Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rural-urban gap

Academic literature on the topic 'Rural-urban gap'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Rural-urban gap"

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Gimpel, James G., and Kimberly A. Karnes. "The Rural Side of the Urban-Rural Gap." PS: Political Science & Politics 39, no. 03 (July 2006): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096506060859.

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Bermúdez, Jhael N., Daniel Ayala, and Oscar F. Herrán. "Nutrition gap in children, urban-rural." Revista de Saúde Pública 54 (December 14, 2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054001925.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the nutritional situation of children under five years old from both urban and rural areas of Colombia. METHOD: Analytical study, based on cross-sectional data, collected from ENSIN-2015. The sample consisted of 12,256 children aged between 0 and 4 years old. We calculated the prevalence ratios (PR) with their respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI). PR were assessed by binomial regression models with malnutrition or overweight as the dependent variable and geographic area as the explanatory variable. We used context variables to adjust the estimated PR and control the confounder within. RESULTS: Acute malnutrition (weight-for-height) had a prevalence of 1.6%, while overweight had a 5.6% rate. No differences per geographic zone in the weight-for-height indicator were found. Stunted growth – chronic malnutrition – was higher in the rural area (PR = 1.2; 95%CI 1–1.53; p = 0.050). Prevalences adjusted by variables related to structural, social and economic developement showed that both the household chief’s educational level and the food insecurity of the area account for malnutrition. CONCLUSION: The height-for-age indicator works better to establish development level. Measures against coverage, relevance and quality of education and access to food can harm the nutritional status of the children.
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Liu, Yong, and Cuihong Long. "Urban and Rural Income Gap: Does Urban Spatial Form Matter in China?" SAGE Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): 215824402110022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211002215.

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This research uses satellite remote sensing data to measure the urban spatial form and analyzes the impact of changes to urban spatial structure on the income gap between urban and rural residents. The results indicate that the compactness of the urban spatial form is positively correlated with the income gap between urban and rural residents. However, there is no statistically significant relationship between the urban spatial extension rate and the urban–rural income gap. A subsequent analysis of the control variables shows that fiscal policy is positively correlated while urbanization is negatively correlated with the income gap between urban and rural residents. These conclusions provide the basis for formulating policies to narrow the urban–rural income gap. Appropriately reducing the spatial compactness of cities can narrow the income gap. In addition, changing excessive preferences for urban fiscal policy and increasing the level of urbanization can also promote a reduction in the income gap between urban and rural residents.
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Ju, Fangyu, Shuqing Wang, and Wei Lin. "Nonlinear Effect of Urbanization on the Gap between Urban and Rural Elementary Education in China." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (October 11, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7025433.

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The urban-rural gap of elementary education seriously affects social fairness, so the study on the urban-rural gap of elementary education can help promote social fairness in China. China’s urbanization is an important variable affecting the social process, and its impact on the urban-rural gap of elementary education is worthy of further study. Based on China’s provincial panel data from 2006 to 2017, this paper uses the Theil index to measure the urban-rural gap in different aspects of elementary education and uses principal component analysis (PCA) to construct a comprehensive index to objectively measure the urban-rural gap of overall elementary education in China. Our results show that the gap between urban and rural areas in China’s elementary education showed an upward trend from 2006 to 2010, and the gap decreased year by year from 2010 to 2017. Then we used the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model to study the impact of urbanization on the urban-rural gap of elementary education in China and find evidence that urbanization has a nonlinear effect on the urban-rural gap of elementary education. That is, in economically underdeveloped areas, urbanization exacerbates the gap between urban and rural areas in elementary education, while in economically developed areas, urbanization narrows the gap between urban and rural areas in elementary education. Therefore, developing economy and continuing to promote urbanization are effective measures to narrow the gap between urban and rural areas in elementary education.
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Piyaman, Patnaree, Philip Hallinger, and Pongsin Viseshsiri. "Addressing the achievement gap." Journal of Educational Administration 55, no. 6 (September 4, 2017): 717–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jea-12-2016-0142.

