Books on the topic 'Rural Thai society'
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1
Tīwakun, Bunnāk. Chonnabot Thai: Kānphatthanā sū prachāsangkhom. [Bangkok]: Khana Sưksāsāt, Mahāwitthayālai Sinlapākō̜n, 2001.
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Hidalgo, Javiera Jaque, and Miguel A. Valerio. Indigenous and Black Confraternities in Colonial Latin America. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463721547.
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Employing a transregional and interdisciplinary approach, this volume explores indigenous and black confraternities –or lay Catholic brotherhoods– founded in colonial Spanish America and Brazil between the sixteenth and eighteenth century. It presents a varied group of cases of religious confraternities founded by subaltern subjects, both in rural and urban spaces of colonial Latin America, to understand the dynamics and relations between the peripheral and central areas of colonial society, underlying the ways in which colonialized subjects navigated the colonial domain with forms of social organization and cultural and religious practices. The book analyzes indigenous and black confraternal cultural practices as forms of negotiation and resistance shaped by local devotional identities that also transgressed imperial religious and racial hierarchies. The analysis of these practices explores the intersections between ethnic identity and ritual devotion, as well as how the establishment of black and indigenous religious confraternities carried the potential to subvert colonial discourse.
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Yaemklinfung, Prasert, ed. Sangkhom chonnabot Thai =: Rural Thai society. [Bangkok]: Khrongkān Kānsưksā Thūapai, Fāi Wichākān, læ Khana Ratthasāt, Čhulālongkō̜n Mahāwitthayālai, 1986.
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4
Yoshihide, Sakurai, Somsak Sīsantisuk, and Mahāwitthayālai Khǭn Kǣn, eds. Regional development in Northeast Thailand and the formation of Thai civil society. Khon Kaen: Khon Kaen University, 2003.
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5
McDougal, Topher L. Interstitial Economies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792598.003.0008.
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The first conclusion chapter draws out the implications of Chapter 7 more fully, putting them in comparative perspective with the lessons drawn from the West African cases. In particular, it draws an explicit link between transportation networks (the “hardware” of rural–urban trade) and the social systems that inform trade relations (the “software”). This chapter argues that ranked-society trade networks may be better able to exploit redundant transportation networks, since there is no taboo against long-distance trade amongst second-tier cities. By contrast, the radial trade networks that formed in the unranked society of West Africa seem to exacerbate monopsonistic and monopolistic relationships between rural and urban areas, since interethnic trade becomes more risky. It concludes with implications for managing coercive violence, as well as the effects of the rural–urban divide on state identity.
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Chan, Emily Ying Yang. Special topics in rural health II. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198807179.003.0009.
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This chapter looks into another three emerging areas in rural health, namely, border towns, plantation, and nomadic pastoralists. The health status of general population may not be able to fully reflect the health problems of the border towns. As border towns offer work opportunities which may take people across the border, their socioeconomic prospective and health may be affected by the working environments and conditions of another country. In many cases, the population that has settled in the border area is composed of ethnic minorities and tends to be marginalized and neglected by the larger society. Specific issues for individual countries are included and discussed in textbox format.
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Marat, Erica. Rural Violence and Expansion of Policing in Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190861490.003.0008.
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This chapter on transformative violence in rural parts of Kazakhstan and Tajikistan argues that unlike more democratic countries with diverse civil society, authoritarian states quickly move to suppress a dissenting community. Both countries upgraded policing in rural areas to improve intelligence gathering on the local population in order to predict the rise of any antigovernment activities. While doing that, however, leaders of both countries sought to frame their actions as an inclusive process that was sensitive to the grievances of the affected populations and sensitive to the voices of civil society. As a result, however, authoritarianism deepened in the aftermath of incidents of transformative violence.
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Coen, Lisa. Urban and Rural Theatre Cultures. Edited by Nicholas Grene and Chris Morash. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198706137.013.20.
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By the 1950s, distinct strands of rural and urban Irish theatre were prompted by the clash of traditional mores with major social and political changes in Ireland. Three playwrights, M. J. Molloy, John B. Keane, and Hugh Leonard, came to represent the rural and urban sensibility of theatre at that time. All three were interested in how traditional Irish values and practices fitted in with the Ireland emerging around them. The ways in which the three playwrights reacted to an urbanizing, modernizing culture illustrates how the theatre of their generation was conditioned by a national perspective that was failing to assimilate profound societal change. Molloy, essentially conservative, promoted ideas of self-sacrifice, while Keane implicitly endorsed a liberal humanist protest against repression. Hugh Leonard’s satires on suburbia wrote out rural Ireland as a thing of the past, although he retained some vestiges of the country kitchen play in his work.
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Filtzer, Don. Privilege and Inequality in Communist Society. Edited by Stephen A. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.013.029.
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Like capitalist societies, the Soviet Union and the Soviet-type societies of Eastern Europe showed a high degree of social stratification and inequality. By the 1960s the rapid upward mobility of worker and peasant children in the intelligentsia and Party hierarchy had noticeably slowed, and an inherited class structure emerged. Because privileges in the Soviet Union were only weakly monetarized, and wealth could not be accumulated or inherited, privileged groups perpetuated themselves mainly through the use of internal ‘connections’ and by ensuring their offspring preferential access to higher education through which they would secure elite positions. We also see important differentiations within the workforce: urban vs. rural workers; ‘core’ workers vs. migrants; and men vs. women. China prior to the reform movement displayed a similar overall picture, with, however, some radical differences. Under Mao the gap in living standards between Party officials and ordinary workers was much more narrow than in the USSR, while the Cultural Revolution blunted attempts to ensure the reproduction of social stratification via access to higher education.
