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Haque, M. Ershadul, and M. Mazharul Islam. "Rural to Urban Migration and Household Living Conditions in Bangladesh." Dhaka University Journal of Science 60, no. 2 (August 3, 2012): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v60i2.11529.
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This study examines the relationships between rural to urban migration status and household living conditions, using the 2007 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) data. The analysis finds significant living condition advantage of rural-urban migrants and urban natives over rural-natives, primarily linked to migration selectivity by education and occupation. Once the independent effects of education and occupation are controlled, association between migration status and living conditions remain significant but living condition advantage of rural-urban migrants and urban natives over rural natives fall down. The results imply that promoting higher education and opportunities for employment outside the agricultural or labour sectors (pull factor) are more likely to yield improved living conditions in Bangladesh.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v60i2.11529 Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 60(2): 253-257, 2012 (July)
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ULLAH, AKM Ahsan. "Bright City Lights and Slums of Dhaka city: Determinants of rural-urban migration in Bangladesh." Migration Letters 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2004): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v1i1.24.
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This paper explores the factors contributing to the migration process in Bangladesh. 197 randomly selected migrants and their families were interviewed at both destination and source locations using closed and open-ended questionnaires. The resulting data provided descriptive and analytical statistics. Data analysis reveals that the flow of migration to the major cities in Bangladesh is the result of rural - urban dichotomies in income, employment opportunity and absorptive capacity. A significantly higher percentage of migrants live in slums as compared to other places (P<0.003). Regression analysis shows that migration is influenced by both “push” and “pull” factors, such as the search for work, landlessness, extreme poverty, loss of income,, easy access to informal sectors in cities, and joining families or relatives. A factor analysis showed similar determinants. Reducing disparities between rural and urban areas should receive urgent attention to stabilise the migration process in Bangladesh
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Al Amin, Mohammad Mastak, Md Shohel Rana, and Iftekhar Mohammad Shafiqul Kalam. "Population Movements Towards Dhaka: Disquiets And Commendations." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2017): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n5p402.
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Internal migration is now a significant constituent for policy issues in Bangladesh, so there is a need to strengthen the statistical resources devoted to monitoring population movements which directly track migrants and provide household level data. The main objective of our study was to examine the factors and characteristics of individual’s internal migration towards Dhaka city, Bangladesh and recommend some policy issues. We considered a sample of 448 individuals from the rural and urban areas of Bangladesh those migrated to Dhaka city. Here we tried to figuring the determinants of socio-economic, economic and environmental factors related with the internal migration. We tried to interpret the differences between individual’s income, occupational positions, years of schooling, educational facilities and wealth of family before and after migration process. We found that the significant factors liable for internal migration were mainly occupational, educational and climatic. Ordinary least square technique was applied on three regression models which indicated that there were differences due to internal migration regarding to these economic, demographic and environmental factors in Bangladesh. Also we tried to recommend some policies and instruments about the future policy of internal migration.
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Islam, Sirajul, Mahmuda Jahan Papia, and Sabrina Yesmin. "The Rural-Urban Migration and its Socio-Economic Consequences: A Study on the Rayerbazar Area of Dhaka City." International Journal of Publication and Social Studies 7, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5050.v7i1.4452.
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Movement from villages to cities is a crucial issue for Bangladesh. It influences both urban and rural socio-economic conditions. This paper basically focuses the influences of movement from different rural areas to Rayerbazar area in Dhaka. The questionnaire survey is used to find out the required results. Researchers divide the reasons of rural-urban (RU) migration into four categories as; economic, social, political and personal. This paper shows economic impact and social impact of rural-urban migration. Structural Equation Model (SEM) shows that RU migration due to social, and economic reasons has positive economic impact but RU migration due to political and personal reasons has negative economic impact. RU migration for social and economic reasons have negative social impact but political and personal reasons have positive social impact. Internal movement is one of the biggest problems for Dhaka city which could be reduced by ensuring sufficient income generating opportunities in villages.
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Reza, Selim. "Hyper-individualized recruitment: Rural-urban labour migration and precarious construction work in Bangladesh." Migration, Mobility, & Displacement 2, no. 2 (October 3, 2016): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/mmd22201615019.
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Indirect recruitment through individual recruiters triggers specific areas of precarious employment in the construction sector of Bangladesh. This paper critically examines the navigating role of individual recruiters in determining precarious work conditions for the rural-urban migrant labourers. It unpacks the inter-connections between recruitment practices, rural-urban labour migration and precarious employment in the construction sector of Bangladesh. Taking the case study of migrant construction labourers in Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, it draws on surveys and in-depth interviews to examine specific conditions of individualized recruitment practices and employment relations that contribute to various pressures and insecurities amongst migrant construction labourers. Examining labour recruitment through the lens of precarious work, this paper argues that neoliberal practices have led to indirect recruitment practices where the pronounced existence of individual recruiters as the key actors underpins the precariousness of construction labour in Bangladesh.
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Ishtiaque, Asif, and Sofi Ullah. "THE INFLUENCE OF FACTORS OF MIGRATION ON THE MIGRATION STATUS OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRANTS IN DHAKA, BANGLADESH." HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography 7, no. 2 (November 20, 2013): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5719/hgeo.2013.72.45.
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Badhan, Ishrat Momtaz, and Asma Siddika. "Evaluating the Policy Outcomes for Urban Resiliency in Informal Settlements Since Independence in Dhaka, Bangladesh: A Review." Nakhara : Journal of Environmental Design and Planning 17 (October 18, 2019): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.54028/nj20191797110.
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Today’s cities are characterized by the process of urbanization, which in most cases is integrated with the escalation of informal settlements due to excessive migration followed by a housing crisis. This is a common situation for most cities in developing countries, such as Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. Dhaka has emerged as one of the fastest growing megacities in recent times, which receives a major number of rural to urban migrants annually due to its growth as the major economic hub of Bangladesh. Dhaka has one of the largest populations among all global cities, which results in a critical challenge for urban areas that are experiencing very fast growing slum and squatter settlements. Considering the global concern toward urban resiliency, several policy approaches such as eviction, resettlement, and upgrading have been adopted to deal with slum (bastee) settlements of Dhaka since independence in 1972. The objective of this study is to analyse these adopted policies chronologically by reviewing the policy outcomes of other South Asian countries. The study follows a theoretical analysis from secondary resources and finally makes a summary of different policies and their outcomes.
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Miklian, Jason, and Kristian Hoelscher. "Entrepreneurial Strategies to Address Rural-Urban Climate-Induced Vulnerabilities: Assessing Adaptation and Innovation Measures in Dhaka, Bangladesh." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 2, 2020): 9115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219115.
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Climate change amplifies social, political, economic, infrastructural and environmental challenges in many Global South cities, and perhaps no city is more vulnerable than Bangladesh’s capital of Dhaka. Climate-induced rural–urban migration is a profound concern, and Dhaka’s political leaders have embraced technology-based innovation as one solution pathway. This article explores the societal impact of Dhaka’s innovation environment strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation. Employing a case study qualitative methodology, our three findings expand knowledge about innovation for urban climate adaptation and mitigation as understood by Dhaka-based entrepreneurs. First, the most effective innovations were not the most technologically advanced, but those with the highest degree of participant ownership. Second, gaps between recipient, corporate and governmental understandings of effective mitigation and adaptation harmed projects were driven by different definitions of risk and competing understandings of vulnerability. Third, even the most technical climate adaptation measures were inherently political in their application. We discuss how to better position urban climate innovation infrastructures in Bangladesh and beyond, including developing a better recognition of innovation lifecycles for urban climate adaptation and widening our definitions of “innovation” to better incorporate more effective and inclusive climate adaptation solutions.
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Islam, Muhaiminul, Sumaia Kashem, Shameem Morshed, Md Mostafizur Rahman, and Anutosh Das. "Dynamics of Seasonal Migration of Rural Livelihood." Advanced Journal of Social Science 5, no. 1 (June 3, 2019): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ajss.5.1.81-92.
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Globally, farming communities migrates considering it as a livelihood strategy, especially given unprecedented environmental change. Because migration facilitates poverty reduction, education improvement, entrepreneurial investments and even the economic evolution of the origin areas. Farmers in the northern region of Bangladesh migrate during the slack season when farming activities are not up to the mark. Driven by this context, this study examined the principal actors, the pattern of seasonal migration in the context of seasonal variability and migration's role in food security and livelihood resilience in the Barind Tract, Bangladesh. The participatory rural appraisal was employed for collecting basic facts and information. The study suggests that poverty is the root cause of migration, such that men from poor households with small landholdings and high food insecurity migrate for work during the winter. Moreover, the traditional practice of sharecropping, which helped them reduce food shortages, has also become less profitable these days. Therefore, the tendency of migrating is likely to escalating among the people of this region, and those already relocated are planning to settle down there for a more extended period. Currently, such migrants are getting engaged in low-paying unskilled wage work, construction work mainly in Rajshahi city, Mohadevpur, and Dhaka the capital city of Bangladesh, which enables them to make not only modest savings but also hard enough to repay the debt their family has incurred during food shortages.
