Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rural poor'
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1
Theuri, Emma Wanjiru. "The relevance of education to the socioeconomic development needs of rural people : the case of Kenya /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9841190.
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Lo, Wai-fong Katherine. "Poverty alleviation policies in China : a case study of Gansu and Guangxi provinces /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20843227.
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Kalani, Gautam Nandu. "Coping with risk in poor rural economies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:464f00db-df0d-4dff-8155-a250bd2d7c1c.
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Rural inhabitants of developing countries face extraordinarily risky environments, and decision-making under risk has crucial implications for the welfare of the rural poor. Therefore, obtaining a better understanding of the behaviour under risk of low-income populations is a vital step in the comprehension of human behaviour, and is important for effective policy design and evaluation, as well as for shedding light on production, investment and technology adoption decisions. In Chapter One, I analyze data collected from a laboratory experiment involving poor subjects in rural Ethiopia, in order to determine which decision models (and corresponding risk preferences) best describe the decision-making under risk of inhabitants. I find that expected utility theory (EUT) does not provide a good overall description of the decisions made by participants in the experiment; instead, there is evidence of probability weighting and loss aversion, implying that rank-dependent and reference-dependent choice models are more likely to represent the true latent decision-making process of subjects. In Chapter Two, I analyze combined experimental and survey data from rural Ethiopia in order to evaluate the determinants of risk preferences as well as assess the degree of asset integration in experimental decisions. Analyzing both EUT and non-EUT decision models and using an instrumental variable strategy, I find that household wealth negatively affects both risk aversion and loss aversion, but independent background risk has no effect on risk preferences. Further, I find evidence of narrow framing, as opposed to asset integration, suggesting that participants make decisions in the experiment in isolation from outside wealth. In Chapter Three, I analyze experimental data from Brazil to evaluate whether subjects understand decision problems that use the complex Multiple Price List (MPL) elicitation procedure, and to determine which decision models best describe observed choices. I find that the MPL decision problems of the experiment enable a finer characterization of risk preferences as compared to Ordered Lottery Selection problems (used in the Ethiopian experiment). However, I find that a significant fraction of choice patterns in the MPL problems are intransitive, and the evidence indicates that subjects did not properly understand the decision problems and thus observed choices do not reveal true risk preferences. Therefore, the relatively complex MPL procedure may not be suitable for experiments conducted with poorly-educated subjects in developing country settings. Chapter Four presents a theory outlining the relationship between rational demand for index insurance – for which the net transfer between insurer and policyholders depends only on a publicly verifiable index – and wealth. Further, the validity of this theory is tested using the experimental data from Ethiopia. In line with the theoretical model presented, due to basis risk and actuarially unfair premiums, demand for index insurance is hump-shaped – first increasing then decreasing – in wealth. The results indicate that the low take-up of this product observed among the poorest (and most risk averse) individuals in recent field studies may result from rational choice rather than credit constraints or poor decision-making.
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Kwapong, Nana Afranaa. "Making rural services work for the poor." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16583.
