усиливается такими явлениями, как влияние мирового финансового кризиса, усложнение отраслевой и территориальной структуры производства, усиление интеграции всех сфер общественной жизни, возрастание значения экологических, социальных и политических факторов развития общества, повышение трансакционных издержек принятия решений в сфере управления. Изучение литературы о территориях дает основание определить понятие региональной системы России как элемент, подсистему некоторой иерархической системы, в роли которой выступает национальная экономика. Процессы глобализации коренным образом изменяют роль регионов в национальной экономике. Регион постепенно становится не только отдельным экономическим агентом, но также вступает в мировые конкурентные процессы. Положение территориально-организованных систем оказывается зависимым не только от макроэкономических условий или возможностей самих регионов, но также от расстановки конкурентных сил, механизмов взаимодействия регионов с другими субъектами. В этой связи возникает необходимость системных исследований с целью выработки комплекса мер, которые будут способствовать повышению конкурентоспособности экономики в целом, ее регионов в частности. Существующий инструментарий региональной экономики является уже недостаточным для анализа такого рода проблем, а традиционный конкурентный анализ не рассматривает регионы в качестве субъектов конкуренции. Требуется расширение и применение новых теоретических подходов к анализу региональных экономических систем и эффективности их развития, формированию целостной концепции развития территориальной организации хозяйства, что обусловило актуальность данного исследования. The relevance of the study for the economy is enhanced by such phenomena as the impact of the global financial crisis, the complication of the sectoral and territorial structure of production, the strengthening of integration of all spheres of public life, the increasing importance of environmental, social and political factors in the development of society, the increase in transaction costs of decision-making in the field of management. The study of the literature on territories gives grounds to define the concept of the regional system of Russia as an element, a subsystem of some hierarchical system, in the role of which the national economy acts. The processes of globalization are fundamentally changing the role of regions in the national economy. The region is gradually becoming not only a separate economic agent, but also enters into global competitive processes. The position of geographically organized systems turns out to depend not only on the macroeconomic conditions or the capabilities of the regions themselves, but also on the alignment of competitive forces, the mechanisms of interaction of regions with other entities. In this regard, there is a need for systematic research in order to develop a set of measures that will contribute to improving the competitiveness of the economy as a whole, its regions in particular. The existing tools of the regional economy are no longer sufficient to analyze such problems, and traditional competitive analysis does not consider regions as subjects of competition. It requires the expansion and application of new theoretical approaches to the analysis of regional economic systems and the effectiveness of their development, the formation of an integral concept of the development of the territorial organization of the economy, which determined the relevance of this study.
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"Migration Connectivity of Kaliningrad Oblast with Other Russian Regions in the Age of Geopolitical Turbulence." In XIII Ural Demographic Forum. Global challenges to demographic development. Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of RAS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/udf-2022-3-11.
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Kaliningrad oblast’s internal migration has recently become a key factor contributing to its positive net migration. It is hypothesised that the region’s migration connectivity with other territories of Russia has increased, including due to a major transformation of the external and internal conditions of the regional and national development taking place since 2014. The study aims to confirm the hypothesis, as well as to identify the features of the change in the region’s migration connectivity with other entities of the Russian Federation in 2014-2021. The research applies general scientific, statistical and cartographic analysis methods, the method for calculating the coefficients of migration link intensity (Rybakovsky), the method for modelling migration schedules (Rogers and Castro). 2014-2021 official statistics obtained from Rosstat and Kaliningradstat were used. The study confirms the hypothesis of the substantial increase in Kaliningrad oblast’s migration connectivity with most other regions of the Russian Federation that manifested in an increase in the internal migration link intensity with a considerable expansion of incoming migration gravitation zones and compression of outgoing migration gravitation zones. The regions of the Far East, the North-West and Siberia show the largest increase in migration connectivity.
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Serra Navarro, David. "Deriva y medios locativos: prácticas georeferenciadas." In III Congreso Internacional de Investigación en Artes Visuales :: ANIAV 2017 :: GLOCAL. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/aniav.2017.4801.
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La experiencia constituida mediante la interfaz nos sitúa en un punto común en el que converge la representación virtual condicionada por la ubicación real, un estadio de mixed reality (Hansen, 2006) en el que se dan los elementos necesarios para el desarrollo de una nueva realidad mediada. Un recorrido procesual que se asemeja a los posicionamientos situacionistas y a la noción de psicogeografía como comportamiento constructivo de significaciones. La actualización del territorio-juego de Guy Debord en relación con los medios locativos de los dispositivos tecnológicos ofrecen un repertorio conceptual que nos induce a reflexionar sobre los límites del espacio público, su expansión en el canal virtual y la transformación dinámica de una geografía cada día más líquida. La interacción entre flujos comunicacionales y coordenadas en el mapa se nutren de la actividad cotidiana de los usuarios, ahora activos y contributivos, y dibujan un conjunto de signos anclados en el lugar y su tiempo que nos generan nuevas narrativas y percepciones. En este contexto se desarrolló el taller Geotagging the city dirigido por el artista Kenneth Russo en el marco del Festival de Cultura Contemporània de l'Empordà: Ingràvid 2016. Una propuesta de educación artística, en la que los jóvenes participantes eran alumnos de bachillerato artístico, y que nos describe un conjunto de prácticas contemporáneas con herramientas tecnológicas cotidianas y de uso locativo. Extrapolar la concatenación de acciones reproducidas en las diferentes sesiones de dicho workshop nos acerca a un entendimiento de lo glocal en el marco social y su sentido en el aula para la formación artística.http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ANIAV.2017.4801
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Logunova, Elena. "Morphological evolution of the fringe-belts of Krasnoyarsk." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6052.