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Bal, Ellen, Hosna J. Shewly, and Runa Laila. "Aspiration and Desperation Traps in Trajectories of Physical and Social Mobility-Immobility." Transfers 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2021.110204.
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Over the last two decades, Bangladesh has experienced a dramatic shift in terms of female rural–urban migration, often referred to as the feminization of migration. Drawing on extensive ethnographic research on young female migrants’ livelihood experiences in Dhaka and Gazipur, this article makes three contributions to the migration and mobilities literature. First, while migration often constitutes an adequate tool for resolving desperation, it may also cause an aspiration-desperation trap. Secondly, the transformative potential of migration and mobility for changing social relations of class and gender is not always as effective as it is argued. Lastly, by focusing on the temporalities of migrants’ circumstances, we argue that migration is a continuous process in which mobility and immobility are deeply entangled.
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Mumu, Shirin Jahan, A. K. M. Fazlur Rahman, Paul P. Fahey, Liaquat Ali, and Dafna Merom. "Lifestyle risk factors and metabolic markers of cardiovascular diseases in Bangladeshi rural-to-urban male migrants compared with their non-migrant siblings: A sibling-pair comparative study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 27, 2022): e0274388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274388.
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Background The increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in developing countries like Bangladesh has been linked to progressive urbanisation. Comparisons of rural and urban populations often find a higher prevalence of CVD risk factors in the urban population, but rural-to-urban migrants might have different CVD risk profiles than either rural or urban residents. This study aimed to describe differences in CVD risk factors between migrants and non-migrants siblings and to determine whether acculturation factors were associated with CVD risk factors among migrants. Methods Using a sibling-pair comparative study, 164 male migrant who migrated from Pirganj rural areas to Dhaka City and their rural siblings (total N = 328) were assessed by interview, anthropometric measurement, blood pressure and blood samples. Comparisons were made using linear or logistic mixed effects models. Findings Physical inactivity, inadequate intake of fruit and vegetables and possible existence of a mental health disorder had 3.3 (1.73; 6.16), 4.3 (2.32; 7.92) and 2.9 (1.37; 6.27) times higher odds among migrants than their rural siblings, respectively. Migrants watched television on average 20 minutes (95% CI 6.17–35.08 min/day) more per day than the rural sibling group whereas PUFA intake, fruit and vegetable and fish intake of the migrants were -5.3 gm/day (-6.91; -3.70), -21.6 serving/week (-28.20; -15.09), -14.1 serving/week (-18.32; -9.87), respectively, lower than that of the rural siblings. No significant difference was observed for other variables. After adjusting, the risk of physical inactivity, inadequate fruit and vegetable intake, a mental health disorder and low HDL were significantly higher in migrants than in rural siblings and tended to be higher for each increasing tertile of urban life exposure. Conclusion The findings suggest that migration from rural-to-urban environment increases CVD risk which exacerbate with time spent in urban area due to acculturation. This study gives new insights into the increased CVD risk related with migration and urbanization in Bangladesh.
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Mahbubur Rahman, Mohammad, Md Shareful Hassan, Khalid Md. Bahauddin, Adib Khondoker Ratul, and Mohammad Amir Hossain Bhuiyan. "Exploring the impact of rural–urban migration on urban land use and land cover: a case of Dhaka city, Bangladesh." Migration and Development 7, no. 2 (March 13, 2017): 222–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2017.1301298.
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Koly, Kamrun Nahar, Md Saiful Islam, Daniel D. Reidpath, Jobaida Saba, Sohana Shafique, Md Razib Chowdhury, and Farzana Begum. "Health-Related Quality of Life among Rural-Urban Migrants Living in Dhaka Slums: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Bangladesh." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (October 7, 2021): 10507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910507.
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Background: The study aimed to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and its associated factors among urban slum dwellers who migrated from different rural parts of Bangladesh. Methods: The present study analyzed data from a Migration and Mobility Determinants on Health survey and was conducted in 2017 among 935 migrant slum dwellers of Dhaka city (North & South) and Gazipur City Corporations, as a part of the icddr,b’s Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (UHDSS). The face-to-face interviews were conducted with the adult population by using a semi-structured questionnaire that included variables related to socio-demographics, migration, occupation, and HRQoL (SF-12). Bivariate and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to determine the factors associated with HRQoL. Results: The mean (±SD) scores of physical component summary (PCS), and mental component summary (MCS) were 57.40 ± 22.73 and 60.77 ± 22.51, respectively. As per multiple regression analysis, lower PCS scores were associated with having older age, being female, and not having any job. Mean MCS scores were significantly lower among participants who reported having older age, not having any job, not working/ less working hours (≤8 h/day), as well as increased work-related stress in the current urban slum. Conclusions: The findings suggest that available urban social protection programs should include a comprehensive social safety net for the improvement of the slum infrastructure as well as proper health care and risk mitigation plans at workplaces.
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Castellano, Rachel, Nives Dolšak, and Aseem Prakash. "Willingness to help climate migrants: A survey experiment in the Korail slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 22, 2021): e0249315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249315.
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Bangladesh faces a severe rural to urban migration challenge, which is accentuated by climate change and the Rohingya crisis. These migrants often reside in urban slums and struggle to access public services, which are already short in supply for existing slum dwellers. Given the inadequacy of governmental efforts, nonprofits have assumed responsibility for providing essential services such as housing, healthcare, and education. Would local slum-dwellers in Dhaka be willing to support such nonprofits financially? We deploy an in-person survey experiment with three frames (generic migrants, climate migrants, and religiously persecuted Rohingya migrants) to assess Dhaka slum-dwellers’ willingness to support a humanitarian charity that provides healthcare services to migrants. Bangladesh is noted as a climate change hotspot and its government is vocal about the climate issue in international forums. While we expected this to translate into public support for climate migrants, we find respondents are 16% less likely to support climate migrants in relation to the generic migrants. However, consistent with the government’s hostility towards Rohingya, we find that respondents are 9% less likely to support a charity focused on helping Rohingya migrants. Our results are robust even when we examine subpopulations such as recent arrivals in Dhaka and those who have experienced floods (both of which could be expected to be more sympathetic to climate migrants), as well as those who regularly follow the news (and hence are well informed about the climate and the Rohingya crisis).
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Alam, Md Zakiul, and Abdullah Al Mamun. "Dynamics of internal migration in Bangladesh: Trends, patterns, determinants, and causes." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): e0263878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263878.
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Introduction Internal migration is essential to understand the population dynamics and the multifaceted relationship between population and development of a nation. In Bangladesh, the study of international migration is more frequent due to its socioeconomic importance and data availability. However, the study of internal migration is less frequent as there lie complexities in measuring internal migration, and data are less available. Thus, this paper aimed to explore the dynamics of internal in Bangladesh. Data and methods We utilized data from the Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 1991–2011. The number of internal migrants was estimated using the United Nations Manual on Methods of Measuring Internal Migration- Manual VI. District-wise lifetime and net internal migration rate were the dependent variables where several socioeconomic variables were used as independent variables. The correlation and the stepwise multiple linear regression analysis were employed. Results Dhaka, Gazipur, Narayanganj, and all the Divisional cities have the highest in-migration rate, whereas the northern and southern districts of Bangladesh have the highest out-migration rate. The regression model showed that activity rate appeared to be the strongest predictor (β = 0.419, P<0.001) of net migration for 2011, followed by city corporation (β = 0.275, P<0.01) and poverty rate (β = -0.246, P<0.01). However, the lifetime internal migration rate was 9.8% in 2011. The pooled model (1991–2011) for lifetime internal migration showed that activity rate (β = 0.408, P<0.001), population density (β = 0.386, P<0.001), literacy rate (β = 0.341, P<0.001), and city corporation (β = 0.139, P<0.01) were the significant factors of internal migration. Marriage, looking for a job, employment/business, education, and natural calamities were the reasons for internal migration. Discussion and conclusion The destinations of migrants are few developed and urbanized cities which needs particular attention in policy planning. If the current migration trends continue, few cities will have an excessive population, which will increase density and pollution, thereby decreasing living standards. Thus, along with comprehensive urban planning, decentralization of government and private institutions must be ensured. Since the rural to urban migration rate is high, the findings recommend more development and concentration in the rural area. Finally, education, training, and work opportunities for migrants should be safeguarded in the area of origin.
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Islam, Ummay Nayeema, and Farzana Afroz. "Impact of Migration on the Utilization of Antenatal Care Services among Women of Urban Slums in Bangladesh." Dhaka University Journal of Science 70, no. 2 (December 18, 2022): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v70i2.62599.