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Sanborn, Joshua. Soldiers and Civilians, 1914–1917. Edited by Simon Dixon. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199236701.013.020.
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The Great War so utterly transformed Russian society that the shift from a ‘sedimentary society’ (Alfred Rieber) to a ‘quicksand society’ (Moshe Lewin) was already well underway before either the October or the Stalin Revolutions. This chapter explores the disruptive effects between 1914 and 1917 of mass migrations, of a transfiguration of the ethnic order of the Empire, and of the dislocation of the imperial economy, including a major move away from a market system and the realignment of labour and authority in urban and rural areas alike. Among the most important social consequences of these developments was the emergence of an unstable mixture of refugees, soldiers and soldiers’ wives who together formed the wounded society of victims that emerged from the war years.
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Dutt, Anjali. Civic Participation, Prefigurative Politics, and Feminist Organizing in Rural Nicaragua. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614614.003.0007.
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This chapter discusses methods of data collection and analysis that can be used to gain deeper understanding of processes of prefiguration. Prefigurative politics can be described as a set of political practices based on the understanding that “the ends a social movement achieves are fundamentally shaped by the means it employs, and that movements should therefore do their best to choose means that embody or ‘prefigure’ the kind of society they want to bring about” (Leach, 2013 p. 1004). Prefigurative politics therefore entail the practices that are put in place to reflect and work toward achieving a vision that is held by and for a community in connection to a social movement. Focusing on feminist prefiguration to promote women’s civic engagement in rural Nicaragua, I discuss the role of grassroots partnerships as a method of prefiguring a more just and globally inclusive psychology.
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Brunner, Karl-Michael, Sylvia Mandl, and Harriet Thomson. Energy Poverty: Energy Equity in a World of High Demand and Low Supply. Edited by Debra J. Davidson and Matthias Gross. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190633851.013.18.
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The chapter provides insights into the different characteristics and manifestations of energy poverty—a condition that prevents the achievement of socially and materially necessary levels of domestic energy services. On the one hand, the discourse on energy poverty in developed countries (known as “fuel poverty”) is discussed (especially in the European Union), focusing on different forms of definitions and measurement, coping strategies, and attempts to combat the problem. On the other hand, the discourse on energy poverty in developing countries is outlined, highlighting especially rural electrification processes and gender relations. It is shown that energy poverty is deeply embedded in wider social, economic, political, and cultural structures, reflecting inequalities both within and across nations. Therefore, the chapter concludes that measures and interventions to tackle energy poverty must take into account wider societal structures and power relations in order to achieve a just and sustainable energy system and society.
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Bellaviti, Sean. Música Típica. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190936464.001.0001.
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This book tells the story of a form of music that enjoys unparalleled popularity in a country that itself possesses instant name recognition but is very little known and very little studied. Panamanian música típica or cumbia, as this music is variously called, is intrinsically linked to the social and political history of a sliver of land that connects North and South America while providing passage between two great oceans. This book shows that to appreciate música típica is to appreciate the development of the isthmian crossing, the construction of the Panama Canal, and, most significantly, the lives of rural people living along this waterway and deeper in the Panamanian interior. The author draws on both ethnographic and archival research to reconstruct a twentieth-century social history of Panamanian música típica, examining the music in relation to the development of Panamanian nationalism. Notwithstanding its widespread popularity and identification with rural society, música típica has only infrequently been promoted as a form of official musical nationalism. Indeed, its links to Panamanian nationalist sentiment are often indirect and ambiguous. In focusing on musicians and their approaches to musical fusion, their varied performance practices, and links they forged with both rural and urban audiences, this book shows how, while these performers may not have self-identified as “nationalists,” their music was central to the development of a sense of nationhood even as they actively cultivated performance identities that straddled some the most pronounced ethnic and social class schisms in Panamanian society.
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Barry, Terry B. Looking West. Edited by Christopher Gerrard and Alejandra Gutiérrez. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744719.013.38.
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This chapter outlines some the Irish evidence for later medieval settlement and society and the seismic shift in settlement which came about as a result of invasion and then conquest of the island by the Anglo-Normans, beginning in ad 1169. There was always a particular defensive aspect to this settlement, both in a rural and in an urban context, but the economy of the Anglo-Norman generally flourished until crisis in the second half of the fourteenth century. This discussion covers castles, tower houses, moated sites, rural settlement, towns, and churches before describing trade and contact with Britain. Pottery imports are highlighted, concluding that Ireland is to be seen as anything but peripheral to the broader context of medieval Europe.
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Marat, Erica. Rural Violence and Reassertion of State Control in Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190861490.003.0007.
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This chapter argues that incidents of transformative violence in the periphery fail to generate enough public revulsion to spark an open debate about how policing must change. Vulnerable individuals in the periphery lack the connections with civil society activists, mostly concentrated in urban areas, who would advocate for their rights. Many rural-based activists and NGOs call for a police overhaul in the aftermath of these episodes of transformative violence, but their voices are not as loud or as unified as those speaking about similar events in urban areas. The national leadership’s response to outbreaks of transformative violence in rural areas aims at closing the center’s governance gap where the public rebels against unpopular local authorities. As a result, the state moves to increase the political loyalty of the local police to the center under the pretense of police reform.
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Gao, Qin. Anti-Poverty Effectiveness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190218133.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 investigates Dibao’s anti-poverty effectiveness. The chapter shows that, based on various poverty lines and across urban and rural areas, Dibao’s anti-poverty effectiveness is limited and at best modest, largely due to its targeting errors and gaps in benefit delivery. Dibao is more effective in reducing the depth and severity of poverty than it is the rate of poverty, and its anti-poverty effectiveness is greater among recipients than in the general population. Dibao’s influence on reducing poverty is larger when a lower poverty line is used and smaller when a higher poverty line is used. Because relative poverty lines are often set relative to the median income in society and tend to be much higher than the more widely used absolute poverty lines, Dibao’s effects on reducing relative poverty are particularly limited. Dibao has had minimal effect on narrowing the income inequality gap in society.
