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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rural transportation'
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Aamodt, Alan R. "Transportation issues in rural rehabilitation." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2005. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2005/2005aarnodta.pdf.
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Ripplinger, David. "Organizing Transit in Small Urban and Rural Communities." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26729.
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The justification of government support of rural transit on the basis of the presence of increasing returns to scale and the most efficient regional organization of transit is investigated. Returns to density, size, and scope at most levels of output were found. Cost subadditivity, where a monopoly firm can provide service at a lower cost than two firms, was found for many, but not all observations. The presence of natural monopoly in rural transit in a strict sense is rejected. The findings and implications are directly applicable to rural transit in North Dakota and should be helpful in informing future federal policy as well as rural transit policy, service design, and operation in other states.
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Ray, Dusty. "Rural occupational transitions: transportation, identity, and new geographies." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38190.
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Master of ArtsDepartment of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work
Laszlo Kulcsar
Commercial trucking by its nature is a transient occupation, and those involved with commercial trucking can find themselves on the road and away from their homes for extended periods of time. Given the occupation’s transitory nature, why have some commercial drivers chosen to call rural America home when any place near a highway should suffice? Through the use of semi-structured interviews, this thesis attempts to explore whether rural truck drivers have any historical or geographical ties to the rural areas that they have chosen to live in. Using qualitative interview approach this thesis endeavored to find whether there are connections to the loss of agricultural or rural manufacturing jobs in a rural driver’s community and their decision to enter the occupation of trucking. In this way this thesis has attempted to discern to what extent structural changes in the rural economy over the last 40 years, may have played a role in a person’s decision to enter the occupation of trucking. This thesis has also attempted to elicit a phenomenological understanding of how they rural truck drivers understand themselves in relation to the larger American society through the work they perform.
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Kirkpatrick, Mark B. "Conversion of GIS databases for modeling rural transportation networks." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22333.pdf.
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Mattson, Jeremy. "Innovative Approach to Estimating Demand for Intercity Bus Services in a Rural Environment." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/25945.
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Because existing models have their limitations, there is a significant need for a model to estimate demand for intercity bus services, especially in rural areas. The general objective of this research was to develop an intercity mode choice model that can be incorporated into a statewide travel demand model to estimate demand for rural intercity bus services. Four intercity transportation modes were considered in the study: automobile, bus, rail, and air. A stated preference survey was conducted of individuals across the state of North Dakota, and a mixed logit model was developed to estimate a mode choice model. Results from the mode choice model showed the significant impacts of individual, trip, and mode characteristics on choice of mode. Gender, age, income, disability, trip purpose, party size, travel time, travel cost, and access distance were all found to have significant impacts on mode choice, and traveler attitudes were also found to be important. The study demonstrated how the mode choice model can be incorporated into a statewide travel demand model, and intercity bus mode shares were estimated for origin-destination pairs within the state. Alternative scenarios were analyzed to show how mode shares would change under different conditions or service characteristics. This study was conducted in the largely rural state of North Dakota, but results could be transferable to other areas with similar geographic characteristics.U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT)
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Dybing, Alan Gabriel. "Estimation of Increased Traffic on Highways in Montana and North Dakota due to Oil Development and Production." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26637.
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Advances in oil extraction technology such as hydraulic fracturing have improved capabilities to extract and produce oil in the Bakken and Three Forks shale formations located in North Dakota, Montana, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. From 2004 to the present, there has been a significant increase in oil rigs and new oil wells in these areas, resulting in increased impacts to the local, county, state, and federal roadway network. Traditional methods of rural traffic forecasting using an established growth rate are not sufficient under the changing traffic levels. The goal of this research is to develop a traffic model that will improve segment specific traffic forecasts for use in highway design and planning. The traffic model will consist of five main components: 1) a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) network model of local, county, state and federal roads, 2) a truck costing model for use in estimating segment specific user costs, 3) a spatial oil location model to estimate future oil development areas, 4) a series of mathematical programming models to optimize a multi-region oil development area for nine individual input/output movements, and 5) an aggregation of multiple routings to segment specific traffic levels in a GIS network model.
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Currie, Margaret Joan Barrie. "An evaluation of supported bus and community transport services in rural Scotland." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25796.
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Chiang, Risharng. "Rural transportation planning analysis in Chang-Hwa County, Taiwan : system dynamics perspective." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65233.
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Rearick, Emma Louise. "An exploration of rural transportation policies through quantitative selection of case studies." Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35515.
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Master of Regional and Community PlanningDepartment of Landscape Architecture/Regional & Community Planning
Gregory Newmark
Personal automobile use is commonly recognized as impacting public health, environmental sustainability, land use, and household expense. Car use is closely tied to car ownership rates, and fewer cars per household could indicate greater utilization of alternative modes of transportation. Most car ownership and active transportation research focuses on urban areas. However, much of the United States remains rural, and different factors may impact car ownership in less-densely populated areas. This research examines car ownership trends in rural counties to identify communities with lower than expected rates of car ownership considering demographic factors. 2,285 counties in the continental United States were identified as rural according to guidelines found in the Agriculture Act of 2014. These counties were grouped into five regions based on U.S. Census Bureau definitions. To identify counties of interest, an Ordinary Least Squares regression was created for each region that incorporated data from the 1990 Decennial Census and 2014 5-year American Community Survey. Two counties from each region were selected and studied for policies that may be correlated with car ownership rates: a county with a lower-than-expected car ownership rate change and a county with a typical car ownership rate change to serve as a control. Local professionals were interviewed and relevant policies summarized.
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Rostami, Shahbakhti Built Environment Faculty of Built Environment UNSW. "Application of the transport needs concept to rural New South Wales : a GIS-based analysis." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Built Environment, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/22472.
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The story of transport and accessibility problems in rural Australia is very similar to other wealthy countries with low rural densities and long distances such as the US and Canada ??? little or no public transport, very high levels of car ownership, and poor service provision. During the past two decades rationalisation and privatisation of services has led to the closure of many basic services in rural Australia. The withdrawal of services has necessitated longer distance travel for many rural residents ??? a problem which has been exacerbated by the rationalisation of public transport services. As a result there have emerged severe accessibility and mobility problems in rural areas, despite the presence of high levels of car ownership in such areas. In terms of rural transportation, the situation in Australia is characterised by two different features; first, poor public transport provision (or non-existence). Second; high levels of car ownership among rural residents. However, high levels of car ownership do not reflect high levels of prosperity; this is likely to indicate a situation of "enforced ownership" in response to declining levels of public transport provision. Furthermore, many rural residents neither own a car nor have access to a reliable public transport system due to socio-economic and location-based circumstances. Previous research has shown that these residents generally belong to groups who include the elderly, teenagers, students, Indigenous residents, unemployed persons and low-income households. Such groups have been termed transport-disadvantaged. The contention of this thesis, however, is that such groups are in a state of "transport need" given their range of transport related problems. This is one dimension of the accessibility problem in rural Australia, which has yet to be investigated. This thesis is concerned with the measurement of transport need through the development of several transport need indices using available census data. The key objective of this thesis is to investigate the relevance and suitability of need indices for identifying the relative spatial distribution of transport needs in rural areas. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is used for the development, analysis and visualisation of the transport need index. This thesis examines transportation needs in rural NSW simply by measuring "demand" and "supply" components of transport. To measure the demand index, some socio-economic characteristics of population are involved including: the elderly, no or low car owning households, Indigenous people, students, children, unemployed persons, low-income households, and accessibility. A weight has been assigned to each component based on its relative importance among the other components. Weighted values are then standardised based on 100. To measure the supply index, six components, which represent the availability of various kinds of transport in rural NSW are involved and have been calculated by assigning weights and standardising to 100. These are: CountryLink rail services, CountryLink coach and bus services, Regional Services, Community Transport Program, Wheelchair taxi services, and School Buses. The final transport need for rural NSW is calculated by dividing demand index by supply index. It simply quantifies transportation needs across the rural Statistical Local Areas (SLAs) of NSW. In addition, this thesis discusses the potential and limitations of GIS and our transport need indices to be used as input to decisions about improvements in provision of services, and coordination of existing services to better meet identified needs, for the transport disadvantaged in rural NSW. In essence, this thesis is an attempt to make Australian transport and social services planners aware of the value of a need based transport-planning methodology.
