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1
Littleford, Angela, Debbie Martin, Lee Martinez, and Angela May. "Rural and Metropolitan Community Health: Celebrating the Strengths." Australian Journal of Primary Health 5, no. 3 (1999): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py99034.
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The paper outlines the strengths, similarities and differences of metropolitan and rural community health sectors. Case studies are used to look at the history of community health in South Australia, its current status is described and some future directions are proposed. Perspectives are drawn from the authors' collective experiences. Rural and metropolitan community health services in South Australia have developed from different models since they were established in the 1970s. Rural community health services have invariably been established as entities within hospitals and health services, although metropolitan community health services have generally been established as stand alone facilities independent of the acute sector. To illustrate this, two case studies are used to demonstrate the evolution of metropolitan and rural community health services.
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Midgley, S. J., and J. W. Turnbull. "Domestication and use of Australian acacias: case studies of five important species." Australian Systematic Botany 16, no. 1 (2003): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb01038.
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Some Acacia species native to Australia and neighbouring countries are significant in the rural economy of many countries. Aspects of the domestication process and uses of A. mangium, A. crassicarpa, A. mearnsii, A.�saligna and A. colei are reviewed. Commercial plantations of A. mearnsii in tropical highlands and temperate areas provide high quality tannins for adhesives and leather making and wood for paper pulp, rayon, charcoal and small-utility timbers. Plantations of A. saligna in warm-temperate and semi-arid areas provide stock fodder, soil stabilisation, fuelwood and charcoal. In the humid tropical lowlands of South-east Asia, pulpwood is produced in extensive plantings of A. mangium and in smaller-scale plantations of A. crassicarpa in Indonesia. The human food value of seeds of some dry-zone Australian acacias, such as A. colei, is recognised. Domestication of these and other Australian acacias is at various stages and is influenced by the characteristics of the species, extent of planting and the commercial value of the products. The potential for many acacias to become weeds is recognised. The case studies highlight a number of important aspects in domesticating acacias.
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Hawke, Melanie, and Joe Byrne. "Community-based Early Childhood Assessment and Intervention in Rural Settings: Transdisciplinary Case Management of Developmental Delay in Children." Australian Journal of Primary Health 6, no. 4 (2000): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py00046.
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This paper reports on an assessment of the need for early intervention services for children aged 0-8 years in the Southern Fleurieu sub-region of South Australia and an evaluation of the efficacy of utilising a generic community health service to provide the therapeutic and case management services to appropriately address those needs. Previous studies in regional South Australia estimated the incidence of developmental delay in children to be 5% of the total population aged 0-8 years (Barossa Valley, 1997). This estimate indicated a client group of over 130 in the Southern Fleurieu sub-region. The project team adopted a transdisciplinary model for early identification and intervention, with over half the children on the program aged less than five years, indicating that the program addressed needs of children at an early age. Outcomes have demonstrated the appropriateness of using a transdisciplinary approach in a regional setting and the community health service as the auspice has shown an increase in the capacity for therapists to provide the wide variety of programs that are essential in addressing early childhood delay.
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van Spijker, Bregje A., Jose A. Salinas-Perez, John Mendoza, Tanya Bell, Nasser Bagheri, Mary Anne Furst, Julia Reynolds, et al. "Service availability and capacity in rural mental health in Australia: Analysing gaps using an Integrated Mental Health Atlas." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 53, no. 10 (June 28, 2019): 1000–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867419857809.
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Objective: Access to services and workforce shortages are major challenges in rural areas worldwide. In order to improve access to mental health care, it is imperative to understand what services are available, what their capacity is and where existing funds might be spent to increase availability and accessibility. The aim of this study is to investigate mental health service provision in a selection of rural and remote areas across Australia by analysing service availability, placement capacity and diversity. Method: This research studies the health regions of Western New South Wales and Country Western Australia and their nine health areas. Service provision was analysed using the DESDE-LTC system for long-term care service description and classification that allows international comparison. Rates per 100,000 inhabitants were calculated to compare the care availability and placement capacity for children and adolescents, adults and older adults. Results: The lowest diversity was found in northern Western Australia. Overall, Western New South Wales had a higher availability of non-acute outpatient services for adults, but hardly any acute outpatient services. In Country Western Australia, substantially fewer non-acute outpatient services were found, while acute services were much more common. Acute inpatient care services were more common in Western New South Wales, while sub-acute inpatient services and non-acute day care services were only found in Western New South Wales. Conclusion: The number and span of services in the two regions showed discrepancies both within and between regions, raising issues on the equity of access to mental health care in Australia. The standard description of the local pattern of rural mental health care and its comparison across jurisdictions is critical for evidence-informed policy planning and resource allocation.
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Mullan, Leanne, Karen Wynter, Andrea Driscoll, and Bodil Rasmussen. "Barriers and enablers to providing preventative and early intervention diabetes-related foot care: a qualitative study of primary care healthcare professionals' perceptions." Australian Journal of Primary Health 27, no. 4 (2021): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py20235.
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This study explored the perceived healthcare system and process barriers and enablers experienced by GPs and Credentialled Diabetes Educators (CDEs) in Australian primary care, in the delivery of preventative and early intervention foot care to people with diabetes. A qualitative design with inductive analysis approach was utilised and reported according to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies (COREQ). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with two GPs and 14 CDEs from rural, urban and metropolitan areas of Australia. Participants were from New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland. Barriers to providing foot care constituted five broad themes: (1) lack of access to footcare specialists and services; (2) education and training insufficiencies; (3) human and physical resource limitations related to funding inadequacies; (4) poor care integration such as inadequate communication and feedback across services and disciplines, and ineffectual multidisciplinary care; and (5) deficient footcare processes and guidelines including ambiguous referral pathways. Enablers to foot care were found at opposing ends of the same spectra as the identified barriers or were related to engaging in mentorship programs and utilising standardised assessment tools. This is the first Australian study to obtain information from GPs and CDEs about the perceived barriers and enablers influencing preventative and early intervention diabetes-related foot care. Findings offer an opportunity for the development and translation of effective intervention strategies across health systems, policy, funding, curriculum and clinical practice, in order to improve outcomes for people with diabetes.
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Kelly, Janet, Judith Dwyer, Tamara Mackean, Kim O'Donnell, and Eileen Willis. "Coproducing Aboriginal patient journey mapping tools for improved quality and coordination of care." Australian Journal of Primary Health 23, no. 6 (2017): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py16069.
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This paper describes the rationale and process for developing a set of Aboriginal patient journey mapping tools with Aboriginal patients, health professionals, support workers, educators and researchers in the Managing Two Worlds Together project between 2008 and 2015. Aboriginal patients and their families from rural and remote areas, and healthcare providers in urban, rural and remote settings, shared their perceptions of the barriers and enablers to quality care in interviews and focus groups, and individual patient journey case studies were documented. Data were thematically analysed. In the absence of suitable existing tools, a new analytical framework and mapping approach was developed. The utility of the tools in other settings was then tested with health professionals, and the tools were further modified for use in quality improvement in health and education settings in South Australia and the Northern Territory. A central set of patient journey mapping tools with flexible adaptations, a workbook, and five sets of case studies describing how staff adapted and used the tools at different sites are available for wider use.