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Purpose Developing countries in many parts of the world have experienced a disturbing trend in the differential pace of economic development among urban and rural communities. These inequities have been observed in education systems in Asia, Africa, and Latin America where researchers have documented differences not only in resource allocation but also in the academic performance among students in urban and rural schools. Recently researchers have shifted their focus from examining financial and physical resources to investigating the nature and impact of differences in human resources. The purpose of this paper is to examine differences in school organization processes associated with learning-centered leadership and teacher learning among urban and rural primary schools in Thailand. Teacher trust and teacher agency were proposed as possible mediators of leadership effects on teacher learning. Design/methodology/approach This study employed a cross-sectional survey design. The authors collected survey data from 1,011 teachers and 60 principals in 30 urban and 30 rural primary schools in Thailand. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling, and bootstrapping were used to analyze the proposed model of leadership and teacher professional learning. More specifically, data analysis was aimed at determining the nature of relationships among the constructs in the conceptual model and whether patterns of leadership and teacher learning differed in urban and rural primary schools. Findings The results affirmed a model whereby school leadership exerted significant indirect effects on teacher learning in both urban and rural primary schools. Data analyses determined that the path of leadership effects moved through trust to agency and then to teacher professional learning. Thus, while the authors found a strong direct effect of leadership on teacher trust, there were only small direct effects of leadership on teacher agency and no meaningful direct effects of leadership on teacher professional learning. Thus, the research affirmed a full mediation model of leadership effects on teacher learning. Finally, the study also affirmed that the measured variables were perceived as significantly stronger in the urban schools than in the rural schools. Social implications The research expands on prior research on the “achievement gap” in Thailand by demonstrating the existence of a similar “human resource gap” when comparing urban and rural school leaders and teachers. This study implies that addressing the gap in student achievement will require action aimed at building the capacity of the principals and teachers who work with the rural pupils. Originality/value These results suggest differences in the quality of human resources between urban and rural primary schools in Thailand. There may be potential benefit to be gained from providing training focused on “learning-centered leadership” for principals and middle level leaders, as well as expanding access to quality professional development opportunities for rural teachers.
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Li, Bing, and Yinfeng Liu. "Research on the relationship between urbanization, industrial structure and urban-rural income gap-Taking Sichuan province as an example." ITM Web of Conferences 45 (2022): 01078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20224501078.

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This paper selects three indicators of urbanization, industrial structure and urban-rural income gap to construct a three-dimensional VAR model. Through Granger causality test, impulse response function and variance decomposition methods, a dynamic analysis of urbanization and industrial structure on urban-rural income gap in Sichuan Province has been carried out. The research shows that: urbanization and industrial structure have an important impact on the urban-rural income gap in Sichuan Province. Urbanization and the urban-rural income gap present a “U-shaped” relationship, that is, in the initial stage when the level of urbanization increases, the urban-rural income gap will be narrowed, and when urbanization develops to a certain degree, the gap will gradually be widened. The relationship between the industrial structure and the urban-rural income gap is an “inverted U-shaped” relationship, that is, the urban-rural income gap will be widened when the industrial structure is at a lower level. As the industrial structure is optimized and upgraded, the gap will gradually be narrowed.
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Young, Alwyn. "Inequality, the Urban-Rural Gap, and Migration*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 128, no. 4 (September 26, 2013): 1727–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt025.

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Abstract Using population and product consumption data from the Demographic and Health Surveys, I construct comparable measures of inequality and migration for 65 countries, including some of the poorest countries in the world. I find that the urban-rural gap accounts for 40% of mean country inequality and much of its cross-country variation. One out of every four or five individuals raised in rural areas moves to urban areas as a young adult, where they earn much higher incomes than nonmigrant rural permanent residents. Equally, one out of every four or five individuals raised in urban areas moves to rural areas as a young adult, where they earn much lower incomes than their nonmigrant urban cousins. These flows and relative incomes are suggestive of a world where the population sorts itself geographically on the basis of its human capital and skill. I show that a simple model of this sort explains the urban-rural gap in living standards.
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Chen, Yiguo, Peng Luo, and Tsangyao Chang. "Urbanization and the Urban–Rural Income Gap in China: A Continuous Wavelet Coherency Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 8, 2020): 8261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198261.

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This study applies wavelet analysis to examine the relationship between the urbanization and the urban–rural income gap in 31 provinces in China over the period 1978–2019. We find three patterns of causality between urbanization and the urban–rural income gap. Empirical results show that urbanization does Granger-cause an urban–rural income gap, the urban–rural income gap does Granger-cause urbanization, and there exists a two-way causality between the urban–rural income gap and urbanization. Furthermore, these relationships mainly exist at high frequencies (short term). The results obtained by considering the resident population are more significant than those by the registered population. These results could help local governments develop fair policies for urban and rural income distribution in the process of urbanization of different provinces, promoting the coordinated development between urban and rural areas.
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Peng, Chenyang. "Digital Inclusive Finance Data Mining and Model-Driven Analysis of the Impact of Urban-Rural Income Gap." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (July 2, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5820145.