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Papangelis, Konstantinos. "User driven design of real time passenger information solutions for supporting rural passengers in the context of disruption." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=228210.
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Rural communities face a range of challenges associated with accessibility and connectivity. Though real-time passenger information systems (RTPIS) have been long heralded as offering the potential to mitigate some of these challenges their deployment in rural areas has been very limited. The lack of real-time passenger information has been identified as a contributing factor to a multitude of issues, such as high car usage, low public transport use and travel uncertainty. There is considerable potential for appropriate technologies to contribute to the alleviation of these issues, as evidence exists that they can influence travel behaviour, and cultivate positive attitudes towards the service and the operator. This thesis investigated the interplay between rural passenger experience and real-time information provision. Overall, this work aims to provide an initial stepping point on to understanding the interplay between passenger behaviour, disruptions, passenger experience, and real-time information. In order to explore the aforementioned, first, a series of interviews and focus groups with rural public transport passengers, rural transport operators, government agencies and members of academia have been carried out to study the rural passengers' responses to planned and unplanned travel disruption. Based on these i) a conceptual model that aims to describe the passenger recovery phases to disruption and the associated passenger information requirements, ii) and a framework that highlights characteristics of transport behaviour, and aligns them with drivers of transport behaviour adaptation have been created. Next, through a series of co-designed sessions in various rural areas throughout the UK a mobile technology probe, which provides public transport real time information to the passengers has been developed. Then using the technology probe a two-week before-and-after intervention study with 15 participants has been carried out. The results indicate that real-time information provided through the technology probe adjusted the travel behaviour of the participants. Namely, it improved the utilisation of waiting time of the participants, improved the efficiency of their travelling, and enabled them to find alternatives when needed. Further, to get a better picture of the effect of real-time information on rural travellers, during the intervention study 6 of the participants in their everyday travels for 7 days have been actively observed by the author. The outcomes from this supplemented the data from the study and illustrated how the rural public transport travellers used the system in their day-to-day travels. Finally, all our findings have been combined to co-create a system design with rural public transport passengers that aims to improve their experience during disruption. The final design mainly concentrated on providing information regarding pre-trip, on-trip and on boarding point, journey planning, supporting the rural passenger experience through social media, and disruption. In order to evaluate the applicability and suitability of the design, and explore how it relates to the needs of the rural passengers, two focus groups have been conducted. The results of the evaluation activity illustrate that the mobile RTPI system design was perceived as highly useful and relevant to the needs of the rural passenger.
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Chang, Jung-Chen. "The role of tourism in sustainable rural development : A multiple case study in rural Taiwan." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1629/.
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This thesis adopts an integrated tourism research approach to investigate the role of tourism in sustainable rural development. It identifies what the key ingredients of sustainable rural tourism development (SRTD) could be, which include an effective policy framework, good partnerships between stakeholders and a strong connection between tourism and local resources. A qualitative approach is adopted in investigating the cases of the Puli, Yuchih, and Renai townships in Taiwan, and the investigation focuses on three key concepts of policy, partnership and place (3Ps). Several issues emerged from the investigation. Due to dependence on central government support, the public-private partnership appears problematic; however, the strong level of business support networks and community organisations engaging in tourism strengthens local initiative in promoting sustainable development. The effects of tourism on local development are perceived as having more positive outcomes than negative ones, even though, the contribution of tourism to SRTD is still considered limited due to the scale of the rural decline problem it is trying to address. The influential correlations between policy, partnership, and place that emerged from the empirical findings evidently support the 3 Ps integrated tourism concept proposed by this research. This provides a more realistic and holistic understanding of tourism in rural areas. The thesis contributes to the literature by introducing the 3 Ps integrated tourism concept, and empirically, through the case studies, it also contributes to the understanding of current rural tourism development in an East Asian context.
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Zheng, Zijian. "Heavy Vehicle Impact on Rural Two Lane Highway Segments Operating Under Various Levels of Service Conditions." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27270.
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Oil boom in Western North Dakota State brings increasing number of oil trucks. The distinct characteristics of heavy vehicles such as oil trucks: low speed, large size, and slow accelerate and decelerate results in inaccuracy in traffic capacity forecasting and safety analysis. In this research, to calculate passenger car equivalent (PCE) factor of heavy vehicles, such as oil trucks, on two-lane rural highway, an improved analytical method based on headway and delay is introduced. It considers several elements that have effect on PCE factor: vehicle speed, safety passing time, headway distribution, level of service (LOS), and delay to downstream traffic. The new set of PCE factor values are classified into three groups corresponding to different LOS.
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Lee, Chi-on. "Sustainable development and integrated transport planning : "Is Hong Kong moving towards a more sustainable transport system for new development areas?" /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2104238X.
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Olufowobi, Oluwaseun Temitope. "The Safety Impact of Raising Speed Limit on Rural Freeways In Ohio." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1597014805133206.
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Heckler, Elliott K. "Investigating Rural Expressway Crashes at Two-Way Stop-Controlled Intersections." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1448374211.
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Bennett, Rob. "The management of road traffic in a rural county : Herefordshire 1919-1939." Thesis, Coventry University, 2008. http://eprints.worc.ac.uk/583/.
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The period between the two World Wars, 1919 to 1939, saw a major expansion in the use of motor vehicles on the roads of Britain and a consequent increase in road accidents and fatalities. Studies of road transport in this period have concentrated largely on the expanding urban areas. Little detailed work has been completed in rural areas. This study goes some way to fill this gap in our knowledge. It will examine the rural county of Herefordshire where the use of motor vehicles did increase greatly, although not to the extent of the country as a whole. This thesis will address the management of the safety of road traffic which was exercised by the County Council in the inter war years. The heart of the study is the evaluation of the size of the problem and the efforts of the County Surveyor to improve the safety of the county road network. Increasing use of the road network was encouraged by the decline in use of the rail network. The A40 trunk road in the south of the county saw traffic increases of approximately one and a half times over the two decades. However the secondary roads such as the B4214 north of Bromyard saw much greater increase. Cars increased by six and three quarter times whilst lorries by the even larger margin of nine times over the two decades. The improvements carried out to the county road network consisted of road widening, rather than major road realignments. The County Council members were strongly resistant to the loss of agricultural land. However significant new improvements to the road surface were effected throughout the county albeit in short lengths. Four different types of road surface were tried. In fact the county was at the forefront of road surface development in this period. The County Surveyor’s preferred choice was a bitumen/stone mix laid cold which became the accepted solution for the country as a whole in the 1930s. The attitude adopted by the police force, essentially reactive, in the management of road safety will be examined. Whilst traffic volumes increased in the inter-war years there was no corresponding increase in the 1930s in the recorded number of fatal road accidents. The thesis will conclude with an assessment of the degree of public satisfaction with the efforts of the County Surveyor and the Chief Constable in maintaining a safe county road network in the inter-war years. The public, through the medium of the press and the County Council minutes, indicated that they considered that the efforts of the Surveyor and Chief Constable were acceptable.
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Mahmood, Shah. "Investigating Interchange Traffic and Commercial Development at Rural Interstate Highway Exits." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1469491271.