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Fares, Julian, Kon Shing Kenneth Chung, Megan Passey, Jo Longman, and Pim P. Valentijn. "Exploring the psychometric properties of the Rainbow Model of Integrated Care measurement tool for care providers in Australia." BMJ Open 9, no. 12 (December 2019): e027920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027920.
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ObjectiveTo assess the reliability and validity of a shortened version of the Rainbow Model of Integrated Care (RMIC) measurement tool (MT). The original version of the measurement tool has been modified (shortened) for the Australian context.DesignValidation of the psychometric properties of the RMIC-MT.SettingHealthcare providers providing services to a geographically defined rural area in New South Wales (NSW), Australia.ParticipantsA sample of 56 healthcare providers providing mental and physical healthcare.Main outcome measuresThe psychometric properties of the tool were tested using principal component analysis for validity and Cronbach’s alpha for reliability.ResultsThe tool was shown to have good validity and reliability. The 35 items used in the shortened version of the tool were reduced to 29 items grouped into four dimensions: community-governance orientation, normative integration, functional integration and clinical-professional coordination.ConclusionsThe shortened version of the RMIC-MT is a valid and reliable tool that evaluates integrated care from a healthcare provider’s perspective in NSW, Australia. In order to assess the tool’s appropriateness in an international context, future studies should focus on validating the tool in other healthcare settings.
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Papier, Joy. "Table of Contents." Journal of Vocational, Adult and Continuing Education and Training 3, no. 1 (October 22, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14426/jovacet.v3i1.114.
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page iv. Editorial team
page v. Acknowledgements
page vi. Editorial - Joy Papier
page 1. Incorporating principles of expansive learning and activity theory in curriculum design to bridge work and education contexts for vocational teachers - James Garraway and Christine Winberg
page 22. Developing a WIL curriculum for post-school lecturer qualifications - André van der Bijl and Vanessa Taylor
page 43. Teacher industry placement in Australia: Voices from vocational education and training managers - Annamarie Schüller and Roberto Bergami
page 67. Motivating styles in dual, initial vocational education and training: Apprentices’ perceptions of autonomy support and control - Valentin Gross, Jean-Louis Berger, Matilde Wenger and Florinda Sauli
page 89. Factors that influence the employability of National Certificate (Vocational) graduates: The case of a rural TVET college in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa - Nduvazi Obert Mabunda and Liezel Frick
page 109. Experiences of women students in Engineering studies at a TVET college in South Africa - Sophia Matenda
page 126. Growing the TVET knowledge base in the south: South African postgraduate output, 2008–2018 - Joy Papier and Simon McGrath
page 143. Interview with Adrienne Bird - Johann Maree
page 153. Contributor biographies
page 156. Editorial policy
page 158. Call for papers: JOVACET 4(1), 2021
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Conquest, Jennifer Hanthorn, John Skinner, Estie Kruger, and Marc Tennant. "Oral Health Profiling for Young and Older Adults: A Descriptive Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 9033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179033.
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The purpose of this study was to trial the suitability of an oral health promotion toolkit in a chair-side setting to determine: an individual’s knowledge; understanding of oral and general health behaviour and evaluate the commitment of dental practitioners to undertake an assessment of the individual’s attitude and aptitude to undertake a home care preventive plan. All participants were 18 years and over and came from low socio-economic backgrounds in rural New South Wales, Australia. The study evaluated 59 case studies regarding their knowledge of oral and general health. The study included an oral health profiling questionnaire, based on validated oral health promotion outcome measures, a full course of dental care provided by a private dental practitioner or a dental student. Out of the 59 participants, 47% of participants cleaned their teeth twice per day, 69% used fluoride toothpaste and 47% applied the toothpaste over all the bristles. The questionnaire, based on Watt et al. (2004) verified oral health prevention outcome measures was a sound approach to determine an individual’s knowledge, understanding of oral and general health behaviour. However, dental practitioners’ commitment to assessing the individual was low.
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Peck, Blake, Daniel Terry, and Kate Kloot. "The Socioeconomic Characteristics of Childhood Injuries in Regional Victoria, Australia: What the Missing Data Tells Us." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 7005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137005.
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Background: Injury is the leading cause of death among those between 1–16 years of age in Australia. Studies have found that injury rates increase with socioeconomic disadvantage. Rural Urgent Care Centres (UCC) represent a key point of entry into the Victorian healthcare system for people living in smaller rural communities, often categorised as lower socio-economic groups. Emergency presentation data from UCCs is not routinely collated in government datasets. This study seeks to compare socioeconomic characteristics of children aged 0–14 attending a UCC to those who attend a 24-h Emergency Departments with an injury-related emergency presentation. This will inform gaps in our current understanding of the links between socioeconomic status and childhood injury in regional Victoria. Methods: A network of rural hospitals in South West Victoria, Australia provide ongoing detailed de-identified emergency presentation data as part of the Rural Acute Hospital Data Register (RAHDaR). Data from nine of these facilities was extracted and analysed for children (aged 0–14 years) with any principal injury-related diagnosis presenting between 1 February 2017 and 31 January 2020. Results: There were 10,137 injury-related emergency presentations of children aged between 0–14 years to a participating hospital. The relationship between socioeconomic status and injury was confirmed, with overall higher rates of child injury presentations from those residing in areas of Disadvantage. A large proportion (74.3%) of the children attending rural UCCs were also Disadvantaged. Contrary to previous research, the rate of injury amongst children from urban areas was significantly higher than their more rural counterparts. Conclusions: Findings support the notion that injury in Victoria differs according to socioeconomic status and suggest that targeted interventions for the reduction of injury should consider socioeconomic as well as geographical differences in the design of their programs.
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Duc, Hiep Nguyen, Md Mahmudur Rahman, Toan Trieu, Merched Azzi, Matthew Riley, Thomas Koh, Shaohua Liu, et al. "Study of Planetary Boundary Layer, Air Pollution, Air Quality Models and Aerosol Transport Using Ceilometers in New South Wales (NSW), Australia." Atmosphere 13, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020176.
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The planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) is one of the key factors in influencing the dispersion of the air pollutants in the troposphere and, hence, the air pollutant concentration on ground level. For this reason, accurate air pollutant concentration depends on the performance of PBLH prediction. Recently, ceilometers, a lidar instrument to measure cloud base height, have been used by atmospheric scientists and air pollution control authorities to determine the mixing level height (MLH) in improving forecasting and understanding the evolution of aerosol layers above ground at a site. In this study, ceilometer data at an urban (Lidcombe) and a rural (Merriwa) location in New South Wales, Australia, were used to investigate the relationship of air pollutant surface concentrations and surface meteorological variables with MLH, to validate the PBLH prediction from two air quality models (CCAM-CTM and WRF-CMAQ), as well as to understand the aerosol transport from sources to the receptor point at Merriwa for the three case studies where high PM10 concentration was detected in each of the three days. The results showed that surface ozone and temperature had a positive correlation with MLH, while relative humidity had negative correlation. For other pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2), no clear results were obtained, and the correlation depended on the site and regional emission characteristics. The results also showed that the PBLH prediction by the two air quality models corresponded reasonably well with the observed ceilometer data and the cause and source of high PM10 concentration at Merriwa can be found by using ceilometer MLH data to corroborate back trajectory analysis of the transport of aerosols to the receptor point at Merriwa. Of the three case studies, one had aerosol sources from the north and north west of Merriwa in remote NSW, where windblown dust is the main source, and the other two had sources from the south and south east of Merriwa, where anthropogenic sources dominate.