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Mothers living in urban slums in Bangladesh get far less access to maternal and child health care services which may lead to mortality or serious morbidity to mothers as well as newborns. Lack of antennal care (ANC) is closely linked to poor pregnancy outcomes including low birth weight, preterm births or infant mortality. However, exposure to migration makes the situation worse in terms of attending urban community health care facilities among women in slums. Since the effect of migration on the usage of antenatal care services in slums has remained an under studied area, this paper aims to examine the adjusted effect of migration on perceiving adequate ANC. Data from the second round of Bangladesh Urban Health Survey conducted in 2013 have been used for this study. A well fitted binary logistic model resulted in lower odds of receiving complete ANC among recently migrated women in slums (AOR=0.602, 95% CI=0.43-0.85). Therefore, further emphasis should be given to increase awareness about antenatal care services among women who are recently migrated to urban slums in Bangladesh. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 70(2): 8-14, 2022 (July)
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Mannan, Fouzia. "The Urban Poor and Livelihood Vulnerability: Are Gender, Age and Marriage Intertwined." Social Science Review 37, no. 2 (November 20, 2021): 217–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ssr.v37i2.56515.
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Dhaka is the capital city and the single fastest growing metropolis in Bangladesh – by 2020 its population will have increased thirty-fold to over ten million. This rapid population growth is largely facilitated by mass rural-to-urban migration. The speed of urbanization and the enormous numbers involved make it one of the major development challenges of the 21st century (World Bank & Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies, 1998). Neither public nor private facilities can meet the basic human needs (food, water, shelter, sanitation, and a safe environment) of slum dwellers, most of whom also lack livelihood security. To understand the magnitude of urban poverty, this research explores the question of whether gender, age and marital status are indeed linked to livelihood vulnerability among the urban poor. It has utilized qualitative methods of data collection -FGDs, case studies (based on in depth-interviews) and participant observation from a selected slum in Dhaka- Begultila. Results of this study has indicated that both physical and emotional vulnerabilities have a crucial impact on the livelihood pattern of the slum dwellers of Begultila. To understand the state and nature of poverty in Begultila it is important to consider non-economic factors, which have a very strong role in enhancing vulnerability among the urban poor, particularly with children, women, and the elderly. This study sheds new light on urban poverty in relation to livelihood vulnerability; and consequently, highlights the diverse experiences of the urban poor and the livelihood insecurity that automatically categorizes them as one of the most vulnerable groups within the slum community. This form of livelihood vulnerability has a crucial effect on the nature and quality of life of the urban poor, particularly for women, which in turn, perpetuates the cycle of poverty.
Social Science Review, Vol. 37(2), Dec 2020 Page 217-237
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Afrad, Md Safiul Islam, Anwara Begum, Md Enamul Haque, and Noor Shaila Sarmin. "Impact of Labor Migration on Rural Livelihood in Pakundia Upazila under Kishoregonj District of Bangladesh." Agriculturists 18, no. 1 (September 29, 2020): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v18i1.49460.
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The focal objective guided the present study was to investigate the impact of labor migration on rural livelihood. Pakundiaupazila under Kishoregonj district was purposively selected as the locale of the study. Three villages viz. Narandi, Hossendi and Patuabhanga were randomly selected. A sample consisting of 80 respondents, having at least one migrant agricultural labor was selected following stratified proportionate random sampling technique. Quantitative data were collected by the researchers using a structured interview schedule through face to face interview method. Qualitative data were collected through group discussion and direct observation methods. Statistics like range, mean, percentile and rank order were employed throughout the study. Majority (54.5%) of the household owners fell under old age group; 53.2 percent belonged to the group of primary level of education; 56.3 percent had medium family; 78.8 percent families were nuclear; more than half (51.0%) of them belonged to medium income category; greater part (55.2%) of them had medium contact with the sources of information; 50.1 percent of the respondents had low organizational participation; and 50.0 percent of them showed high cosmopoliteness. Majority of migrant workers (46.7%) migrated in Middle East and Dhaka city (25.3). Major causes of labor migration were higher income possibilities, job security, social status, major types of migration were rural-urban, migration to other country and seasonal migration. Vital negative impacts of labor migration on agriculture were: decreased family labor; dependency on remittance; and increased vulnerability difficult situation. Vibrant positive impacts of labor migration were observed on financial capital (increased remittance flow and total household income) followed by physical (enriched household gadgets and real properties possession), human (improved skills in agricultural practices and enhanced competency in managing farm production) and social capitals (enhanced social relation and developed social network)while negative impact was observed on natural capital (decreased agricultural land status and natural vegetation). Hiring labor, change in cropping pattern and agricultural transformation were the major ways of coping up with labor shortage in agricultural production.
The Agriculturists 2020; 18(1) 66-80
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Islam, Ummay Nayeema, and Tasmiah Sad Sutopa. "The Burden of Neonatal Mortality in Urban Slums of Bangladesh: Evidence from Bangladesh Urban Health Survey 2013 Data." Dhaka University Journal of Science 69, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v69i1.54620.
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Children in slums are in a vulnerable situation because of their low living standard and poor access to healthcare services. It is melancholic that newborns are the worst victims of this devastating condition. This paper aims at finding out the potential determinants of neonatal death in urban slums using Bangladesh Urban Health Survey 2013 data. For the purpose of analyses, bivariate analysis has been conducted using chi-square test and multiple logistic regression model is used to assess the adjusted effects of potential determinants of neonatal mortality in slum area. Results indicate that type of birth, mother’s education, working status, NGO membership, migration status, pregnancy complication and water source played significant role in occurring neonatal death in slum areas. In order to reduce neonatal mortality in slums, migrant mothers should get the highest priority; awareness building programs should be held frequently in slums regarding maternal health and health care practices for the pregnant mothers as well as their newborn babies.
Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 69(1): 31-35, 2021 (January)
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Sutopa, Tasmiah Sad. "Maternal Health Care Seeking Behavior in Urban Area of Bangladesh: Does Migration Create Inequity?" Dhaka University Journal of Science 67, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v67i2.54586.
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The main aim of this paper is to find potential sources that affect maternal health care seeking behavior of women of urban areas in period around the birth of their children using data extracted from Bangladesh Urban Health Survey 2013. To examine the maternal health care seeking behavior among women,antenatal care, place of delivery and postnatal care are considered as dependent variables and several demographic and socio-economic factors are included as independent variable. The study reveals that the recent migrant women and slum dwellers have a tendency of being disadvantaged in context of maternal health care. There is still plenty of room to work on maternal health care among women in urban areas especially among recent migrants so that significant improvement can be initialized to achieve an equity in overall health care system in Bangladesh.
Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 67(2): 131-138, 2019 (July)
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Amjad, Karisma. "Climate Migrant Elderly Abuse and Neglect: A Study in Slums of Dhaka, Bangladesh." Journal of Aging Research and Healthcare 3, no. 1 (April 21, 2020): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2474-7785.jarh-20-3301.
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Bangladesh many older people spend their life in not only the unwell health but also in poverty which is major risk for the elderly population. This is especially true for older women, who suffer from various difficulties ensuing from prejudices to gender, widowhood and old age. Climate migrants start living in urban slums are in search of better and secure life. But urban slums located mostly in low lying environmentally hazardous area coupled with inadequate facilities like food, shelter, sanitation, health care make their life even worse. Older Women are the vulnerable groups in society in terms of climate change, movement; haphazard growth and unhealthy environment are the target group for this research. This study represents the nature and extent of elderly abuse of climate migrant urban poor women slum dwellers in Dhaka city in Bangladesh context. Besides, this paper also observe the socio-economic status of the study respondents and try to find out the self-stated reasons of elderly abuse. This study conducted both quantitative and qualitative types study on two slums of Dhaka with purposive sample survey, KII and in depth qualitative interview of selected climate migrant slum dwellers while purposive sample size of 50. Decreasing in earning capacity, inability and economic dependency, health hazard, maladjustment, changing social values have a separate role in the connection of older abuse. Planned migration, awareness program implantations against elderly abuse and secured socioeconomic factors are suggested through this paper to lessen exposure to further neglecting of elderly climate migrant women in urban slums.
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Nayna Schwerdtle, Patricia, Kate Baernighausen, Sayeda Karim, Tauheed Syed Raihan, Samiya Selim, Till Baernighausen, and Ina Danquah. "A Risk Exchange: Health and Mobility in the Context of Climate and Environmental Change in Bangladesh—A Qualitative Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 2629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052629.