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Barone, Cristina. "Transportation options in rural communities the costs of travel for low-income populations in Alachua County /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0025098.
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Thapa, Magar Ritendra. "Gravity Goods Ropeways: A Sustainable Solution for Rural Transportation in Hilly and Mountainous Regions of Nepal." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20424.
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In Nepal, the harsh mountainous topography hinders a viable transport infrastructure, including roads, making trails and mule tracks the only available option for a majority of the population. This isolates communities and compels them to face an exhausting, time consuming and often dangerous journey to get their agricultural products to the nearest markets. This study investigates the potential of gravity goods ropeway as a viable means of transportation to serve these isolated communities. This research looks at Hiklung village to explore the significance of gravity good ropeways in linking farmers to markets, its socio-economic impact, and its effectiveness in improving food security and livelihoods of project beneficiaries. The findings of this study, based on participant observation and interactions with project beneficiaries, suggest that an alternative means of transportation like gravity goods ropeway can be a sustainable transport solution to these isolated communities and increase their participation in the local economy.
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Kleist, Kyle A. "A survey of transportation availability and consumer satisfaction among elderly and disabled individuals in Pierce County, Wisconsin." Online version, 2004. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2004/2004kleistk.pdf.
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Horn, Andrea L. "Assessment of Tree Canopy Effects Overtop Low Volume Roadways." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1564052715480026.
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Lind, David Hilty. "Encounter on a home-delivered raw milk route." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6003.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on January 2, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
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Boehle, Sarah Goode. "Accessing Consumer Goods and Services as a Non-driver in Appalachian Ohio: An Exploratory Study." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1437680018.
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Sullivan, Kendra. "Simulating rural Emergency Medical Services during mass casualty disasters." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/779.
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Lanker, Joakim. "Transportation and Fossil Fuel Use in a Rural Context : A Case Study on Norderön in Jämtland, Sweden." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik och hållbar utveckling, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-16642.
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The transport sector is facing great challenges of rising transport demand but at the same time meeting requirements of substituting fossil fuels, and mitigating its environmental impacts. Conventional transportation solutions are well-adapted to urban contexts, but not to rural contexts. A tendency to try to solve rural issues with urban thinking has been observed during the study. The thesis’s purpose is to aid the implementation of the national “Fossil-fuel free 2030” vision in the County of Jämtland, Sweden, by studying fossil fuel use in a well-defined rural area: the island of Norderön in Lake Storsjön. The thesis is based on a literature study, interviews with islanders and officials, and a questionnaire to the islanders. The transport work for Norderön was estimated in form of annual the fuel use of diesel and petrol. Diesel consumption in 2011, including ferries, was estimated to 500 m3 (c:a 4 m3 per capita and year) and petrol consumption, including through traffic, was estimated to 300 m3 (c:a 2 m3 per capita and year). Annual mileage per car and number of cars per capita on the island are higher than in Sweden in general. The large number of private cars on the island is caused by insufficient public transportation service. A household with low accessibility requires high mobility to satisfy its needs. For the situation in 2030 a probable increase in transport demand is compensated by an increase in energy efficiency of different transport technology, and the fuel consumption is thus estimated to be similar in 2030 to what is was in 2011. Reaching the “Fossil-fuel free 2030” vision through a direct substitution of fossil fuels with bio-based fuels will be limited by biofuel supply, especially if the vision shall be reached also in areas surrounding Norderön. There is an urgent need to develop solutions applicable for rural areas, which are based on comprehensive transport demand management measures combined with continued focus on fuel efficiency, energy efficient transport modes and alternative fuels.Transportsektorn står inför stora utmaningar genom ökat transportbehov samtidigt som den ska möta krav på bränsleomställning och minskad miljöpåverkan. Konventionella lösningar för hållbart resande är välanpassade för stadsmiljöer, men inte för glesbygd. En tendens att försöka lösa glesbygdens problem med ett stadstänk har observerats under studien. Uppsatsens syfte är att hjälpa Länsstyrelsen Jämtlands län att implementera visionen Fossilbränslefritt 2030 genom att studera fossilbränsleanvändning i en välavgränsad glesbygd: Norderön i Storsjön. Uppsatsen bygger på en litteraturstudie, intervjuer med öbor och tjänstemän, samt en enkät till öborna. Dieselförbrukningen, inklusive färjorna, var c:a 500 m3 år 2011 och bensinförbrukningen, inklusive genomfartstrafik, var c:a 300 m3. Körsträcka per bil och bilägande är högre på Norderön än riksgenomsnittet. Ett hushåll med låg tillgänglighet kräver hög rörlighet för att möta sitt behov. En potentiell ökning av transportefterfrågan år 2030 kompenseras av bränslesnålare teknik, och därför antas bränsleförbrukningen vara lika år 2030. Tillgången på biobränsle kommer att begränsa möjligheten att fullständigt ersätta fossila bränslen. Det finns ett påtagligt behov av att utveckla glesbygdslösningar baserade på åtgärder för hållbart resande kombinerat med fortsatt fokus på bränslesnålare teknik och alternativa bränslen.
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Mahapa, Sabina Mammelane. "Spatial and social exclusion travel and transport needs of rural women in Limpopo, South Africa /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06042004-104050.
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Ali, Mir Shabbar. "An accessibility-activity based approach for modelling rural travel demand in developing countries." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2001. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/900/.
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For most rural populations in developing countries, travel to access basic needs is considered a burden, in terms of wastage of their daily time and efforts. Lack of adequate access to health, education and market centres is found to be responsible for problems like high mortality rate and low literacy rate and high sense of isolation. Recent research has recommended that time constraints should be incorporated in attempting to model rural travel behaviour. The research reported in this thesis integrates household accessibility analysis within an activity-based framework to model travel demand. The conceptual development recognised the derived nature of travel. The household access needs are transformed into individual activities through household role allocation. The spatial and temporal constraints on the activities along with monetary, cultural and social constraints on individuals determine accessibility of the activities to the individuals. Probabilistic behavioural models have been developed to model individual activity choice and the resulting travel. Household data collected from representative rural areas of Pakistan were used to analyse rural activity-travel behaviour. Household activities analysed were Work, Education, Market, Health and Leisure. The results indicated the varying nature of these activities and that of individuals responsible for carrying out the activities. It was found that Household Heads are responsible for carrying out most out-of-home activities required to fulfil household needs. Models developed were applied to various situations. The models in general were found to validate the concepts developed in the research. Prediction results for activities Work and Education were in agreement to the observed data. Results for activities Market, Health and Leisure showed that a time horizon must be considered to recognise the nondaily nature of these activities. Models addressing time horizon decision showed better agreement between predicted and observed travel demand.
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Tolliver, Denver D. "The impacts of grain subterminals on rural highways." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54799.
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The problems associated with increased heavy grain truck traffic in rural regions were investigated. Both the short-run incremental costs of accelerated pavement replacement and the long-run incremental costs of upgrading low-volume highways were considered. A set of demand and traffic models was formulated which projects the annual flow of grain from each production zone in an impact region to each elevator, allocates the flows among truck-types, computes the annual trips, gross vehicle weights and axle weights, and assigns the truck trips to the highway network. A set of highway models was also formulated which computes the equivalent single axle loads for each highway section in an impact region and estimates the incremental costs associated with subterminal traffic.
The impacts of a newly-formed subterminal-satellite elevator system in rural North Dakota were investigated. The results of the case study indicate that rural collector highways are likely to experience substantial localized impacts from subterminal development but the effects on principal arterials may be minimal. Altogether, $1.14 million in short-run costs and $8.41 million in long-run costs were projected for the impact region. However, the case study roads represent less than 2 percent of the rural arterial and collector highway mileage in the state. If the case-study network represents a microcosm of rural North Dakota, then the statewide short-run and long-run incremental costs may be in the vicinity of $57 million and $420 million respectively. However, regional variations within the state may result in either higher or lower costs for a given elevator system than those projected in the case study.Ph. D.