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Ziel der Studie ist, zum besseren Verständnis und zum politischen Diskurs hinsichtlich der Reform des ländlichen Dienstleistungssektors in Uganda beizutragen. Sechs Aufsätze zeigen, wie Reformen im genossenschaftlichen Vermarktungsbereich und innerhalb der landwirtschaftlichen Beratung den Aufbau ländlicher Dienstleistungen unterstützen können, um zur Armutsbekämpfung in Uganda beizutragen. Paper 1 analysiert, warum in manchen Gemeinden ein größeres Angebot an Dienstleistungen zur Reduzierung der Armut beigetragen hat, während dies in anderen Gemeinden nicht erreicht werden konnte. Fallbeispiele zeigen, dass (1) der Zugang zu komplementären Dienstleistungen ländliche Lebensgrundlagen verbessern kann, (2) ein hoher Anteil kommunaler Dienstleistungen teilweise durch kollektive Anstrengungen, Selbsthilfe und Partizipation ersetzt werden kann, und dass (3) öffentl. Ordnung, Sicherheit und Eigentumsrechte unentbehrliche Voraussetzungen zur Verbesserung ländlicher Lebensbedingungen und zur Verbesserung ländlicher Dienstleistungsangebote sind. Paper 2 ist eine Literaturstudie über den Zusammenhang zur genossenschaftlichen Organisation und Armutsbekämpfung. Paper 3 untersucht die Bestimmungsgründe für Resilienz und Untergang des ehemaligen Genossenschaftssystems. Paper 4 analysiert den Wandel des Genossenschaftssystems anhand struktureller Unterschiede zwischen dem alten und neuen System. Fazit: Das ‚Revival des Genossenschaftsgedankens‘ war begleitet von der Implementierung neuer Institutionen, Verbesserung der Fortbildung und Ausweitung politischer Unabhängigkeit sowie finanziell tragfähiger Genossenschaften. Paper 5 u. 6 untersuchen den Beitrag einer der bedeutendsten politischen Reformen im ländlichen Raum des heutigen Ugandas: die Dezentralisierung des Angebotes landwirtschaftlicher Dienstleistungen. Fazit: Die weit verbreitete Einflussnahme auf den politischen Meinungsbildungsprozess schwächt das gute Image des National Agricultural Advisory Services.The objective of this study is to contribute to the understanding and policy debate on the changing landscape of agricultural rural services reforms in Uganda. My study analyzes service reforms in cooperative marketing and agricultural extension as part of efforts to make rural services work for the poor. Paper 1 presents empirical evidence to the paradox of why over the last two decades in some communities’ service provision has worked to get the poor out of poverty whereas in other communities services have not. I show that efforts to reduce poverty should focus on improving security, property rights, then analyze the capacity for self help and strengthen it with capacity building and improve public service provision. With cooperatives back on the development agenda, I further examine the revival and reform of agricultural cooperatives. The first question is addressed in Paper 2: What are the bases for general claims that the cooperative model has a potential to reduce poverty? Paper 3 addresses a second question: Why did a few agricultural cooperatives survive the crises in the cooperative movement while most other cooperatives had collapsed? Paper 4 examines a third question: How are the reformed cooperatives differently organized, how are they contributing to reducing poverty? The revival of cooperatives has included the introduction of new institutions, capacity building and promoting autonomous financially viable cooperatives. Paper 5 and Paper 6 analyze the impact of decentralization on provision of agricultural extension services. It is evident that widespread political interference is negatively affecting the overall good image of the National Agricultural Advisory Services. The study contribute to answering the questions what mechanisms of service provision have worked, why they have worked whereas others have not and what so far has been the role of political decision makers in the process of governance reform in particular areas of service provision.
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Khan, Tanvir Ahmed. "The implementation of rural poor programmes in Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1989. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3026/.
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This study explores the initiatives of the public and private sector in the context of the alleviation of poverty of the rural poor in Bangladesh. The central thesis is that the public sector has made a significant departure, at least in theory, towards the conceptualisation of the rural poor programme in a way that the private sector, particularly the non-governmental organisations, have been performing for the last two decades. This study emphasises the recognition by the NGOs, particularly the "moderate ones, that the nature of both the problems and the solutions change in the process. Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), the "moderate" NGO under study, has gone through a "learn as it goes", responsive, inductive process. This study argues quite the contrary with the public sector initiative. It was only prior to the preparation of the Third Five Year Plan that debates were initiated to seriously criticise the rather sterile two-tier cooperative model for rural poor mobilisation around employment generation and acquisition of assets. Presently, BRDB opened the "flood-gate", which so long prevented the NGOs to contribute to the formulation of the training module of BRDB rural poor programme towards human development and institution building. Although it has been argued that "moderate" NGOs, like BRAC, are not institutions setting about to prove a specific model or theory of development in a dogmatic or absolutist sense, it would be difficult to say that they are not guided by an ideology, as this study argues, when the NGOs themselves have accepted the "Freire-type-conscientisation", which in itself is a loaded concept. This study presents a "mobilising" NGO, where the concept of "conscientisation" has been shown to transcend the limits of present day thinking of moderate NGOs.