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Background: Climate change influences patterns of human mobility and health outcomes. While much of the climate change and migration discourse is invested in quantitative predictions and debates about whether migration is adaptive or maladaptive, less attention has been paid to the voices of the people moving in the context of climate change with a focus on their health and wellbeing. This qualitative research aims to amplify the voices of migrants themselves to add nuance to dominant migration narratives and to shed light on the real-life challenges migrants face in meeting their health needs in the context of climate change. Methods: We conducted 58 semi-structured in-depth interviews with migrants purposefully selected for having moved from rural Bhola, southern Bangladesh to an urban slum in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis under the philosophical underpinnings of phenomenology. Coding was conducted using NVivo Pro 12. Findings: We identified two overarching themes in the thematic analysis: Firstly, we identified the theme “A risk exchange: Exchanging climate change and health risks at origin and destination”. Rather than describing a “net positive” or “net negative” outcome in terms of migration in the context of climate change, migrants described an exchange of hazards, exposures, and vulnerabilities at origin with those at destination, which challenged their capacity to adapt. This theme included several sub-themes—income and employment factors, changing food environment, shelter and water sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) conditions, and social capital. The second overarching theme was “A changing health and healthcare environment”. This theme also included several sub-themes—changing physical and mental health status and a changing healthcare environment encompassing quality of care and barriers to accessing healthcare. Migrants described physical and mental health concerns and connected these experiences with their new environment. These two overarching themes were prevalent across the dataset, although each participant experienced and expressed them uniquely. Conclusion: Migrants who move in the context of climate change face a range of diverse health risks at the origin, en route, and at the destination. Migrating individuals, households, and communities undertake a risk exchange when they decide to move, which has diverse positive and negative consequences for their health and wellbeing. Along with changing health determinants is a changing healthcare environment where migrants face different choices, barriers, and quality of care. A more migrant-centric perspective as described in this paper could strengthen migration, climate, and health governance. Policymakers, urban planners, city corporations, and health practitioners should integrate the risk exchange into practice and policies.
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Patwary, AKM Asaduzzaman. "Relation of migration trend and gender of RMG labour force in Industrial areas in Bangladesh." Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation 2, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.daengku719.
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Legitimate labour migration has, no doubt, got much attention in various economies and labour force irrespective of gender tempt for diverse employment. Industrial employment and job concentration in industrial cluster always provoke work driven migration. People relocate their whereabouts based on their secure livelihoods. And, economic centralization and targeted migration thus associate each other with no exception in Bangladesh. In the 5-decade long industrial history, many changes, reforms and challenges were noticed throughout our industrial ecosystem and labour dynamics. Labour force is a critical strength for efficient and low-cost productivity. In this regard, our mixed labour force, skilled, semi and unskilled workforce, has shaped our local industry and positioned as the most competitive regionally and contributed to gain productivity momentum and foreign trade growth. RMG industry, the forefront export-oriented sector of economy, has emerged as the largest employer of local migrated workforce of all contemporary industries in Bangladesh encouraging labour migration in urban area. This industry shares relatively large in GDP and export earning. With unprecedented contribution by RMG to economy, this study attempted to know whether any relationship of migration trend and gender status since this industry is a female dominant industry. The assessment of correlation is justifiably demanded due to women employment intensity since inception. But, this quantitative research-cause and effect study resulted that gender and migration condition and flow have no positive relationship and integration upon applying non-parametric test Chi-square test of significance. Around 252 independent samples from RMG factories in Dhaka and nearby districts where industrial hubs are located. It has obtained the null and rejected alternative hypothesis. These findings may help for national perspective planning and development planning. The drawn outcomes may also enable us national resource planning, mapping and human development index. As well, we can measure labour productivity in RMG industry and plan for future facility as well urban living and economic development.
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Chowdhury, Afroza. "Food Habit and Dietary Intake of Garment Workers in Semi-Urban Area of Bangladesh." American International Journal of Agricultural Studies 2, no. 1 (October 23, 2019): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.46545/aijas.v2i1.113.
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The study was conducted to assess the food habit and dietary pattern of garment workers who work at semi-urban area of Dhaka and Gazipur. Under the specific objectives the study tried to reveal the family background of garment workers, reasons of migration and involving in garment factory, monthly budgetary allocation for food, access to commodity market, rice consumption pattern, average food intake and changes in overall livelihood pattern. The result showed that,12 percent of the respondent was the only earning member of the family. Average family size of the respondents was 7 whereas number of dependent family member on his/her income was 3(on an average). Most of the respondent garment workers belong to farming community (78%). The majority (58 percent) of them were migrated for extreme poverty or insolvency. The finding ensured that cereals, notably rice, constitute the most important item of food consumed by the garment workers. Rice essentially dominated average daily food intake per person at 443 grams making up 52.37% of total food consumption. Among the respondent’s 36 percent took rice thrice a day and rice were also being consumed as snacks in different forms as well. Varietal preference of rice was found dependent on respondent’s budget constraints and per unit retail price.
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Choudhury, Zishan Fuad. "Nodes and Streets: Exploring the Pedestrian Mobility Pattern in the Intersection of the Streets in Dhaka City." Nakhara : Journal of Environmental Design and Planning 20 (August 2, 2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.54028/nj202120107.
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A viable pedestrian movement has always been a challenging for the urban planners and designers. The modern perception is to create a mobility towards pedestrian environment and at the same time limiting the dependency on vehicular movement. Pedestrians plays an important key role on reshaping nodes and the streets. The mental mapping of a pedestrian guides him to mobilize from one point to another and creates a pattern of an individual. When hundreds of points are created by the pedestrians a new order of network has created and different functions are intervened often to support them. These changes are responsible for the urban fabric to create a certain dimension and a vibrant network of movement.
Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh is thriving on vehicular dependency movement but majority of the population are still pedestrians and depends only on public transports. Pedestrian population is dramatically increased due to constant migration of labor incentive market, better employment and fast moving lifestyle. But although the pedestrians are responsible for the vibrant environment due to their mobility pattern, a major upheaval also occur for the unplanned and haphazard street functions on nodal points to serve the pedestrians. In this paper, evaluates the causes of pedestrian movement pattern, illustrate the problems and ineffective functions that creates a node. And finally on the basis of analysis, an outcome of urban node principle has been proposed, serving more effective movements and holistic kind of functional urbanism.
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Amjad, Karisma. "Mental Health Scenario of Climate Migrant Women among Slum Dwellers in Dhaka City." International Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research 1, no. 4 (August 14, 2020): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2574-612x.ijpr-20-3491.
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Climate change is a global challenge which is likely to affect the mankind in substantial ways. Not only climate change is expected to affect physical health, it is also likely to affect mental health. Increased frequency of disasters with climate change can lead to posttraumatic stress disorder, adjustment disorder, and depression. Changes in climate may require population to migrate, which can lead to acculturation stress. It can also lead to increased rates of physical illnesses, which secondarily would be associated with psychological distress. Using a qualitative approach, this research explores the mental health status of migrant women in two urban slum areas in Dhaka city. The purpose of this study is to perform a review of existing secondary data and present mental health scenario of climate migrant women among slum dwellers and amplified gaps in knowledge regarding psychological health care system in Bangladesh. It is found that there is a lack of mental health preparedness and response in majority parts in the country specially the city slum, where aid cannot be reached to the sufferers. The paper concludes with a discussion of what can and should be done to tackle the expected mental health issues consequent to climate change and migration.
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Das, Sumon Kumar, Shahnawaz Ahmed, Farzana Ferdous, Fahmida Dil Farzana, Mohammod Jobayer Chisti, Jonathan Ross Latham, Kaisar Ali Talukder, et al. "Etiological diversity of diarrhoeal disease in Bangladesh." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 7, no. 12 (December 15, 2013): 900–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.3003.
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Background: This study compared the diversity of common diarrhoeal pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility in four hospitals in Bangladesh. Methodology: A total of 13,959 diarrhoea patients, comprising rural Mirzapur [2,820), rural Matlab (2,865), urban Dhaka (5,287) and urban Mirpur (2,987) were included under the diarrhoeal disease surveillance system of icddr,b during 2010-2011; stool specimens were tested for Shigella spp., Vibrio cholerae, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and rotavirus. Results: Rotavirus was highest in Mirzapur (28%) followed by Dhaka (24%), Matlab (19%) and Mirpur (18%). Overall, Shigella was significantly more prevalent in rural sites (Mirzapur 13% and Matlab 7%), than in urban sites (Dhaka 3% and Mirpur 3%). Vibrio cholerae was more common in the urban sites of Dhaka (14%) and Mirpur (12%). 72% of Shigella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin in Mirzapur, and 88% to mecillinam. In Dhaka, the figures for Shigella were 65% and 50%, in Matlab 65% and 85%, and in Mirpur 59% and 92% respectively. Susceptibility of Shigella to azithromycin and ceftriaxone in Dhaka was 74% and 95%, and in Mirpur 88% and 92% respectively. Vibrio cholerae showed the highest resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (100% in Mirpur) and lowest resistance to ciprofloxacin (0% in Dhaka, Matlab and Mirpur) and azithromycin (30% in Dhaka to 7% in Mirzapur). Multidrug resistance (≥ 3 antibiotics) for Shigella were: Mirzapur (50%); Dhaka (36%); Matlab (23%) and Mirpur (37%); and for V. cholerae it was 26%, 37%, 49% and 23% respectively. Conclusion: The isolation rates and antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella spp. and V. cholerae along with rotavirus differed significantly in certain geographical sites.
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Barua, Dipesh Kumar, Sumon Kumar Das, Abu Syed Golam Faruque, Mohammad Habibur Rahman Sarker, Jui Das, Shahnawaz Ahmed, Mohammad Abdul Malek, KM Shahunja, and Mohammod Jobayer Chisti. "Glimpse on shigellosis from endemic Bangladesh: decades of observation with urban-rural differentials." Bangladesh Critical Care Journal 4, no. 2 (October 21, 2016): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bccj.v4i2.30026.