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Digital inclusive finance, rural human capital, and agricultural green total factor productivity are simultaneously incorporated into the framework of urban-rural income gap analysis. Based on digital inclusive finance indices from several provincial panel data in China, a systematic generalized moment estimation method is used to the moderating effect of rural human capital and the mediating role of agricultural green total factor productivity. Annual time series data of foreign trade indicators and urban-rural income gap indicators are estimated by building a state-space model and applying Kalman filter to investigate the effects of these factors on the urban-rural income gap. The results show that the impact of urban-rural fixed asset investment ratio and foreign trade indicator on the urban-rural income gap in China tends to increase gradually, while the impact of rural financial development indicator is decreasing but still positive. The study finds that the development of digital inclusive finance significantly contributes to the reduction of the income gap between urban and rural residents; the breadth of coverage of digital inclusive finance and the degree of digitalization help to suppress the widening of the income gap between urban and rural residents; and rural health-based human capital, education and training-based human capital, and migration-based human capital not only have a convergence effect on the income gap between urban and rural residents themselves.
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Ming, Juan, Jiachun Liu, and Zicheng Wang. "Does the Homeownership Gap Between Rural–Urban Migrants and Urban–Urban Migrants in China Vary by Income?" SAGE Open 10, no. 4 (October 2020): 215824402097542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020975421.

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Rural–urban migrants in China often experience poor living conditions and are less likely to be homeowners than urban–urban migrants. This study aims to investigate whether the homeownership gap between rural–urban migrants and urban–urban migrants in China vary by income. We explore the homeownership gap between the two migrant groups using the National Migrants Population Dynamic Monitoring Survey in 2014. Our findings show that the homeownership gap between rural–urban migrants and urban–urban migrants vary by income, and this gap is larger for high-income groups than for low-income groups. The estimations also demonstrate that social security insurance may act as the transmission channel, indicating a stratification process.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rural-urban gap"

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Chapman, Heather Renee Brown. "THE STAKEHOLDER GAP LENS: TEACHER AND PARENTAL PERCEPTIONS OF THE ACHIEVEMENT GAP IN KENTUCKY'S PUBLIC SCHOOLS." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/stem_etds/12.

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The research around the achievement gap is extensive. However, regardless that the term “achievement gap” is so widely used in academia today, there is often confusion surrounding what the achievement gap is. This study seeks to answer three research questions: (1) To what extent does an achievement gap exist among different subgroups of students in Kentucky’s K-12 public schools? (2) How do the perceptions of parents and teachers interact with decision-making? (3) How do the ideas of parents and teachers regarding closing the achievement gap compare? This research examines perceptions of the existence of an achievement gap in Kentucky’s public schools from the perspectives of two groups of stakeholders: parents and teachers. This study aims to identify trends in thinking about the existence of an achievement gap, how information is communicated, and how stakeholders think gaps can be closed. The results of this study indicate that stakeholders have a general understanding of the achievement gap; however, methods of communication with parents need strengthening. Findings show that Kentucky schools with gaps tend to have multiple subgroups, rather than a single group, performing lower than their peers, but stakeholders have mixed ideas on closing these gaps.
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Bandara, Nirodha Anuththari. "Education, sectoral choice and the urban-rural welfare gap in Sri Lanka." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/42491/.

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This thesis is centred on three core issues in the context of Sri Lanka - the rates of returns to education across individuals in different types of employment, the contributors towards the urban-rural welfare gap for the years 2002 and 2009/10, and finally the determinants of employment and earnings across sectors. First, the rates of returns to education are analysed using an Instrumental Variables approach in order to address the endogeneity bias associated with measuring education. Secondly, the returns to education are estimated at different levels; a convex relationship between education and earnings is observed. Finally, a production function is estimated for agricultural and non-agricultural self-employed households. Higher education shares a positive relationship with non-agricultural output, but a negative relationship with agricultural output. In the second part of the thesis, we first identify the determinants of urban and rural expenditure using an unconditional quantile regression. Next, we examine the urban-rural welfare gap in 2002 and 2009/10 using a variant of the threefold Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition; identifying the characteristics and returns to characteristics that contribute towards the welfare gap in both years, and across the expenditure distribution. At a given point in time, the welfare gap is larger between richer urban and rural households relative to poorer households. We find the gap to have fallen considerably between 2002 and 2009/10. The final part in the thesis examines the sectoral choices and earnings. The labour market is disaggregated into 5 sectors. This chapter controls for two forms of possible bias – sample selectivity and endogeneity of education in earnings. The determinants of sector choice are analysed using a multinomial logit. We observe that individuals with the highest levels of education get in to the public and formal private sectors, whereas the least educated are likely to join the informal and agricultural sectors. The earnings functions suggest that the returns to education vary greatly across the sectors.
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Papo, Jacqueline Kim. "Exploring the Condom Gap : Condom access and use in a rural and an urban setting in Kilifi district, Kenya." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.514977.