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Al, Zahrani Khodran Ali Al Gafai. "Transportation marketing : a study of attitude and preference of Saudi families towards school transport in Saudi Arabia : a case study of Dammam City." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/573.
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Education is an important factor in the development and growth of a country. It is essential to have school transport to facilitate the transport of male and female students to school so that the families will be persuaded to send their children to schools, and the children are encouraged to continue education. The school transport modes are of different kinds: students can walk to the schools; families may own private cars; transport may be rented or may be provided by the government, such as school buses. The focus of this research is to identify the modes which are used to transport the students to and from schools, problems associated with such modes of transport, and the modes preferred by the Saudi households. The research also concentrates on identifying the constraints preventing the selection of preferred modes, and investigates the relation between the sociocultural factors and the selection of the modes in order to develop a Modal Split Model. A review of previous studies reveals that comfortability, convenience, time, safety, and costs, are the factors that play important roles in the selection of the transport modes. In the light of these factors, the school transport modes in the city of Dammam, Saudi Arabia are evaluated. Data were collected from a sample of 1081 male and 1084 female students, as well as from their guardians. An analysis of the data shows that students use the following modes for school transport at varying rates depending on the educational level: Walking, Private Car, Carpool, Limousine/Taxi, Government School Bus, and Public Bus, while the preferred modes are: Walking, Private Car, Government School Bus, and Rented (Public) Bus. Eleven modal split models for school trips have been chosen from 161 models as the best models for predicting school trips in terms of rho-squared (P 2)" As a result of the descriptive analysis and the modal split models, market demand and market share of the school transport modes are analyzed, and applications of how to use the models are shown in the benefit of the Saudi' households and the private companies.
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Gomez, Corrochano Daniel. "Social Networks and the flow of people : The effects of computer-mediated communication on mobility of young people from a rural area in Spain." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-13833.
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This research examines how social networking fosters the mobility of young people in a rural Spain. Generally, rural areas have been overlooked in the discourse on Globalization and Network Society, which is the foundation of the concept of “linked city”. Although many scholars have highlighted the direct link between the increase in the modes of communication of people and the increase of any kind of interaction, face-to-face included, it is necessary to stress that most of these studies are conducted in urban context where a certain grade of efficient transport exists. This study provides an approach to the impact of mediated communication on the lives of people in villages. Based on the concept of Digital Natives this study addresses the Social Network use of young people in a determined rural area in Spain and its correlation with the aim of mobility of the respondents. The results bring to light a certain degree of correlation between the increase of interaction via the Internet and the wish of mobility. Besides, this study uncovers a transportation shortage among locations in this rural area that forces young people to reduce the face-to-face interactions around specific nodes (e.g. High School or a near big city). Finally this study stresses the need for improvement of the transportation networks in terms of cost, flexibility, functionality and reach among rural population in order to avoid a cultural, economic and social backwardness in comparison to urban environments.
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Hindmarsh, Bruce. "Yoked to the plough : male convict labour, culture and resistance in rural Van Diemen's Land, 1820-40." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4056.
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This thesis is a study of assigned male convict labour in rural Van Diemen’s Land in the period 1820-40. Throughout this period agriculture and pastoralism were centxal to the colonial economy, and this sector was the largest private employer of convict labour, yet there has been no prior sustained investigation of the nature and experience of rural convict employment in Van Diemen’s Land. Research has involved use of records of convict transportation, the records of the convict department, colonial court records, and the correspondence of the colonial secretary’s office. Extensive use has also been made of the colonial press, published contemporary accounts, and unpublished journals of colonists. The thesis begins with a discussion of two oppositional representations of rural convict labour: John Glover’s painting ‘My Harvest Home’, and the ballad ‘Van Diemen’s Land’. These representations demonstrate the polarised debate on the nature of convict labour. Rural convicts have been largely neglected in the recent historiography of convict transportation; this thesis argues that this neglect is unwarranted, and that rural convict labour resists reductionist understanding of convict labour. Chapter 1 examines farming in the colony, demonstrating the importance and vitality of this sector of the economy. Chapters 2-4 discuss convict assignment, management, and convict responses. It is argued that assignment effectively placed those with experience of farm work with rural employers. Convicts’ skills are seen to have been relevant and useful to the rural economy. The management of convict servants operated both formally at the level of the Convict Department regulations and the magistrates bench, and informally on individual properties. Informal management best utilised incentives rather than force. Thus convicts were able to negotiate the authority of their employers through various means, including resistance. Chapters 5-7 discuss the convict experience of rural labour. Material conditions of diet, housing and clothing are examined in chapter 5. Convict recreational culture is investigated in chapter 6; it is argued that convicts created an important site of autonomy in this form. The intimate lives of convict men are discussed in chapter 7. Often seen as brutal and brutalising, it is argued that these relationships were important and meaningful sites in male convict experience.
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Al-Mehairi, Jamal M. "The role of transportation networks in the development and integration of the seven emirates forming the United Arab Emirates, with special reference to Dubai." Thesis, Durham University, 1993. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1554/.
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Hessel-Garten, Rebecca. "Development of a manual for small towns and rural areas to develop a hazardous materials emergency plan." Thesis, Kansas State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9913.
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Ouedraogo, Nayabtigungu Hendrix. "The Safety Impact of Raising Trucks' Speed Limit on Rural Freeways in Ohio." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1576248242725121.
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Greene, Tyler Gray. "Accessible Isolation: Highway Building and the Geography of Industrialization in North Carolina, 1934-1984." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/431217.
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HistoryPh.D.
Between the 1930s and mid-1980s, North Carolina became one of the most industrialized states in the country, with more factory workers, as a percentage of the total workforce, than any other state. And yet, North Carolina generally retained its rural complexion, with small factories dispersed throughout the countryside, instead of concentrated in large industrial cities. This dissertation asks two essential questions: first, how did this rural-industrial geography come to be, and second, what does the creation of this geography reveal about the state of the American political economy in the post-World War II era? I argue that rural industrialization was a central goal of North Carolina’s postwar political leaders and economic development officials. These industry hunters, as I call them, wanted to raise their state’s per capita income by recruiting manufacturers to develop or relocate operations in North Carolina. At the same time, they worried about developing large industrial cities or mill villages, associating them with class conflict, congestion, and a host of other ill-effects. In the hopes of attracting industry to its countryside, the state invested heavily in its secondary roads and highways, increasing the accessibility of rural communities. In their pursuit of rural industrialization, however, North Carolina also constructed a political economy that anticipated the collapse of the New Deal state. While historians typically see New Deal liberalism as the prevailing form of statecraft in the postwar United States, North Carolina achieved economic growth through a model that state officials termed “accessible isolation.” What accessible isolation meant was that North Carolina would provide industries with enough of a state apparatus to make operating a factory in a rural area possible, while maintaining policies of low taxes, limited regulations, and anti-unionism, to make those sites desirable. Essentially, industry hunters offered industrial prospects access to a supply of cheap rural labor, but isolation from the high wages, labor unions, government regulations, and progressive tax code that defined New Deal liberalism. Accessible isolation was attractive to businesses in postwar America because it offered a “business-friendly” alternative to the New Deal, and factories began sprouting throughout rural North Carolina. But the success of accessible isolation was built on a shaky foundation. Indeed, most of the employers persuaded by its promises were those in low-wage, labor-intensive industries, making North Carolina’s rural communities especially vulnerable to transformations in the global economy by the late twentieth century.