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Lora-Wainwright, Anna. Resigned Activism. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262036320.001.0001.
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Pollution is one of the most pressing issues facing contemporary China and among the most prominent causes for unrest. Much of industry and mining takes place in rural areas, yet we know little about how rural communities affected by severe pollution make sense of it and the diverse form of activism they embrace. This book describes some of these engagements with pollution through three in-depth case studies based on the author’s fieldwork and an analysis of “cancer villages” examined in existing social science accounts. It challenges assumptions that villagers are ignorant about pollution or fully complicit with it and it looks beyond high-profile cases and beyond single strategies. It examines how villagers’ concerns and practices evolve over time and how pollution may become normalised. Through the concept of “resigned activism”, it advocates rethinking conventional approaches to activism to encompass less visible forms of engagement. It offers insights into the complex dynamics of popular contention, environmental movements and their situatedness within local and national political economies. Describing a likely widespread scenario across much of industrialised rural China, this book provides a window onto the staggering human costs of development and the deeply uneven distribution of costs and benefits. It portrays rural environmentalism and its limitations as prisms through which to study key issues surrounding contemporary Chinese culture and society, such as state responsibility, social justice, ambivalence towards development and modernisation and some of the new fault lines of inequality and social conflict which they generate.
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Macmaster, Neil. War in the Mountains. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860211.001.0001.
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The role of the peasantry during the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) has been long neglected by historians, in part because they have been viewed as a ‘primitive’ mass devoid of political consciousness. This ground-breaking social history challenges this conventional understanding by tracing the ability of the peasant community to sustain an autonomous political culture through family, clan, and village assemblies (djemâa), organizations that were eventually harnessed by emerging guerrilla forces. The long-established system of indirect rule by which the colonial state controlled and policed the vast mountainous interior through an ‘intelligence state’ began to break down after the 1920s as the djemâas formed a pole of opposition to the patron-client relations of the rural élites. Clandestine urban-rural networks emerged that prepared the way for armed resistance and a system of rebel governance. The anthropologist Jean Servier, recognizing the dynamics of the peasant community, in 1957 masterminded a major counterinsurgency experiment, Opération Pilote, that sought to defeat the guerilla forces by constructing a parallel ‘hearts and minds’ strategy. The army, unable to implement a programme of ‘pacification’ of dispersed mountain populations, reversed its policy by the forced evacuation of the peasants into regroupement camps. Contrary to the accepted historical analysis of Pierre Bourdieu and others that rural society was massively uprooted and dislocated, the peasantry continued to demonstrate a high level of social cohesion and resistance based on powerful family and kin networks.
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Carocci, Sandro. Reframing Norman Italy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0015.
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This chapter relies on the results of a recently published book, in which the author carried out the first systematic analysis of lordship in the Kingdom of Sicily during the Norman, Staufen, and early Angevin periods. Peasant worlds of hitherto unsuspected dynamism are at the heart of the chapter, as well as kings determined to curb the aristocratic authority and nobles forced to adapt their seigneurial power to both the forces at work in rural societies and royal policy. Among the many elements that favoured village society, the chapter focuses only on the size of seigneurial exactions, the superficial, external character of seigneurial power, and clientele relations within the villages.
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Valenti, Marco. Changing Rural Settlements in the Early Middle Ages in Central and Northern Italy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0012.
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Archaeological sites of this period reveal the continued existence of a very ruralized society. The countryside, subject to a significant strengthening of economic control, was the primary source of wealth and success for the middle and upper social strata that invested in it. Choosing to optimize the exploitation of agricultural land led defining settlements in a more urban way. Since rural sites were the spaces where the labour force was ‘anchored’, they were often fortified to protect assets. Examples include both large lay and ecclesiastical aristocratic landowners and more local elites all over Italy. In the vast majority of cases we have fortified villages that are, in fact, agricultural holdings (manorial estates). In any context, the signs of material power exercised by a dominant figure include the management and a very pronounced control of activities, goods, foodstuffs, and labour, which find their counterpart in features and topography of rural centres. Settlements where production is aimed at wealth accumulation, often defended even from insiders by separating the spaces of power from those of the peasant masses, are frequently observed archaeologically. This is evidenced by the structural changes taking place both in the villages and in the single residential building types, serving as signs of a significant effort devoted to the centralization of production means (animals, tools, craft-shops), in order to increase what appears to be the main objective of landed elites: managing territorial resources in order to store foodstuffs, not only for personal consumption but also for to sell them in urban markets; in other words, to produce wealth.
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Levy, Katja, Annette Zimmer, and Qingyu Ma, eds. Still a Century of Corporatism? Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748907404.
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Taking a public policy perspective, this book explores how local governments and societal organisations in Germany and China work together in order to solve the social problems they face. Against the backdrop of the migration movement to Europe in 2015/16 and the longer history of rural-to-urban migration since the 1980s in China, this comparative study explores the challenges which migration poses to local governments. Despite the fundamental differences in the political systems of the democratic, federal state of Germany and the authoritarian, socialist People's Republic of China, the authors found that governments and societal actors turn to similar solutions to problems related to the integration of migrants and that collaborative governance plays an important role in it.
