Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rural relationship

Academic literature on the topic 'Rural relationship'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Rural relationship"

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SHIMIZU, Natsuki. "Relationship between Rural Development and Livelihood regarding Rural Tourism." JOURNAL OF RURAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION 38, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2750/arp.38.33.

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Alves, Helena, Ana María Campón-Cerro, and José Manuel Hernández-Mogollón. "Enhancing rural destinations’ loyalty through relationship quality." Spanish Journal of Marketing - ESIC 23, no. 2 (September 9, 2019): 185–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sjme-09-2018-0041.

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Purpose The literature on the factors generating loyalty towards tourism destinations has seldom focussed its attention on relationship marketing, which has left a gap in the understanding of destination loyalty. This paper aims to examine the influence of relationship quality on rural destination loyalty, approaching this through the variables of trust, attachment and satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach This study used a quantitative methodology based on an on line survey conducted in Spain. The sample consisted of 464 tourists who participate in rural tourism. The analysis of the proposed model was carried out based on the partial least squares method. Findings The results confirm that the model has a substantial to moderate explanatory capacity for overall satisfaction and loyalty, in which overall satisfaction acts as a mediator between the variables that make up relationship quality in reference to loyalty. Research limitations/implications The main limitations of this research arise from the scarcity of works which aim to understand relationship quality in tourism destinations. To broaden results, it should be applied in other tourism destinations, products, services and experiences. Practical implications Destination managers should give relationships a special role in their tourism development programmes in rural tourism contexts. Social implications Rural tourism destinations and companies are generally small-sized organisations that need managerial tools. These can benefit from developing sustainable relationships. Originality/value The significant role played by relationship quality regarding destination loyalty is studied in detail in this model.
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Wang, Yuxin, Qing Liu, Yanrui Wu, and Huaqing Wu. "Can relationship bring more provision in rural public goods? Empirical evidence from rural China." China Agricultural Economic Review 9, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-07-2016-0098.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how different types of the village relationship influence different types of public goods provision in rural China. Design/methodology/approach The three components (clan-based relationship, neighborhood relationship and external relationship) were derived by employing factor analysis. The simultaneous discrete choice model was used to estimate the influence of these components on public goods provision, using the survey data from the China Household Income Project conducted in 2007. Findings The findings indicate that considering different components of village relationship allows for a better understanding of the public good provision. The results indicate that the neighborhood relationship has a significantly positive effect on rural public goods provision, particularly on water conservancy and irrigation, while the external relationship has a significantly positive effect on all types of public goods. Practical implications Local public goods provision is the core of the new rural construction in China. These findings imply that relationship in villages plays a vital role in the provision of public goods and is necessary in the construction of the new harmonious countryside in China. The results also have implications for rural public goods provision in other developing countries. Originality/value To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to quantitatively model the impact of different relationships on public goods provision at the rural level. A consideration of the different components in village relationship allows for a more precise understanding of the pubic goods provision in the village.
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Karim, Dara Majeed. "The Relationship Rural Development and Crimes." International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research 3, no. 1 (2019): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijreh.3.1.4.

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Deller, Steven, and Brian Whitacre. "Broadband's relationship to rural housing values." Papers in Regional Science 98, no. 5 (July 6, 2019): 2135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12450.

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ZHANG, Bosheng, and Zisheng YANG. "Coupling relationship between urban-rural coordinated development and rural poverty governance." 资源科学 42, no. 7 (2020): 1384–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18402/resci.2020.07.14.

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Zhang, Zhenghe, and Yawen Lu. "China’s urban-rural relationship: evolution and prospects." China Agricultural Economic Review 10, no. 2 (May 8, 2018): 260–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-02-2018-0038.

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Purpose In the 69 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, especially the 40 years since the reform and opening-up, the relationship between urban and rural areas has undergone profound change. When the deepening reform of the urban-rural relationship is entering a critical period, it is necessary to reassess the evolution of the urban-rural relationship in China and draw a picture for that relationship in the future. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This paper combs the policies on the urban and rural development since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, and analyzes macro data on the industries, population, personal income, and other aspects. Findings The study found that this urbanism affects individuals’ lives and the choices of society through the will of the state, and then provides feedback at the whole level of social values. Originality/value This paper divides the evolution of China’s urban-rural relationship into two major stages – nurturing cities with rural areas and leading rural areas with cities, which are then subdivided into five periods. The features of the relationship between the urban and rural areas in different periods are analyzed, and the future development of urban-rural relations is also considered.
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Wang, Dong Qiang, and Shu Qin Tian. "Rural Ecology Governance Ability Modernization Study under the Background of Balancing Urban and Rural Development." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 2568–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.2568.

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In the process of current market economic development, we must play the role of government in the rural environmental protection, correctly handle the relationship between government and market and rely on the ability of rual ecology governance to solve the plight of the rural ecology environment fundamentally. Based on domestic and foreign review of the research in this paper, the paper pointed out the plight of rual ecology governance from the perspective of governance concept, governance system, governance power and responsibility and put forward a series of suggestions,such as: improving target cohesion ability, innovating rural ecology development model; improving contingency ability to perfect the rural ecology system constraints; improving rual resource integration ability to perfect the investment system of rural ecology construction funds; improving the rural ecology control ability to perfect countermeasures of rural ecology governance system.
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Budiarto, Tri, Ernan Rustiadi, and Arya Hadi Dharmawan. "THE RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND RURAL SELF-SUFFIENCY IN BOGOR DISTRICT, WEST JAVA PROVINCE." TATALOKA 19, no. 3 (August 29, 2017): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.19.3.230-241.