Temple University--Theses
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Öbom, Alexander. "NEW ROADS TAKEN BY FEW : Motorcycle-taxi drivers and neoliberal development in rural Uganda." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kulturantropologi och etnologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385161.
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Kisoro, a rural district in Uganda, is undergoing various transformations which could be summarized under the term neoliberal development. This qualitative study, which is based on six weeks of anthropological fieldwork, is focused on how a few individuals working as motorcycle-taxi drivers in the area experience these transformations, and how they deal with them. The results indicate that while they tend to describe them as “development”, they see them as constituting an uneven form of development - not beneficial to all, something which, in their view, makes this development less genuine. It is commonly associated with various “others”; carried out by and for others, while the informants have to live off the leftovers from it, were the motorcycle-taxi job is seen as such a leftover; neither enabling much upward - nor geographical - mobility. In some cases, they feel included in transformations which makes things worse, so it all constitutes not only a limited, but a somehow distorted development, and there is nostalgia around better pasts. But simultaneously, many also feel free, and as their hopes for inclusion in a genuine development erodes while they wait for it, inspiration from an external world makes them strive for a more individualized prosperity.
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Vavilikolanu, Srutha. "Crash Prediction Models on Truck-Related Crashes on Two-lane Rural Highways with Vertical Curves." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1221758522.
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Winther, Anne M. "Survive or thrive : creating options for sustainable communities in rural Scotland." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21186.
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Environmental and socio-economic crises are creating compelling needs for radical social change. This project investigated the options and barriers for three Scottish rural communities (Fintry, Killin and Kinlochleven) to become sustainable and thrive in a future resource-constrained world. A unique, holistic and mixed methods approach was used to assess baseline sustainability, envision and model futures and develop possible options for sustainability. Central to this investigation was the development of a strong and holistic model of a sustainable community: the sustainable community design (SCD). This framework shaped the assessment of each community’s baseline sustainability. Sustainability was measured for the ten aspects of the SCD using a scorecard approach with a basket of indicators populated by primary data (collected in a household survey) and secondary data (national statistics). Sustainable consumption was analysed using the Resources and Energy Analysis Programme (REAP) to generate each community’s ecological footprint (EF) and results were compared to current estimates of per capita world biocapacity to gauge sustainability. Even the most sustainable community was only sustainable in three out of ten of the SCD’s aspects and this community had the highest EF. Although the most deprived community had the lowest EF, it was unsustainable in all ten SCD aspects. The results reflected the heterogeneity of rural communities and complexity of sustainability measurement. The SCD scorecard approach for sustainability measurement was shown to be sensitive and robust and can be applied to rural communities across Scotland. Future visions were created in focus groups, in which participants were asked to envision what their community would need to thrive in 2030 under the scenario of peak oil and a low carbon economy. Vision ideas and examples of best practice and technological innovation were used to create narrative scenarios for modelling transport, food and energy futures. The scenarios’ EFs were calculated in REAP for three discrete levels of change: a marginal change, a step change and radical transformation. The results suggested that radical transformation is required for communities to become sustainable. Key features are likely to be re-localised and highly co-operative societies, which utilise technological innovations (such as electric cars powered by renewable energy) and share resources to maximise opportunities for living in rural areas. A community’s transformation is likely to be bespoke and require local control, requiring changes to governance and supportive policy. Key barriers identified were availability of affordable technological innovations, energy injustice, power to achieve self-determination, community governance, property rights and sustainability literacy. A process model, incorporating the SCD scorecard approach, was proposed for furthering sustainable community development and research. In taking an interdisciplinary and mixed methods approach, this study has pioneered a novel approach to the holistic enquiry of the options for creating sustainable rural communities.
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Faden, Abdulrahman Khalid. "Development of Safety Performance Functions For Two-Lane Rural Highways in the State of Ohio." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1591976280554876.
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Dlwangushe, Sizwe. "The impact of transport costs on household income: the case of Nkonkobe Municipality Alice in the Easten Cape Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007130.
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The study investigated the impact of transport costs on household income the case of Nkonkobe Local Municipality. The objective of the study was to establish the impact of transport costs on household income. To achieve the objective, the study hypothesized that transport costs have a negative impact of household income. The research design of the study that was used include research instrument, research technique, sample size, population and data analysis procedure. However the research instrument that was followed was the questionnaire which contains a set of questions whilst the research technique used to collect primary data was the self-administered questionnaire. The results of the study revealed that households in Nkonkobe Local Municipality were spending more of their income on transport. Finally, the study recommended that subsidies for poor households must be provided by the government.
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Moreira, Alisson Neves Harmyans. "Geoprocessamento aplicado ao estudo de roteirização do transporte canavieiro." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4527.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
To ensure the grinding of cane sugar is necessary for the stages of harvest or CCT logistics (Cut, loading and transportation) are efficient, being in constant operation and interaction, as in harvest period, the plants work uninterruptedly. Any delay in delivery will result in production losses and hence increased cost. Estimates suggest that only the CCT is responsible for 30% of the cost of production and 12% are represented by the transport. The sugarcane transport involves several types of costs, including the cost of freight and variable costs (fuel consumption, maintenance and tire wear). Shortest paths are commonly chosen as the best route option, however, some variables such as the types of roads (quality) and fleet (individuals or third parties) are not considered in decision making. Routes measurements are obtained from rudimentary way or are neglected, not being employed methods that demonstrate specific information path. In this work, elaborated a Geographic Information System (GIS) for routing the sugarcane transportation. For construction of the road network database, we used an orbital OLI scene image sensor on board the Landsat 8. To this end, we generated a color composite with the bands 6, 5 and 4 (RGB654), and performed fusion and filtering to enable observation and vectorization of roads and carriers. After the generated file, the vectors were submitted to the Arc-node model, dividing them into segments. Then, the GIS was fed attributes collected in the field and data reported in the literature in order to network classification concerning slope and operational performance, being created impedances and restrictions on the roads, in order that the routing simulated of interest to reliable information. The scenarios were organized based on two criteria: operational performance and is less. It was observed that 96% of the roads have steepness less than 5%, favoring the cultivation and transportation of cane sugar. Moreover, 94% of the roads are classified as tertiary. Despite the higher index roads with low quality, the spatial arrangement of the primary and secondary roads provided that the results were not among the conflicting criteria and in most pathways, the best operating performance criterion time was shorter compared to the shortest distance. Still, it was found that the analyzed transport costs did not differ significantly and traffic on roads with better quality can reduce cost Repair and Maintenance (CRM) significantly. Thus, the study showed that there are two aspects in choosing the best route and that this choice is related to the company's variables.