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Rich Dorman, Sara. The Politics of Liberation (1965–1980). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190634889.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 argues that this period is characterized by ambiguity and contestation between competing political groups and their civilian supporters, which plays an important role in shaping post-colonial political dynamics. It begins with an examination of nationalist politics, and the legacy of the liberation war on guerrillas, civilians and their relationships in both rural and urban areas. The juxtaposition of diverse ideological and personal divisions within and between these groups, alongside great pressure for "unity," is crucial for understanding the dynamics of nationalist coalition-building that extend into the post-colonial period. The chapter explores the mobilization of support and the complex relationship between key supporter groups—rural peasants, urban dwellers of all races, labor and church organizations—and the nationalist movements, as well as intersectional complexities of gender and race. It highlights the often under-appreciated tensions of urban residential growth during the liberation war. The chapter concludes by situating the Zimbabwean case against the broader backdrop of nationalist politics in Africa, setting the stage for the societal demobilization and limited pluralism of the independence era.
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McPhee, Peter. A Social Revolution? Rethinking Popular Insurrection in 1789. Edited by David Andress. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639748.013.010.
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To what extent should the Revolution of 1789 be understood as a crisis of legitimacy expressed widely across society as well as a collapse of arrangements of power among ruling elites? Was it from the outset a social as well as a political revolution? This chapter argues that, while there was no one point at which ‘peasants’ or ‘urban working people’ became politicized or revolutionary, they were inherently and incipiently revolutionary well before the massive revolt of July–August 1789. While some historians have questioned the level of political awareness of the urban and rural masses, even as late as July 1789, from late 1788 their grievances, as expressed in collective protest and the cahiers, could not have been accommodated within the ancien régime.
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Llano, Samuel. A Public Nuisance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199392469.003.0007.
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This chapter documents the early presence of organilleros in the streets of Spanish cities from the 1860s on and analyzes their impact on Madrid’s society during the ensuing decades. Considered an exotic amusement during the 1860s, organilleros came to be seen as sources of “noise” and social disorder soon after. Although the information available on organilleros makes it hard to describe their social background accurately, it is likely that some of them were rural immigrants who took up organ grinding intermittently when other sources of income failed. Their impact on the public sphere raised awareness about the effects of sound and prompted legal measures that could be considered as the first attempts to spread an “aural” hygiene in Madrid. For this reason, organilleros played a key role in the modernization of this city.
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Leuchter, Mark. The Levite Scribes, Part 1. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190665098.003.0007.
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Deuteronomy reflects the attempt of northern Levites living in Judah to stabilize Israelite society in the face of accumulated social disruptions and growing tensions between the rural and royal spheres. In Deuteronomy’s vision, Israel is “made” through its fidelity to Moses’ teachings as preserved in text and entrusted to the people—but mediated through the Levites well beyond the esoteric depths of a temple. Flipping the common ancient Near Eastern script that saw such texts as the province of elite and exclusive priesthoods, Deuteronomy makes the textualized voice of YHWH accessible throughout the land, its presence marginalizing and expiating corrosive elements from within the community beholden to its contents. The Levite scribal construction of Deuteronomy becomes an expression of the divine warrior’s power, maintaining the crucible for Israel’s survival.
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Dyer, Christopher. Peasants Making History. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198847212.001.0001.
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Abstract This book appraises the role of peasants in the past. Historians and archaeologists, after disparaging and ignoring peasants, are treating them more positively, and this book is taking that view forwards. Using as its example the west midlands of England, this book examines peasant society, in relation to their social superiors (their lords), their neighbours, and their households and finds them making decisions and taking options to improve their lives. Peasants played an active role in the development of towns, both by migrating into urban settings, but also trading actively in urban markets. Industry in the countryside was not imposed on the rural population, but often the result of peasant enterprise and flexibility. If we examine peasant attitudes and mentalities we find them engaging in political life, making a major contribution to religion, recognizing the need to conserve the environment, and balancing the interests of individuals with those of the communities in which they lived. Many features of our world have medieval roots, and peasants played an important part in the development of the rural landscape, participation of ordinary people in government, parish church buildings, towns, and social welfare. The evidence to support this peasant-centred view has to be recovered by imaginative interpretation, and by using every type of source, including the testimony of archaeology and landscape. This work is intended to be accessible to a wide readership.
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Foote, Lorien, and Earl J. Hess, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the American Civil War. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190903053.001.0001.
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This volume integrates the military and social histories of the American Civil War in its chapter organization. Its contributors use war and society methods: a holistic approach to understanding war and its consequences that incorporates the topics and techniques of a variety of historical subfields. Each chapter narrates a military campaign embedded in its strategic, political, and social context. Authors explore the consequences of a military campaign for the people who lived in its path and provide analysis of how an army’s presence reverberated throughout society in its region of operation. The volume yields a number of important insights about the impact of military campaigns, including the scale of movement, deportation, and depopulation among civilians; how the refugee experience and military action shaped emancipation as a process; the extent of guerrilla warfare; resistance to federal authority in the Great Plains and the Southwest; locations of localized total war; the implementation of military conscription in the Confederacy; a campaign’s consequences for cities, rural areas, and the natural environment; and the synergy between war and politics. Chapters consider the role of weather, topography, logistics, and engineering in the conduct of military campaigns.
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Barnes, Jessica. Staple Security. Duke University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478023111.
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Egyptians often say that bread is life; most eat this staple multiple times a day, many relying on the cheap bread subsidized by the government. In Staple Security, Jessica Barnes explores the process of sourcing domestic and foreign wheat for the production of bread and its consumption across urban and rural settings. She traces the anxiety that pervades Egyptian society surrounding the possibility that the nation could run out of wheat or that people might not have enough good bread to eat, and the daily efforts to ensure that this does not happen. With rich ethnographic detail, she takes us into the worlds of cultivating wheat, trading grain, and baking, buying, and eating bread. Linking global flows of grain and a national bread subsidy program with everyday household practices, Barnes theorizes the nexus between food and security, drawing attention to staples and the lengths to which people go to secure their consistent availability and quality.