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This study aimed at map rural typologies based on the status of development and self-sufficiency of the rurals. Status of rural development was built with 11 indicators and status self-sufficient was built with six indicators. The study used secondary data from BPS, wich was PODES 2014 in 434 villages at Bogor district. Primary data was used to support the analysis results with field observations taken at four village representatives typology. The results showed that 187 villages were categorized as developed rurals and 247 villages as undeveloped rurals. Based on self-sufficient status, there were 78 villages categorized as self-sufficient rurals and 356 villages as unself-sufficient rurals. Based on the status of development and self-sufficient, three villages were categorized as typology I (developed and self-suffient rurals), 184 villages were typology II (developed and unself-suffient rurals), 172 villages were typology III (undeveloped and unself-sufficient rurals), and 75 villages were typology IV (undeveloped and self-sufficient rurals). Spearman correlation value was -0.371, there was an inverse relationship between the development status and self-sufficiency status of the rural
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Begidova, Tamara P., and Natalya A. Budanova. "Formation of tolerance among rural youth to persons with disabilities based on Olympic values (on the example of the Special Olympics movement)." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 6 (2022): 1545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2022-27-6-1545-1551.

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The difficulties that arise in the formation of tolerant relationships among the rural youth and people with disabilities on the basis of the municipality of the village of Ermolovka and the House of Culture of the Liskinsky district of the Voronezh region are analyzed. The purpose of the study: the formation of respectful relationships between the rural youth, namely to persons with disabilities and the identification of effective forms of work by means of physical culture and sports with the use of Olympic values. Research objectives: 1) provide information to the younger generation of the village about Olympic values, adaptive sports and the movement of the Special Olympics; 2) identify highly effective means, forms and methods of tolerant relationship of young rurals to people with disabilities using Olympic values; 3) to develop and experimentally substantiate the method of applying various organizational and methodical ways and methods to increase the level of knowledge on Olympic education of the younger generation, their respectful attitude to persons with disabilities and involvement in the field of physical culture and sports. The study revealed that as a result of the purposeful use of Olympic education funds, the level of tolerant relationship between young rurals and people with disabilities has increased, and there has also been a big jump in the interest of the rural young generation in physical education and a healthy lifestyle.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rural relationship"

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Ozdirek, Sibel. "Changing Relationship Between Urban And Rural: The Observed Features Of New Rurality In Rural Areas." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613460/index.pdf.

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The new changes such as developments in transportation and communication technology, globalization of markets, intensification of flow of information, ideas and innovations since the 1980s have helped to increase the interaction between urban and rural and this process have had very important impact on the resemblance process of rural areas to urban areas with some characteristics, vice versa. Therefore the process have had an effect on the blurring strict distinction between urban and rural in worldwide. The new rurality approach has been main approach in the thesis that has tried to explain the new features of rural areas. It has focused on what has been happenning in rural areas and drawn attention to changes in rural areas which was previously ignored or overemphasized. The approach took five main changing features of rural areas as central focus which were non-farm activities, role of women, entrepreneurship, in-migration, division of labour and also urban-rural interaction. Therefore, the observed changes caused to draw attention to the question of is rural still the opposite of urban? In this respect, the effects of the increased relationships between urban and rural on rural areas in terms of getting new characteristics that new rurality approach explained were investigated by handling two case studies
Gedelek and Kusç
uali Villages in Turkey.
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Ortega, Arias María Daniela, and Vásquez Héctor Cárcamo. "Family-school relationship in the rural context. Views from families." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123977.

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The article presents the results of a research aimed at revealing the representations that parents have on the family-school relationship in the rural context of Quillón, Chile. Qualitative methodology is used, using in-depth interview. Twenty subjects are interviewed. Some results indicate that families give teachers a key part to establish a proper family-school relationship. This representation is based on the recognition of the bureaucratic nature of the school. How the family involvement is modelled is determined by the relevance assigned to the school success of their children. Indeed, moments, instances and ways in which families participate are related to the value assigned to them to enhance academic results.
El artículo expone los resultados de una investigación cuyo objetivo fue develar las representaciones que poseen padres y madres respecto de la relación familia- escuela en el contexto rural de la comuna de Quillón, Chile. Se utilizó la metodología cualitativa, empleando la entrevista en profundidad. Se entrevistó a veinte sujetos.Los resultados indican que las familias otorgan al profesorado un papel clave para el establecimiento de una adecuada relación familia-escuela. Esta representación se sustenta en el reconocimiento de la naturaleza burocrática de la institución escolar. El cómo se modela la participación de las familias está determinado por la relevancia que asignan al buen desempeño escolar de sus hijos. Precisamente, los momentos, instancias y formas en que participan las familias están relacionados con el valor asignado a estas para potenciar los resultados académicos.
O artigo apresenta os resultados de uma investigação destinada a revelar as representações que têm os pais sobre a relação família-escola no contexto da comuna rural de Quillón, Chile. Metodologia qualitativa é utilizada, por meio de entrevistas em profundidade. São entrevistados vinte pais. Alguns resultados indicam que as famílias dão aos professores a chave para o estabelecimento de um relacinamento adequado da escola familia. Esta representação é baseada no reconhecimento da natureza burocrática da escola. Como o envolvimento das famílias é determinada pela relevância atribuída ao sucesso escolar de seus filhos é modelado. Na verdade, momentos, situações e formas em que as famílias estão relacionadas com o valor atribuído a eles para melhorar os resultados académicos.
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Kendrick, Dasen. "The Relationship Between Meteorological Patterns and Rural Ground Ozone Concentration." TopSCHOLAR®, 2005. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/505.