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Huther, Claire Elisabeth. "The Digital Divide For Rural America: Decomposing Cost and Preferences." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1564331115811494.

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Hermansson, Erik, and Harald Enoksson. "Will income inequality in China reverse itself? : Testing the Kuznets hypothesis on Fujian Province 1991-2003." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7616.

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Using 1991-2003 yearly statistical data from 66 counties in China’s Fujian province, we examine the relationship between GDP/capita levels and the rural-urban income gap, to see whether there exists any statistical relationship between these variables, and if such a relationship bears resemblance with the Kuznets’ “inverted U” hypothesis, predicting inequality to first rise, and then fall, as economic development proceeds. Our results point in the opposite direction; the income gap falls at the early stage of economic growth, but rises again as growth proceeds. This is the opposite of a Kuznets curve. In addition, the income gap is smaller in counties with access to coast, rivers, and highways and a higher proportion of illiterate. Moreover, the income gap is larger in counties with rugged terrain and a higher proportion of ethnic minorities.

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Li, Dongdong. "A Preliminary Study of the Funding Gaps Between Urban and Rural Schools in Shanghai, China 2004-2011: Amartya Sen's Capability Approach." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1418343489.

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Praparpun, Yada. "Rural-urban income gap and trade strategies the case of Thailand /." 1990. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/22443320.html.

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Pan, Wei-wen, and 潘瑋雯. "The gap between the urban and rural areas of the students'' information literacy." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24359458095512279256.

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碩士
南華大學
資訊管理學系
101
The purpose of this study aimed to investigate information literacy status of junior high school students in urban and rural areas, and to investigate whether different demographic variables would show different information literacy. Moreover,this study also compared the information literacy in rural areas with that in urban areas. 　 　　This study surveyed the seventh, eighth and ninth grade students in two junior high schools in Taichung and Yunlin respectively. The result showed that students’information literacy in the rural areas demonstrated a significant difference when the students had computer books and magazines at home , participated in off-campus computer courses, played computer games at home and had someone for advice about information technology.In addition, the overall information literacy capabilities of the junior high school students in the rural areas were lower than those in the urban areas, including ‘the ability to identify problems’, ‘the ability to seek information’,‘the ability to retrieve information’,‘the ability to use information’,‘the ability to comprehend information’and‘the ability to assess and share information’. It is evident that a gap existed between urban and rural areas in terms of information literacy.
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Huang, Hsiang Jen, and 黃湘荏. "Investigation of the Gap between Urban and Rural Area Parents’ Attitudes on Elementary School Children’s Computer Usage." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22264157875521175822.

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碩士
中華大學
資訊管理學系碩士班
101
There were many scholars had been studied in students’ attitudes of computer usage, digital games and digital learning. However, coparatively little research has focused on the differences of parents’ attitudes on elementary school children’s computer usage. Therefore, this study aimed to explore if there was any gap of parents’ attitudes on elementary school children’s computer usage between urban and rural area. The method to carry out this study was using a survey, which included six variables: basic population, personal behavior of computer usage, students’ background, students’ computer usage, students’ computer attitude and the parents ‘s attitudes on school children’s computer usage. Subjects were parents from a downtown elementary school in Tai-chung City and from three remote elementary schools in Dongshih District. Of the two-hundred questionnaires, one hundred and eighty-nine were valid. The analysis used the SPSS statistical software package, which included descriptive statistics, chi-square test and independent samples T test. The results showed that the attitudes of parents’ computer usage were significantly different between urban and rural area； the confidence and the usefulness of computer were significantly higher for downtown parents than for remote parents. Otherwise, in the attitudes of school children’s computer usage, there were three dependent variables. First, in the willingness of computer usage, there was a significant difference between urban and rural area parents. Downtown parents were much more willing to let children to use computers than remote area parents. In support and positive attitudes, there was no significant difference between urban and rural area parents. Finally, it is hoped that this study can served as a reference for the future educational policy.
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Hu, Bo Wei, and 胡伯維. "Cluster Effect on Education Attainment: The Rural-Urban Gap under Educational Expansion and Tracking Trajectory in Taiwan, 1978-2007." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82682v.