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Florec, Veronique, Michael Burton, David Pannell, Joel Kelso, and George Milne. "Where to prescribe burn: the costs and benefits of prescribed burning close to houses." International Journal of Wildland Fire 29, no. 5 (2020): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf18192.
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Prescribed burning is used in Australia as a tool to manage fire risk and protect assets. A key challenge is deciding how to arrange the burns to generate the highest benefits to society. Studies have shown that prescribed burning in the wildland–urban interface (WUI) can reduce the risk of house loss due to wildfires, but the costs and benefits of different arrangements for prescribed burning treatments have rarely been estimated. In this study, we use three different models to explore the costs and benefits of modifying the spatial arrangement of prescribed burns on public land, using the south-west of Western Australia as a case study. We simulate two hypothetical scenarios: landscape treatments and WUI treatments. We evaluate the long-term costs and benefits of each scenario and compare the results from the three models, highlighting the management implications of each model. Results indicate that intensifying prescribed burning treatments in public land in the WUI achieves a greater reduction in damages compared with applying the majority of the treatments in rural areas. However, prescribed burning in the WUI is significantly more expensive and, despite additional benefits gained from this strategy, in most cases it is not the most economically efficient strategy.
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King, Rosie, Michael Bentley, Charlie Murray, and Fran Baum. "Regional Health Development Partnerships." Australian Journal of Primary Health 5, no. 3 (1999): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py99039.
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This paper outlines a project funded by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the Hills Mallee Southern Region of rural South Australia. The project involves trialling guidelines produced by the WHO to assist regional health services to develop and support partnerships for health development with community groups and organisations. The guidelines suggest the following steps: identifying what Health Development Structures exist in their region by making an inventory of community groups and organisations in their area; analysing them for potential collaboration; and building sustainable alliances for health promotion and joint action on broader health issues. Six hundred community groups and organisations were identified and from the responses an inventory summarising the activities of 228 groups has been prepared. Seventy five percent of these groups and organisations consider that their activities relate to health and 28% have worked with a health service, although few had participated in 'joint projects' with the formal health sector. Detailed case studies were conducted with five groups from which a set of principles for partnership development was established.
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Díaz, Alejandro, Cintia Galli, Matías Tringler, Agustín Ramírez, and Edmundo Ignacio Cabrera Fischer. "Reference Values of Pulse Wave Velocity in Healthy People from an Urban and Rural Argentinean Population." International Journal of Hypertension 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/653239.
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In medical practice the reference values of arterial stiffness came from multicenter registries obtained in Asia, USA, Australia and Europe. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is the gold standard method for arterial stiffness quantification; however, in South America, there are few population-based studies. In this research PWV was measured in healthy asymptomatic and normotensive subjects without history of hypertension in first-degree relatives. Normal PWV and the 95% confidence intervals values were obtained in 780 subjects (39.8 ± 18.5 years) divided into 7 age groups (10–98 years). The mean PWV found was 6.84 m/s ± 1.65. PWV increases linearly with aging with a high degree of correlation (r2=0.61;P<0.05) with low dispersion in younger subjects. PWV progressively increases 6–8% with each decade of life; this tendency is more pronounced after 50 years. A significant increase of PWV over 50 years was demonstrated. This is the first population-based study from urban and rural people of Argentina that provides normal values of the PWV in healthy, normotensive subjects without family history of hypertension. Moreover, the age dependence of PWV values was confirmed.Corrigendum to “Reference Values of Pulse Wave Velocity in Healthy People from an Urban and Rural Argentinean Population”
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Huxedurp, Leonie M., Guðný Þ. Pálsdóttir, and Nanda Altavilla. "Risk-based planning for water recycling in an Australian context." Water Supply 14, no. 6 (June 3, 2014): 971–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.058.
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Australia has seen an unprecedented proliferation in large scale water recycling schemes since the late 1990s. This has been driven by a recent decade of drought, policies to encourage water efficiency in new homes and buildings in urban areas, and to reduce pressure on rain-fed water supplies by replacement with alternate water sources in rural areas. Underpinning these drivers are principles of economic and environmental sustainability and protection of public health. National guidelines for recycling of treated sewage, released in 2006, replaced an approach using prescriptive end point water quality targets, with a 12-step risk-based framework for the planning and operation of Australian water recycling schemes. Essential to this risk-based approach is an understanding of the sewage treatment system and assessing the risks in the catchment, the treatment process, distribution system and end use environment. Inherent also in this process is the identification of critical control points with tangible operational targets for pre-empting, preventing and correcting off-spec conditions before they derail a scheme. Validation of systems through microbial log reduction targets for indicator viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths, differentiated according to end use and expected exposures, may be obtained through treatment, site controls or a combination of both. Drawing on case studies from the Australian states of New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland (Qld), this paper gives insight to preventative risk management of water recycling schemes with typical risk profiles. Some advantages and disadvantages of the guideline approach are considered. The information paints a picture of the industry's risk management obligations in the planning phase and may be of use to practitioners in other regions where planning for safe and sustainable water recycling is developing.
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Crabtree, Nathan, Shirley Mo, Leon Ong, Thuvarahan Jegathees, Daniel Wei, David Fahey, and Jia (Jenny) Liu. "Retrospective Analysis of Patient Presentations at the Sydney (Australia) Royal Easter Show from 2012 to 2014." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32, no. 2 (January 31, 2017): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x16001540.