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Throughout the United States, many areas exceed the level of safe ground ozone (O3) concentration. Non-natural emissions made as result of daily human activities and natural emissions react photochemically to produce ground O3 concentration. Variation in ground O3 concentration is controlled by local and regional emissions, synoptic and mesoscale meteorology, and boundary layer chemistry and dynamics. When the right meteorological variables are present, rural areas can have unhealthy air conditions with high levels of ground O3 concentration similar to that of metropolitan areas. Particular ground O3 concentration episodes were analyzed to summarize what meteorological variables constitute a healthy or hazardous ground O3 day. Hourly ground O3 data for Mammoth Cave National Park from the years, 1998 through 2003 were analyzed. Once analyzed, a combination of meteorological variables is used in a simple linear regression to create the coefficients for empirical predictive model based on 1998-2000 data. The meteorological variables included maximum temperature (Tmax), diurnal temperature range (DTR), solar radiation (SR), and daily precipitation (Pd). The meteorological coefficients were then used with the available meteorological data from 2001 through 2003 to predict ground O3 for 2001 through 2003. Certain meteorological variables such as SR are not easily available in most regions and rural sites in the United States. Therefore, SR was excluded from the regression model to see if rural areas can also forecast ground O3 sufficiently. Root mean square error, d-index, and mean absolute error were used to assess the performance of the predictive model. These measures were calculated to find out if a significant relationship between ground O3 and the meteorological variables is present. For example, the d-index was calculated and ranged from 0.81-0.84 for the best regression model performances. This suggests that the predictive ground O3 from 2001 through 2003 is in agreement with observed ground O3 from 2001 through 2003.
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Cameron, Michael Patrick. "The Relationship Between Poverty and HIV/AIDS in Rural Thailand." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2570.

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HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic with critical demographic, economic, and social implications. The pandemic is widespread in poor regions of the world, including Southeast Asia where its long-term effects are potentially catastrophic. Despite the major impacts of the epidemic being already felt at the household level in many countries, a lack of recognition of the socioeconomic determinants of HIV infection and the economic and social impacts of HIV/AIDS and their relationship with poverty persists. This is due in part to the lack of systematic studies at the household, community, sectoral, and macro levels. The thesis describes a 'vicious circle' between HIV/AIDS, poverty and high-risk behaviour at the individual level. In the poverty-HIV/AIDS cycle, HIV-infected individuals are especially vulnerable to poverty, the poor are more likely to engage in high-risk behaviour such as commercial sex work, and high-risk behaviour in turn makes people susceptible to HIV infection. The thesis examines whether rural Northeast Thailand exhibits characteristics that support the existence of such a cycle. Four key relationships are considered and tested: (i) the relationship between previous HIV infection and current wealth or poverty; (ii) the relationship betweem wealth or poverty and HIV/AIDS knowledge; (iii) the relationship between previous wealth or poverty and current HIV infection; and (iv) the relationship between previous migration and current HIV infection. All four relationships are shown to hold using survey data from Khon Kaen province in Northeast Thailand. Poverty is shown to increase susceptibility to HIV infection, and HIV/AIDS is shown to reduce wealth and hence increase poverty. Under the circumstances, the hypothesis that rural Northeast Thailand exhibits characteristics that would suggest the existence of a poverty-HIV/AIDS cycle cannot be rejected. This thesis also provides several key contributions to the literature on HIV/AIDS and poverty. First, it provides quantitative and qualitative empirical analysis of the impacts of HIV/AIDS on households in a moderately affected region of Thailand. Second, it provides empirical analysis both on whether wealth and poverty affect the risk of HIV infection, and whether HIV infection affects wealth and poverty. The results from this thesis also provide significant empirical evidence of the importance of rural-urban migration in the spread of HIV in Asia. Finally, the thesis investigates the potential effects on the poverty-HIV/AIDS cycle of an ongoing socio-economic intervention, namely breaking the poverty-HIV/AIDS cycle via intensive rural development.
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Khadka, Manbar Singh. "The relationship between child labor and microfinance evidence from rural Bangladesh /." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/9660.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2009.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Miller, Crystelle Leigh. "The price-size relationship: analyzing fragmenation of rural land in Texas." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4911.

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According to the USDA, Texas leads all other states in the loss of rural farming and ranching land. Most research on rural land value has been associated with trying to explain price per acre movements, yet few studies have analyzed the relationship of market factors such as size on the total purchase price. This research focused on the parcel size and price per acre relationship that exists for Texas rural lands. The objective of this research was to examine the relationship between size and price per acre of land parcels sold in Texas and to analyze the presence of fragmentation of agricultural lands. Data on Texas land sales of parcels greater than ten acres from 1965-2004 were used. The relationship between price per acre and parcel size was analyzed for Texas as a whole and for eight separate farmland regions. Each region was analyzed over eight time periods to test for changes in the land market for different periods. The results indicated a statistically significant inverse relationship between price per acre and parcel size which held in all eight regions and each of the eight five-year time periods. Personal income of the buyers had a greater influence on price per acre than net farm income. Fragmentation was verified by comparing percent of sales in eight categories of acres sold, ranging from 10 acres to over 1,280 acres. Over the time period 1966-2004, the percent of sales for smaller parcels, 21-40 acres, increased and for moderate size parcels, 81-320 acres, the percent of sales decreased. The increase in percent of sales for smaller parcels and the conversion of moderate size parcels of 81-320 acres into less than forty acre parcels, suggests that fragmentation has occurred. Furthermore, the percent of sales for parcels larger than 320 acres increased over the time period which mitigated the effects of fragmentation.
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Whiteside, Jasmine L. Whiteside. "Rural Trajectories: Investigating the Relationship between Space, Resources and University Enrollment." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu154321435050285.

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Riddick, Althea A. "The Relationship Between Student Demographics on Persistence at a Rural Community College." Thesis, Northcentral University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3670958.