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Gholson, Melissa L. "Rural Principal Attitudes toward Poverty and the Poor." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1448893928.
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M, Mendez de M. Y. "A multidimensional approach to poverty among farmers in Mexico with small holdings : case studies /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16189.pdf.
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Felix, Geralda. "Rural Haitian Women's Experiences With Poor Health Through Poverty." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3987.
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People living in rural Haiti lack access to basic health care services due to poverty. Rural poverty in Haiti particularly affects women's health because Haiti has had the highest maternal mortality and infant mortality rates in the Americas, in addition to some of the worst health statistics in the Western Hemisphere. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to cultivate a greater understanding of the poverty factors that affect access to health care services specifically among poor women living in rural Haiti. This study was based on the social ecological model for population health development, theorizing that a person's health is influenced by factors at multiple levels including intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, and public policy and community roles. The main research question in this study explored potential relationships between poverty and poor health among women in rural Haiti as it relates to health status and access to health care services. Using semi structured interviews and Moustakas's modified van Kaam 7 steps method for phenomenological analysis, I explored the poverty phenomenon and various aspects of the lived experiences of 12 poor women in rural Haiti. The research findings indicated that factors such as barriers to health care, alternative health care, and poor living conditions contributed to the way that the poverty phenomenon affects the health and lives of poor rural Haitian women. The social change implication for this study includes development of new programs in rural Haiti that improve access to basic health care services together with more accessible clinics and staff on call 24 hours a day, 7 days a week that will positively influence women's health outcomes and health status.
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Wilson, Michael Drummond. "Understanding the extent of poverty in rural Scotland." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/25369.
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This thesis, motivated by the paucity of previous research in this subject area, describes an attempt to better understand the extent of poverty in rural Scotland and how the factors associated with that poverty may differ in the rest of the country. By identifying factors showing association uniquely with rural as opposed to urban poverty so policy decisions on targeted rural poverty alleviation could be made. Few such factors appear to have been tested formally for their association with poverty in rural Scotland. Using data from British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) datasets I create an income-based measure to compare levels of poverty across the rurality domain for the general population and several sub-populations. I also test the levels of association that factors found in the literature exhibit with households being in poverty, entering poverty and exiting poverty in both rural and non-rural Scotland. In so doing I highlight some of the data limitations within BHPS, particularly in the number of households in the remote and rural categories of the Scottish Government rural classification system. Under the current Scottish Government rural classification system it is evident that poverty in rural Scotland is lower than in the rest of the country. However, in-work poverty and fuel poverty are significantly higher in rural Scotland, where fluctuations in household fuel prices also appear to have a much quicker impact on poverty levels and levels of workless households than in the rest of the country. This thesis identifies evidence that the current definition of rural Scotland excludes parts of Scotland typically described as rural, with the result that the high levels of poverty in these areas goes unreported in most rural poverty analysis. Areas for further research are suggested, as is an alternative regional typology that may better reflect differences in poverty related factors across Scotland.
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Bhatt, Meenakshi Sanjeev. "Participatory strategies in income generation programmes for poor women in India." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29247135.
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Ngan, Ching-ching Dora. "Alleviating poverty of rural landless women : paths taken by Bangladesh and the Philippines /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2124084X.
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Peters, David J. "Understanding rural poverty clusters the intersection of agriculture, economic structure and locality under postindustrialism /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4419.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on July 18, 2008) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Purba, Rasita Ekawati. "Rural women, poverty and social welfare programs in Indonesia /." Connect to this title, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0056.
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Musevenzi, Julius. "Rural livelihood diversification in semi-arid districts of Zimbabwe : an analysis of Muzarabani, Gokwe and Mwenezi districts." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018922.