Para garantir a moagem da cana-de-açúcar é necessário que as fases da colheita ou a logística CCT (Corte, carregamento e transporte) sejam eficientes, estando em constante operação e interação, pois em período de safra, as usinas trabalham ininterruptamente. Qualquer atraso na entrega ocasionará prejuízos na produção e, consequentemente, aumento do custo. Estimativas apontam que apenas o CCT é responsável por 30% do custo de produção e 12% destes são representados pelo transporte. O transporte canavieiro envolve diversos tipos de custos, entre eles, o custo de frete e os custos variáveis (consumo de combustível, manutenção e desgaste dos pneus). Caminhos mais curtos são comumente escolhidos como a melhor opção de rota, entretanto, algumas variáveis como os tipos de estradas (qualidade) e frotas (particulares ou terceiros) não são considerados na tomada de decisões. As determinações de rotas são obtidas de maneira rudimentar ou são negligenciadas, não sendo empregados métodos que demonstram informações específicas de cada trajeto. Neste trabalho, elaborou-se um Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) para a roteirização do transporte canavieiro. Para construção da base de dados da malha viária, empregou-se uma cena de imagem orbital do sensor OLI, a bordo do satélite Landsat 8. Para esta finalidade foi gerada uma composição colorida com as bandas 6, 5 e 4 (RGB654), sendo realizada fusão e filtragem para possibilitar a observação e vetorização das estradas e carreadores. Após gerado o arquivo, os vetores foram submetidos ao modelo Arco-Nó, dividindo-os em segmentos. Em seguida, o SIG foi alimentado com atributos coletados em campo e dados referenciados na literatura, visando a classificação da rede quanto à declividade e ao desempenho operacional, sendo criadas impedâncias e restrições na rede viária, com o objetivo de que o roteirizador simulasse as rotas de interesse com informações fidedignas. Os cenários foram sistematizados baseados em dois critérios: desempenho operacional e a menor distância. Observou-se que 96% das estradas apresentam declividades inferiores a 5%, o que favorece o cultivo e o transporte da cana-de-açúcar. Por outro lado, 94% das estradas foram classificadas como terciárias. Apesar do maior índice de estradas com baixa qualidade, a disposição espacial das estradas primárias e secundárias proporcionou que os resultados entre os critérios não fossem discrepantes e que na maioria dos percursos, o tempo do critério de melhor desempenho operacional fosse menor comparado ao de menor distância. Ainda, verificou-se que os custos de transporte analisados não diferiram significativamente e o tráfego em estradas com melhor qualidade pode reduzir Custo de Reparo e Manutenção (CRM) de forma expressiva. Assim, o estudo apresentou que existem duas vertentes na escolha da melhor rota e que essa escolha está associada às variáveis da empresa.
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Grundmark, Anna. "”VART ÄR VI PÅ VÄG?” / WHERE ARE WE GOING?" Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-262484.
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In the middle of the nineteenth century, the train came to Sweden. It has been just over 150 years and a lot has happened. With the train and its station came more then just a means of transportation, it turned Sweden from a developing country into one of the most modern. In the small Swedish cities and on the countryside, the stations became a central node, a meeting point and a place to gather. The train passed through previously isolated areas where the stations became not only just that but also a window towards the rest of the world. This project is a study of the Swedish train station and a humble proposal on how to treat them, what to do with them and when to do it (now).
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Chuo, Kaitlin. "Evaluation of the Applicability of the Interactive Highway Safety Design Model to Safety Audit of Two-Lane Rural Highways." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2299.pdf.
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Shrestha, Pramen P., and Joseph Shrestha. "Factors Associated with Crash Severities in Built-up Areas Along Rural Highways of Nevada: A Case Study of 11 Towns." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/714.
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In 2014, 32,675 deaths were recorded in vehicle crashes within the United States. Out of these, 51% of the fatalities occurred in rural highways compared to 49% in urban highways. No specific crash data are available for the built-up areas along rural highways. Due to high fatalities in rural highways, it is important to identify the factors that cause the vehicle crashes. The main objective of this study is to determine the factors associated with severities of crashes that occurred in built-up areas along the rural highways of Nevada. Those factors could aid in making informed decisions while setting up speed zones in these built-up areas. Using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression model, 337 crashes that occurred in 11 towns along the rural highways from 2002 to 2010 were analyzed. The results showed that more crashes occurred during favorable driving conditions, e.g., 87% crashes on dry roads and 70% crashes in clear weather. The binary logistic regression model showed that crashes occurred from midnight until 4 a.m. were 58.3% likely to be injury crashes rather than property damage only crashes, when other factors were kept at their mean values. Crashes on weekdays were three times more likely to be injury crashes than that occurred on weekends. When other factors were kept at their mean value, crashes involving motorcycles had an 80.2% probability of being injury crashes. Speeding was found to be 17 times more responsible for injury crashes than mechanical defects of the vehicle. As a result of this study, the Nevada Department of Transportation now can take various steps to improve public safety, including steps to reduce speeding and encourage the use of helmets for motorcycle riders.
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Lee, Chi-on, and 李子安. "Sustainable development and integrated transport planning: "Is Hong Kong moving towards a more sustainable transportsystem for new development areas?"." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31259959.
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Pergher, Calinca Jordânia. "Política de transporte escolar rural no Rio Grande do Sul : configuração de competências e de relações (inter)governamentais na oferta e no financiamento." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/94766.
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Est analysée la politique de transport scolaire en milieu rural du Rio Grande do Sul, avec l'objectif de discuter la configuration de compétences gouvernementales et des relations intergouvernementaux dans l'offre et dans le financement. La recherche qualitative, s'inscrit dans l'abordage méthodologique d'analyse de politique publique, avec des éléments de l'analyse plus cognitive et séquentielle, en incluant la formulation et la mise en oeuvre de la politique et de l'étude de cas dans trois petites villes gauchas. Présente la politique du transport scolaire dans le pays et cherche comprendre comme la politique du transport scolaire a été constituée à Rio Grande do Sul, ce lequel il envisage: leurs origines, quand le transport scolaire se rend un problème public et arrive à l'agenda gouvernemental de l'état; quels ont été les principaux acteurs; que solutions ont été proposées jusqu'à la formulation du Programme de l'état d'assistance au transport scolaire (Peate); que des référentiels se sont imposés dans la constitution de cette politique; et comme ce a été sa mise en oeuvre. Est passé à travers la thèse le débat sur le format de la fédération brésilienne, les compétences gouvernementales et les relations, pas toujours solidaires, entre les êtres fédérés dans l'offre et dans le financement du transport scolaire; de façon similaire, la discussion sur la conception d'éducation en milieu rural, de la nucléation et de la fermeture des écoles en milieu rural a été point crucial pour la compréhension de la problématique du transport scolaire. L'étude de cas dans les trois villes il a permis de vérifier la limitée capacité financière et la grande dépendance de ressources de l'Union et de l'État que, en général, l'être municipal a pour offrir à l'éducation et au transport scolaire. L'étude de cas dans les trois villes il a permis de vérifier la limitée capacité financière et la grande dépendance de ressources de l'Union et de l'État que, en général, l'être municipal a pour offrir à l'éducation et au transport scolaire. Finalement, la thèse présente l'odyssée du transport scolaire à Rio Grande do Sul, en démontrant vigueurs et fragilités des relations entre l'État et les villes. Le transport scolaire des élèves du filet de l'état, réalisé par les villes, gagne du statut de problème public dans le Gouvernement d'Olívio Dutra, quand est fait le premier terme d'accord à être affermi entre l'État et les villes (1999) vue de ressources pour le transport, en continuant les conflits et les négociations dans tous les gouvernements, minimisés un peu dans la formulation du Peate, en 2008, dans le Gouvernement de Yeda Crusius, mais en resurgissant dans le Gouvernement de Tarso Genro. La question récurrente, dans la période, est ce de la couverture des coûts du transport scolaire de la part du gouvernement de l'état, dont le déficit ouvre de l'espace pour négociations concernant les critères de distribution des ressources de l'état. La défense du Famurs est point fort dans ce débat, suivant récemment par Undime/RS. La politics gaucha a influencé fortement la policy du transport scolaire, qui vient en suivant un chemin d’incessant signification.É analisada a política de transporte escolar rural do Rio Grande do Sul, com o objetivo de discutir a configuração de competências governamentais e das relações intergovernamentais na oferta e no financiamento. A investigação, de cunho qualitativo, inscreve-se na abordagem metodológica de análise de política pública, com elementos da análise cognitiva e sequencial, abrangendo a formulação e a implementação da política e estudo de caso em três pequenos municípios gaúchos. Apresenta a política do transporte escolar no país e busca compreender como tal política foi sendo constituída no Rio Grande do Sul, o que contempla: suas origens, quando o transporte escolar se torna um problema público e chega à agenda governamental estadual; quais foram os principais atores; que soluções foram propostas até a formulação do Programa Estadual de Apoio ao Transporte Escolar (Peate); que referenciais se impuseram na constituição dessa política; e como tem sido a sua implementação. Permeou a tese o debate sobre o formato da federação brasileira, as competências governamentais e as relações, nem sempre solidárias, entre os entes federados na oferta e no financiamento do transporte escolar; do mesmo modo, a discussão sobre a concepção de educação do campo, da nucleação e do fechamento das escolas do meio rural foi ponto crucial para a compreensão da problemática do transporte escolar. O estudo de caso nos três municípios permitiu comprovar a limitada capacidade financeira e a grande dependência de recursos da União e do estado que, em geral, o ente municipal tem para ofertar à educação e ao transporte escolar. Por fim, a tese apresenta a ‘odisseia’ do transporte escolar no Rio Grande do Sul, demonstrando vigores e fragilidades das relações entre o estado e os municípios. O transporte escolar dos alunos da rede estadual, realizado pelos municípios, ganha status de problema público no governo de Olívio Dutra, quando é feito o primeiro termo de convênio a ser firmado entre o estado e os municípios (1999) para repasse de recursos para o transporte, continuando os conflitos e as negociações em todos os governos, minimizados um pouco na formulação do Peate, em 2008, no governo de Yeda Crusius, mas ressurgindo no governo de Tarso Genro. A questão recorrente, no período, é a da cobertura dos custos do transporte escolar por parte do governo estadual, cujo déficit abre espaço para negociações acerca dos critérios de distribuição dos recursos estaduais. O protagonismo da Famurs é ponto forte nesse debate, seguido recentemente pela Undime/RS. A politics gaúcha influenciou fortemente a policy do transporte escolar, que vem seguindo um caminho de constante ressignificação.