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The purpose of this quantitative research study was to determine if student background variables ([age, race, gender, and socioeconomic status, (SES)] are predictors of student persistence semester-to-semester (2009-2010). The sample population included 298 students, consisting of first-time, first-semester, full and part-time students working toward achieving a degree or credential at a rural community college in northeastern North Carolina. Community colleges enroll almost half of the nation's college learners, fewer than half of the learners who begin at community colleges earn a degree or credential within six years of initial enrollment. The semester-to-semester persistence rate from the sample in the study was 75%, much higher than national averages. Although student persistence has been researched extensively in the past decades, only recently has persistence research been conducted on the most diverse populations in two-year institutions where attrition is the highest. The lack of persistence leads to loss of college revenue, fewer graduates entering the workforce, and fewer students achieving their personal goals. Using associated research and archived records this study analyzed the effect of age, race, gender, and SES on persistence. Logistic regression, including descriptive statistics, was used, and determined varying relationships between independent variables and the dependent variable, persistence. No significant relationships were found between persistence and age, race, and SES. While some literature and empirical research with these variables previously found significant relationships, the current study did not and this may be due to; few studies conducted at rural community colleges, the use of rural sample size, and the reliance on financial aid by students. The strongest relationship was found between the independent variable and gender. The sample population consisted of 48% male and 51.7% female. The results showed that the level of the relationship between gender and persistence was p=.005, which was less than the alpha level of .05. Also, literature reviewed for the study showed that students' SES is significantly linked to persistence once the variables of gender and race are controlled. Future research could incorporate a qualitative analysis to provide useful information regarding these same independent variables in the context of the individual student.

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Rynda, Jaci. "The Relationship Between Rural Novice Teachers of the Deaf and Their Mentors." Thesis, Minot State University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10607812.

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Recruitment and retention of special education teachers is growing concern nationwide. This problem is especially acute amongst teachers of the deaf/hard of hearing in rural areas. Mentoring of novice teachers may be a solution to this problem; however, little research exists regarding the use of mentorship in deaf education. This qualitative case study explored the nature of the mentor/mentee relationship between novice teachers of the deaf and their mentors in rural areas. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with three dyads of mentors and mentees. An open coding inductive qualitative data analysis revealed five themes characterizing the relationship. Results further indicate that these teachers describe the relationship through descriptors that are unique to either the mentor or the mentee, complimentary to each party, and shared between both parties. Implications of these findings for current practice in the field of deaf education are discussed.

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Harrison, Lucy. "Agriculture's role in rural employment : a study of the relationship between agriculture and other rural employment in England and Wales." Thesis, University of Reading, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316141.

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Books on the topic "Rural relationship"

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State and rural society in Bangladesh: A study in relationship. London: Curzon Press, 1985.

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Pullum, Thomas W. The relationship of service availability to contraceptive use in rural Guatemala. Columbia, Md: DHS, IRD/Macro International, Inc., 1991.

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Matemane, Jimmy. The relationship between traditional authorities and rural local government: Easing the tensions. Johannesburg, South Africa: Land and Agriculture Policy Centre, 1997.

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Kasganj and its urban field: A study in rural-urban inter-relationship. New Delhi: Radha Publications, 2008.

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Group, Codman Research. The relationship between declining use of rural hospitals and access to inpatient services for Medicare beneficiaries in rural areas. [Washington, D.C.]: Prospective Payment Assessment Commission, 1990.

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Seidu, Al-Hassan, ed. The inter-relationship between land ownership, access to finance, and product markets in Ghana. Legon, Ghana: Institute of Statistical, Social & Economic Research, University of Ghana, 2008.

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Quartey, Peter. The inter-relationship between land ownership, access to finance, and product markets in Ghana. Legon, Ghana: Institute of Statistical, Social & Economic Research, University of Ghana, 2008.

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Kanti, Chowdhury Pijush, and Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development., eds. TTDC-KTCCA relationship: Quarter century of co-ordination efforts and problems in rural development administration. Comilla: Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development, 1988.

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Bandyopādhyaẏa, Belā. An investigation into the inter-relationship between women's empowerment and trafficking in women and children. Kolkata: School of Women's Studies, Jadavpur University, 2005.

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Ramāprasāda, Bhaṭṭācārya, and Jadavpur University. School of Women's Studies, eds. An investigation into the inter-relationship between women's empowerment and trafficking in women and children. Kolkata: School of Women's Studies, Jadavpur University, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rural relationship"

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Bogomolov, Oleg T. "Relationship between Rural and Industrial Development." In The Balance between Industry and Agriculture in Economic Development, 76–84. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10271-6_5.

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Zhe, Xiaoye, and Yun Ai. "Historical Evolution of Urban–Rural Relationship." In Social Development Experiences in China, 43–109. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8419-0_2.

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Ye, Chao. "Rural–Urban Relationship in China’s Historical Periods." In A Theory and History of Rural–urban Governance in China, 107–63. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1201-5_5.

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Scandizzo, Pasquale Lucio, and Sara Savastano. "Revisiting the farm size–productivity relationship." In Agriculture and Rural Development in a Globalizing World, 26–55. London ; New York : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Earthscan food and agriculture: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315314051-3.

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Brown, Elissa F. "Leading Policy, Advocacy, and Relationship Building in Rural Schools." In Serving Gifted Students in Rural Settings, 317–40. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003237938-19.

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Zhe, Xiaoye, and Yun Ai. "Urban–Rural Relationship in the Flow of Factors." In Social Development Experiences in China, 111–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8419-0_3.

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Ohe, Yasuo. "Relationship Between Community Activities as a Rural Institution and Multifunctionality." In Community-based Rural Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 107–33. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0383-2_6.

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Alpe, Yves, and Angela Barthes. "The Inadequacy of French Rural School Public Policies." In Evolutions of the Complex Relationship Between Education and Territories, 289–308. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119451471.ch14.

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Lin, Yanliu, Bruno De Meulder, and Shifu Wang. "The symbiotic relationship between urban villages and the city: implications for redevelopment strategies." In Rural Migrants in Urban China, 240–55. London: Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203796597-26.

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Zhe, Xiaoye, and Yun Ai. "Urban–Rural Relationship Under the Institutional Control and “Decontrol”." In Social Development Experiences in China, 151–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8419-0_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rural relationship"

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KRUKOWSKI, Artur, Tomasz KIJEK, Anna NOWAK, Armand KASZTELAN, Anna KOBIAŁKA, and Anna MATRAS-BOLIBOK. "THE POTENTİAL OF THE EUROPEAN UNİON COUNTRİES TO PRODUCE BİOMASS FOR BİODİESEL PRODUCTİON AND CONSUMPTİON PURPOSES." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.169.