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This study focuses on rural livelihood diversification and improvement in dry districts of Zimbabwe during the period from 2000 to 2010. It establishes and documents livelihood activities and interventions in three semi-arid districts in Zimbabwe, analyses evidence for rural livelihood diversification and improvement and related challenges, and analyses institutional and policy issues that determine rural livelihood development in the politically charged period from 2000 to 2010. Rural livelihood diversification and improvement is not a recent phenomenon. For years, rural people have diversified their livelihoods for different economic reasons. Despite several studies on rural livelihoods in Zimbabwe, no similar studies have been done to determine the types of livelihood diversification that occur in a politically charged environment and whether they improve people‟s livelihoods. The study was guided by both the sustainable livelihoods framework and the actor oriented approach. Qualitative methodology was used for the overall data collection. Firstly data was collected „from the top‟ through in-depth interviews with officials from government institutions, non-governmental organisations and community leadership structures. Secondly data was collected „from the bottom up‟ through selected participatory methods in study areas. The overall study findings show that despite having increased livelihood interventions in all semi-arid areas, the politically fraught atmosphere constrained livelihood improvement and poverty remained. Although evidence for livelihood diversification is undisputed in the study, the extent to which it contributed to livelihood improvement was limited. The extended period of political constraint reversed some of the livelihood improvement gains recorded by external interventions. As most of the support was targeted at addressing the immediate food needs of the poor in semi-arid districts, this affected the number of long-term interventions targeted at sustainable livelihood development. The study found that the changing policies and institutional arrangements constrained and limited the potential of some of the livelihood strategies adopted during the period under study and as a result most livelihood activities were limited to survival strategies. The study shows that despite a decline in agricultural production during the period under study, it remained the major livelihood activity. Agricultural activities such as cotton and maize production and livestock rearing experienced a decline, but were partially revived through external support from both the government and nongovernmental organisations. Agriculture as a livelihood activity largely benefited from external interventions that rehabilitated irrigation infrastructure and the provision of agricultural inputs during the period. However, despite the dominance of agriculture as a livelihood activity in semi-arid areas non-farm livelihood activities, both locally initiated and externally fostered, played a significant role in supporting rural livelihoods. Poaching and wild fruit harvesting provided food for immediate consumption, whilst gold and diamond panning, wood carving and the commercialisation of non-timber forest products generated cash income for rural livelihoods. Non-farm external livelihood interventions identified resulted in a number of rural livelihood development models important for future rural development. These models were developed around the commercialisation of non-timber forest products for cash income generation, rural human capital development through vocational skills training and rural small livestock asset development. Human capital resulted in the development of rural industry in the form of community based enterprises. Indirectly it also contributed to migrant labour that sent cash and goods back home. The study shows that it is evident that in a politically charged environment livelihood diversification has a range of positive effects. The re-emergence of the barter exchange economy in rural communities contributed to livelihood diversification although sustainability was limited. It is also possible for both barter exchange and the cash market to co-exist in a politically charged environment. The study also shows that traditional leadership and local authorities in study areas became more politicised and militarised and this diverted them from facilitating and supporting rural development and inhibited rural livelihood development efforts by different rural players. The study found that rural livelihoods are not static, and they adapted as best they could in the face of exogenous trends and shocks. Rural areas underwent deep transformations as a result of political dynamics, local livelihood initiatives and external livelihood support. Rural livelihoods changed as rural people devised combined livelihood strategies that went beyond farming. However, in contrast to the widely accepted argument that diversification plays an important role in poverty alleviation, this was clearly not the case in Zimbabwe‟s politically charged environment. This study contributes to the development debate with a case study on the type and extent of livelihood diversification strategies possible in a politically charged environment. Methodologically the study contributes to the possible application of a dual data collection system where data is collected from the top using different methods from those used to collect data from the bottom. This enriched the data at triangulation phase during analysis. The study also contributes to the understanding of the political economy, the type of rural livelihood development possible in politically charged environments, and to how rural people in Zimbabwe react and behave in an endeavour to survive. There was an increased role played by external interventions in livelihood diversification but the extent of their contribution to positive livelihood outcomes was constrained by the politically charged environment that prompted the interventions in the first place. The normal processes of policy development and implementation changed as the role of politicians in planning and implementation became evident and policy aims shifted from rural development to political party self-preservation.