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Jenkins, Rob, and James Manor. State Politics and NREGA II. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190608309.003.0005.
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This chapter analyses the implementation of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA) in the state of Madhya Pradesh. The chapter reports on both quantitative (survey-based) and qualitative (interview-based) data conducted in the state. The strong movement organizations that played such a central role in the development of NREGA in Rajasthan were largely absent in Madhya Pradesh. The implications of NREGA for parties, clientelist politics, and voting behavior are also assessed. While Rajasthan experienced a change of party rule during the period studied (2008-2013), Madhya Pradesh did not – but neither this nor the variation in the strength of “movement” politics in the two states made a significant difference in the implementation of NREGA. Evidence from both states indicates that anxieties in the literature about civil society being “coopted” and losing autonomy when engaging cooperatively at times with governments are exaggerated.
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Thapan, Meenakshi, and Meenakshi Thapan, eds. J. Krishnamurti and Educational Practice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199487806.001.0001.
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First in the series on Education and Society in South Asia, this volume focuses on the educational thought of a world-renowned teacher, thinker, and writer—Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895–1986). This edited volume examines Krishnamurti’s work and explores his contemporary relevance in educational endeavours and practices in different parts of the country. The contributors to the volume argue that Krishnamurti sought to change the way education is perceived, from the mere teaching of curriculum into a life-changing experience of learning from relationships and life. Through a range of essays that address diverse issues and themes, the contributors seek to uncover the practices and processes at some of the institutions that Krishnamurti established in different parts of rural and urban India. These include essays on curriculum building, inclusive education, pedagogy, debates on educational philosophy and practice, and teacher education. They help bring out the barriers and breakthroughs in the educational processes as practiced in these schools and how they may further be applied to other educational institutions.
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Wu, Ka-ming. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039881.003.0001.
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This book explores the role of folk cultural discourse and practices in the cultural politics of post-Mao China by focusing on Yan'an, headquarters of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1937 to 1947. It examines the relation between the government and local communities for heritage preservation and cultural tourism in the age of runaway urbanization by focusing on the moments of mobilizing and representing folk traditions in both socialist and late socialist Yan'an. It articulates the cultural logic of the late socialist Chinese society that corresponds to a new form of political economy through an analysis of three rural cultural practices in Yan'an and their entanglement with political, capital, and local forces: folk storytelling, folk paper-cuts, and spirit cult practices. This introduction discusses historical events and narratives that contribute to the development and modern meanings of folk culture and Yan'an. It also provides an overview of the author's fieldwork and research methodology as well as the chapters that follow.
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Howlett, Zachary M. Meritocracy and Its Discontents. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754432.001.0001.
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This book investigates the wider social, political, religious, and economic dimensions of the Gaokao, China's national college entrance exam, as well as the complications that arise from its existence. Each year, some nine million high-school seniors in China take the Gaokao, which determines college admission and provides a direct but difficult route to an urban lifestyle for China's hundreds of millions of rural residents. But with college graduates struggling to find good jobs, some are questioning the exam's legitimacy — and, by extension, the fairness of Chinese society. Chronicling the experiences of underprivileged youth, the book illuminates how people remain captivated by the exam because they regard it as fateful — an event both consequential and undetermined. The book finds that the exam enables people both to rebel against the social hierarchy and to achieve recognition within it. It contends that the Gaokao serves as a pivotal rite of passage in which people strive to personify cultural virtues such as diligence, composure, filial devotion, and divine favor.
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Jaque Hidalgo, Javiera, and Miguel A. Valerio, eds. Indigenous and Black Confraternities in Colonial Latin America. Amsterdam University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9789048552351.
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Employing a transregional and interdisciplinary approach, this volume explores indigenous and black confraternities - or lay Catholic brotherhoods - founded in colonial Spanish America and Brazil between the sixteenth and eighteenth century. It presents a varied group of cases of religious confraternities founded by subaltern subjects, both in rural and urban spaces of colonial Latin America, to understand the dynamics and relations between the peripheral and central areas of colonial society, underlying the ways in which colonialized subjects navigated the colonial domain with forms of social organization and cultural and religious practices. The book analyzes indigenous and black confraternal cultural practices as forms of negotiation and resistance shaped by local devotional identities that also transgressed imperial religious and racial hierarchies. The analysis of these practices explores the intersections between ethnic identity and ritual devotion, as well as how the establishment of black and indigenous religious confraternities carried the potential to subvert colonial discourse.
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Masson, Marilyn A., David A. Freidel, and Arthur A. Demarest, eds. The Real Business of Ancient Maya Economies. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066295.001.0001.
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A timely synthesis of the latest research and perspectives on ancient Maya economics, this volume illuminates the sophistication and intricacy of economic systems in the Preclassic period, Classic period, and Postclassic period. Contributors from a wide range of disciplines move beyond paradigms of elite control and centralized exchange to focus on individual agency, highlighting production and exchange that took place at all levels of society. Case studies draw on new archaeological evidence from rural households and urban marketplaces to reconstruct the trade networks for tools, ceramics, obsidian, salt, and agricultural goods throughout the empire. They also describe the ways household production integrated with community, regional, and interregional markets. Redirecting the field of ancient Maya economic studies away from simplistic characterizations of the past by fully representing the range of current views on the subject, this volume delves deeply into multiple facets of a complex, interdependent material world.
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Zehmisch, Philipp. Mini-India. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199469864.003.0005.
