Dissertations / Theses: 'Rural Women and Telecommunication'

1

Hultberg, Linda. "Women Empowerment in Bangladesh : A Study of the Village Pay Phone Program." Thesis, Jönköping : Jönköping University. HLK, Sektionen för kommunikation, 2008. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:3836/FULLTEXT01.

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2

Kozak, Nadine Irène. "On the last mile the effects of telecommunications regulation and deregulation in the rural western United States and Canada /." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2010. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3390098.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2010.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed Feb. 22, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 421-450).

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3

Furat, Mina. "Rural Development And Women." Phd thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615576/index.pdf.

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This Dissertation analyzes the conditions, problems and potential of rural women&rsquo
s empowerment through a sample of rural women&rsquo
s organizations (two women&rsquo
s cooperative, seven rural development cooperative and one village women associaton) with interpreting DAWN iniative and GAD approach with a socialist feminist perspective. In this study, it is stated that the agricultural sector policies and rural development policy were constructed in relation with the conditions of underdevelopment and thus, in relation with the agreements with IMF, WTO and IPARD Programme of EU which enforced the decreasing of agricultural sector subsidies. It is notable that these policies are formulated with an aim of increasing the influence and significance of capitalist relations in agricultural sector and rural areas without taking precautions for the survival of small sized farming households in rural areas. Despite these general influences of underdevelopment to Turkish Agricultural Sector and patriarchal gender assumptions, these women&rsquo
s organizations could be successful to some extent empowering their members with the recognized dimensions of empowerment such as
psychological, economical, social, organizational and political. All these dimensions are interrelated with each other. In this study, it was observed that while economic empowerment and psychological empowerment is the base of all other dimensions of empowerment, social empowerment and organizational empowerment are the most dynamic processes of empowerment and political empowerment is hardest dimension or outcome to achieve.

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4

Kennedy, Craig. "Impact of telemedicine in a rural community /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16114.pdf.

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5

Lee, Pui-Yin Micky. "UNESCO's conceptualisation of women and telecommunications, 1970-2000 /." view abstract or download file of text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3136430.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 293-307). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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6

Gasiea, Yousef Ali. "An analytical decision approach to rural telecommunication infrastructure selection." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-analytical-decision-approach-to-rural-telecommunication-infrastructure-selection(9238e16c-71e6-4b5c-b9c6-0b824bd0e3ed).html.

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Telecommunications infrastructure is recognised as the fundamental factor for economic and social development for it is the platform of communication and transaction within and beyond geographical boundaries. It is a necessity for social benefits, growth, connection and competition, more in the rural communities in developing countries. Its acquisition entails great investment, considering the emergence of various technologies and thereby making the selection a critical task. The research described in this thesis is concerned with a comprehensive examination and analytical procedures on the selection of technologies, for rural telecommunications infrastructure. A structured systematic approach is deemed necessary to reduce the time and effort in the decision-making process. A literature review was carried out to explore the knowledge in the areas of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approaches, with particular focus on the analytical decision processes. The findings indicate that, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)/AnalyticNetwork Process (ANP) are powerful decision methods capable of modelling such acomplex problem. Primarily, an AHP model is formulated, however, since the problem at hand involves many interactions and dependencies, a more holistic method is required to overcome its shortcomings by allowing for dependencies and feedback within the structure. Hence, the ANP is adopted and its network is established to represent the problem, making way to telecommunications experts to provide their judgements on the elements within the structure. The data collected are used to estimate the relative influence from which the overall synthesise is derived, forming a general ANP model for such a rural telecommunications selection problem. To provide a more wide-ranging investigation regarding selecting a potential rural telecommunications infrastructure, another systematic analysis that utilises a BOCR-based (Benefits, Opportunities, Costs and Risks) ANP was conducted. The obtained results indicate that Microwave technology is the most preferred alternative within the context of the developing countries. Sensitivity analysis was performed to show robustness of the obtained results. This framework provides the structure and the flexibility required for such decisions. It enables decision makers to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the problem, by comparing several technology options, with respect to appropriate gauge for judgement. Moreover, using the ANP, the criteria for such a technology selection task were clearly identified and the problem was structured systematically. A case study was carried out in Libya involving its main telecommunications infrastructure provider to demonstrate how such rural technology selection decisions can be made within a specific developing country's rural area. Based on the results of this case study that were in agreement with the focus group's expectations, it can be concluded that the application of the ANP in the selection of telecommunications technology, is indeed beneficial. In addition, it is believed that telecommunications planners could, by the use of data pertaining to another rural area, utilise the developed model to propose appropriate solutions. If new criteria and/or alternatives emerge to satisfy changing business needs, they can also be included in the ANP model.