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The Diarrhoeal Disease Surveillence System of icddr,b noted increasing proportion of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri at urban Dhaka and rural Matlab from 2000 to 2013. Shigella sonnei appeared as emerging serogroup during 2009-13 compared to 2000-04 among individuals aged ? 60 years both in Dhaka and Matlab, while Shigella boydii and Shigella flexneri showed remarkable increase with 400% and 100% respectively in Dhaka, and a moderate increase (55%) both Shigella boydii and Shigella flexneri in Matlab. However, decreased trend of all the Shigella species in both the sites except Shigella dysenteriae in Dhaka was found among under-5 children. Individuals from higher socio-economic status such as those having a monthly family income of >100 USD had protective role against shigellosis in Dhaka during 2009-13. Shigella species and host factors are responsible for changing trend as well as predictors of shigellosis.Bangladesh Crit Care J September 2016; 4 (2): 105-109
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Hasan, Mehedi, Md Showkat Ali Khan, Ipsita Sutradhar, Md Mokbul Hossain, Moyazzam Hossaine, Yukie Yoshimura, Sohel Reza Choudhury, Malabika Sarker, and Malay Kanti Mridha. "Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension in selected urban and rural areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh: findings from SHASTO baseline survey." BMJ Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): e038975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038975.
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ObjectiveWe implemented this study to report the prevalence and associated risk factors of hypertension among adult men and women aged >30 years residing in selected urban and rural areas of Dhaka division, Bangladesh.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingTwo urban (Dhaka city north and Dhaka city south) and two rural (Narsinghdi and Gazipur district) areas of the Dhaka division.ParticipantsA total of 4856 male and female participants were included in the final analysis, of whom 2340 (48.2%) were from urban and 2516 (51.8%) were from rural areas.Primary outcomeHypertension was the dependent variable for this study and was operationally defined as systolic blood pressure >140 mm of Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure >90 mm of Hg, and/or persons with already diagnosed hypertension.ResultsThe overall prevalence of hypertension was 31.0%, and the prevalence was higher among urban participants (urban: 36.9%, rural: 30.6%). Age (across all categories), female (urban—adjusted OR (AOR): 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0 to 1.5 and rural—AOR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.4 to 2.1)), higher educational status (urban—AOR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.3 to 2.2 and rural—AOR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.5 to 3.1), inadequate physical activity (urban—AOR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0 to 1.7 and rural—AOR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2 to 1.9) and overweight/obesity (urban—AOR: 2.7, 95% CI: 2.1 to 3.3 and rural—AOR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.7 to 2.5) were associated with hypertension in both urban and rural areas. Women who were not currently married during the survey had higher odds of hypertension only in the rural areas (rural—AOR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.3 to 2.4), and respondents who were not working during the survey had higher odds of hypertension only in the urban areas (AOR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.0 to 2.6).ConclusionSince the prevalence of hypertension was high in urban and rural areas, the government of Bangladesh should consider implementing hypertension prevention programmes focusing young population of Dhaka division. In addition, early screening programmes and management of hypertension need to be strengthened for people with hypertension in both the areas.
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Al-Maruf, Abdullah, A. K. M. Kanak Pervez, Pradip Kumar Sarker, Md Saifur Rahman, and Jorge Ruiz-Menjivar. "Exploring the Factors of Farmers’ Rural–Urban Migration Decisions in Bangladesh." Agriculture 12, no. 5 (May 19, 2022): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050722.
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In Bangladesh, rural–urban migration is widespread. Many earlier studies discussed the factors, patterns, causes, and consequences and the socio-economic and environmental impact of migration from the general perspective. However, rural–urban migration with a particular focus on particular communities or migrants’ employment profiles, for instance, farmers, is poorly described. In contrast, many farmers move from rural to urban areas every year in Bangladesh. However, the factors that affect farmers’ rural-to-urban migration are a primary concern to academia and key actors, as the country’s economy mainly depends on agriculture and farming. This paper, therefore, aimed to identify the underlying factors of the rural–urban (R–U) migration of farmers in Bangladesh. Data for this study came from phone interviews conducted with 254 migrant farmers living in city districts in Bangladesh. We adopted a three-step approach to select and identify factors that impacted farmers’ decision to move from rural to urban settings. First, we reviewed the extant literature and compiled more than 70 variables of interest relevant to farmers’ migration. Second, 30 variables were selected for data collection after consultations with key informants (KIIs) and informal discussions (IDs) with farmers and local community leaders. Besides, the Q-methodology was used to assess the level of importance of the selected variables. Lastly, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to extract salient dimensions of farmers’ rural-to-urban migration, where 21 variables were detected that consistently exceeded a threshold value of 0.50 of communality for further analysis. Our findings show that six dimensions—i.e., individual, household, economic, attitudinal, spatial, and climate-induced extremes—significantly influence and contribute to rural urban migration decisions for farmers. Further, our results indicated that age, agricultural knowledge, household debt, seasonal famine/poverty (Monga), unemployment in rural areas, availability of anticipated job opportunities in urban areas, shortage of agricultural inputs, and river erosion significantly influenced farmers’ decision to leave their farms in Bangladesh. Findings from this study may be used as inputs in predictive models and benchmark guidelines for assessing trends and patterns of rural-to-urban migration and for the formulation of policy and programs targeting domestic migration in Bangladesh for proper urban planning and further rural development.
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DAS, S. K., D. BEGUM, S. AHMED, F. FERDOUS, F. D. FARZANA, M. J. CHISTI, J. R. LATHAM, et al. "Geographical diversity in seasonality of major diarrhoeal pathogens in Bangladesh observed between 2010 and 2012." Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 12 (February 13, 2014): 2530–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881400017x.
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SUMMARYThe study aimed to determine the geographical diversity in seasonality of major diarrhoeal pathogens among 21 138 patients enrolled between 2010 and 2012 in two urban and two rural sites in Bangladesh under the surveillance system of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b). Distinct patterns in seasonality were found for rotavirus diarrhoea which peaked in winter across the sites (December and January) and dipped during the rainy season (May) in urban Dhaka, August in Mirpur and July in Matlab, equated by time-series analysis using quasi-Poisson regression model. Significant seasonality for shigellosis was observed in Dhaka and rural Mirzapur. Cholera had robust seasonality in Dhaka and Matlab in the hot and rainy seasons. For enterotoxogenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) diarrhoea, clearly defined seasonality was observed in Dhaka (summer). Understanding the seasonality of such pathogens can improve case management with appropriate therapy, allowing policy-makers to identify periods of high disease burden.
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ISLAM, M. MAZHARUL, and KAZI MD ABUL KALAM AZAD. "RURAL–URBAN MIGRATION AND CHILD SURVIVAL IN URBAN BANGLADESH: ARE THE URBAN MIGRANTS AND POOR DISADVANTAGED?" Journal of Biosocial Science 40, no. 1 (January 2008): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932007002271.
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SummaryThis paper analyses the levels and trends of childhood mortality in urban Bangladesh, and examines whether children’s survival chances are poorer among the urban migrants and urban poor. It also examines the determinants of child survival in urban Bangladesh. Data come from the 1999–2000 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The results indicate that, although the indices of infant and child mortality are consistently better in urban areas, the urban–rural differentials in childhood mortality have diminished in recent years. The study identifies two distinct child morality regimes in urban Bangladesh: one for urban natives and one for rural–urban migrants. Under-five mortality is higher among children born to urban migrants compared with children born to life-long urban natives (102 and 62 per 1000 live births, respectively). The migrant–native mortality differentials more-or-less correspond with the differences in socioeconomic status. Like childhood mortality rates, rural–urban migrants seem to be moderately disadvantaged by economic status compared with their urban native counterparts. Within the urban areas, the child survival status is even worse among the migrant poor than among the average urban poor, especially recent migrants. This poor–non-poor differential in childhood mortality is higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The study findings indicate that rapid growth of the urban population in recent years due to rural-to-urban migration, coupled with higher risk of mortality among migrant’s children, may be considered as one of the major explanations for slower decline in under-five mortality in urban Bangladesh, thus diminishing urban–rural differentials in childhood mortality in Bangladesh. The study demonstrates that housing conditions and access to safe drinking water and hygienic toilet facilities are the most critical determinants of child survival in urban areas, even after controlling for migration status. The findings of the study may have important policy implications for urban planning, highlighting the need to target migrant groups and the urban poor within urban areas in the provision of health care services.
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Nahar, Quamrun, Tasnu Ara, Fariha Islam, Matiur Rahman, and ShamimMomtaz Ferdousi Begum. "Bone Mineral Density in an Urban Hospital in Dhaka City of Bangladesh." Annals of International Medical and Dental Research 8, no. 3 (May 15, 2022): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53339/aimdr.2022.8.3.15.