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Bila, Aniceto Timoteo. "The Role of non-farm sources of income in rural poverty alleviation in the Boane District of Mozambique." Pretoria : [s.n. ], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05232005-161910.
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Wondemu, Kifle Asfaw. "Road infrastructure and rural poverty in Ethiopia." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4858.
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In the face of high population growth and declining natural resource base, tackling rural poverty necessitates an increase in overall factor productivity or a rise in the market rate of return of assets possessed by the poor. Towards achieving these objectives, the role of spatial integration of markets and the efficiency with which these markets operate are considerably important, as these factors shape the structure of incentives and the level of opportunities open to the rural poor. As a result, factors that hinder the spatial integration of markets and their efficient operation will have significant impact on rural poverty. In Ethiopia markets are often segmented mainly due to high transport cost associated with poor road infrastructure. The existing poor quality and low road density are expected to contribute to rural poverty through limiting the size of the market, increasing market risk (price volatility), widening the spatial prices gaps, reducing the market return to land and labour, inflating the profitability of new technologies and reducing the incentive to produce for market. This research endeavours to empirically substantiate if there is a robust link between farm income and the quality of road infrastructure farm households have access to as well as the pathways through which the effects of road on rural income are felt. The empirical result consistently showed that improving rural road access will have significant impact on rural income in general and the income of the poor in particular. The mechanisms by which road boosts rural income and reduce poverty are also found to work through narrowing down spatial price gaps, promoting technology adoption, boosting resource allocation efficiency and raising the market return to land and labour. The result also showed that the rural poor benefits from road induced income growth.
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Magor, Noel Philip. "Empowering marginal farm families in Bangladesh /." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm211.pdf.
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羅慧芳 and Wai-fong Katherine Lo. "Poverty alleviation policies in China: a casestudy of Gansu and Guangxi provinces." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43893934.
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Garza, Rodriguez Jorge. "The determinants of poverty in Mexico, 1996 /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9988663.
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Ayyangar, Srikrishna. "Welfare populism and the rural poor comparing microcredit provision in India /." Related electronic resource:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1342745151&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3739&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Andriamasilalao, Haingo. "Pro-Poor Tourism in Madagascar: Rural Development Through the Tourism Industry." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1584015716512392.
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Young, Grace 1956. "The survival strategies of rural low income mothers." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40471.
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Recent research suggests that rural people develop a rich array of informal support and exchange among their kin, neighbors and friends. These informal exchanges are argued to develop in response to the weak penetration of formal state structures and capitalist market relations in peripheral regions. This case study of the survival strategies of low income rural mothers who live in Quebec village demonstrates that these mothers' avenues for economic and social integration are restricted by the formal and informal sectors which constitute and reinforce one another. First, an extensive data and document analysis of the Quebec pronatalist and welfare policies reveals that they fail to provide low income rural women access to appropriate training and education, to transportation and adequately subsidized child care, or to secure jobs. This restricts these women's integration into formal or informal systems of support and exchange. The second section draws on interviews with 20 community leaders and on two years of participant observation. Contrary to the literature which suggests that extensive informal ties promote socially and economically inclusive rural communities, this case study reveals that centralized state development policies limit local community initiative and independence. Hence, community effort to aid low income families are limited to charity which does not fundamentally alter these families' marginal position. The third section draws on semi-structured interviews with 20 low income single and married (or common-law) mothers. Comparing the single and married mothers' strategies reveals that studies of the rural informal sector have narrowly defined the sector, by excluding unpaid domestic and child care work. It is shown that the married mother's strategy to stay in the home is a viable one because she alone performs the unpaid work of the home. This results in her isolation in the domestic sphere. For the single mothers who seek paid work, the gende
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Sharp, Erin Brooke. "Relationships between dietary intake and body mass index of primarily low-income, African-American children and their female caregivers living in rural Alabama." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Summer/master's/SHARP_ERIN_42.pdf.