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碩士
國立清華大學
社會學研究所
103
Previous educational attainment research in the fields of educational stratification, urban sociology and educational tracking studies lacked an interdisciplinary approach, and hence was unable to explain the rural-urban gap in college attainment in Taiwan. Using data from the 1997, 2002 and 2007 Taiwan Social Change Surveys with multilevel logistic regression, this paper will analyze the influence of urbanization processes and the history of higher educational expansion. Following, the hypotheses of cluster effect and neighborhood effect will be examined to figure out the precise social mechanism forming the urban-rural gap, and the role of tracking in shaping this gap will be also analyzed. Statistical results show that the rural-urban gap had been persistent during the whole process of educational expansion from 1978 to 2007. Secondly, it will be shown that the rural-urban gap in college attainment is created by differences in population density in the area of residence of individuals rather than being a result of the higher percentage of highly-educated population in that area. The critical significance of population density is further supported by random effect examination. These results strongly argue in support of the cluster effect on college attainment rather than neighborhood effect. Lastly, compared to senior high students, vocational students will increase the likelihood of college attainment if they live in areas with a higher percentage of highly educated people. However, the educational expansion eliminated this effect by rapidly providing numerous educational opportunities for them. To sum up, the formation of the rural-urban gap in college attainment in Taiwan is persistently determined by cluster effect in spite of educational expansion. The unique effect on vocational students from the percentage of highly educated people had been removed under this expansion.
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Books on the topic "Rural-urban gap"

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1962-, Allen Mary K., Statistics Canada, Canada. Human Resources Development Canada., and Council of Ministers of Education (Canada), eds. Understanding the rural-urban reading gap. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2002.

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Mulenga, Leonard Chileshe. Structural adjustment and the rural-urban gap in Zambia. Lusaka: University of Zambia, Institute for African Studies, 1993.

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1941-, Weeks John, and International Labour Office, eds. Africa misunderstood, or, Whatever happened to the rural-urban gap? Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1993.

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Gale, H. Frederick. Is there a rural-urban technology gap?: Results of the ERS rural manufacturing survey. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1997.

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Gale, H. Frederick. Is there a rural-urban technology gap?: Results of the ERS rural manufacturing survey. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1997.

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Gale, H. Frederick. Is there a rural-urban technology gap?: Results of the ERS rural manufacturing survey. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1997.

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Gale, H. Frederick. Is there a rural-urban technology gap?: Results of the ERS rural manufacturing survey. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1997.

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Gale, H. Frederick. Is there a rural-urban technology gap?: Results of the ERS rural manufacturing survey. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1997.

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The villagers: Changed values, altered lives : the closing of the urban-rural gap. New York: Anchor Books, 1994.

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Gale, H. Frederick. The rural-urban gap in manufacturing productivity and wages: Effects of industry mix and region. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Rural Economy Division, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rural-urban gap"

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Jamal, Vali, and John Weeks. "The Rural-Urban Gap in East Africa." In Africa Misunderstood, 35–68. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13157-0_4.

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Jamal, Vali, and John Weeks. "The Rural-Urban Gap in West Africa." In Africa Misunderstood, 102–18. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13157-0_7.

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Shan, Jingjing, Yanan Geng, Jin Fu, and Binglei Yu. "Public Service Provision in China: Towards a More Equal Access System." In The Urban Book Series, 153–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74544-8_9.

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AbstractThechallengefacingurban policymakersis how to tackle the long-standing differences in social welfareand basic public services provision for migrant and incumbent workers arising from the dual-household registration system. In this chapter, we quantify inequalities in access to basic public services between migrant workers and the local urban population across different regions of China. We consider both inequalities within urban areas, and inequalities that exist between urban and rural areas. For urban areas, we find large inequalities in access to basic public services between the indigenous urban population and migrant workers. There are also significant differences between urban and rural areas. The level of basic public services in the West of China lags behind other regions. Across China as a whole, the gap within regions is greater than the gap between regions. Internal variations within a region arise mainly from inequality in access to basic public services between urban and rural populations and across urban neighbourhoods. Chinese public services are characterised by ‘dualisation’ in urban–rural provision and ‘fragmentation’ across regions in terms of the level and quality of service. These two features constitute a formidable obstacle for the ‘citizenisation’ of migrant workers. We provide detailed examples from across China of countermeasures and strategies currently being implemented to reduce inequalities in public service provision.
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Sicular, Terry, Yue Ximing, Björn Gustafsson, and Shi Li. "The Urban-Rural Income Gap and Income Inequality in China." In Understanding Inequality and Poverty in China, 30–71. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230584259_2.

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Li, Cun-gui. "Urban–Rural Income Gap in China: Evolutionary Trend and Influencing Factors." In The 19th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 487–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38391-5_50.

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Sun, Ninghua. "Labor market distortions, efficiency difference and the urban–rural income gap." In Chinese Macroeconomy, 34–57. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003305651-3.

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Sun, Ninghua. "Government investment tendency, financial market imbalance and the urban–rural income gap." In Chinese Macroeconomy, 58–77. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003305651-4.

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Kim, Manyi, Donghwan An, and Jaewon Lim. "Urban-Rural Gap of Healthcare and Cultural Service Accessibility in South Korea." In New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 91–126. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1232-9_5.