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AbstractIntroductionComprehensive studies on the relationship between patient demographics and subsequent treatment and disposition at a single mass-gathering event are lacking. The Sydney Royal Easter Show (SRES; Sydney Olympic Park, New South Wales, Australia) is an annual, 14-day, agricultural mass-gathering event occurring around the Easter weekend, attracting more than 800,000 patrons per year. In this study, patient records from the SRES were analyzed to examine relationships between weather, crowd size, day of week, and demographics on treatment and disposition. This information would help to predict factors affecting patient treatment and disposition to guide ongoing training of first responders and to evaluate the appropriateness of staffing skills mix at future events.HypothesisPatient demographics, environmental factors, and attendance would influence the nature and severity of presentations at the SRES, which would influence staffing requirements.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 4,141 patient record forms was performed for patients who presented to St John Ambulance (Australian Capital Territory, Australia) at the SRES between 2012 and 2014 inclusive. Presentation type was classified using a previously published minimum data set. Data on weather and crowd size were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) and the SRES, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v22 (IBM; Armonk, New York USA).ResultsBetween 2012 to 2014, over 2.5 million people attended the SRES with 4,141 patients treated onsite. As expected, the majority of presentations were injuries (49%) and illnesses (46%). Although patient demographics and presentation types did not change over time, the duration of treatment increased. A higher proportion of patients were discharged to hospital or home compared to the proportion of patients discharged back to the event. Patients from rural/regional locations (accounting for 15% of all patients) were more likely to require advanced treatment, health professional review, and were more likely to be discharged to hospital or home rather than discharged back to the event. Extremes of temperature were associated with a lower crowd size and higher patient presentation rate (PPR), but had no impact on transfer or referral rates to hospital.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that analyses of patient presentations at an agricultural show provide unique insights on weather, attendance, and demographic features that correlated with treatment and disposition. These data can help guide organizers with information on how to better staff and train health care providers at future mass-gathering events of this type.CrabtreeN,MoS,OngL,JegatheesT,WeiD,FaheyD,LiuJ.Retrospective analysis of patient presentations at the Sydney (Australia) Royal Easter Show from 2012 to 2014.Prehosp Disaster Med.2017;32(2)187–194.
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Boomgaard, Peter, Denys Lombard, Gary Brana-Shute, David I. Kertzer, G. W. J. Drewes, Chantal Vuldy, Ch F. Fraassen, et al. "Book Reviews." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 146, no. 1 (1990): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003234.
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- Peter Boomgaard, Denys Lombard, Marchands et hommes d’affaires asiatiques dans l’Ocean Indien et la Mer de Chine 13e - 20e siècles, Paris: Éditions de l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales. 1988. 375 pp., Jean Aubin (eds.) - Gary Brana-Shute, David I. Kertzer, Ritual, politics and power, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. xi, 235 pp. - G.W.J. Drewes, Chantal Vuldy, Pekalongan; Batik et Islam dans une ville du Nord de Java. Paris: École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, 1987, Études insulindiennes/Archipel 8. 311 pp. - Ch.F. van Fraassen, Hubert Jacobs, The Jesuit Makasar documents (1615-1682), edited and annotated by Hubert Jacobs SJ, Monumenta Historica Societatis Iesu volume 134, Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, 1988, xxiv + 36* + 285 pp. - M. Hekker, Penelope Graham, Iban shamanism: An analysis of the ethnographic literature, Canberra: Occasional paper of the department of Anthropology, The Australian National University, 1987. x + 174 pp. - Huub de Jonge, Jennifer Alexander, Trade, traders, and trading in rural Java, Asian studies association of Australia, Southeast Asia publications series, No. 15. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1987, 223 and xvi pp., plates, tables, figs and maps. - Peter J. M. Nas, Ben F. van Leerdam, Henri Maclaine Pont: Architect tussen twee werelden; Over de perikelen rond het ontstaan van de gebouwen van een hogeschool, het ‘Instituut Teknologi Bandung’, Delft: Delftse Universitaire Pers, 1988, 90 pp. - P.J.M. Nas, B. Hauser-Schäublin, Bauen und Wohnen, 1987. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag. Mensch, Kultur, Umwelt 2.84 pages, - Peter Pels, Göran Aijmer, Symbolic textures; Studies in cultural meaning, Göteborg: Gothenburg studies in social Anthropology 10, 1987. - Robert Ross, Ido H. Enklaar, Life and work of Dr. J.Th. van der Kemp, 1747-1811: Missionary pioneer and protagonist of racial equality in South Africa, Cape Town/Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 1988, xi + 234 pp. - A. Teeuw, Jack Goody, The interface between the written and the oral, Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press, 1987. [Studies in literacy, family, culture and the state.] xxi + 328 pp. - Willem Ijzereef, Martin Rössler, Die soziale Realität des rituals. Kontinuität und Wandel bei den Makassar von Gowa (Süd-Sulawesi/Indonesien), Kölner Ethnologische studien, Band 14. Berlijn: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1987. 405 pp.
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Rebbeck, T., L. Macedo, P. Paul, L. Trevena, and I. D. Cameron. "General practitioners’ knowledge of whiplash guidelines improved with online education." Australian Health Review 37, no. 5 (2013): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah13057.
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Objective The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an online education program used to implement the Australian (New South Wales) whiplash guidelines with general practitioners (GP). The secondary aim was to identify factors associated with learning. Methods An online educational and evaluation activity was developed to reflect the key messages for GP from the Australian whiplash guidelines. The educational activity was hosted on the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners’ website (www.gplearning.com.au) for a period of 3 years. Participants were recruited through advertisement and media releases. Participants completed a baseline evaluation of their knowledge, participated in the interactive educational activity and completed a post-knowledge questionnaire. The primary outcome was change in professional knowledge, predictors of learning were computed using linear regression. Results Two hundred and fifteen GP participated. Knowledge significantly improved between baseline and post-knowledge questionnaire scores (P < 0.00001). A total of 57.2% of participants improved their knowledge by more than 20%, indicating a large effect. Low baseline knowledge predicted learning, accounting for 71% of the variance. Conclusions Online education of GP significantly improved their knowledge in relation to guidelines for whiplash. Those with low baseline knowledge improved their knowledge the most, suggesting that implementation strategies should be targeted at this group. What is known about the topic? Clinical guidelines are usually developed to improve knowledge and ultimately change clinical practice to reflect best practice management of that condition. However, developing and publishing guidelines alone rarely changes knowledge or clinical practice. With GP, effective implementation strategies to improve knowledge have included face to face education such as interactive educational meetings and educational outreach. However, these strategies are expensive and time consuming. Whiplash is a significant health problem in Australia, and although GP are commonly consulted for this condition, an individual GP may only see one whiplash case per year, meaning that face to face implementation strategies may not be pragmatic for this condition. What does this paper add? This paper shows that online education was effective in improving GP knowledge of clinical guidelines for whiplash. The effect was as large as the reported effects for face to face education in other studies. Importantly this paper shows that the less GP knew about whiplash, the more they learnt, indicating that the strategy was effective for those who most required the education. Finally, the online strategy reached GP in rural and remote places in Australia. This paper therefore shows that online education can be an effective method to improve GP knowledge about managing whiplash. It is hoped that it may provide the impetus to use this strategy for implementing clinical guidelines for other conditions. What are the implications for practitioners? Practitioners can be confident that using an online educational program will improve their knowledge of managing conditions they previously knew little about. It is hoped that this will translate into a change in clinical practice. For example, GP using this strategy improved knowledge in knowing when to X-ray, when to refer and what interventions to provide for people with whiplash. For any health practitioners managing whiplash access to this information is still available using the New South Wales Motor Accident Authority website (www.maa.nsw.gov.au)
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Wilson, Annabelle M., Anthea M. Magarey, James Dollman, Michelle Jones, and Nadia Mastersson. "The challenges of quantitative evaluation of a multi-setting, multi-strategy community-based childhood obesity prevention programme: lessons learnt from the eat well be active Community Programs in South Australia." Public Health Nutrition 13, no. 8 (October 13, 2009): 1262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980009991807.