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7

Adams, Amanda S. "Intimate partner violence and rural women." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2006. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=731.

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8

Vanhook, Patricia M. "Impact of Stroke on Rural Women." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7442.

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9

Austin, Elizabeth Nicole. "Older rural women moving up and moving on in cardiac rehabilitation." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.

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10

Tazebay, Burcu. "The Role Of Television In Rural Women." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12606892/index.pdf.

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This study aims to examine the role of television in rural women&rsquo
s everyday life experiences in terms of information, socialization, identification and entertainment. The focus is on rural women&rsquo
s experiences with a feminist perspective conducting an ethnographic study using the methods of in-depth-interviews, survey, participant observation and group discussions in Topakli village. The findings of the study is the role of television as an information source for rural women and it&rsquo
s role on rural women&rsquo
s socialization process.

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11

Billard, Elizabeth V. "Women, literacy and liberation in rural China /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb596.pdf.

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12

Woodhouse, Carol May. "Rural accessibility : women in south-west Tynedale." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/399.

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S.W. Tynedale, a remoter rural area of the UK with a history of agricultural and industrial activity, is the location for the analysis of womens / accessibility to rural services and cultural/educational opportunities. Increasing car ownership and the decline in rural services have created difficulties for some rural women in gaining access to opportunities. Changes, through time, in the role of rural women and the space they occupy are analysed in terms of gender relations and the division of labour. Women's access to, and use of, power in S.W. Tynedale reveals a reluctance to seek political office. A survey conducted in 1981, and the 1981 Census data are used to explore the relationship between physical accessibility and the socio-economic, mobility and behavioural characteristics of women. Two indices are constructed to measure private and public transport accessibility, respectively. Although, socio-economic variables relate more to private transport accessibility, mobility and behavioural variables can be better explained in terms of public transport accessibility. A space-time approach is used in which the dimensions of the potential space-time prism in S.W. Tynedale is described and compared with the experiential prisms for three different groups of women. Using case study material an analysis of the behaviour of rural women points to the importance of the constraining and enabling mechanisms of the family support system in explaining womens' accessibility behaviour at different stages in the lifecycle. Through the application of Principal Component Analysis the underlying structure of accessibility is investigated. Nine axes of differentiation are identified including life style, life cycle, community involvement and education. Remoteness and mobility summarise the surveyed womens's location in space and ability to overcome distance. Measures of knowledge of facilities are summarised by three components _ local, town and city orientation from which space-time prisms are constructed. Distinct regional variations are apparent in the use of the resources of space and time. Finally, future possibilities for the accessibility of the two groups of rural women, the carless and the family dependent, are considered in relation to the wider stage of the political economy.

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13

Hemphill, Jean Croce. "Identifying Strengths in Rural Homeless Abused Women." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2002. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7580.

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14

Miller-Roenigk, Brittany D. "Predictors of Recidivism in Rural Incarcerated Women." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1504794695385065.

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15

Evans, Eliza Robinson. "Women, microcredit and capability in rural India." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Free text (PDF) of UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3031050.

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16

Marcille, Lisa Ann. "Loneliness as experienced by women living with chronic illness in rural areas." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/marcille/MarcilleL0509.pdf.