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This article aims at evaluating the capacity of agriculture in the member states of the European Union regarding the production of biodiesel from biomass as well as identification and empirical verification of relationships between the rapeseed market and the consumption of biodiesel. The studies were based on panel data for the EU-28 member states in the period 2010-2013 obtained from Eurostat. The results of the studies point to significant differentiation in the production and consumption of biodiesel and its share in the consumption of liquid fuels in the transport sector in the EU. In 2010-2013 the consumption of biodiesel in EU countries exceeded 10.5 M TOE, with 2012 being a unique year when the consumption of biodiesel increased to nearly 12 M TOE. France and Germany are the leaders in the consumption of biodiesel in the EU; their consumption accounts for about 40% of the EU’s consumption. In the same period in the EU countries rape was cultivated over 6673.7 k ha, with the largest area recorded also in France (1516.4 k ha) and in Germany (1390.4 k ha) - the total area of rapeseed crops in those countries accounted for 43% of the total area in the EU. In this period the annual yield of rapeseed in the 28 member states of the EU on average amounted to 19979.4 k t, 50.3% of which were crops from France and Germany. This article proposes the construction of a theoretical model describing the relationship between the consumption of biodiesel and the key determinants of its production. The studies carried out show that the variable having the strongest impact on the consumption of biodiesel in the countries of the EU is the price of rapeseed (smaller-the-better characteristic). At the same time it was demonstrated that the consumption of biodiesel is stimulated by the supply of rapeseed.
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Simane-Vigante, Laura, Irina Plotka, and Nina Blumenau. "Research of the Relationship of Criminal Violence, Adult Attachment Styles and Personality Traits of Violent Male Offenders." In Rural environment. Education. Personality. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Engineering. Institute of Education and Home Economics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/reep.2018.015.

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Angowski, Marek, Aneta JAROSZ-ANGOWSKA, and Marcin LIPOWSKI. "COMPARISON OF COMPUTERISATION AND INNOVATION ACTIVITY OF THE COMPANIES IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.097.

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Over the last years, the economic and social structure of enterprises has undergone some important changes, especially because of the introduction of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). ICT is one of the fundamental elements driving the innovation and competitiveness of business activities which greatly influences the development of rural areas, both in economic and social terms. This publication focuses on the analysis and evaluation of the use of ICTs by enterprises in the Lubelskie Voivodeship with particular emphasis on rural areas. In the publication the authors use statistical analyses based on information from surveys conducted among entrepreneurs by the Marshal Office of the Lubelskie Voivodeship. The paper evaluates the following issues: the degree of computerisation of the company, the use of information technology in the company, the activity of the company on the Internet. The main objective of this study is to identify the relationship between the degree of computerisation and the company's innovation-oriented activities and to identify differences between companies located in urban and rural areas. The studies carried out have demonstrated that the differences in the computerisation of enterprises located in rural and urban areas are negligible and that there is a close relationship between the degree of computerisation and innovation in enterprises located in rural areas.
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ROKICKA, Magdalena, Marcin ZIELIŃSKI, and Marcin DĘBOWSKI. "LIPIDS ACCUMULATION OF CHLORELLA VULGARIS UNDER VARIABLE LIGHTING CONDITIONS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.203.

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The cultivation of microalgae is now an intensively developed research area. Some species of microalgae under appropriate conditions accumulate large amounts of lipids in the cells, which may be a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production. The cultures of microalgae for lipids production should be cultivated in specific physicochemical conditions. The most important environmental parameters affecting the algae growth are: nutrients, lighting, reaction, turbulence, salinity and temperature. Periodic changes in lighting is a key parameter that have a significant effect on cells density and lipid accumulation. The mechanism of this action depends on intensity of light and its spectral composition. To produce 3rd and 4th generation biofuels, a better understanding of the relationship between light conditions and yield of lipids accumulation is necessary. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of variable lighting conditions for lipids accumulation of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and to determine the most effective lighting parameters. The study confirmed the possibility of using the lighting shock conditions to maximize lipids accumulation in algae Chlorella vulgaris cells. In the study, 33.18% of lipids were obtained from biomass culturing with red light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which was 22% more than obtained with white continuous lighting.
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Zaiats, Tetiana, Oksana Dyakonenko, Halyna Kraievska, Liliya Holovko, and Tetiana Kotenko. "Rural population income in Ukraine: current trends and specifics of relationship with social capital." In 23rd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2022”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2022.56.037.

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The paper examines the current trends in income generation of rural households in Ukraine and specifics of its relationship with social capital. The significance of the research topic stems from the need to use social capital as a factor in increasing the profitability of rural households in conditions of high deprivation poverty and low living standards in rural areas. Social capital is a resource, the capitalization of which forms the preconditions for increasing the profitability of households by converting social capital into other types of capital and minimizing transaction costs. The purpose of the study is to assess current trends in income generation of rural households in Ukraine and to define specifics of the relationship between income and social capital of villagers’ families. The study uses statistical methods, general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, dialectics and abstract-logical methods, the method of comparison. The methods of studying the relationship between social capital and household income are based on understanding the interaction of these economic categories in development. It is established that the vast majority of rural households in Ukraine are not involved in social networks that have a high potential for income growth, and the level and structure of their income are a barrier to the formation of social capital. The income and social capital of rural UTCs are accumulated mainly by the local elite, which is the reason for the spread of fragmented social capital, which is formed on the basis of closed networks.
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SANNIKOVA, Aija, Aina DOBELE, and Madara DOBELE. "EFFECTS OF LIFELONG EDUCATION AND RELATED FACTORS ON THE COMPETITIVENESS OF COUNTRIES." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.105.