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Chapter 4 highlights how, as a consequence of migration and place-making processes, the discourses of locality, nation, and community came to be equated with the term ‘Mini-India’. Here, three intersecting meanings of the notion of Mini-India are discussed: The first section describes how the term ‘Mini-India’ is appropriated by the state to encompass diverse ethnic and religious identifications under the nationalist slogan ‘unity in diversity’ and to declare the pluralist Andaman society as a secular example of communal harmony. The second part considers Mini-India as a subaltern consciousness, which the author calls the ‘island mentality’. From this perspective, Mini-India refers to a localized sense of belonging that can also be termed a ‘rural cosmopolitanism’. Thirdly, it is argued that the notion of Mini-India must, at the same time, be regarded as an arena of politics in which ethnic communities compete with each other for funds and recognition by the state.
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Das, Upasak, Amartya Paul, and Mohit Sharma. Can information campaigns reduce last mile payment delays in public works programme? Evidence from a field experiment in India. 21st ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/955-6.
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Does information dissemination among beneficiaries of welfare programmes mitigate their implementation failures? We present experimental evidence in the context of a rural public works programme in India, where we assess the impact of an intervention that involves dissemination of publicly available micro-level data on last mile delays in payment and programme uptake, along with a set of intermediate outcomes. The findings point to a substantial reduction in last mile payment delays along with improvements in awareness of basic provisions of the programme and process mechanisms while indicating a limited effect on uptake. However, we find a considerable increase in uptake in the subsequent period, which is potentially indicative of an ‘encouragement’ effect through the reduction in last mile delays. A comparatively higher impact on payment delay was found for deprived communities. The findings lay a platform for an innovative information campaign that can be used by government and civil society organizations as part of transparency measures to improve efficiency.
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Langellotti, Micaela. Village Life in Roman Egypt. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835318.001.0001.
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This book is the first detailed study of a village in the Roman Empire, Tebtunis, in Egypt, in the first century AD. It is based on the evidence of the archive of the local notarial office (grapheion), which was run by a man named Kronion for most of the mid-first century. The archive as a whole, unparallelled in antiquity, includes over 200 documents written on papyrus and attests to a wide range of transactions made by the villagers over well-defined periods of time, in particular the years AD 42 and 45–7 during the reign of the emperor Claudius. This evidence gives us a unique insight into various aspects of village life, such as the level of participation in the written contractual economy; the socio-economic stratification of the village, including the position of women, slaves, and priests, and the role of the elite; the functions of associations; the types and importance of agriculture and non-agricultural activities. This book argues for a highly diversified village economy, wide involvement in written transactions among all strata of the population, and a rural society that generally lived above subsistence level. It provides a model of village society that can be used for understanding the large majority of the population within the Roman empire who lived outside cities in the Mediterranean, particularly in the other eastern and more Hellenized provinces.
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Norton FLS, David, and Nick Reid. Nature and Farming. CSIRO Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643106598.
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Conserving and enhancing native biodiversity on farms brings many benefits as well as providing many challenges. Nature and Farming explains why it is important to sustain native plants and animals in agricultural landscapes, and outlines the key issues in developing and implementing practical approaches to safeguarding native biodiversity in rural areas.
The book considers the range of ecological and agricultural issues that determine what native biodiversity occurs in farmland and how it can be secured. Many inspiring case studies are presented where innovative approaches towards integrating biodiversity and farm management have been successful, resulting in win–win outcomes for both nature and society. In the integration and synthesis of these case studies lies the kernel of a new paradigm for nature conservation on farms. Although the book focuses on biodiversity conservation on Australian and New Zealand farms, the issues and approaches discussed are applicable to many other developed countries, especially in Europe and North America.
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Ma, Debin, and Richard von Glahn, eds. The Cambridge Economic History of China. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108587334.
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China's rise as the world's second-largest economy surely is the most dramatic development in the global economy since the year 2000. But China's prominence in the global economy is hardly new. Since 500 BCE, a dynamic market economy and the establishment of an enduring imperial state fostered precocious economic growth. Yet Chinese society and government featured distinctive institutions that generated unique patterns of economic development. The six chapters of Part I of this volume trace the forms of livelihood, organization of production and exchange, the role of the state in economic development, the evolution of market institutions, and the emergence of trans-Eurasian trade from antiquity to 1000 CE. Part II, in twelve thematic chapters, spans the late imperial period from 1000 to 1800 and surveys diverse fields of economic history, including environment, demography, rural and urban development, factor markets, law, money, finance, philosophy, political economy, foreign trade, human capital, and living standards.
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Krafft, Caroline, and Ragui Assaad, eds. The Egyptian Labor Market. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847911.001.0001.
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This book updates our understanding of how the Egyptian labor market, economy, and society have evolved in the aftermath of the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings, the subsequent political upheaval and substantial economic challenges that followed, and the economic reforms introduced in late 2016. Not only was job creation anemic over the period from 2012 to 2018, but new jobs were also of low-quality, characterized by informality and vulnerability to economic shocks. These challenges pushed many in Egypt, especially the most vulnerable, into a more precarious labor market situation. The book examines the plight of the most vulnerable groups by focusing on the intersection of gender and economic vulnerability in the labor market. With this emphasis on vulnerability and a lens that is sensitive to gender differences and inequities, the contributors to this volume use data from the most recent wave of a unique longitudinal survey to illuminate different aspects of Egyptians’ lives. The aspects they explore include labor supply behavior, the ability to access good quality and well-paying jobs, the evolution of wages and wage inequality, the school-to-work transition of youth, the decline in public sector employment, international and internal migration, the situation of rural women, access to social protection, food security, vulnerability to shocks and coping mechanisms, health status, and access to health care services. These analyses are prescient in understanding the axes of vulnerability in Egyptian society that became all too salient during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Pearson, Michael, and Jane Lennon. Pastoral Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100503.