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Chronic illness is often accompanied by multiple life altering challenges for individuals especially those living in rural locations. Rural dwellers generally do not have readily accessible healthcare resources; as a result, there is a risk for poor heath related outcomes. Loneliness is one such outcome. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the existing body of knowledge related to loneliness as experienced by women living with chronic illnesses in rural areas. This was accomplished by identifying and exploring factors related to loneliness. The aims of this study were to: (a) to describe the levels of loneliness, depression, stress, and social support for a group of rural women with a chronic illness; (b) identify the factors associated with loneliness; and (c) explore participants' shared conversations to gain further insight into the rural chronically-ill woman's experience of loneliness. This study was conducted as a secondary analysis of data previously collected by the Women to Women (WTW) research team at Montana State University. The WTW study provided rural women with chronic illnesses computer training and support through an online forum. The data for the secondary analysis were generated by 57 women. The key concepts were: loneliness, depression, stress, and social support. Age, education, degree of rurality, employment status, and length of chronic illness were the demographic characteristics of interest. Degree of rurality was assigned using the MSU Rurality Index. These characteristics and the key concepts were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate analytic techniques. Content analysis was the method used to analyze the women's conversations in the online forum. The data were obtained from 12 women who were identified as the most vulnerable to loneliness. Three categories were defined using this method: longing for loved ones, "listening" from the background, and changing relationships. Results of this study supported previous researchers' findings of correlations between loneliness and depression, social support and stress. There was no significant relationship between loneliness and degree of rurality; however, length of chronic illness was significant. Level of education was identified as an area of interest for further nursing research.

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17

Lohitwisas, Snong. "Rural Women and Development: A Study of Factors Affecting Participation of Rural Women in Nonformal Education Programs in Thailand." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332700/.

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This study identified and analyzed factors which affect the participation of rural women in nonformal education programs. These factors were linked to the national program for rural women. Document analysis and unstructured interviews of policy personnel were used to describe national policies for educational programs for women, the status of women's participation in those programs, and issues that influence women's education. Participant observation and unstructured interviews were employed to obtain data in the field study of Baan Kha Klang village. Forty-two women in the village, 21 who had participated and 21 who had not participated in nonformal education programs within the past year, were randomly selected as subjects.

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18

Gooding, Daphne. "Identifying critical factors for developing effective rural community technology centers." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3987.

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Thesis (Ed. D.)--West Virginia University, 2005.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 184 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-176).

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19

Van, Dyke Nannette Frances. "Domestic violence differences among rural, urban and suburban women /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2005.

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20

Legerski, Joanna. "The Experience of Rural Battered Women: Overcoming Challenges." The University of Montana, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-07032007-090636/.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of physical isolation in rural battered women. The relationships between physical isolation, level of traumatic symptoms and social support are assessed. By definition rural women are usually geographically isolated, which may contribute to the difficulty of leaving abusive relationships. Strong rural, socio-cultural norms such as traditional gender and marital roles, combined with a lack of access to beneficial services may prevent rural victims from fleeing to safety. As a result victims may be even more vulnerable to their batterers. To more fully understand difficulties faced by battered women, archival data containing a community sample of 394 women, who had experienced violence in a current or past romantic relationship, were examined. Overall quantitative findings from this sample suggest that for battered women higher violence frequency and severity are associated with greater physical isolation. In addition, high trauma symptoms are associated with greater help-seeking. Findings obtained from qualitative and quantitative data discuss isolation, culture, frequency and severity of violence, social support, and trauma symptomatology in a battered female population. Findings may provide a deeper understanding that is sensitive to the needs of women living in rural settings.

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21

Li, Yang. "Models and applications of wireless networks in rural environments." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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With the unprecedented growth of the communication industry that the world is experiencing, the demand from rural inhabitants for high quality communications at an economically affordable cost is growing. However, rural areas are rather restricted from deploying communication services due to the rough natural environment, and the shortage of rudimentary communication facilities and technical personnel. Appropriate models for building rural wireless networks and a concomitant simulation environment are, therefore, expected to enable the construction of technologically-optimal and economically-efficient networks in specified rural areas.