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Modern knowledge becomes a strategic endowment of the country and its key resource for economic growth, giving individuals opportunities to become active employers or increasing their opportunities to become professionals being demanded in the labour market. For these reasons, the development of lifelong education is a significant tool for economic growth in Latvia. Correlation and linear regression analyses showed that lifelong education made the strongest and most positive effects on a country’s competitiveness at two stages of economic development: at the innovation-driven stage and during a country’s transition to it from the efficiency-driven stage (the case of Latvia). Calculations were preformed based on the data for 2008 and 2013, and the results were similar, which indicated the stability of this global causal relationship. So the authors conclude that a country’s stage of economic development plays a crucial role in the extent the factor of lifelong education can affect the country’s global competitiveness. In the countries being at lower stages of economic development, even well-developed lifelong education is not objectively capable of increasing their competiveness as effectively as it takes place, for example, at the innovation-driven stage. Proving a causal relationship – the capability of lifelong education to increase a country’s competitiveness is determined by the existing economic background and rules of game, which are different at different stages of economic development – based on research of the economic aspects of lifelong education may be regarded as the key gain of the present research.
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Cielava, Lāsma, Daina Jonkus, and Līga Paura. "Number of services per conseption and its relationship with dairy cow productive and reproductive traits." In Research for Rural Development, 2017. Latvia University of Agriculture, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.23.2017.051.

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Cheng-jun, Wang, Fei Xi-min, and Xu Xiu-ying. "Theoretical and empirical research of the relationship between rural labor transfer and rural woodland circulation." In 2011 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering (ICMSE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmse.2011.6070131.

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SADZEVICIUS, Raimondas, Vincas GURSKIS, Tatjana SANKAUSKIENĖ, Vitas DAMULEVIČIUS, and Virginija GURSKIENĖ. "THE ANALYSIS OF CRACKS IN BEAMS OF QUAY NO. 80A AT KLAIPEDA PASSENGER AND CARGO TERMINAL." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.014.

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The cracks can be technological, appear during the usage time of construction, they can also be regular, and appear under the design load or they can also be unexpected and appear due to accidental impacts. Our research has shown that the cracks have appeared in reinforced concrete beams of the superstructure in quays No. 80 and 81 after the construction of Klaipeda Passenger and cargo terminal are caused by shrinkage strain, when the reinforced concrete beams has hardened. Normal hardening concrete shrinkage deformation is inevitable, but it depends on a number of factors, in particular, that in the present structures occurred because: - W/C ratio of concrete mixture exceeds the allowable values; - coarseness of selected aggregates (D = 16 mm) are too small for the construction of a massive wall; - concrete stratification and possible lack of care for hardening concrete (ambient temperature, etc.), this segregation could be affected by to big spread of concrete mixture (class of slump S3). The crack width at reinforced concrete beams in the superstructure of quay No.80 varies from 0.05 to 0.5 mm. This are a non-structural cracks, so they do not reduce significantly the mechanical strength and stability of the structure. Also, research has shown that the relationship between the crack width and the distance between the cracks is weak. Proposals for elimination of potential causes of cracking are presented according to the results.
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KALDER, Janar, Alo ALLIK, Hardi HÕIMOJA, Erkki JÕGI, Mart HOVI, Maido MÄRSS, Jarek KURNITSKI, et al. "OPTIMAL WIND/SOLAR ENERGY MIX FOR RESIDENTIAL NET ZERO-ENERGY BUILDINGS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.020.

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The article is concentrated on the energy storage problems arising from microgeneration in private households. The case study involves a small-scale wind and solar electricity production set in a net zero-energy building. Both the net zero-energy building and the microgeneration units are connected to an utility grid. The current article serves to confirm the hypothesis, that the self consumption is at its maximum with the annual 70/30 wind and solar energy mix of in favour of the wind. The maximal self consumption at no additional energy storage in a net zero-energy building is studied as well. Produced and consumed energies are equal, which satisfies the requirements for a net zero-energy building with the utility grid acting as an energy buffer. The consumed energy is used to operate a heat pump, heat up ventilation supply air, run ventilation fans, supplying non-shiftable loads (white goods, TV, lighting etc), heat up domestic hot water via heat pump. To express self consumption, we use the term of supply cover factor, which describes optimally the directly consumed energy in relationship to net consumption or production. In annual scale, the cover factors for a net zero-energy building are equal as the production and consumption are equal as well. Also, seasonal variations in self consumption are studied. According to study results, the annual maximal supply cover factor in a net zero-energy building is 0.375 with 70/30 wind/solar mix. Seasonally, the self consumption is at its maximum in summer when the supply cover factor equals to 0.49.
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Reports on the topic "Rural relationship"

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Peterson, Timothy. The Relationship Between a Private Voluntary Organization and the Government of a Developing Country in the Delivery of Public Education: A Case Study in Rural Guatemala. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1374.

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Torvikey, Gertrude Dzifa, and Fred Mawunyo Dzanku. In the Shadow of Industrial Companies: Class and Spatial Dynamics of Artisanal Palm Oil Processing in Rural Ghana. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2022.010.

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This paper is concerned with the multiple opportunities and challenges of artisanal palm oil processing and the potential multiplier effects on local economies. It examines the effect of the presence of large oil palm plantations and their industrial processing mills on artisanal palm oil processing in two districts in the Western region of Ghana. Although artisanal and industrial processors have co-existed for a long time in the same catchment areas, little is known about the impact of this relationship on artisanal processing. Acknowledging the importance of rural diversity, complexity, and difference in agriculture-based off-farm activities, this paper also examines the effect of community and household level factors on palm oil processing incidence and intensity as well as the impact of processing on food (in)security.
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Acosta, Karina. Locked up? The development and internal migration nexus in Colombia. Banco de la República, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/dtseru.304.