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Tan, Chang, Wenbin Liu, Xiaodi Qin, and Yan Peng. "The Effect of Rural Financial Development on the Urban-Rural Income Gap—Data Analysis Based on Hubei Province." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 1258–65. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3648-5_163.

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Yu, Shilong, and Zhenhua Han. "Narrowing the Income Gap Between Urban and Rural Residents—A Case Study of Beijing." In China’s Reform to Overleap the Middle-Income Trap, 139–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9222-1_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rural-urban gap"

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Zhao, Zhongwei. "The Study on Chinese Rural-urban Income Gap Forecast." In 2015 International Conference on Education, Management, Information and Medicine. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emim-15.2015.47.

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Liu, Jun, Yuanyuan Liu, and Xin Lan. "Non-Parametric Estimation of Urban-Rural Digital Gap in China." In 2015 Joint International Mechanical, Electronic and Information Technology Conference. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/jimet-15.2015.76.

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Loh, Brian C. S., and Patrick H. H. Then. "Cardiac echo to text conversion: Closing the urban-rural connectivity gap." In 2013 9th International Conference on Information, Communications & Signal Processing (ICICS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icics.2013.6782940.

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Wei, Li, and Wei Bu. "Does the High-speed Railway Reduce the Urban-rural Income Gap?" In 2018 5th International Conference on Industrial Economics System and Industrial Security Engineering (IEIS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieis.2018.8598120.

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Gan, Jiawu. "Impacts of urban-rural income gap on consumer demand in China." In 3rd International Symposium on Asian B&R Conference on International Business Cooperation (ISBCD 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/isbcd-18.2018.8.

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Qi, Huimin. "Analysis on Integration Path of Urban and Rural Industries Based on Economic Data Model. A Case Study of Strategy Planning of Taiyuan Rural Revitalization." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/jubr5968.

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In the background of ongoing urbanization in China and prominent “dualistic” contradiction between urban and rural areas, rural revitalization is extremely urgent. Currently, common problems concerning industry, ecology and humanities exist in rural areas. This paper attempts to figure out the causes for differences in industrial development in rural areas on the basis of macro data analysis and industrial spatial distribution. Given the lack of quantitative analysis of the relationship between urban and rural development and industrial structure, this paper adopts SPSS statistical software to conduct regression analysis on the statistical data of Taiyuan City in the past ten years. Based on the relationship between industrial proportion and urban-rural income ratio, this paper proposes how the adjustment of urban industrial structure promotes the industrial development in surrounding rural areas and the narrowing of urban-rural income gap. From the perspective of rural industry undertaking or complementation with urban industry, this paper then puts forward the idea of undertaking the transfer industry within the scope of ensuring the aggregation effect of the city center and the carrying capacity of the ecological environment, proposing an industrial development path from agriculture to processing industry and then to culture, tourism and recreation industry for the villages in Taiyuan.
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Zhang, Ying. "The Analysis on Economic Development and Urban-Rural Income Gap of China." In 2012 4th International Conference on Multimedia Information Networking and Security (MINES). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mines.2012.217.

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Qian, S. F. "The urbanization impacts on China's rural-urban income gap and economic growth." In The 2015 International Conference on Sustainable Development (ICSD2015). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814749916_0042.

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Ning, Ke. "The Impact of Basic Public Service Supply and Urban-rural Income Gap." In ICIMTECH 21: The Sixth International Conference on Information Management and Technology. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3465631.3465670.

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Quanbao Li and Yan Yan. "Industrialization, urbanization and urban-rural income gap: An empirical analysis of China." In 2011 2nd IEEE International Conference on Emergency Management and Management Sciences (ICEMMS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icemms.2011.6015697.

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Reports on the topic "Rural-urban gap"

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Bertoni, Eleonora, Gregory Elacqua, Luana Marotta, Matias Martínez, Humberto Santos, and Sammara Soares. Is School Funding Unequal in Latin America?: A Cross-country Analysis. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002854.

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Public spending on education has increased significantly in Latin America over the last decades. However, less is known whether increased spending has been translated into a more equitable distribution of resources within countries in the region. This study addresses this gap by measuring the inequality in per-pupil spending between regions with different levels of socioeconomic status (SES) within five Latin American countries: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Results show that Brazil, a federal country, has the widest socioeconomic funding gap due to large inequalities in local revenues between high and low SES regions. However, the country's funding gap has narrowed over time. School funding in Colombia has become more regressive over time, but its gap is half the size of the one in Brazil. The distribution of school funding in Peru has changed over time from being regressive-benefiting the richest regions-to being progressive-benefiting the poorest regions. Education spending in Chile and in Ecuador are, on the other hand, consistently progressive. However, while the progressiveness of funding in Ecuador is driven by transfers targeted at disadvantaged rural areas, the funding formulas in Chile addresses socioeconomic inequalities beyond the rural-urban gap.
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García Zaballos, Antonio, Pau Puig Gabarró, and Enrique Iglesias Rodriguez. Digital Infrastructure in Trinidad and Tobago: Analysis, Challenges, and Action Plan. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003997.