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AbstractObjectiveTo describe the rationale, development and implementation of the quantitative component of evaluation of a multi-setting, multi-strategy, community-based childhood obesity prevention project (the eat well be active (ewba) Community Programs) and the challenges associated with this process and some potential solutions.Designewba has a quasi-experimental design with intervention and comparison communities. Baseline data were collected in 2006 and post-intervention measures will be taken from a non-matched cohort in 2009. Schoolchildren aged 10–12 years were chosen as one litmus group for evaluation purposes.SettingThirty-nine primary schools in two metropolitan and two rural communities in South Australia.SubjectsA total of 1732 10–12-year-old school students completed a nutrition and/or a physical activity questionnaire and 1637 had anthropometric measures taken; 983 parents, 286 teachers, thirty-six principals, twenty-six canteen and thirteen out-of-school-hours care (OSHC) workers completed Program-specific questionnaires developed for each of these target groups.ResultsThe overall child response rate for the study was 49 %. Sixty-five per cent, 43 %, 90 %, 90 % and 68 % of parent, teachers, principals, canteen and OSHC workers respectively, completed and returned questionnaires. A number of practical, logistical and methodological challenges were experienced when undertaking this data collection.ConclusionsLearnings from the process of quantitative baseline data collection for the ewba Community Programs can provide insights for other researchers planning similar studies with similar methods, particularly those evaluating multi-strategy programmes across multiple settings.
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Dance, D. A. "Melioidosis: the tip of the iceberg?" Clinical Microbiology Reviews 4, no. 1 (January 1991): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.4.1.52.
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For nearly 80 years clinical melioidosis has been considered a rare disease. This bacterial infection is caused by Pseudomonas pseudomallei, a saprophyte found in soil and surface water of endemic areas. Consequently, those who have most contact with soil, the rural poor, are likely to be at greatest risk of infection. Since the diversity of clinical manifestations necessitates the isolation and identification of the causative organism for a definitive diagnosis of melioidosis and the population at greatest risk within endemic areas rarely have access to an appropriate level of health care, the disease has probably been underrecognized. Melioidosis is now known to be an important cause of human morbidity and mortality in Thailand, and this may be true throughout Southeast Asia, which is usually regarded as the main endemic area for the disease. In Australia, melioidosis causes a smaller number of human infections, while disease among livestock has important economic and possible public health implications. Sporadic reports of the infection indicate its presence in several other tropical regions: in the Indian subcontinent, Africa, and Central and South America. Clinical melioidosis may be highly prevalent in these areas, but underdiagnosed as a result of a lack of awareness of the clinical and microbiological features of the disease, or simply because of a lack of health care facilities. Furthermore, during the last two decades the importation and transmission of melioidosis within nontropical zones have been documented. The causative organism is not difficult to grow, and modern antibiotics have improved disease prognosis. Further studies are needed to determine the true worldwide distribution and prevalence of melioidosis so that improved therapeutic and preventive measures can be developed and applied.
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Golenko, Xanthe A., Rania Shibl, Paul A. Scuffham, and Cate M. Cameron. "Relationship between socioeconomic status and general practitioner visits for children in the first 12 months of life: an Australian study." Australian Health Review 39, no. 2 (2015): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah14108.
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Objective The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and child general practitioner (GP) visits in the first 12 months of life. Methods A longitudinal analysis of 1202 mother and child dyads was conducted as part of the Environments for Healthy Living study from south-east Queensland, Australia, for participants enrolled between 2006 and 2009. Maternally reported survey data (sociodemographic and child health information) were linked with individual Medical Benefits Scheme data from birth to 12 months, identifying GP service use. Results On average, children visited the GP 10.2 times in the first 12 months of life. An inverse relationship was found for SES and child GP visits, with maternal education and child gender the strongest predictors of the total number of GP visits. Almost 70% of participants had all GP consultations bulk billed and only 3.5% paid more than A$100 in total. Conclusions Children from lower SES families may have a greater need for health services due to higher rates of illness and injury. Bulk billing and low-cost access to GP services, regardless of length of consultation, improve equity of access; however, indirect costs may prevent low-income mothers from accessing care for their child when needed. What is known about the topic? The relationship between health and SES, and the influence that health service use can have on this relationship, are well recognised. Previous studies on adult populations in Australia suggest that people of lower SES have more frequent GP consultations due to greater exposure to health risk. However, consultation times are often shorter because short consultations are more likely to be bulk billed, which is resulting in ongoing unmet need. Early childhood visits to the GP can strongly influence long-term health outcomes; however, relatively few studies have examined GP service use among children in Australia. What does this paper add? This paper builds on current knowledge by providing valuable insights into GP service use in the first 12 months of life. It provides evidence to suggest that the relationship between SES and health risk already exists in the first 12 months of life and that bulk billing and low-cost access to GP services improves equity of access. It also highlights the importance of health policy and practice that enables GP service utilisation based on need rather than ability to pay. What are the implications for practitioners? Policies and practice that promote equity of access, such as bulk billing for lower SES families, can assist in improving long-term health outcomes for disadvantaged populations. Greater equity with regard to length of consultation and bulk billing for adults may assist in reducing the disparities in health outcomes between the higher and lower SES populations. Furthermore, indirect costs and the availability of appropriate services for specific groups, such as low income, rural and remote and linguistically and culturally diverse populations, may also be important barriers to access.
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Hughes, Philip. "Lay Leadership in Sparsely Populated Rural Australia: Uniting Churches in South Australia." Rural Theology 8, no. 1 (June 19, 2010): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/ruth.v8i1.9.
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Pham, Le Diem Quynh, Sally Driml, and Gabrielle Walters. "Managing seasonality in rural destinations: a case study of South Gippsland – Australia." Tourism Recreation Research 43, no. 4 (June 2018): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2018.1476204.
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Gibson, Chris, and Daniel Robinson. "Creative Networks in Regional Australia." Media International Australia 112, no. 1 (August 2004): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0411200108.
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Much recent academic and public discourse has centred on the fate of non-metropolitan Australia under successive federal neoliberal reform agendas. This paper discusses creative networks in non-metropolitan areas in light of this, with a focus on issues of youth unemployment and out-migration. First, it draws on research on creative industry development on the New South Wales Far North Coast to assess the efficacy of creative networks as a source of new job growth in rural areas. Second, and more broadly, the paper discusses the North Coast Entertainment Industry Association (NCEIA), a nascent creative network in the region. Several observations are drawn from its experiences. Creative networks in non-metropolitan areas face problems of informal and itinerant membership, and anti-socialisation attitudes, Yet they appear to have a substantial role in improving the conditions of viability for vulnerable cultural producers. When conceived as part of interventionist strategies to promote youth employment and to stem the youth exodus from rural areas, they may also have sociodemographic implications beyond the scope of their original intent.
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Crase, Lin, Evan Patullock, Peter Lamb, and Brian Dollery. "Mobile Telephony in Rural Australia: Is it a Natural Monopoly?" Media International Australia 99, no. 1 (May 2001): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0109900114.