The research has set up two independent models, one for the economic need and the other for the technical need of building networks in rural areas. One model was the Impact of Telecommunications Model, which disclosed the importance of building a wireless network in specified rural areas by choosing an economic parameter to forecast the profitability of the network. The other was the Service Model, which collected primitive data from given rural areas and abstracted these data by flowing them through four technical layers to form the predicted technical wireless network. Both of the models had been applied to real-world cases to demonstrate how to use them.

A simulation environment was finally designed and implemented to realize the above two models for the sake of instantiation. This environment could simulate the specified rural network by constructing a wireless network on the invented areas and evaluating its quality and economic efficiency. It was written in Scilab simulation language, which was an open source.

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22

Böhm, Annette, Magnus Jonsson, and Elisabeth Uhlemann. "Adaptive Cooperative Awareness Messaging for Enhanced Overtaking Assistance on Rural Roads." Högskolan i Halmstad, Centrum för forskning om inbyggda system (CERES), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-16467.

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Cooperative traffic safety applications such as lane change or overtaking assistance have the potential to reduce the number of road fatalities. Many emerging traffic safety applications are based on IEEE 802.11p and periodic position messages, so-called cooperative awareness messages (CAM) being broadcasted by all vehicles. In Europe, ETSI defines a periodic report rate of 2 Hz for CAMs. Although a high report rate is the key to early hazard detection, the 2 Hz rate has been chosen to avoid congestion in settings where the vehicle density is high, e.g., on major highways and in urban scenarios. However, on rural roads with a limited number of communicating vehicles, a report rate of 2 Hz leads to unnecessary delay in cooperative awareness. By adapting the CAM report rate depending on the specific application and road traffic density, and by making use of the priority levels provided by the 802.11p quality of service mechanism, we show that hazards can be detected earlier and the available bandwidth is used more efficiently, while not overexploiting the network resources.

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Category number CFP11VTF-ART; Code 87844

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23

Webb, Chequita Y. "Political empowerment of black women in the rural south: a case study of three black women mayor in rural Georgia." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1997. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/111.

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The three mayors and the respective cities studied in this paper were Mayor Emma Gresham Keysville, GA; Mayor Justine Brown Oliver, GA and Mayor Carrie Kent Walthourville, GA. The intent of this paper was to show that the three black women mayors chose to run for mayor because they felt that through their political position they could improve the lives of the citizens of their respective cities, especially the socioeconomic status of blacks in their cities and improve the cities in the important areas of: education, employment, housing and health care. The further intent of this paper was to address the apparent neglect of scholarship regarding black female mayors in rural Southern cities by performing a case study of the black women mayors in rural Georgia. None of the black women mayors studied in this paper were successful in improving the education or housing in their cities nor the socioeconomic status of blacks and somewhat successful in improving health care. This study addresses the neglect by scholars regarding black female rural Southern municipal politics. Further study is warranted to understand the impact of black women mayors in the rural South.

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24

Liepins, Ruth. ""Women in agriculture" : a geography of Australian agricultural activism /." Connect to thesis, 1996. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000215.

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25

Silburn, Linda Helen. "Rural women as leaders and decision-makers within rural family enterprises and communities." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005.

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26

Perry, Cindy Kay. "Heart-to-heart an exercise intervention for rural women /." Online Access "Search by author or title", 2005. http://www.oregonpdf.org.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Oregon Health & Science University, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-198). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

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27

Zhang, Mingliu. "Wireless communication for sparse and rural areas." Diss., Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/zhang/ZhangM0807.pdf.

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28

Gulutzan, Elaine. "Pastoral ministry with abused women in rural Saskatchewan." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0017/MQ48829.pdf.

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29

Thongprasert, K. "The energy requirements of pregnant rural Thai women." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233104.