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Although a sizable number of studies have been exploring the migration development nexus in international settings, there is still a reduced number on internal contexts in recent years. This research aims to estimate the causal effect of origin economic conditions on internal population migration using a time series of the Colombian states between 2012 and 2019. This analysis provides a macro perspective of associations and causation between population dynamics and development in the current changes observed using spatial interaction models. Likewise, it analyses the current portray of internal migration in Colombia (defined by five-years and one-year flows). The evidence shows that the migration hump depends on the scale at which it is analyzed. At an aggregated scale, initial economic conditions are negatively associated with migration until a threshold where this relationship is reversed. The opposite is observed in the rural migrants subsample.
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Busso, Matías, Juan Pablo Chauvin, and Nicolás Herrera L. Rural-Urban Migration at High Urbanization Levels. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002904.

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This study assesses the empirical relevance of the Harris-Todaro model at high levels of urbanization a feature that characterizes an increasing number of developing countries, which were largely rural when the model was created 50 years ago. Using data from Brazil, the paper compares observed and model-based predictions of the equilibrium urban employment rate of 449 cities and the rural regions that are the historic sources of their migrant populations. Little support is found in the data for the most basic version of the model. However, extensions that incorporate labor informality and housing markets have much better empirical traction. Harris-Todaro equilibrium relationships are relatively stronger among workers with primary but no high school education, and those relationships are more frequently found under certain conditions: when cities are relatively larger; and when associated rural areas are closer to the magnet city and populated to a greater degree by young adults, who are most likely to migrate.
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Dupas, Pascaline, Anthony Keats, and Jonathan Robinson. The Effect of Savings Accounts on Interpersonal Financial Relationships: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Rural Kenya. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21339.

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Bwerinofa, Iyleen Judy, Jacob Mahenehene, Makiwa Manaka, Bulisiwe Mulotshwa, Felix Murimbarimba, Moses Mutoko, Vincent Sarayi, and Ian Scoones. Living Through a Pandemic: Competing Covid-19 Narratives in Rural Zimbabwe. Institute of Development Studies, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.058.

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Through a real time analysis of the Covid-19 pandemic across rural Zimbabwe, this Working Paper explores the competing narratives that framed responses and their politics. Based on 20 moments of reflection over two years, together with ongoing document and media analysis and an intensive period of qualitative interviewing, a complex, dynamic story of the pandemic ‘drama’ emerges, which contrasts with snapshot perspectives. Across the period, a science-led public health narrative intersects with a security and control narrative promoted by the state and is countered by a citizens’ narrative that emphasises autonomy, independence, and local innovation. The politics of this contestation over narratives about appropriate pandemic responses are examined over three periods – reflecting different waves of infection – and in relation to two conjunctures – an early, strict lockdown and the rollout of vaccines. Different narratives gain ascendancy and overlap at different times, but a local citizen-led narrative emerges strongly in the context of heavy-handed lockdowns, inadequate state capacity, and struggles around rural livelihoods. The pandemic has reshaped relationships between the state and citizens in important ways, with self-reliance rooted in local resilience central to local pandemic responses.
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Beach, Rachel, and Vanessa van den Boogaard. Tax and Governance in the Context of Scarce Revenues: Inefficient Tax Collection and its Implications in Rural West Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2022.005.

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In recent years, domestic and international policy attention has often focused on broadening the tax base in order to include a greater share of the population in the ‘tax net’. This is based, in part, on the hope that the expansion of taxation will result in positive ‘governance dividends’ for taxpayers. However, the implications of extending the tax base in rural areas in low-income countries has been insufficiently considered. Through the case studies of Togo, Benin, and Sierra Leone, we demonstrate that extending taxation to rural areas is often highly inefficient, leading to few, if any, revenue gains when factoring in the costs of collection. Where revenues exceed the costs of collection, they often only cover local government salaries with little remaining for the provision of public goods and services. The implications of rural tax collection inefficiency are thus significant for revenue mobilisation, governance and public service delivery, accountability relationships with citizens, and taxpayer expectations of the state. Accordingly, we question the rationale for extending taxation to rural citizens in low-income countries. Instead, we argue for a reconceptualisation of the nature of the fiscal social contract, disentangling the concept of the social contract from the individual. Rather, a collective social contract places greater emphasis on the taxation of wealth and redistribution and recognises that basic rights of citizenship are not, or should not, be contingent on paying direct taxes to the government. Rather than expanding taxation, we argue for the expansion of political voice and rights to rural citizens, through a ‘services-first’ approach.
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Latané, Annah, Jean-Michel Voisard, and Alice Olive Brower. Senegal Farmer Networks Respond to COVID-19. RTI Press, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.rr.0045.2106.

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This study leveraged existing data infrastructure and relationships from the Feed the Future Senegal Naatal Mbay (“flourishing agriculture”) project, funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and implemented by RTI International from 2015 to 2019. The research informed and empowered farmer organizations to track and respond to rural households in 2020 as they faced the COVID-19 pandemic. Farmer organizations, with support from RTI and local ICT firm STATINFO, administered a survey to a sample of 800 agricultural households that are members of four former Naatal Mbay–supported farmer organizations in two rounds in August and October 2020. Focus group discussions were conducted with network leadership pre- and post–data collection to contextualize the experience of the COVID-19 shock and to validate findings. The results showed that farmers were already reacting to the effects of low rainfall during the 2019 growing season and that COVID-19 compounded the shock through disrupted communications and interregional travel bans, creating food shortages and pressure to divert seed stocks for food. Food insecurity effects, measured through the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale and cereals stocks, were found to be greater for households in the Casamance region than in the Kaolack and Kaffrine regions. The findings also indicate that farmer networks deployed a coordinated response comprising food aid and access to personal protective equipment, distribution of short-cycle legumes and grains (e.g., cowpea, maize) and vegetable seeds, protection measures for cereals seeds, and financial innovations with banks. However, food stocks were expected to recover as harvesting began in October 2020, and the networks were planning to accelerate seed multiplication, diversify crops beyond cereals, improve communication across the network. and mainstream access to financial instruments in the 2021 growing season. The research indicated that the previous USAID-funded project had likely contributed to the networks’ COVID-19 resilience capacities by building social capital and fostering the new use of tools and technologies over the years it operated.
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Adegoke, Damilola, Natasha Chilambo, Adeoti Dipeolu, Ibrahim Machina, Ade Obafemi-Olopade, and Dolapo Yusuf. Public discourses and Engagement on Governance of Covid-19 in Ekiti State, Nigeria. African Leadership Center, King's College London, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47697/lab.202101.