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Considerable debate surrounds the provision of mobile telephony to remote and rural Australians. Disquiet about the closure of the analogue network, controversy over its replacement and recognition of potential rural competitiveness from digital technologies are all significant aspects of this debate. Within the discussion surrounding regional and rural development, there is a growing concern over the standard of mobile telecommunications infrastructure in non-metropolitan Australia. Of particular interest are the mechanisms by which infrastructure is provided. More specifically, there appears to be a need for public subsidies for mobile networks since demand may be insufficient to stimulate provision through normal market processes. This paper explores these arguments by drawing on data from the Upper Murray region of New South Wales and Victoria. Empirical results indicate a significant current expenditure by present mobile telephony users and a preparedness to increase this expenditure under an improved service scenario. There is also evidence of relative price inelasticity. This evidence is used to question the conventional wisdom of providing public funds to telecommunications firms to encourage extension of the mobile network to all rural communities.
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Gregg, Melissa. "History in the Making: The NBN Rollout in Willunga, South Australia." Media International Australia 143, no. 1 (May 2012): 146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1214300116.
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The 2010 press release announcing the first-release sites for Australia's National Broadband Network (NBN) identified five locations chosen for their contrasting ‘housing density, housing type, geography, climate and local infrastructure’. On these measures, the South Australian town of Willunga was described as a ‘small rural town’ with ‘dispersed housing’. It thus served as a model for the country constituencies crucial to securing support for the federal government's large-scale infrastructure investment. But what else made Willunga an ideal first-release site? Are there local histories that shed light on the decision to grant its residents access to high-speed broadband before the rest of the country? This article shares findings from ethnographic research conducted in Willunga during the 2011 NBN roll-out to answer these questions.
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Barber, J. G., P. H. Delfabbro, and L. Cooper. "Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in out-of-home care." Children Australia 25, no. 3 (2000): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200009743.
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A full year’s intake of 38 Aboriginal children and 198 non-Aboriginal children referred for a new out-of-home placement in South Australia were studied as part of the first phase of a 3-year longitudinal study into the outcomes of alternative care. The baseline profile of this cohort revealed a number of significant racial and geographical differences between the children. Among the most important of these was an interaction between race and geographical location on length of time in care which indicated that Aboriginal children from metropolitan areas and non-Aboriginal children from rural areas had the longest histories of alternative care. In addition, Aboriginal children in metropolitan areas were the least likely to be referred into care for reasons of emotional abuse or neglect, no doubt because so many of them were already in alternative care at the time of the referral. Metropolitan Aboriginal children were also the unhealthiest and, together with rural non-Aborigines, the most likely to be under a court order at the time of placement. Overall, results are consistent with the proposition that metropolitan Aboriginal children and rural non-Aboriginal children are the most reliant on the formal alternative care system.
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Cooper, Malcolm, and Michael Flehr. "Government Intervention in Tourism Development: Case Studies from Japan and South Australia." Current Issues in Tourism 9, no. 1 (January 15, 2006): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500608668239.
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Pini, Barbara, Su Wild River, and Fiona M. Haslam McKenzie. "Factors Inhibiting Local Government Engagement in Environmental Sustainability: case studies from rural Australia." Australian Geographer 38, no. 2 (July 2007): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049180701399985.
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Forrest, James, and Kevin Dunn. "Cultural diversity, racialisation and the experience of racism in rural Australia: the South Australian case." Journal of Rural Studies 30 (April 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2012.11.002.
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D'souza, Russell. "A pilot study of an educational service for rural mental health practitioners in South Australia using telemedicine." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 6, no. 1_suppl (February 2000): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1357633001934627.
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Studies have found that rural patients want to be treated in their local hospitals. However, there have been difficulties with recruiting and retaining professionals in rural areas of Australia. Isolation, lack of professional development programmes, lack of academic programmes, lack of peer consultation and the need to travel long distances are some of the reasons identified in the National Rural Health strategy. A pilot service of educational programmes delivered by telemedicine was initiated and then evaluated. Forty-six community mental health workers from nine rural areas and 20 general practitioners from five rural areas participated. High satisfaction with the use of telemedicine was recorded by both groups. Telemedicine reduced the disincentives to rural practice, and also improved the professionals’ competence and confidence in managing patients with psychiatric illness.
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Nomor, Elizabeth, Rafiqul Islam, Mohammad A. Alim, and Ataur Rahman. "Production of Fresh Water by a Solar Still: An Experimental Case Study in Australia." Water 13, no. 23 (November 30, 2021): 3373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13233373.
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There is a scarcity of fresh water in many rural communities where solar stills can be used to produce drinking water at a minimal cost. These stills use solar energy, which is a sustainable form of energy, and hence this can contribute towards achievement of United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). This study aims to develop empirical models of a solar stills based on experimental data obtained at Werrington South, New South Wales, Australia. Two solar stills were used in the experiment, a conventional design (Con-Still) and a con-still modified with adding extra thermal mass inside the still (mod-still). Regression analysis was adopted to develop prediction equations using Pi (productivity in L/m2/day) as the response variable and ambient temperature (Ta), sky temperature (Ts19), global radiation (Gh), and wind velocity (W) as the predictor variables. The mean and median productivity values of the mod-still were found to be 17%, and 22% higher than that those for the con-still. The proposed mod-still can be further improved and used in rural areas to produce fresh water from sea water and other forms of contaminated water.
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Marks, Sarah, and Maxwell Olenski. "Q Fever in the First Trimester: A Case Report from Northern Rural New South Wales." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4020090.
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Pregnant women are significantly more likely to have an asymptomatic acute infection with C. burnetii which, untreated, has been associated with poor obstetric outcomes including miscarriage, stillbirth, intrauterine growth restriction, and premature delivery. As such, Q fever is a potentially under-recognised and treatable cause of adverse pregnancy outcomes in rural Northern New South Wales, with testing of Q fever polymerase chain reaction (PCR)—whether on maternal sera or placental tissue—not currently recommended by the Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand for Stillbirth.
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Bamford, Errol J., Danielle S. Taylor, Graeme J. Hugo, Lyle Dunne, Brian G. Symon, and David Wilkinson. "Accessibility to general practitioners in rural South Australia: A case study using geographic information system technology." Medical Journal of Australia 171, no. 11-12 (December 1999): 614–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb123821.x.
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Smailes, P. J. "The Diverging Geographies of Social and Business Interaction Patterns: a Case Study of Rural South Australia." Australian Geographical Studies 38, no. 2 (July 2000): 158–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8470.00109.
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Arbuckle, Tye E., David Hewitt, and Gregory J. Sherman. "RE: “CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS AND MATERNAL DRINKING WATER SUPPLY IN RURAL SOUTH AUSTRALIA: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY”." American Journal of Epidemiology 124, no. 2 (August 1986): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114403.
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Dufty, Rae. "Governing Through Locational Choice: the Locational Preferences of Rural Public Housing Tenants in South‐Western New South Wales, Australia." Housing, Theory and Society 24, no. 3 (September 2007): 183–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14036090701374563.