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This document presents an analysis of the state of digital connectivity in Trinidad and Tobago and an action plan to close the existing gap between the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean and those of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. There is also a large gap within the country between urban, densely populated regions and rural, remote, or difficult-to-access regions. Among the impediments to closing the gap are: lack of investment in infrastructure in the most remote areas; limited bandwidth of citizens, institutions and companies that are far from this infrastructure; and lack of competition among internet companies. The government is making efforts in the areas of a universal service fund, spectrum management, and the formulation of the national ICT plan to improve access conditions in the country. Finally, the document estimates the investment gap in the region and in Trinidad and Tobago specifically.
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Graham, Suzanne, and Lauren Provost. Mathematics achievement gaps between suburban students and their rural and urban peers increase over time. University of New Hampshire Libraries, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2020.172.

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Speroni, Samuel, Asha Weinstein Speroni, Michael Manville, and Brian D. Taylor. Charging Drivers by the Gallon vs. the Mile: An Equity Analysis by Geography and Income in California. Mineta Transportation Institute, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2238.

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This study used data from the 2017 National Household Travel Survey California Add-On sample to explore how replacing the current state vehicle fuel tax with a flat-per-mile-rate road-user charge (RUC) would affect costs for different kinds of households. We first estimated how household vehicle fuel efficiency, mileage, and fuel tax expenditures vary by geography (rural vs. urban) and by income. These findings were then used to estimate how much different types of households pay in the current per-gallon state fuel tax, what they would pay if the state were to replace fuel taxes with a flat-rate road-usage charge (RUC) that would generate revenues similar to the current state fuel tax (2.52¢ per mile driven), and the difference in household expenditures between the fuel tax and RUC. We find that rural households tend to drive more miles and own less fuel-efficient vehicles than urban ones, so they pay comparatively more in fuel tax and would pay more with the RUC as well. However, this rural/urban variation is less for the RUC than the fuel tax, so moving to a flat-rate RUC would redistribute some of the overall tax burden from rural households (that drive more miles in fuel-thirsty vehicles) to urban households (that drive fewer miles in more fuel-efficient vehicles). Transitioning from the fuel tax to RUC would also generally shift the fuel tax burden from lower-income to higher-income households, with one exception: expenditures would rise for low-income urban households. However, the variation in the tax incidence between the gas tax and RUC is quite modest, amounting to less than one dollar per week for both urban and rural households at all income levels.
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Fan, Li, and Veronica Mendizabal Joffre. The Gender Dimension of Sustainable Consumption and Production: A Microsurvey-Based Analysis of Gender Differences in Awareness, Attitudes, and Behaviors in the People’s Republic of China. Asian Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200401-2.

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Using microsurveys conducted in the People’s Republic of China over the past 2 decades, this paper explores the individual preferences among men and women toward sustainable consumption and production—the concept of doing more with less and decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation. The study finds that women exhibit greener living and working habits than men. However, women—regardless of education, rural–urban setting, or age—are impacted by time poverty, low political participation, limited awareness, gender norms, and, for younger and older women, financial limitations. To encourage and increase women’s capacity in shaping environmental solutions, economic and political gender gaps must be addressed and awareness on the impact of consumption needs to be strengthened.
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Bano, Masooda, and Daniel Dyonisius. Community-Responsive Education Policies and the Question of Optimality: Decentralisation and District-Level Variation in Policy Adoption and Implementation in Indonesia. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/108.