It is analyzed the politics of rural school transportation in Rio Grande do Sul, with the purpose of discussing the configuration of governmental competencies and the intergovernmental relations in the provision and funding. The investigation, a qualitative one, is part of the methodological approach of the analysis of public policy, with elements of cognitive and sequential analysis, including the formulation and implementation of policy and case study of three small cities in the state. Presents the policy of school transportation in Brazil and aims to understand how such policy was constituted in Rio Grande do Sul, which comprises: its origins, when school transportation becomes a public problem and comes to the state government agenda; which were the main actors; which solutions were proposed to the formulation of the State Program of Support for School Transportation (Peate); which references were imposed in the constitution of the policy; and how its implementation has been. Permeating the thesis was the debate about the format of Brazilian federation, the governmental competencies and the relations, not always sympathetic, among federal entities in the provision and funding of school transportation; likewise, the discussion over the notion of countryside education, nucleation and the closing of schools in rural communities was a crucial point to understand the issue of school transportation. The case study in those three cities allowed to prove the limited financial capacity and heavy reliance on federal and state funds that, in general, the municipal entity has to offer to the education and the school transportation. Finally, the thesis presents the ‘Odyssey’ of school transport in Rio Grande do Sul, demonstrating strengths and weaknesses of the relationship between the state and the cities. The school transportation of pupils from the state system, conducted by municipalities, gain status of public problem in the government of Olívio Dutra, when is made the first term of agreement to be signed by the state and the municipalities (1999) for transfer of funds to transportation, continuing the conflicts and negotiations in all governments, somewhat minimized in the formulation of Peate, in 2008, during the government of Yeda Crusius, but reappearing in the government of Tarso Genro. The recurring question in the period is the coverage of the costs of school transportation by the state government, whose deficit makes room to negotiations on the criteria for the distribution of state resources. The role of Famurs is a strong point in this debate, recently followed by Undime/RS. The state politics strongly influenced the school transportation policy, which has been following a path of constant resignification.
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Nicholls, Stephen John. "The effect of South African provincial road condition on the efficiency of forest product transport." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50146.
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Thesis (MScFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The context of the study is concern over declining provincial road condition due to insufficient government funding of road maintenance. These roads are by their public nature used by a wide variety of commercial and private interests contributing a variety of axle loads. There was no information available on the use of these roads by forest companies and the road conditions. Consequently a survey was conducted to determine condition and length of each segment of provincial road in use by forestry companies and the volume of wood transported over them. In addition data was gathered on other users and their contribution to the volume transported over each section. The questionnaire indicated that the provincial roads are in a poor state. The literature review suggested a significant reduction in total cost of transport can be achieved by maintaining or rebuilding these roads. South African forest companies provide the majority of the heaviest axle loading to these roads and must theretore take responsibility tor damage caused to them. Also a variety of forest companies use the same roads and consequently collaborative studies between companies are needed. A modified Dijkstra's algorithm was used to quantify the effect of the condition of South African provincial roads on the efficiency of the transport ottorest products. The model requires digitised raster road and forest map layers combined with transport vehicle specification as input. The products of the model are optimum routes from all source points to a single exit point or sink, the total volume transported across all road nodes and the total cost to extract all wood from a map section. This output allows managers to identify critical roads tor management attention and make tentative estimates of possible reductions to total cost by altering the road condition. The manager is able to test the sensitivity of the solution to changes in variables and gain a better overall picture of the interactions within the system. The model results, and improved understanding, will provide input to more specific and collaborative studies. South African forest managers can respond to the poor provincial road network by conducting ad hue maintenance to these roads to prevent them becoming completely impassable or to rebuild them to their design state and maintain them at that state. The cost of taking no actions is that these roads would eventually become impassable. The road network model determined that, for the study area, a unilateral decision to rebuild and maintain all roads would result in a net increase in transport costs ofR 2 million/year. When compared to the cost of ad hue road improvements for the same area of R 8 million it is obvious that proper road management is a better option. It was shown that 75% of the reduction in total cost is generated by improving only 31 % of the provincial road surface. Consequently, by improving selected roads (20% of the total provincial road network for the area) it was possible to generate a net cost R 2.9 million lower than if the roads were left as they are. If reductions in operating costs are included the net cost to the forest industry is R 3.1 million/year lower than leaving the roads as they are. In addition to the cost being lower, an improved road network would be in place and the current ad hue spending would be unnecessary. On a larger scale it was estimated that poor provincial road management costs the industry as a whole R 26 million or R 1.52/m3/year. This money can be used to offset the costs of maintaining and upgrading roads. It is therefore concluded that the South African forest industry needs to assess its policy on provincial road management and become more active in the managing of these roads. The tool developed and presented is intended as a prototype decision support tool in developing future policies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die inhoud van hierdie studie handelaar die verval van provinsiale paaie as gevolg van die regering se onvoldoende fondse vir die instandhouding van die paaie. Hierdie paaie word as gevolg van hulle publieke aard deur 'n wye verskeidenheid kommersiële en private belange gebruik, wat bydra tot 'n verskeidenheid van asladings. Daar was geen inligting oor die bosbou maatskappye se gebruik van paaie of die toestand van die paaie beskikbaar nie. Gevolglik is 'n opname gemaak 0111 die kondisie en lengte van elke segment van die paaie wat deur die bosbou maatskappye gebruik word, vas te stel, asook die volume hout wat oor die paaie vervoer word. Data oor ander verbruikers van die paaie is verder ingesamel, asook hul bydrae tot die volume wat oor die paaie vervoer word. Die vraelys het aangedui dat die provinsiale paaie in 'n baie swak toestand is. 'n Literatuurstudie het getoon dat 'n beduidende daling in die totale vervoerkoste moontlik is deur hierdie paaie te onderhou afoor te bou. Die Suid-Afrikaanse bosbou maatskappye voorsien die meerderheid van die swaarste asladings op hierdie paaie en moet dus verantwoordelikheid neem vir beskadigde paaie, 'n Verskeidenheid bosbou maatskappye gebruik die paaie; gevolglik is gesamentlike studies tussen die maatskappye ook nodig. 