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Gills, Dong-Sook Shin. "The forgotten workers : rural women in Korean development." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419779.

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31

Nakabo, Ssewanyana Sarah. "Women and household food security in rural Uganda." Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14527.

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32

Ranga, Memory Munashe. "Improving the robustness and effectiveness of rural telecommunication infrastructures in Dwesa South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001113.

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In recent years, immense effort has been channelled towards the Information and Technological development of rural areas. To support this development, telecommunication networks have been deployed. The availability of these telecommunication networks is expected to improve the way people share ideas and communicate locally and globally, reducing limiting factors like distance through the use of the Internet. The major problem for these networks is that very few of them have managed to stay in operation over long periods of time. One of the major causes of this failure is the lack of proper monitoring and management as, in some cases, administrators are located far away from the network site. Other factors that contribute to the frequent failure of these networks are lack of proper infrastructure, lack of a constant power supply and other environmental issues. A telecommunication network was deployed for the people of Dwesa by the Siyakhula Living Lab project. During this research project, frequent visits were made to the site and network users were informally interviewed in order to gain insight into the network challenges. Based on the challenges, different network monitoring systems and other solutions were deployed on the network. This thesis analyses the problems encountered and presents possible and affordable solutions that were implemented on the network. This was done to improve the network‟s reliability, availability and manageability whilst exploring possible and practical ways in which the connectivity of the deployed telecommunication network can be maintained. As part of these solutions, a GPRS redundant link, Nagios and Cacti monitoring systems as well as Simple backup systems were deployed. v Acronyms AC Access Concentrators AMANDA Automatic Marylyn Network Disk Archiver CDMA Code Divison Multiple Access CGI Common Gateway Interface.

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Klenk, Rebecca Marshall. "Educating activists : gender, modernity, and development in north India /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6479.

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Van, Ellewee Stephan. "Determining a least-cost routing and MAC strategy for a rural communications ad hoc network /." Link to online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/478.

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35

Madhok, Sumi. "Autonomy, subordination and the' social women' : examining rights narratives of rural Rajasthani women." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407596.

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36

Harris, Kimberly D. "Acceptance of computer-based telemedicine in three rural Missouri counties /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9945181.

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Yuen, Yuet-hing Cynthia. "Regulation, negotiation and resistance : rethinking women's experiences of the reform in rural south China /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20842983.

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Wong, Chau Ying. "Participation and empowerment : an ethnography of Miao women in rural China /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202003%20WONG.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-134). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

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39

Rudnick, Kyla Ruth. "Constraints at the bottom of a global commodity chain the case of shea butter in northern Ghana /." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2009/K_Rudnick_050109.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in anthropology)--Washington State University, May 2009.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 28, 2009). "Department of Anthropology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-103).

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Rudd, Dianne Marie. "Women and migration : internal and international migration in Australia /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phr914.pdf.

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Irenaeus, Ellen. "Empowerment of women- a strategic tool in rural development : Case study at the Barli Development Institute for Rural Women, Madhya Pradesh, India." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-158829.

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42

Miller, Doug. "Women, development and social change, the women of rural Malawi ; a case study." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0026/MQ39947.pdf.

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43

Vasey, Katherine Elizabeth. "A country welcome : emotional wellbeing and belonging among Iraqi women in rural Australia /." Connect to thesis, 2006. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00002889.

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44

Angiola, Julie E. "HPV vaccine acceptance among rural, Rocky Mountain region women." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1980572871&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Hayes, Alexandra F. "Breastfeeding among rural Panamanian women initiation and duration factors /." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2010/a_hayes_022610.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in anthropology)--Washington State University, May 2010.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on June 4, 2010). "Department of Anthropology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 42-45).

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Scott, Wendy M. Stone. "Understanding The Needs of Rural Women With low Income." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1122557535.

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Thesis (Dr. of Education)--University of Cincinnati, 2005.
Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Jul. 11, 2006). Includes abstract. Keywords: Rural Women; Ecological Counseling. Includes bibliographical references.