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Background: Osteoporosis behaves as a silent killer. Therefore, a high percentage of the affected people are not aware they have this chronic condition. In this way, the burden of osteoporosis is the burden of its clinical outcome: osteoporotic fractures, which are generally characterized by low-trauma fractures resulting from low bone mineral density (BMD). Objectives: The present study aimed to assess BMD distribution among urban and rural subjects and its relationship with key foods.Material & Methods:In this study, a total of 140 subjects were studied from the study BMD lab of the study hospital. Data were analyzed using Mean, SD, % and correlation by SPSS 24.Results:Mean±SD value of age (yr), BMI, WHR, Lumber-T score, Lumber-BMD, Right Femur -T score, Right Femur-BMD, Left Femur-T score, Left Femur-BMD, Supplementation of the study participants were 54±19, 25±5, 1.0±0.25, -1.0±1.0, 1.0±0.2, -1±1, 1±0.2, -1±1, 1±0.15.Age (yrs), BMI, waist (cm), hip (cm), WHR, Lumber T-score, Lumber Z-score, Lumber BMD (g/cm²), Rt. Fem Neck T-score,Rt. Fem Neck Z-score, Rt. Fem Neck BMD (g/cm²), Lt. Fem Neck T-score,Lt. Fem Neck Z-score, Lt. Fem Neck BMD (g/cm²) of the urban study participants were 51±13, 30±5, 88±16, 95±20, 1±20, -1.6±1.6, -1±1.6, 0.9±0.2, -0.9±1.3, -0.2±1.9, 0.9±0.2, -1±1.2, -0.3±1, 0.8±0.1 respectively and for rural participants the values were 54±14, 25±2.5, 86±9, 92±10, 1±0.2, -2.4±1.5, 0.8±0.2, -1.5±1.3, -0.6±1, 0.7±0.2, -1.6±1.2, -0.7±1 and 0.8±2 respectively. About 48.18% rural subjects had osteoporosis, 34.54% had osteopenia and 17.27% had normal bone health. Again, 28.57% of the urban subjects had osteoporosis, 41.40% had osteopenia and 30% had normal bone density. Fish, egg and meat were associated with BMD. Fish intake had a positive association with lumber T score (r=0.194, p=0.009), LumZ (r=0.016, p=0.031), Lumber BMD (r=0.183, p=0.014). Milk intake has positive association with Lumber t and Lumber BMD (p=0.027, 0.049). Similarly, egg intake has positive association with Lumber BMD, Rt BMD, Lt BMD (p= 0.035, 0.01, 0.019).Conclusions:Nearly 48.18% rural subjects have osteoporosis, 34.54% have osteopenia and 17.27% have normal bone health. Again, 28.57% urban subjects have osteoporosis, 41.40% have osteopenia and 30% have normal bone density. The prevalence of osteoporosis is higher in rural area than urban peopleand osteopenia is higher in urban area than rural area. Fish, milk and egg consumption positivelyassociated with BMD.
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Anjum, Afifa, Sahadat Hossain, M. Tasdik Hasan, Md Elias Uddin, and Md Tajuddin Sikder. "Anxiety among urban, semi-urban and rural school adolescents in Dhaka, Bangladesh: Investigating prevalence and associated factors." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): e0262716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262716.
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Background Anxiety disorder is one of the emerging public health problems in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Likewise, in Bangladesh, a growing number of adolescents are experiencing such symptoms though we have very limited research evidence available. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of anxiety and the factors associated with this condition among urban, semi-urban, and rural school adolescents in Bangladesh. Methods This cross-sectional study used a two-stage cluster sampling procedure. A self-administered questionnaire was conveyed to 2355 adolescents from nine secondary schools of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Of the respondents, 2313 completed the seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7). Besides, sociodemographic information, self-reported body image as well as modification of Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (LTEQ) and WHO Global PA Questionnaire (GPAQ) were used to determine the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with anxiety among adolescents. Results A total of 20.1% of adolescents were experiencing moderate to severe anxiety; of them, a significantly higher proportion (49.9%) of female adolescents were suffering more than males (40.1%). Furthermore, age, student’s grade, father’s educational level, number of family members, and residential setting were found to be significantly associated with anxiety among adolescents. In terms of lifestyle factors, irregular physical activity (AOR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.05–1.63), high screen time (AOR: 1.51; 95% CI:1.21–1.88), sleep dissatisfaction (AOR: 3.79; 95% CI: 3.02–4.76), and underweight body image (AOR: 2.37; 95% CI:1.70–3.28) were found to be significantly associated with anxiety among school adolescents of urban, semi-urban, and rural residential settings. Conclusions Anxiety is prevalent among urban, semi-urban, and rural school adolescents in Dhaka, Bangladesh. To lessen this prevalence of anxiety among Bangladeshi adolescents, evidence-based health programs- healthy school trials—and policies should therefore be taken based on the findings of this study.
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Nuzhat, Sharika, Rina Das, Subhasish Das, Shoeb Bin Islam, Parag Palit, Md Ahshanul Haque, Subhra Chakraborty, et al. "Antimicrobial resistance in shigellosis: A surveillance study among urban and rural children over 20 years in Bangladesh." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): e0277574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277574.
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Antimicrobial resistance against shigellosis is increasingly alarming. However, evidence-based knowledge gaps regarding the changing trends of shigellosis in Bangladesh exist due to the scarcity of longitudinal data on antimicrobial resistance. Our study evaluated the last 20 years antimicrobial resistance patterns against shigellosis among under-5 children in the urban and rural sites of Bangladesh. Data were extracted from the Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System (DDSS) of Dhaka Hospital (urban site) and Matlab Hospital (rural site) of the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) between January 2001 and December 2020. We studied culture-confirmed shigellosis cases from urban Dhaka Hospital (n = 883) and rural Matlab Hospital (n = 1263). Since 2001, a declining percentage of shigellosis in children observed in urban and rural sites. Moreover, higher isolation rates of Shigella were found in the rural site [1263/15684 (8.1%)] compared to the urban site [883/26804 (3.3%)] in the last 20 years. In both areas, S. flexneri was the predominant species. The upward trend of S. sonnei in both the study sites was statistically significant after adjusting for age and sex. WHO-recommended 1st line antibiotic ciprofloxacin resistance gradually reached more than 70% in both the urban and rural site by 2020. In multiple logistic regression after adjusting for age and sex, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, mecillinam, ceftriaxone, and multidrug resistance (resistance to any two of these four drugs) among under-5 children were found to be increasing significantly (p<0.01) in the last 20 years in both sites. The study results underscore the importance of therapeutic interventions for shigellosis by appropriate drugs based on their current antibiogram for under-5 children. These observations may help policymakers in formulating better case management strategies for shigellosis.
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Das, Sumon Kumar, Mohammod Jobayer Chisti, Mohammad Abdul Malek, Jui Das, Mohammed Abdus Salam, Tahmeed Ahmed, Abdullah Al Mamun, and Abu Syed Golam Faruque. "Changing childhood malnutrition in Bangladesh: trends over the last two decades in urban–rural differentials (1993–2012)." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 10 (February 9, 2015): 1718–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898001500004x.
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AbstractObjectiveThe present study determined trends in malnutrition among under-5 children in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh.DesignSurveillance.SettingThe study was conducted in the urban Dhaka and the rural Matlab hospitals of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, where every fiftieth patient and all patients coming from the Health and Demographic Surveillance System were enrolled.SubjectsA total of 28 816 under-5 children were enrolled at Dhaka from 1993 to 2012 and 11 533 at Matlab between 2000 and 2012.ResultsIn Dhaka, 46 % of the children were underweight, 39 % were stunted and 28 % were wasted. In Matlab, the corresponding figures were 39 %, 31 % and 26 %, respectively. At Dhaka, 0·5 % of the children were overweight and obese when assessed by weight-for-age Z-score >+2·00, 1·4 % by BMI-for-age Z-score >+2·00 and 1·4 % by weight-for-height Z-score >+2·00; in Matlab the corresponding figures were 0·5 %, 1·4 % and 1·4 %, respectively. In Dhaka, the proportion of underweight, stunting and wasting decreased from 59 % to 28 % (a 53 % reduction), from 54 % to 22 % (59 % reduction) and from 33 % to 21 % (36 % reduction), respectively, between 1993 and 2012. In Matlab, these indicators decreased from 51 % to 27 % (a 47 % reduction), from 36 % to 25 % (31 % reduction) and from 34 % to 14 % (59 % reduction), respectively, from 2000 to 2012. On the other hand, the proportion of overweight (as assessed by BMI-for-age Z-score) increased significantly over the study period in both Dhaka (from 0·6 % to 2·6 %) and Matlab (from 0·8 % to 2·2 %).ConclusionsThe proportion of malnourished under-5 children has decreased gradually in both urban and rural Bangladesh; however, the reduction rates are not in line with meeting Millennium Development Goal 1. Trends for increasing childhood obesity have been noted during the study period as well.
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Abdullah, Ahsan. "Rural-Urban Migration and Informal Sector of Dhaka City: Issues and Facts." Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 7, no. 2 (2016): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2321-5828.2016.00017.6.