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Decentralisation, or devolving authority to the third tier of government to prioritise specific policy reforms and manage their implementation, is argued to lead to pro-poor development for a number of reasons: local bureaucrats can better gauge the local needs, be responsive to community demands, and, due to physical proximity, can be more easily held accountable by community members. In the education sector, devolving authority to district government has thus been seen as critical to introducing reforms aimed at increasing access and improving learning outcomes. Based on fieldwork with district-level education bureaucracies, schools, and communities in two districts in the state of West Java in Indonesia, this article shows that decentralisation has indeed led to community-responsive policy-development in Indonesia. The district-level education bureaucracies in both districts did appear to prioritise community preferences when choosing to prioritise specific educational reforms from among many introduced by the national government. However, the optimality of these preferences could be questioned. The prioritised policies are reflective of cultural and religious values or immediate employment considerations of the communities in the two districts, rather than being explicitly focused on improving learning outcomes: the urban district prioritised degree completion, while the rural district prioritised moral education. These preferences might appear sub-optimal if the preference is for education bureaucracies to focus directly on improving literacy and numeracy outcomes. Yet, taking into account the socio-economic context of each district, it becomes easy to see the logic dictating these preferences: the communities and the district government officials are consciously prioritising those education policies for which they foresee direct payoffs. Since improving learning outcomes requires long-term commitment, it appears rational to focus on policies promising more immediate gains, especially when they aim, indirectly and implicitly, to improve actual learning outcomes. Thus, more effective community mobilisation campaigns can be developed if the donor agencies funding them recognise that it is not necessarily the lack of information but the nature of the local incentive structures that shapes communities’ expectations of education. Overall, decentralisation is leading to more context-specific educational policy prioritisation in Indonesia, resulting in the possibility of significant district-level variation in outcomes. Further, looking at the school-level variation in each district, the paper shows that public schools ranked as high performing had students from more privileged socio-economic backgrounds and were catering for communities that had more financial resources to support activities in the school, compared with schools ranked as low performing. Thus, there is a gap to bridge within public schools and not just between public and private schools.
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Journeay, M., P. LeSueur, W. Chow, and C L Wagner. Physical exposure to natural hazards in Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330012.

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Natural hazard threats occur in areas of the built environment where buildings, people, and related financial assets are exposed to the physical effects of earth system processes that have a potential to cause damage, injuries, losses, and related socioeconomic disruption. As cities, towns, and villages continue to expand and densify in response to the pressures of urban growth and development, so too do the levels of exposure and susceptibility to natural hazard threat. While our understanding of natural hazard processes has increased significantly over the last few decades, the ability to assess both overall levels of physical exposure and the expected impacts and consequences of future disaster events (i.e., risk) is often limited by access to an equally comprehensive understanding of the built environment and detailed descriptions of who and what are situated in harm's way. This study addresses the current gaps in our understanding of physical exposure to natural hazards by presenting results of a national model that documents characteristics of the built environment for all settled areas in Canada. The model (CanEM) includes a characterization of broad land use patterns that describe the form and function of cities, towns, and villages of varying size and complexity, and the corresponding portfolios of people, buildings and related financial assets that make up the internal structure and composition of these communities at the census dissemination area level. Outputs of the CanEM model are used to carry out a preliminary assessment of exposure and susceptibility to significant natural hazard threats in Canada including earthquake ground shaking; inundation of low-lying areas by floods and tsunami; severe winds associated with hurricanes and tornados; wildland urban interface fire (wildfire); and landslides of various types. Results of our assessment provide important new insights on patterns of development and defining characteristics of the built environment for major metropolitan centres, rural and remote communities in different physiographic regions of Canada, and the effects of ongoing urbanization on escalating disaster risk trends at the community level. Profiles of physical exposure and hazard susceptibility described in this report are accompanied by open-source datasets that can be used to inform local and/or regional assessments of disaster risk, community planning and emergency management activities for all areas in Canada. Study outputs contribute to broader policy goals and objectives of the International Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 2015-2030; Un General Assembly, 2015) and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR 2015-2030; United Nations Office for Disaster Reduction [UNDRR], 2015), of which Canada is a contributing member. These include a more complete understanding of natural hazard risk at all levels of government, and the translation of this knowledge into actionable strategies that are effective in reducing intrinsic vulnerabilities of the built environment and in strengthening the capacity of communities to withstand and recover from future disaster events.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Turkey. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrtr.2020.12.

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This report describes the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Turkey. To achieve this goal, the report portrays indicators of youth population, youth employment and unemployment, education and NEETs distribution. Since the urban/rural distinction is not clear in Turkey, the overtime change in the status of the Rural NEETs can-not be analysed.The adopted statistical procedures across the different selected dimensions involves descriptive longitudinal analysis, using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts) as well as the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019 and 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the indi-cators evolution before and after the economic crisis that hit European countries. All data was extracted from Eurostat public datasets, in addition we also used the statistics provi-ded by the Statistical Institute of Turkey, in addition to some academic works.The analyses show that Turkey has an ageing population, and that the share of the youth in the population declined over years. The relatively younger population of Turkey has pre-viously always been accepted as an advantage, but this advantage has disappeared with declining birth rates. The transition to a new administrative system in 2012 prevents a de-tailed analysis of the situation of rural NEETS. However, the available data shows that there is a significant gender gap and the lower levels of female labour force participation has led to the emergence of the NEETs as a gendered problem.
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