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Islam, Md Irteja, Claire O’Neill, Hibah Kolur, Sharif Bagnulo, Richard Colbran, and Alexandra Martiniuk. "Patient-Reported Experiences and Satisfaction with Rural Outreach Clinics in New South Wales, Australia: A Cross-Sectional Study." Healthcare 10, no. 8 (July 26, 2022): 1391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10081391.
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Introduction: Many studies have been conducted on how physicians view outreach health services, yet few have explored how rural patients view these services. This study aimed to examine the patient experience and satisfaction with outreach health services in rural NSW, Australia and the factors associated with satisfaction. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients who visited outreach health services between December 2020 and February 2021 across rural and remote New South Wales, Australia. Data on patient satisfaction were collected using a validated questionnaire. Both bivariate (chi-squared test) and multivariate analyses (logistic regression) were performed to identify the factors associated with the outcome variable (patient satisfaction). Results: A total of 207 participants were included in the study. The mean age of respondents was 58.6 years, and 50.2% were men. Ninety-three percent of all participants were satisfied with the outreach health services. Respectful behaviours of the outreach healthcare practitioners were significantly associated with the higher patient satisfaction attending outreach clinics. Conclusions: The current study demonstrated a high level of patient satisfaction regarding outreach health services in rural and remote NSW, Australia. Further, our study findings showed the importance of collecting data about patient satisfaction to strengthen outreach service quality.
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Bob, Urmilla. "Rural women and technology in South Africa: Case studies from KwaZulu-Natal Province." GeoJournal 61, no. 3 (2004): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10708-004-3691-6.
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Adams, Jessie, Susan Brumby, Kate Kloot, Tim Baker, and Mohammadreza Mohebbi. "High-Heat Days and Presentations to Emergency Departments in Regional Victoria, Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 2131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042131.
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Heat kills more Australians than any other natural disaster. Previous Australian research has identified increases in Emergency Department presentations in capital cities; however, little research has examined the effects of heat in rural/regional locations. This retrospective cohort study aimed to determine if Emergency Department (ED) presentations across the south-west region of Victoria, Australia, increased on high-heat days (1 February 2017 to 31 January 2020) using the Rural Acute Hospital Data Register (RAHDaR). The study also explored differences in presentations between farming towns and non-farming towns. High-heat days were defined as days over the 95th temperature percentile. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification (ICD-10-AM) codes associated with heat-related illness were identified from previous studies. As the region has a large agricultural sector, a framework was developed to identify towns estimated to have 70% or more of the population involved in farming. Overall, there were 61,631 presentations from individuals residing in the nine Local Government Areas. Of these presentations, 3064 (5.0%) were on days of high-heat, and 58,567 (95.0%) were of days of non-high-heat. Unlike previous metropolitan studies, ED presentations in rural south-west Victoria decrease on high-heat days. This decrease was more prominent in the farming cohort; a potential explanation for this may be behavioural adaption.
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Turner, G. W., and R. M. C. Ruffio. "Environmental Auditing for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control in a Region of New South Wales (Australia)." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 3-5 (August 1, 1993): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0431.
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The concept of environmental auditing of point source pollution has been adapted to nonpoint source pollution in rural lands. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and other information technologies provide an effective environmental management tool for characterising nonpoint source (NPS) pollution in a regional context and thereby can assist the environmental auditing process. Nonpoint source pollution problems of rural watersheds in Australia, particularly those in the state of New South Wales, and the role of the state's environment protection agency are outlined. A case study that applies an auditing methodology using GIS in a study area within the Lachlan River catchment is presented. The suitability of the approach for land condition evaluation and the review of land use controls for nonpoint source pollution is discussed.
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de Silva, Andrea M., Jacqueline Martin-Kerry, Alexandra Geale, and Deborah Cole. "Flying blind: trying to find solutions to Indigenous oral health." Australian Health Review 40, no. 5 (2016): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah15157.
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Objective The aim of the present study was to identify all published evidence about oral health in Indigenous children in Australia and to determine trends in Indigenous oral health over time. Methods PubMed was used to search for published peer-reviewed articles that reported caries (decay) prevalence rates and/or caries experience (based on caries indices) in Indigenous children. Studies included in the analysis needed to report clinical oral health data (not self-reported dental experiences), and articles were excluded if they reported caries in only a select, specific or targeted sample (e.g. only children undergoing hospital admissions for dental conditions). Results The review identified 32 studies that met the inclusion criteria. These studies reported data from the Northern Territory (n = 14), Western Australia (n = 7), South Australia (n = 7), Queensland (n = 7), New South Wales (n = 1), Australian Capital Territory (n = 1) and Tasmania (n = 1). Of the studies, 47% were in rural locations, 9% were in urban locations and 44% were in both rural and urban locations. Data are limited and predominantly for Indigenous children living in rural locations, and there are no published studies on caries in Indigenous children living in Victoria. Conclusions The present study documents the published prevalence and severity of caries in Indigenous children living in Australia and highlights that limited oral health data are available for this priority population. Although risk factors for oral disease are well known, most of the studies did not analyse the link between these factors and oral disease present. There is also inconsistency in how caries is reported in terms of age and caries criteria used. We cannot rely on the available data to inform the development of policies and programs to address the oral health differences in Indigenous populations living contemporary lives in metropolitan areas. What is known about the topic? Many studies report that Indigenous people have poorer general health in Australia compared with non-Indigenous people. What does this paper add? This paper documents the available published prevalence and experience of caries for Indigenous children in Australia. It demonstrates significant limitations in the data, including no Victorian data, inconsistency with reporting methods and most data being for Indigenous children who are living in rural locations. What are the implications for practitioners? It is important for practitioners to have access to oral health data for Indigenous children in Australia. However, the present study highlights significant knowledge gaps for this population group and identifies ways to collect data in future studies to enable more meaningful comparisons and policy development.
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Haslam McKenzie, Fiona. "Case Studies of Rural Business Women in Western Australia and their Contribution to the Region." Rural Society 8, no. 3 (January 1998): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/rsj.8.3.257.
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Punt, André E., David C. Smith, Geoff N. Tuck, and Richard D. Methot. "Including discard data in fisheries stock assessments: Two case studies from south-eastern Australia." Fisheries Research 79, no. 3 (July 2006): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2006.04.007.
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Cowain, Taryn. "Cognitive–Behavioural Therapy via Videoconferencing to a Rural Area." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 35, no. 1 (February 2001): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00853.x.
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Objective: This case report describes the use of cognitive–behavioural therapy via twoway, interactive audiovisual videoconferencing and identifies issues involved in using this form of technology to provide therapy. Clinical picture: A 38-year-old married woman living in rural South Australia presented with panic disorder with agoraphobia and major depression. The patient had refused antidepressant treatment. Treatment: The patient was treated with 12 sessions of cognitive–behavioural therapy delivered via videoconferencing. Outcome: Anxiety and depressive symptoms resolved with concomitant improvement in function. Conclusions: Providing this form of therapy via videoconferencing can be effective.