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Das, Sumon Kumar, Erik H. Klontz, Ishrat J. Azmi, Abu I. M. S. Ud-Din, Mohammod Jobayer Chisti, Mokibul Hassan Afrad, Mohammad Abdul Malek, et al. "Characteristics of Multidrug Resistant Shigella and Vibrio cholerae O1 Infections in Patients Treated at an Urban and a Rural Hospital in Bangladesh." ISRN Microbiology 2013 (December 22, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/213915.
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We determined the frequency of multidrug resistant (MDR) infections with Shigella spp. and Vibrio cholerae O1 at an urban (Dhaka) and rural (Matlab) hospital in Bangladesh. We also compared sociodemographic and clinical features of patients with MDR infections to those with antibiotic-susceptible infections at both sites. Analyses were conducted using surveillance data from the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), for the years 2000–2012. Compared to patients with antibiotic-susceptible for Shigella infections, those in Dhaka with MDR shigellosis were more likely to experience diarrhea for >24 hours, while, in Matlab, they were more likely to stay inhospital >24 hours. For MDR shigellosis, Dhaka patients were more likely than those in Matlab to have dehydration, stool frequency >10/day, and diarrheal duration >24 hours. Patients with MDR Vibrio cholerae O1 infections in Dhaka were more likely than those in Matlab to experience dehydration and stool frequency >10/day. Thus, patients with MDR shigellosis and Vibrio cholerae O1 infection exhibited features suggesting more severe illness than those with antibiotic-susceptible infections. Moreover, Dhaka patients with MDR shigellosis and Vibrio cholerae O1 infections exhibited features indicating more severe illness than patients in Matlab.
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Akter, Pervin, Farzana Sharmin, Jinnat Ara Islam, Hasina Begum, Khadija, Dalia Nasreen, Zeba Ahmed, Md Iqbal Mahmud Choudhury, and Nilufar Shabnam. "Comparative assessment of birth preparedness and complication readiness among women in rural and urban areas of Bangladesh." Bioresearch Communications 8, no. 2 (July 4, 2022): 1100–1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brc.v8i2.60640.
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Background: Birth preparedness and complication readiness is an imperative intervention which has proven to reduce delays in care seeking behavior in case of obstetric emergencies. Although, many pregnant women and their families do not take the suggested steps to prepare for childbirth, despite of being known of them. Additionally, marked disparities often have been observed between rural and urban areas, with more maternal and neonatal deaths occurring in the rural areas owing to the unpreparedness. This study thus set out to assess and compare the knowledge, practice and factors associated with birth preparedness and complication readiness among women from rural and urban areas in Bangladesh. Methodology: A cross-sectional comparative study design have been undertaken among 250 rural and 240 urban women in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh and Shaheed Sayed Nazrul Islam Medical College and Hospital, Kishoreganj, Dhaka over a period of 6 months from 1st October 2020 to 30th March 2021. All pregnant women who attended in the antenatal clinic of SSNIMCH and SSMCH for the first time during the study period was include in the study. Quantitative data was collected by the use of semi structured questionnaires adapted from the safe motherhood questionnaire, developed by maternal and neonatal Programme of Johns Hopkins Programme for International Education in Gynaecology and Obstetrics (JHPIEGO) an affiliate of John Hopkins University. Result: Birth preparedness and complication readiness was evident in 34.17% of the urban and 30.4% of the rural respondents. Urban women were statistically significantly more aware of the danger signs of pregnancy, labour and postpartum period (p<0.001). Selection of place of delivery, arrangement of transportation, emergency fund and blood donor was the most important actions taken as part of birth preparedness both in rural and urban respondents. Null birth preparedness was observed among 28.0% of the rural respondents compared to 2.50% of the urban respondents. The decision regarding the place of delivery was taken mostly by their husband both in urban and rural sub sets. Thus, this study findings showed low practice of BPACR both among urban and rural community while rural people showed more inaction than urban people. Bioresearch Commu. 8(2): 1100-1105, 2022 (July)
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Afzal, Nasrin, and Begum Zainab. "Determinants and Status of Vaccination in Bangladesh." Dhaka University Journal of Science 60, no. 1 (April 14, 2012): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v60i1.10336.
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The identification of the characteristics that have an influence on the vaccination coverage of children and the determination of the pattern of such influence are very important since the government can reschedule the policy to immunize each and every child. This paper examines the factors that manipulate the vaccination coverage in terms of five major vaccines using the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS)-2007 data. The results strongly suggest that mothers education and economic status play a vital role significantly in improving the vaccination coverage. Besides, Khulna and Rajshahi have higher whereas Sylhet and Chittagong have lower immunization coverage than Dhaka. In addition, mothers exposure to media (newspaper, TV or radio) also improves the status of coverage both in the rural and urban areas in Bangladesh.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v60i1.10336 Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 60(1): 47-51 2012 (January)
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Ranagalage, Manjula, Takehiro Morimoto, Matamyo Simwanda, and Yuji Murayama. "Spatial Analysis of Urbanization Patterns in Four Rapidly Growing South Asian Cities Using Sentinel-2 Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13081531.
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The rapid and dominant urbanization in Asian cities has fueled concerns regarding the local and global efforts toward urban sustainability. Specifically, South Asian cities have been a topical issue concerning ecological and environmental threats due to their unplanned and haphazard urban development. However, comparative urbanization studies in South Asian cities remain uncommon. Therefore, in this study, we sought to comparatively examine the land use and land cover (LULC) dynamics and to detect the urbanization patterns of four rapidly developing South Asian lowland cities: Mumbai (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Karachi (Pakistan), and Dhaka (Bangladesh). Sentinel-2 (10 m) data and various geospatial approaches, including urban–rural gradient and grid-based methods, statistics, and urban landscape metric techniques, were used to facilitate the analysis. The study revealed that Mumbai, Karachi, and Dhaka had larger built-up landscapes compared to Colombo. Mumbai had the highest percentage of green spaces, followed by Colombo. Dhaka and Karachi had relatively small percentages of green spaces. Colombo and Dhaka had more croplands, which consistently increased along the urban–rural gradient compared to Mumbai and Karachi. Karachi showed that the only major land use was built-up, while most of the areas were left as open lands. On the other hand, Colombo’s urban setup was more fragmented than the other three cities. Mumbai and Karachi had larger patches of urban footprints compared to Colombo and Dhaka. Thus, this study provides vital information on the past land utilization priorities in the four cities, and comparatively proffers guidance on certain critical areas of focus for local, regional, and global future sustainable urban planning.
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Khanam, Taslima. "Threat perception of the rural-urban migration as a linkage to the rise of crime: Bangladesh perspective." IIUC Studies 13 (July 29, 2018): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/iiucs.v13i0.37647.
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At present the rise of urban crime falls within the gripping focus of criminal justice and criminology. Researchers endeavor to figure out urban schemes of crime which linked with rural-urban migration. Although, rural-urban migration mostly concerns the subject of sociology, this article viewed from jurisprudential perspectives under the sociological school to study social doctrines in relation with the migration as social phenomena and to criticize as to their relation to social condition and social progress. This observable fact of rural-urban migration could also be apprehended as a supply of the intensifying and distressing crisis in urban areas which is rising violent behavior and criminal activities. This article uncovers the cause and effect of increasing crime under interrelation between migration and the security précised by the law and order environment. The author finds the needs and changes of the society due to the migration of a huge mass of people from rural to urban areas in Bangladesh. Finally, the paper recommends the balance of conflicting interests from social, political and ethical stance to facilitating the policies and laws concerned.IIUC Studies Vol.13 December 2016: 69-82
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Asad, Rumana. "Structuring Urban Sustainability with Water: A Case of Kamrangir Chor, Dhaka, Bangladesh." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 3, no. 8 (August 15, 2012): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v3i8.713.
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Too much or too little water is always a challenge for any water related issue, especially for developing countries where water is abundant or crisis like Bangladesh with the change of circumstances. Dhaka the capital of Bangladesh is facing a serious water scarcity problem due to the big gap between demand and supply of water system. On the other hand it can be say that this water crisis originated due to too much water like floods, rainfall, drought etc. that force rural people from other part of country towards city and city is losing its hydrological balance to accommodate these unwanted migrated people. Dhaka has experiencing a tremendous pressure and transformation in terms of its water system due to such unmanageable urban growth and uncontrolled urbanization. Design strategies and solution are needed to respond for pressing climate and environmental changes and necessary to take action against the ubiquitous human mismanagement of the essential resource of water. To overcome these water related problem water can be a designing element for structuring future development with the combination of sustainable approaches for social and physical transformation, open up opportunities for land water management system. This paper will try to find the changing relation between the city and its water system. Using Kamrangir chor a water linked suburb in Dhaka as an experimental site this paper will also frame some urban design strategies for reducing water damages, revitalize water sources, productive water parks, which will structure new water based urban development.
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Yeasmin, Sultana, S. M. Tafsir Hasan, Mohammod Jobayer Chisti, Md Alfazal Khan, A. S. G. Faruque, and Tahmeed Ahmed. "Factors associated with dehydrating rotavirus diarrhea in children under five in Bangladesh: An urban-rural comparison." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 26, 2022): e0273862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273862.