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Elena Logunova1Master of Urban Planning, Post-graduate student, 1Department of Urban Design and Planning, School of Architecture and Design, Siberian Federal University Address: 79 Svobodny pr., 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation E-mail: ikukina@inbox.ru , el.lgnv@yandex.ruScientific adviser: Pd.D., Professor - I. V. Kukina Keywords: fringe-belt, Siberia, urban morphology, fixation lineConference topics and scale: Tools of analysis in urban morphologyThe fringe-belt concept is one of the most important concepts in urban morphology which provides a possibility to analyze existing urban layout. Urban fringe-belt phenomenon in cities of Siberia hitherto was poorly investigated. Thus, it constitutes an extremely broad research area.Phases and processes of formation, transformation and alienation in urban fringe-belts examines at the case of Krasnoyarsk from the 17th to mid 20th centuries. Krasnoyarsk was founded as a military stockaded town in 1628 during the first period of Siberia development and experienced several historical stages in the process of urban growth.Relation of changes in fringe-belts structure and political and socio-economic contexts is evidently at all periods of their physical formation. Natural fixation lines (topographic features, body of big river, and development of small river valley) and man-made fixation lines (city walls, railway corridor) influenced to the formation and evolution processes of fringe-belts and urban fabric generally. Railway was a turning point in the city expansion and contributed to overcoming of the power natural fixation line as the Yenisei river. Unlike the urban core, right bank of Krasnoyarsk formed as a linear city with specific fringe belts.Detailed analysis of Krasnoyarsk city plan indentifies several morphological units separated by fringe-belts. These fringe-belts are characterized by distinctive road network, variety of land-use units and heterogeneous forms in plan. It presents difficulties for reconstruction projects of modern city. An approach for renovation of these territories needs to depend on urban morphology methodology. ReferencesConzen M. P., Kai Gu, Whitehand J. W. R. (2012) ‘Comparing traditional urban form in China and Europe: a fringe-belt approach’ Urban Geography, 33, 1, p. 22–45.Whitehand J.W. R, Morton N. J. (2003) ‘Fringe belts and the recycling of urban land: an academic concept and planning practice’, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, volume 30, p.819- 839. Ünlü T. (2013) ‘Thinking about urban fringe belts: a Mediterranean perspective’, Urban Morphology 17 (1), p. 5-20.
Reports on the topic "Russia – Territorial expansion"
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Halych, Valentyna. SERHII YEFREMOV’S COOPERATION WITH THE WESTERN UKRAINIAN PRESS: MEMORIAL RECEPTION. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11055.
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The subject of the study is the cooperation of S. Efremov with Western Ukrainian periodicals as a page in the history of Ukrainian journalism which covers the relationship of journalists and scientists of Eastern and Western Ukraine at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Research methods (biographical, historical, comparative, axiological, statistical, discursive) develop the comprehensive disclosure of the article. As a result of scientific research, the origins of Ukrainocentrism in the personality of S. Efremov were clarified; his person as a public figure, journalist, publisher, literary critic is multifaceted; taking into account the specifics of the memoir genre and with the involvement of the historical context, the turning points in the destiny of the author of memoirs are interpreted, revealing cooperation with Western Ukrainian magazines and newspapers. The publications ‘Zoria’, ‘Narod’, ‘Pravda’, ‘Bukovyna’, ‘Dzvinok’, are secretly got into sub-Russian Ukraine, became for S. Efremov a spiritual basis in understanding the specifics of the national (Ukrainian) mass media, ideas of education in culture of Ukraine at the end of XIX century, its territorial integrity, and state independence. Memoirs of S. Efremov on cooperation with the iconic Galician journals ‘Notes of the Scientific Society after the name Shevchenko’ and ‘Literary-Scientific Bulletin’, testify to an important stage in the formation of the author’s worldview, the expansion of the genre boundaries of his journalism, active development as a literary critic. S. Yefremov collaborated most fruitfully and for a long time with the Literary-Scientific Bulletin, and he was impressed by the democratic position of this publication. The author’s comments reveal a long-running controversy over the publication of a review of the new edition of Kobzar and thematically related discussions around his other literary criticism, in which the talent of the demanding critic was forged. S. Efremov steadfastly defended the main principles of literary criticism: objectivity and freedom of author’s thought. The names of the allies of the Ukrainian idea L. Skochkovskyi, O. Lototskyi, O. Konyskyi, P. Zhytskyi, M. Hrushevskyi in S. Efremov’s memoirs unfold in multifaceted portrait descriptions and function as historical and cultural facts that document the pages of the author’s biography, record his activities in space and time. The results of the study give grounds to characterize S. Efremov as the first professional Ukrainian-speaking journalist.