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Chimeri, Rememberance Hopeful. "A comparative analysis of rural and urban household savings behaviour in South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1514.
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Thesis (M.Sc. (Agricultural Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015Saving is important in the economy as it has linkages with growth, development and sustainability. The poor average saving rate in the rural economy has restricted the capacity of rural development in South Africa. The study focuses on comparing rural and urban household savings behaviour in South Africa, using household data from the Income and Expenditure Survey (IES) for the period 2010/2011. The dynamic linear saving functions originating from the Absolute Income and Permanent Income Hypotheses were estimated separately for the different household types using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. Panel data analysis was carried out by pooling together the cross-sectional household types over the twelve-month period. The study established that urban households earn higher incomes and have more average savings than rural households in South Africa. A positive significant relationship was found to exist between current saving decisions and income across all household types in South Africa. Another interesting finding was that rural households have more marginal saving rates than urban households in the short-term and in the long-run. The Fixed Effects Model was deemed to be the best estimator in estimating saving functions across all household types in South Africa, as validated by the Hausman and Redundant Fixed Effects tests. Given that rural households have a potential to save, the study recommends increased awareness and education of rural households on the benefits of accessing basic financial services. Policy-wise, the study recommends the government to increase support in agriculture and extend the provision of food and health subsidies to rural households in South Africa.
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Greenlee, Richard Wesley. "And yet they are poor : a naturalistic study of rural poverty and the working poor people of Appalachian Ohio." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1261051604.
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Kimemia, Peter Njau. "Credit accessibility and rural development in the former Ciskei: an overview of Keiskammahoek." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003100.
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This study focuses on the issue of credit accessibility for the rural poor. Taking cognisance of the critical role played by innovative micro-lending mechanisms in the sphere of rural development, the study reaffirms the need to enhance access to financial services by rural communities. However, it also reveals the fact that there are numerous impediments to access to credit for the people living in parts of the Keiskammahoek District of the former Ciskei. Key among the impediments has been lack of awareness about the existence and the activities of micro-lending institutions. This has, in a large measure been blamed for many of the rural poor people's failure to approach such institutions for funding. As a result, the affected people's efforts to fully actualize themselves economically have to a certain extent been hampered. Consequently, as its core argument, this study views as crucial the need to tackle all the attendant impediments. It also suggests that as the first step, the government, NGOs as well as formal and informal lending institutions should endeavour to disseminate the requisite information on micro-financing and in enhancing the affected people's institutional capacity to effectively use credit obtained for commercially productive ventures. Without sorting out the basics first, credit extension even when easily availed may not have the desired impact. At worst, it may actually complicate the poverty situation as the people grapple with piling debts.
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Asogwa, Cecilia Ukamaka. "Managing Stress Among Rural Poor Women in a Distressed Economy; DEC's Experience." Bulletin of Ecumenical Theology, 1995. http://digital.library.duq.edu/u?/bet,1930.
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Torres, Vitolas Carlos Alberto. "Social capital in poor communities : a case study from rural northern Peru." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/268/.