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Introduction Rotavirus is the leading cause of dehydrating diarrhea in young children worldwide. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with dehydrating rotavirus diarrhea in children under five years of age in urban and rural Bangladesh. Methods The study analyzed data from 7,758 children under five who presented with rotavirus diarrhea to Dhaka (urban) and Matlab (rural) hospital of icddr,b during 2009–2018, and were enrolled in the Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System. Cases were defined as children having rotavirus isolated in stool specimens presented with dehydrating diarrhea. Controls were children infected with rotavirus have no dehydration. Multivariable logistic regression models were built to identify the factors associated with dehydrating diarrhea. Results Among the rotavirus-infected children, 1,784 (34%) in Dhaka and 160 (6%) in Matlab had diarrhea with some or severe dehydration. The female children and age group 24–59 months age was found to be at higher risk of dehydration compared to 6–11 months age. In the multivariable logistic regression model, maternal illiteracy, vomiting, the onset of diarrhea less than 24 hours prior to presenting to the hospital, monsoon months, stunting, and wasting were significantly associated with dehydrating rotavirus diarrhea among children aged 0–59 months in Dhaka. In Matlab, monthly income, duration less than 24 hours prior to attending the hospital, and wasting had an independent significant association with dehydrating rotavirus diarrhea episodes. Conclusions Considering factors diversity, educating parents and proper counselling by health care personnel during diarrhea, could lessen the severity of dehydration and the number of hospital visits later on by eliminating the modifiable risk factors among the children, which needs further studies.
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Hassan, Juhász, and Southworth. "Mapping Time-Space Brickfield Development Dynamics in Peri-Urban Area of Dhaka, Bangladesh." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 10 (October 11, 2019): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8100447.
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Due to the high demand for cheap construction materials, clay-made brick manufacturing has become a thriving industry in Bangladesh, with manufacturing kilns heavily concentrated in the peripheries of larger cities and towns. These manufacturing sites, known as brickfields, operate using centuries-old technologies which expel dust, ash, black smoke and other pollutants into the atmosphere. This in turn impacts the air quality of cities and their surroundings and may also have broader impacts on health, the environment, and potentially contribute to global climate change. Using remotely sensed Landsat imagery, this study identifies brickfield locations and areal expansion between 1990 and 2015 in Dhaka, and employs spatial statistics methods including quadrat analysis and Ripley’s K-function to analyze the spatial variation of brickfield locations. Finally, using nearest neighbor distance as density functions, the distance between brickfield locations and six major geographical features (i.e., urban, rural settlement, wetland, river, highway, and local road) were estimated to investigate the threat posed by the presence of such polluting brickfields nearby urban, infrastructures and other natural areas. Results show significant expansion of brickfields both in number and clusters between 1990 and 2015 with brickfields increasing in number from 247 to 917 (total growth rate 271%) across the Dhaka urban center. The results also reveal that brickfield locations are spatially clustered: 78% of brickfields are located on major riverbanks and 40% of the total are located in ecologically sensitive wetlands surrounding Dhaka. Additionally, the average distance from the brick manufacturing plant to the nearest urban area decreased from 1500 m to 500 m over the study period. This research highlights the increasing threats to the environment, human health, and the sustainability of the megacity Dhaka from brickfield expansion in the immediate peripheral areas of its urban center. Findings and methods presented in this study can facilitate data-driven decision making by government officials and city planners to formulate strategies for improved brick production technologies and decreased environmental impacts for this urban region in Bangladesh.
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Hasan, Muhammad Mahmudul, Mirajul Islam, Md Saifullah Sakib, and Md Iqramul Haq. "Influences of Proximate Determinates on Fertility Among Urban and Rural Women in Bangladesh." Dhaka University Journal of Science 66, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v66i1.54544.
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Bangladesh has met a lot of challenges in recent decades. The remarkable decline in fertility is one of the major challenges faced by this country. The rate of fertility in rural areas is still higher than urban areas. The proximate determinants of fertility which influence fertility directly are analyzed in this study for urban and rural areas separately as well as the study quantify the decomposition of the differences in total fertility rate (TFR) in residence during 1993-94 to 2014. The effectiveness of contraceptive use is found to be the most important factor for declining fertility. The result revealed that the index of contraception shows a declining trend, indicating an increasingly inhibiting effect on fertility in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. The inhibition effect of postpartum infecundability decreases with increase in urbanization. The decomposition analysis shows that fertility decline has been occurred due to delay marriage, increase of contraception practice, shortening of postpartum infecundability period, increase proportion in induced abortion and the interaction factor.
Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 66(1): 49-54, 2018 (January)
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Begum, Ayesha, Shahina Tabassum, Md Nazrul Islam, and Ms Afzalunnessa. "Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection Among Patients Attending BSMMU, Dhaka." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Microbiology 1, no. 2 (May 25, 2016): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v1i2.21509.
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The present study was done to determine the seroprevalence of the infection by Hepatitis E virus (HEV) among patients attending Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shahbag, Dhaka. Serum samples from 408 subjects, aged between 0-69 years, attending BSMMU from different rural and urban areas of Bangladesh were tested for HEV IgG by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-HEV IgG was found among 20.6% of the study population. A higher rate of seropositivity (26.1%) was found among patients attending from urban than those from rural (15.1%) areas which is statistically significant (P < 0.01). A gradual rise in prevalence of anti-HEV IgG was observed among the study population according to age, starting from 10.6% in the 0-9 years age group and increasing with higher age thereafter. The HEV IgG prevalence reached its highest (28.3%) in the 30-39 years, which remained at around the same level in the 40-49 years (25.0%) and 50-59 years (26.0%), with a drop of incidence in the 60-69 years age group (17.8%). The study indicates HEV infection as a public health problem in Bangladesh and suggests to ensure increased awareness to prevent andcontrol future outbreaks.Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2007; 01 (02): 52-55
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Karim, Mohammad Fazal, Enrico Brunetti, Salimur Rahman, Christine M. Budke, Abu Saleh Mohammad Areef Ahsan, Mamun Al-Mahtab, Khandaker Mahabub Jamal Zaki, Mohammad Jamshed Alam, Sheikh Mohammad Fazle Akbar, and MA Jalil. "Abdominal cystic echinococcosis in Bangladesh: a hospital-based study." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 9, no. 01 (January 15, 2015): 070–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.4934.
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Introduction: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is reported from nearly all geographic areas of Bangladesh, but little information is available on its epidemiologic and clinical features. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical manifestations of hepatic and abdominal CE cases presenting to tertiary referral hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted via chart reviews of hepatic and abdominal CE patients under care at tertiary referral hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh, between 2002 and 2011. Age, sex, education level, occupation, urban versus rural residence, drinking water source, history of dog ownership, cyst type and location, and clinical manifestations were recorded for all patients. Results: Of the 130 patients enrolled, 92 (70.8%) were female and 38 (29.2%) were male. The majority of patients were from rural (76.2%) rather than urban (23.8%) areas. All cases were from the northern part of the country, with no cases reported from the south or southeast. Most patients were between 21 and 40 years of age. A total of 119 patients (91.5%) had cysts only in the liver, with the remaining 8.5% having cysts in both the liver and lungs or in the abdominal cavity. Seventy-six (58.5%) of the hepatic cysts were stage CE1, indicating recent infection. Conclusions: Active transmission of Echinococcus granulosus appears to be occurring in Bangladesh, as indicated by the high number of CE1 hepatic cysts seen at tertiary care hospitals. Community ultrasound screening studies are warranted to better define the distribution of cases and risk factors for parasite transmission.
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Shaheen, M. M., and S. Nahar. "Comparison of chronic suppurative otitis media in rural and urban primary school children in Bangladesh." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 128, no. 6 (June 2014): 499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215114001054.
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AbstractObjectives:To compare chronic suppurative otitis media prevalence in rural and urban primary school children in Bangladesh, and to determine its relationship with specific sociodemographic factors.Methods:In this cross-sectional survey, 681 rural primary school children from Shibpur upazilla, Narsingdi district, and 964 urban primary school children from Dhaka Metropolitan City, underwent an ENT check-up by doctors trained in ENT. Their parents or guardians were interviewed with regard to their sociodemographic status and other related issues using a pre-tested protocol.Results:In this study, 6.02 per cent of the rural primary school children and 2.07 per cent of the urban primary school children had chronic suppurative otitis media. (Overall, 3.71 per cent of the children had the disorder.) The disorder was slightly more prevalent among girls than boys in both rural (6.05 vs 5.98 per cent) and urban (2.33 vs 1.82 per cent) communities. There was a significant association between the presence of chronic suppurative otitis media in children and: parents' or guardians' occupation and their annual income, housing type, family size, maternal education, and bathing habit.Conclusion:Improvement of associated sociodemographic factors would reduce the prevalence and resultant complications of chronic suppurative otitis media in primary school children in developing countries.
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Kuhn, Randall. "Identities in motion: Social exchange networks and rural- urban migration in Bangladesh." Contributions to Indian Sociology 37, no. 1-2 (February 2003): 311–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/006996670303700113.
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