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Pastoral Australia tells the story of the expansion of Australia's pastoral industry, how it drove European settlement and involved Aboriginal people in the new settler society.
The rural life that once saw Australia 'ride on the sheep's back' is no longer what defines us, yet it is largely our history as a pastoral nation that has endured in heritage places and which is embedded in our self-image as Australians.
The challenges of sustaining a pastoral industry in Australia make a compelling story of their own. Developing livestock breeds able to prosper in the Australian environment was an ongoing challenge, as was getting wool and meat to market. Many stock routes, wool stores, abattoirs, wharf facilities, railways, roads, and river and ocean transport systems that were developed to link the pastoral interior with the urban and market infrastructure still survive. Windmills, fences, homesteads, shearing sheds, bores, stock yards, travelling stock routes, bush roads and railheads all changed the look of the country. These features of our landscape form an important part of our heritage. They are symbols of a pastoral Australia, and of the foundations of our national identity, which will endure long into the future.
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Chiari, Sophie. ‘Vat is the clock, Jack?’: Shakespeare and the Technology of Time. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427814.003.0011.
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Sophie Chiari opens the volume’s last section with an exploration of the technology of time in Shakespeare’s plays. For if the lower classes of the Elizabethan society derived their idea of time thanks to public sundials, or, even more frequently in rural areas, to the cycles and rhythms of Nature, the elite benefited from a direct, tactile contact with the new instruments of time. Owning a miniature watch, at the end of the 16th century, was still a privilege, but Shakespeare already records this new habit in his plays. Dwelling on the anxiety of his wealthy Protestant contemporaries, the playwright pays considerable attention to the materiality of the latest time-keeping devices of his era, sometimes introducing unexpected dimensions to the measuring of time. Chiari also explains that the pieces of clockwork that started to be sold in early modern England were often endowed with a highly positive value, as timekeeping was more and more equated with order, harmony and balance. Yet, the mechanization of time was also a means of reminding people that they were to going to die, and the contemplation of mechanical clocks was therefore strongly linked to the medieval trope of contemptus mundi.
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Arneil, Barbara. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803423.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 defines the volume’s key terms: domestic colonization as the process of segregating idle, irrational, and/or custom-bound groups of citizens by states and civil society organizations into strictly bounded parcels of ‘empty’ rural land within their own nation state in order to engage them in agrarian labour and ‘improve’ both the land and themselves and domestic colonialism as the ideology that justifies this process, based on its economic (offsets costs) and ethical (improves people) benefits. The author examines and differentiates her own research from previous literatures on ‘internal colonialism’ and argues that her analysis challenges postcolonial scholarship in four important ways: colonization needs to be understood as a domestic as well as foreign policy; people were colonized based on class, disability, and religious belief as well as race; domestic colonialism was defended by socialists and anarchists as well as liberal thinkers; and colonialism and imperialism were quite distinct ideologies historically even if they are often difficult to distinguish in contemporary postcolonial scholarship—put simply—the former was rooted in agrarian labour and the latter in domination. This chapter concludes with a summary of the remaining chapters.
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Casimir, Jean, and Walter D. Mignolo. The Haitians. Translated by Laurent Dubois. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660486.001.0001.
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In this sweeping history, leading Haitian intellectual Jean Casimir argues that the story of Haiti should not begin with the usual image of Saint-Domingue as the richest colony of the eighteenth century. Rather, it begins with a reconstruction of how individuals from Africa, in the midst of the golden age of imperialism, created a sovereign society based on political imagination and a radical rejection of the colonial order, persisting even through the U.S. occupation in 1915. The Haitians also critically retheorizes the very nature of slavery, colonialism, and sovereignty. Here, Casimir centers the perspectives of Haiti's moun andeyo—the largely African-descended rural peasantry. Asking how these systematically marginalized and silenced people survived in the face of almost complete political disenfranchisement, Casimir identifies what he calls a counter-plantation system. Derived from Caribbean political and cultural practices, the counter-plantation encompassed consistent reliance on small-scale landholding. Casimir shows how lakou, small plots of land often inhabited by generations of the same family, were and continue to be sites of resistance even in the face of structural disadvantages originating in colonial times, some of which continue to be maintained by the Haitian government with support from outside powers.
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Qi, Xiaoying. Remaking Families in Contemporary China. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510988.001.0001.
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The book examines a number of emerging family-relations practices engaged in contemporary China. In doing so, it draws attention to new patterns of behavior and expectations related to transformation of the family since the advent of marketization. It also shows why exploration of family-related themes is important in understanding the nature of society, the forces that underpin social relationships more broadly, and the basis and nature of social change. It fills a gap in the literature by examining such heretofore unrecognized topics as the practices related to giving a child a surname. It also examines the previously unrecognized migratory movement of rural and small-town grandparents who join adult children who have relocated to urban areas for employment, providing childcare so that both of the child’s parents can earn an income—thus becoming part of the massive “floating” population that characterizes China’s workforce today. Three other aspects of family life that are underexplored in the literature are also examined—namely, spousal intimacy, divorce, and remarriage and cohabitation in later life. In all of these cases empirical material is refracted through new insights and theoretical developments. Research for this book is based on semistructured in-depth interviews with 178 men and women. The interviews were conducted between 2015 and 2017 in Beijing, Changshu, Dongguan, Guangzhou, Hefei, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong.
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Hughes, Kyle, and Donald MacRaild. Ribbon Societies in Nineteenth-Century Ireland and its Diaspora. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786941350.001.0001.