'n Aangepaste Dijkstra algoritme is gebruik om die effek van die toestand van Suid- Afrikaanse provinsiale paaie op die effektiwiteit van die vervoer van bosbou produkte, vas te stel. Hierdie model benodig digitale inligting oor die hoofen bosbou paaie, asook die spesifikasies van die voertuie wat gebruik word. Die resultaat van die model is die optimale roetes vanaf alle bronpunt oorspronge tot by 'n enkele bestemming, die totale volume vervoer oor al die padnodusse en die totale koste verbonde aan die verwydering van alle hout uit 'n afgemerkte seksie op die kaart. Hierdie produk of result ate stel bestuurders in staat 0111 kritieke paaie vir aandag te identitiseer en om tentatiewe voorspellings van moontlike afname in die totale kostes te maak indien die toestande van paaie verbeter sou word. Die bestuurder kan die sensitiwiteit van die oplossing vir variasie in die veranderlikes toets en sodoende 'n beter geheelbeeld kry van die interaksie binne die sisteem. Die resultate van die model en n beter begrip daarvan, kan insterte lewer in meer spesitieke studies en gesamentlike studies tussen maatskappye. Suid Afrikaanse bosbou bestuurders kan teen die swak provinsiale padnetwerk optree deur ad hoc instandhouding toe te pas op hierdie paaie om te voorkom dat hulle totaal en alonbegaanbaar word. Ofhulle kan die paaie restoureer tot hul oorspronklike toestand en hulle dan in stand hou. Die kostes daaraan verbonde om nie op te tree nie, is dat hierdie paaie uiteindelik on-gaanbaar sal word. Die padnetwerkmodel het gewys dat vir die spesitieke studie area, 'n eenparige besluit 0111 alle paaie te herbou en onderhou, 'n algehele toename in vervoerkostes van R2 miljoen/jaar tot gevolg sal hê. Wanneer dit vergelyk word met die R8 miljoen wat die ad hoc padverbeterings kos, is dit duidelik dat geskikte padbestuur 'n beter opsie is. Daar is bewys dat 75% van die daling in totale kostes genereer kan word deur verbeteringe aan die oppervlaktes van slegs 31% van die provinsiale paaie te maak. Gevolglik was dit moontlik om netto kostes van R2,9 miljoen ruinder te genereer as vanneer geen instandhouding gedoen is nie. Dit is bewerkstellig deur verbeteringe aan geselekteerde paaie aante bring (20% van die totale provinsiale padnetwerk vir die area.) As die daling in bedryfskoste ingesluit is, sal die netto koste vir die bedryf R3.1 millioen/jaar ruinder wees as om die paaie so te los sonder enige aandag. Verder, tot laer koste sal daar 'n verbeterde pad netwerk in plek wees en die huidige ad hoc spandeering aan die paaie nie meer nodig wees nie. Op groot skaal, is die benaderd voorspelling dat 'n swak provinsialepadbestuurstelsel die bosbou bedryf R26 millioen of R 1.52/m3 uit die sakjaag. Hiedie misbruikde geld kan eerder teruggeploeg word in pad onderhoud en opgradeerings werksaamhede. Dit is dus nodig dat die bosbou bedryf sy beleid weer in oonskou moet neem in verband met die bestuur van provinsiale paaie en ook meer aktief die voortou sal moet neem in die instandhoudind van provinsiale paaie. Die metodiek hier ontwikkel kan 'n inleidende doel dien in die ontwikkeling van toekoemstige besluit neeming rakend die bestuur van provinsiale paaie.
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Lee, Marisa Rene. "BICYCLE TOURISM PLAN FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A TEMPLATE FOR RURAL AGRICULTURAL TOWNS AND A CASE STUDY FOR THE CITY OF WINTERS, CALIFORNIA." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1383.
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Bicycling is a method of tourism transportation that is healthy, non-invasive, environmentally responsible, and economically sustainable. It allows freedom, mobility, and sightseeing potential that is not made possible by other modes of transit. Thousands of bicycle tourists travel from all over the globe annually to explore California on touring bikes via established cycling routes and robust determination. Thousands of additional domestic and international visitors take weekend trips, plan family vacations, travel for business, or tour California from abroad, many of whom are excellent candidates for local and regional bicycle touring at a more gentle intensity level.
The increasing popularity and prominence of bicycle tourism, among both domestic and international travelers, carries great potential for economic benefit to local communities. Rural and agricultural communities can particularly benefit from bicycle tourism, as these communities do not normally experience the benefits of tourism as significantly as their urban, coastal or mountainous neighbors. Tourism that is developed in accordance with the size, scale, constraints and character of a particular community can have a beneficial effect on the economics and industry of the area. Infrastructure projects to this effect, such as development of a town or regional trail system, wayfinding features, or other resources come with benefits for visitors and locals in the form of recreation, public health, mobility, and access to food, drink, amenities, scenic areas, jobs and commerce. Trails may further improve the economy of the local housing market, as proximity to trails has a positive effect on housing values. Incorporation of agricultural destinations into local tourism planning creates a draw for visitors and can become a mutually beneficial relationship – contributing to the economic stability of the agriculture industry, preserving local farm lands, increasing tourism revenue and educating the public on the importance of local farming. Through careful planning of the touristic components of the destination, rural communities can achieve multifaceted economic benefits of diverse and versatile tourism amenities.
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Assama, Mpouo Philippote Rose Cady. "Urbanisation diffuse, développement durable et déplacements : les exemples de la Bretagne et de l'Est-du-Québec. L'enjeu des déplacements dans un monde rural en résistance." Thesis, Brest, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BRES0002.
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Les territoires ruraux sont généralement sous-équipés et leurs populations contraintes en conséquence de se rendre fréquemment dans des localités mieux pourvues en commerces, en offre médicale, en accès aux loisirs et, bien sûr, en emplois. Mais les moyens pour se déplacer, autres que la voiture individuelle, ne sont pas moins carencés. La mobilité y est donc une question cruciale. Le refus de quitter ces territoires et la volonté de certains de s’y installer impliquent donc de surmonter cet inconvénient et d’entrer en résistance face à ce qui est continuellement présenté comme inéluctable. Le Centre-Ouest Bretagne et le Bas-Saint-Laurent, au Québec, se sont trouvés dans cette situation : des paroisses constitutives du second ont même été menacées d’une fermeture, avec un déplacement de leurs populations. Mais ces deux territoires ont trouvé les ressources morales et de remarquables acteurs pour les mobiliser, afin de contrecarrer le destin funeste qu’on leur diagnostiquait. La thèse relate leur entrée en résistance, en présente les acteurs et montre, dans le registre des déplacements, quels moyens ont été mis en oeuvre pour surmonter, partiellement au moins, les difficultés engendrées par la dispersion des populationsRural areas are generally under-equipped and their populations are consequently forced to go frequently to localities that are better equipped with shops, medical supplies, access to leisure activities and, of course, jobs. But the means of moving, other than the individual car, are no less deficient. Mobility is therefore a crucial issue. The refusal to leave these territories and the desire of some to settle there imply to overcome this disadvantage and to become resistant to what is continually presented as inavitable. The Centre-Ouest Bretagne and Bas-Saint- Laurent, Quebec, found themselves in this situation : parishes of the second were even threatened with closure, with displacement of their populations. But these two territories have found the moral resources and remarkable actors to mobilize them, in order to counteract the fatal fate that has been diagnosed to them. The thesis relates their entry into resistance, presents the actors and shows, in the travel register, the means implemented to overcome, at least in part, the difficulties caused by the dispersion of populations