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de Silva, Andrea M., Jacqueline M. Martin-Kerry, Katherine McKee, and Deborah Cole. "Caries and periodontal disease in Indigenous adults in Australia: a case of limited and non-contemporary data." Australian Health Review 41, no. 4 (2017): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah15229.
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Objective The aim of the present study was to identify all evidence about the prevalence and severity of clinically measured caries and periodontal disease in Indigenous adults in Australia published in peer-reviewed journals and to summarise trends over time. In addition, we examined whether the studies investigated associations between putative risk factors and levels of caries and periodontal disease. Methods PubMed was searched in September 2014, with no date limitations, for published peer-reviewed articles reporting the prevalence rates and/or severity of caries and periodontal disease in Indigenous adults living in Australia. Articles were excluded if measurement was not based on clinical assessment and if oral disease was reported only in a specific or targeted sample, and not the general population. Results The search identified 18 papers (reporting on 10 primary studies) that met the inclusion criteria. The studies published clinical data about dental caries and/or periodontal disease in Australian Indigenous adults. The studies reported on oral health for Indigenous adults living in rural (40%), urban (10%) and both urban and rural (50%) locations. Included studies showed that virtually all Indigenous adults living in rural locations had periodontal disease. The data also showed caries prevalence ranged from 46% to 93%. Although 10 studies were identified, the peer-reviewed literature was extremely limited and no published studies were identified that provided statistics for a significant proportion of Australia (Victoria, Tasmania, Queensland or the Australian Capital Territory). There were also inconsistencies in how the data were reported between studies, making comparisons difficult. Conclusions This review highlights a lack of robust and contemporary data to inform the development of policies and programs to address the disparities in oral health in Indigenous populations living in many parts of Australia. What is known about the topic? Many studies report that Indigenous people in Australia have poorer general health compared with non-Indigenous people. What does this paper add? This paper documents the available caries and periodontal disease prevalence and experience for Indigenous adults in Australia published in peer-reviewed journals. It demonstrates significant limitations in the data, including no data in several large Australian jurisdictions, inconsistency with reporting methods and most data available being for Indigenous adults living in rural locations. Therefore, the oral health data available in the peer-reviewed literature do not reflect the situation of all Indigenous people living in Australia. What are the implications for practitioners? It is important for oral health practitioners to have access to current and relevant statistics on the oral health of Indigenous Australians. However, we have highlighted significant evidence gaps for this population group within the peer-reviewed literature and identified the limitations of the available data upon which decisions are currently being made. This paper also identifies ways to capture and report oral health data in the future to enable more meaningful comparisons and relevance for use in policy development.
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O'CONNOR, B. A., I. G. TRIBE, and R. GIVNEY. "A windy day in a sheep saleyard: an outbreak of Q fever in rural South Australia." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 2 (May 9, 2014): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814001083.
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SUMMARYIn December 2004, the Department of Human Services investigated an outbreak of Q fever in South Australia. A case-control study tested an association between attending a local saleyard and human illness. A case was defined as a person with clinical illness and evidence of seroconversion or high phase II IgM. Controls were selected from a database of community controls matched on sex, age group and postcode. Matched analysis of the first 15 cases with 45 controls indicated that contracting Q fever was associated with attending the saleyard on one particular day (adjusted odds ratio 15·3, 95% confidence interval 1·7–undefined,P = 0·014). Saleyard conditions were windy and conducive for airborne dispersal of contaminated particles. In total, 25 cases were detected. Of these, 22 cases had attended a local saleyard on the same day. This outbreak suggests cases were probably infected by a single exposure at a saleyard from infected sheep and dust. The investigation resulted in an increase in the local uptake of Q fever vaccination and extension of the Australian national vaccination programme.
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MCGREEVY, MICHAEL. "Suburban growth in Adelaide, South Australia, 1850–1930: speculation and economic opportunity." Urban History 44, no. 2 (August 16, 2016): 208–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096392681600047x.
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ABSTRACTSuburbs are significant to any understanding of Australian urbanization as they have been the dominant organizational element in the morphology of metropolitan areas. A case-study of suburban growth in Adelaide, South Australia, in the period from 1850 to 1930 suggests that dominant accounts of Australian suburbs of the era, as places of tranquillity, leisure, home and family, whose growth was driven by aspiration and social mobility, are largely illusory. Suburban growth was instead driven by speculation and economic opportunity. Accounts of commercial, recreational and industrial activity in Adelaide's suburban municipalities of the time suggests economically and socially diverse communities. Whereas the desire for the quarter or half acre block in the suburbs was most often due to its productive potential rather than bourgeois aspirations for seclusion and semi-rural tranquillity.
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Bell, Stephen. "Aimé Bonpland and Merinomania in Southern South America." Americas 51, no. 3 (January 1995): 301–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1008225.
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As an integrating theme in the biological or ecological expansion of Europe, merino sheep were so important that one authority on their dispersal sees the nineteenth century standing as “the century of the Merino.” Merinos produce a wool of distinctive quality, one long appreciated for providing warmth without excessive weight. Guarded for centuries by Spanish monopoly, the breed's status as something of a prize outside Spain began to change in 1808 with the Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian peninsula. By around 1820, a major new phase in merino dispersal was underway with its adaptation to some of the vast grassland ecosystems in the Europeanizing peripheries. The breed was of critical importance to the settlement and development of Australia. It was also highly important in other parts of the southern hemisphere, including in the transformation of existing cattle cultures on the great grassland regions of the Río de la Plata. Here the merino formed the leading edge of rural modernization, offering real potential for ground-up development.
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ZWANE, T. "Determinants of Savings in Urban and Rural Households: Case of South Africa." Demography and social economy, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2021.04.151.
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Savings have been described as a significant fi nancial and economic matter and represent an essential driving force of economic growth and development. Despite this, many studies investigating the determinants of savings in South Africa have looked predominantly at the drivers of savings only at a national level, without focusing on urban and rural differences. This is critical as these localities are structurally different, with different characteristics. It is, therefore, likely that the determinants of savings in these unique geographical localities would differ, given the negative impact of past policies of marginalisation. The purpose of this paper is to examine the urban-rural disparities in savings for South African households. We used data sourced from the five waves of the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) observed from 2008-2017. The novelty of this study is in its application of a novel two-stage least square estimation technique which addresses possible endogeneity problems which might have plagued previous studies in this field. It was concluded from the research that the determinants of savings are different across samples (urban and rural). We found that having access to land is an important predictor of savings in rural areas where the poor live (positive and significant), but the coefficient is not significant in the urban sample. Although there was a positive correlation between income and savings across samples, but the income impact on savings is higher in absolute values for households residing in rural areas, compared to household living in urban areas. We also found that, despite the coefficient of employment being similar in the direction of the impact (positive and significant) across the samples, the magnitude of the coefficient was stronger in the rural sample. Based on the higher magnitude of the coefficient, we found that household size has more effect in urban than rural areas. The study recommends that government should design and implement policies that foster job creation, even low-skilled jobs, which will generate more income and reduce unemployment.