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The book is the first full-length study of Irish Ribbonism. It traces its development from its origins in the Defender movement of the 1790s to the latter part of the century when the remnants of the Ribbon tradition found solace in a new movement: the quasi-constitutional affinities of the Ancient Order of Hibernians. This book places Ribbonism firmly within Ireland’s long tradition of secret societies and show that, due to its diversity and adaptability, it stood apart from other similar bodies and showed remarkable longevity not matched by its contemporaries. The book describes the wider context of Catholic struggles for improved standing, explores traditions and networks for association, and it describes external impressions. This study utilises very rich archives in the form of state surveillances records and evidence from spies. ‘Show trial’ proceedings also are examined in detail. Throughout, the book deploys masses of press reportage. Harnesssing such evidence, the book shows that Ribbonism was a sophisticated and durable underground network drawing together various strands of the rural and urban Catholic populace in Ireland and Britain. Operating as a militant bulwark against Orangeism, an immigrant aid society, a social club, a proto-political collective, it also was at times a primitive trade union. Ribbonism operated more widely than previous studies have revealed, and was, in fact, a transnational entity linking Irish communities in Ireland and Britain, with trace elements also in the USA, Canada and Australia.
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Drèze, Jean. Sense and Solidarity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833468.001.0001.
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The last twenty years have been a time of intense public debates on social policy in India. There have also been major initiatives, such as the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, as well as resilient inertia in some fields. This book brings together some of Jean Drèze's contributions to these debates, along with other short essays on social development. The essays span the gamut of critical social policies, from education and health to poverty, nutrition, child care, corruption, employment, and social security. There are also less predictable topics such as the caste system, corporate power, nuclear disarmament, the Gujarat model, the Kashmir conflict, and universal basic income. The book aims at enlarging the boundaries of social development, towards a broad concern with the sort of society we want to create. The concluding essay, on public-spiritedness and solidarity, argues that the cultivation of enlightened social norms is an integral part of development. "Jholawala" has become a disparaging term for activists in the Indian business media. This book affirms the learning value of collective action combined with sound economic analysis. In his detailed introduction, the author argues for an approach to development economics where research and action are complementary and interconnected.
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Langellotti, Micaela, and D. W. Rathbone. Village Institutions in Egypt in the Roman to Early Arab Periods. British Academy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266779.001.0001.
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This volume is the first to survey village institutions in Egypt during the first eight centuries AD, from the beginning of Roman rule to the early Arab period. Despite the many studies of society and administration in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt, there are no general studies of village institutions or communities in any one period, let alone in a long-term perspective, or integrated investigation of their relationship to the wider state. This volume, which represents a first response to fill this gap in the current scholarship, aims to demonstrate that Egypt is a particularly productive place to develop study of this subject because the rich documentary evidence of the papyri, a large majority of which comes from village sites, permits us both to study specific topics in detail by place and time, as the eleven papers of this volume do, and also to make comparisons across a long chronological period. These comparisons across time are beneficial because they raise questions about changing patterns and perspectives of the surviving documents, which may skew interpretation, and enable us to outline what seem to emerge as recurrent issues in the power-relationships between central and regional authorities and the rural population, as well as some preliminary indications of the trends in those developments across our period.
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Kalof, Linda, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Animal Studies. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199927142.001.0001.
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Animal studies is an interdisciplinary field that captures one of the most important topics in contemporary society: how can humans rethink and reconfigure their relationships with other animals? This “animal question” is the focus of The Oxford Handbook of Animal Studies. In the last few decades, animal studies has flourished, with the widespread recognition of (1) the commodification of animals in a wide variety of human contexts, such as the use of animals as food, labor, and objects of spectacle and science; (2) the degradation of the natural world and a staggering loss of animal habitat and species extinction; and (3) the increasing need to coexist with other animals in urban, rural, and natural contexts. These themes are mapped into five major categories, reflected in the titles of the five parts that structure this volume: “Animals in the Landscape of Law, Politics, and Public Policy”; “Animal Intentionality, Agency, and Reflexive Thinking”; “Animals as Objects in Science, Food, Spectacle, and Sport”; “Animals in Cultural Representations”; and “Animals in Ecosystems.” Each category is explicated with specially commissioned chapters written by international scholars from diverse backgrounds, including philosophy, law, history, English, art, sociology, geography, archaeology, environmental studies, cultural studies, and animal advocacy. The thirty chapters of the handbook investigate issues and concepts central to understanding our current relationship with other animals and the potential for coexistence in an ecological community of living beings.
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Mac Suibhne, Breandán. The End of Outrage. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738619.001.0001.
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In 1856 Patrick McGlynn, a young schoolmaster in west Donegal, Ireland, turned informer on the Molly Maguires, a secret combination that, from the Great Famine of the late 1840s, had been responsible for a wave of violence and intimidation—offences that the state termed ‘outrage’. Here, a history of McGlynn’s informing, backlit by episodes over the previous two decades, sheds light on that wave of outrage, its origins and outcomes, the meaning and the memory of it. More specifically, it illuminates the end of outrage—the shifting objectives of those who engaged in it, and also how, after hunger faded and disease abated, tensions emerged in the Molly Maguires, when one element sought to curtail such activity, while another sought, unsuccessfully, to expand it. And in that contention, when the opportunities of post-Famine society were coming into view, one glimpses the end, or at least an ebbing, of outrage—in the everyday sense of moral indignation—at the fate of the rural poor. But, at heart, The End of Outrage is about contention among neighbours—a family that rose from the ashes of a mode of living, those consumed in the conflagration, and those who lost much but not all. Ultimately, the concern is how the poor themselves came to terms with their loss: how their own outrage at what had been done unto them and their forebears lost malignancy, and ended.