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Numerous studies have emerged so far on Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) across different disciplines. There is virtually no facet of human experience and relationships that have not been studied. In Nigeria, these studies include knowledge and attitude, risk perception, public perception of Covid-19 management, e-learning, palliatives, precautionary behaviours etc.,, Studies have also been carried out on public framing of Covid-19 discourses in Nigeria; these have explored both offline and online messaging and issues from the perspectives of citizens towards government’s policy responses such as palliative distributions, social distancing and lockdown. The investigators of these thematic concerns deployed different methodological tools in their studies. These tools include policy evaluations, content analysis, sentiment analysis, discourse analysis, survey questionnaires, focus group discussions, in depth-interviews as well as machine learning., These studies nearly always focus on the national government policy response, with little or no focus on the constituent states. In many of the studies, the researchers work with newspaper articles for analysis of public opinions while others use social media generated contents such as tweets) as sources for analysis of sentiments and opinions. Although there are others who rely on the use of survey questionnaires and other tools outlined above; the limitations of these approaches necessitated the research plan adopted by this study. Most of the social media users in Nigeria are domiciled in cities and their demography comprises the middle class (socio-economic) who are more likely to be literate with access to internet technologies. Hence, the opinions of a majority of the population who are most likely rural dwellers with limited access to internet technologies are very often excluded. This is not in any way to disparage social media content analysis findings; because the opinions expressed by opinion leaders usually represent the larger subset of opinions prevalent in the society. Analysing public perception using questionnaires is also fraught with its challenges, as well as reliance on newspaper articles. A lot of the newspapers and news media organisations in Nigeria are politically hinged; some of them have active politicians and their associates as their proprietors. Getting unbiased opinions from these sources might be difficult. The news articles are also most likely to reflect and amplify official positions through press releases and interviews which usually privilege elite actors. These gaps motivated this collaboration between Ekiti State Government and the African Leadership Centre at King’s College London to embark on research that will primarily assess public perceptions of government leadership response to Covid-19 in Ekiti State. The timeframe of the study covers the first phase of the pandemic in Ekiti State (March/April to August 2020).
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Huntley, D., D. Rotheram-Clarke, R. Cocking, J. Joseph, and P. Bobrowsky. Current research on slow-moving landslides in the Thompson River valley, British Columbia (IMOU 5170 annual report). Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331175.

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Interdepartmental Memorandum of Understanding (IMOU) 5170 between Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN), the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) and Transport Canada Innovation Centre (TC-IC) aims to gain new insight into slow-moving landslides, and the influence of climate change, through testing conventional and emerging monitoring technologies. IMOU 5107 focuses on strategically important sections of the national railway network in the Thompson River valley, British Columbia (BC), and the Assiniboine River valley along the borders of Manitoba (MN) and Saskatchewan (SK). Results of this research are applicable elsewhere in Canada (e.g., the urban-rural-industrial landscapes of the Okanagan Valley, BC), and around the world where slow-moving landslides and climate change are adversely affecting critical socio-economic infrastructure. Open File 8931 outlines landslide mapping and changedetection monitoring protocols based on the successes of IMOU 5170 and ICL-IPL Project 202 in BC. In this region, ice sheets, glaciers, permafrost, rivers and oceans, high relief, and biogeoclimatic characteristics contribute to produce distinctive rapid and slow-moving landslide assemblages that have the potential to impact railway infrastructure and operations. Bedrock and drift-covered slopes along the transportation corridors are prone to mass wasting when favourable conditions exist. In high-relief mountainous areas, rapidly moving landslides include rock and debris avalanches, rock and debris falls, debris flows and torrents, and lahars. In areas with moderate to low relief, rapid to slow mass movements include rockslides and slumps, debris or earth slides and slumps, and earth flows. Slow-moving landslides include rock glaciers, rock and soil creep, solifluction, and lateral spreads in bedrock and surficial deposits. Research efforts lead to a better understanding of how geological conditions, extreme weather events and climate change influence landslide activity along the national railway corridor. Combining field-based landslide investigation with multi-year geospatial and in-situ time-series monitoring leads to a more resilient railway national transportation network able to meet Canada's future socioeconomic needs, while ensuring protection of the environment and resource-based communities from landslides related to extreme weather events and climate change. InSAR only measures displacement in the east-west orientation, whereas UAV and RTK-GNSS change-detection surveys capture full displacement vectors. RTK-GNSS do not provide spatial coverage, whereas InSAR and UAV surveys do. In addition, InSAR and UAV photogrammetry cannot map underwater, whereas boat-mounted bathymetric surveys reveal information on channel morphology and riverbed composition. Remote sensing datasets, consolidated in a geographic information system, capture the spatial relationships between landslide distribution and specific terrain features, at-risk infrastructure, and the environmental conditions expected to correlate with landslide incidence and magnitude. Reliable real-time monitoring solutions for critical railway infrastructure (e.g., ballast, tracks, retaining walls, tunnels, and bridges) able to withstand the harsh environmental conditions of Canada are highlighted. The provision of fundamental geoscience and baseline geospatial monitoring allows stakeholders to develop robust risk tolerance, remediation, and mitigation strategies to maintain the resilience and accessibility of critical transportation infrastructure, while also protecting the natural environment, community stakeholders, and Canadian economy. We propose a best-practice solution involving three levels of investigation to describe the form and function of the wide range of rapid and slow-moving landslides occurring across Canada that is also applicable elsewhere. Research activities for 2022 to 2025 are presented by way of conclusion.
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