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47

Yamile, Ntomboxolo. "Rural women in poverty alleviation projects: the Masihlumisane project." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/7312.

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Masihlumisane (let’s grow together) is a community based project in a small rural community of Glenmore situated to the south of the Great Fish River Nature Reserve (GFRNR) and half way between Grahamstown and Peddie in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. This rural community was established as a resettlement center during pre-1994 South African government forced removals (Hallett, 1994). Glenmore is economically and socially impoverished as there are few businesses, little economic activity and minimal social tradition in the settlement (Murray, 1989). This village is characterised by an out migration of people of an economically active age, high unemployment amongst residents, dysfunctional families due to parents living elsewhere in order to earn a living, and a youthful population desperate to obtain skills and experiences that will benefit them when they leave Glenmore in the future.

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48

kilgore, colleen. "Menopause, Rurality, And Obesity in Rural African American Women." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1601.

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In the US, one in every eight deaths is due to an obesity-related chronic health condition (ORCHC). More than half of African American women (AAW) 20 years old or older are obese or morbidly obese, as are 63% of menopausal AAW. Many have ORCHC that increase their morbidity and mortality and increase health care costs. In 2013, 42.6 percent of AAs living in South Carolina (SC) were obese. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to identify the cognitive, behavioral, biological, and demographic factors that influence health outcomes (BMI, and ORCHC) of AAW living in rural SC. A sample of 200 AAW (50 in each of the 4 groups of rurality by menopausal status), 18-64 years, completed the: Menopausal Rating Scale (symptoms); Body Image Assessment for Obesity (self-perception of body); Mental Health Inventory; Block Food Frequency Questionnaire; Eating Behaviors and Chronic Conditions, Traditional Food Habits, and Food Preparation Technique questionnaires – and measures for Body Mass Index. Most rural, and premenopausal AAW were single and not living with a partner. Premenopausal women had significantly higher educational levels. Sixty percent of AAW had between 1 and 5 ORCHC. Most AAW used salt based seasonings, ate deep fried foods 1 to 3 times a week, and ate outside the home 1 to 3 times a month. Few AAW knew the correct daily serving for grains and dairy, and most consumed less than the recommended daily serving of fruits, vegetables and dairy. Morbidly obese AAW used more traditional food preparation techniques than obese and normal-weight AAW. Rural, and menopausal AAW had significantly higher morbid obesity levels, consumed larger portions of meats and vegetables, and reported more body image dissatisfaction than very rural AAW, and premenopausal AAW, respectively. Controlling for socioeconomic factors the relationships between perceptions of body images, psychological distress, and psychological wellbeing remained significant for numbers of ORCHC

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49

Purba, Rasita Ekawati. "Rural women, poverty and social welfare programs in Indonesia." University of Western Australia. School of Social and Cultural Studies, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0056.

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[Truncated abstract] As a developing country, Indonesia has been struggling with complex and contentious development issues since Independence in 1945. Despite remarkable economic achievement during the New Order period (1966-1998), poverty has persisted and the benefits of development have been unequally distributed. Social welfare — the system of social security to protect the well-being of the weaker members of society has received little attention in Indonesia, both from the state and from the scholarly community. The historical neglect of social welfare in Indonesia has begun to be addressed recently, with the Social Safety Net (SSN) initiative. SSN is a social welfare program that was launched by the government of Indonesia to mitigate the deleterious impacts of the economic crisis that hit the nation in 1997. This thesis aims to assess how the SSN accommodated the needs and aspirations of poor women, particularly those who live in rural areas. The rural poor deserve attention because poverty in rural areas is widespread and often intractable, and because poverty in rural areas tends to be more invisible than in urban areas. The urban poor are more visible, because they are “in the face” of the powerful every day, and they are more likely to be able to access agencies of power than the rural poor.

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50

Purba, Rasita Ekawati. "Rural women, poverty and social welfare programs in Indonesia /." Connect to this title, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0056.

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