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This thesis examines the prospective value of social capital for developmental purposes. It contends that the role that social relationships play in poor actors’ efforts to cope with and move out of poverty needs to be assessed under a dual understanding of social structure, as both the medium and outcome of social action. The study adopts Bourdieu’s ‘theory of practice’ as its main theoretical approach. Actors’ investments in and uses of relationships were analysed in relation to their objective conditions—stocks of capital—and associated practices and strategies. Social capital was operationalised as both networks of relations (local, external, and vertical) and social resources (mediated access to assets of local economic relevance). This approach was empirically examined via a two-year longitudinal study that followed the experiences of residents of two poor rural villages located in the Department of Lambayeque, in Northern Peru, with regard to their quotidian practices and involvement in a participatory development intervention that conducted basic infrastructure, productive, and informational investments. The study used a mixed-method approach comprising in-depth and unstructured interviews with residents and project staff; household surveys (three waves); and participatory observation. The evidence obtained showed that residents make extensive use of their relationships for economic purposes. Most valuable social resources and connections, however, were unequally accessed by residents according to their levels of poverty. This unequal (re)production of social capital was found to be related to actors’ material conditions and quotidian practices. This social dynamic tended to be reproduced within the participatory intervention examined, leading to an unequal expansion of social capital and related benefits among its beneficiaries. The study concludes that the structural conditionality of the processes of using and building social capital makes it intimately associated with socioeconomic inequalities. The theoretical and practical implications of this work are discussed in the concluding chapter.
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Rwelamira, Juliana. "Effect of rural inequality on migration among the farming households of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01212009-160959/.
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Huggins, Michael James. "Agrarian conflict in pre-famine County Roscommon." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367632.
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Geletta, Simon. "Employment structure and rural well-being in the US /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9841289.
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Kerr, Emily W. Pham Van Hoang. "Micro-credit and household productivity evidence from Bangladesh /." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5359.
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Tshabangu, Siphiwe Noster. "Impact of poverty alleviation projects on rural women in Bohlabela : Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/658.
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Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2005The purpose of this study was to explore women’s involvement in poverty alleviation projects and to examine the benefits that are derived from such projects. The Phutuma Development Project and Gottenburg Women’s Group are the projects which were studied. The methods used to conduct this study involved collecting data through questionnaires and interviews. The various stakeholders, project members as well as government officials from the departments of Health and Social Development were interviewed. This study is significant in that it can help the government in its efforts to assist the poor live a decent life, and to provide better services to communities. This study uncovers the kind of challenges that government departments and communities face when setting up poverty alleviation projects. The study recommends how this should be done to achieve optimum results.
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Mann, Gillian Hazel. "To what extent can the rural poor access free tuberculosis services in Malawi?" Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.479090.
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Paredes, Sadler Miguel. "Giving a voice to the poor : rural telephones and economic development in Peru." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45366.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 81).
Although the current literature on technology and development has mainly focused on the Internet, I focus on a case where an "old" technology can be more beneficial and appropriate. In 1993, the Peruvian Government created the Telecommunications Investment Fund - FITEL, a fund aimed at providing subsidies to the private sector so that they would provide telecommunication services to remote and poor communities. FITEL's rural public telephone projects have had tremendous impacts on isolated and poor rural communities, providing an increase in welfare. The FITEL model has been replicated in many countries around the world as it has been considered successful by the literature and the development organizations. However, FITEL has also have drawn much criticism due to many problems that were unforeseen at the design phase of the projects. In this thesis we analyze how the political environment, the institutional arrangements, and the different actors affected the outcomes of the projects, providing some lessons to policy makers, especially those working on developing projects involving technology.
by Miguel Paredes Sadler.
S.M.
M.C.P.
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University, of the Western Cape Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies. "The Rural poor, the private sector and markets: changing interactions in southern Africa." University of the Western Cape, Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/74448.
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One of the central tenets of much current development thinking in southern Africa is that market-oriented strategies and private sector involvement must be the basis for future economic growth. This has underpinned structural adjustment and economic policy reform policies in the region over the last decade or more. It also underlies the argument for encouraging external foreign direct investment (FDI) as a motor for growth. However growing evidence suggests that such a strategy has not paid off. Economic growth rates have been disappointing, private, and particularly foreign, investment has been limited, and employment in the formal sector has fallen dramatically.1 Structural adjustment and market liberalisation have clearly not delivered the developmental benefits claimed of them, and people's livelihood opportunities have, ft seems, declined over the same period and their levels of vulnerability have increased. The increasing recognition that the standard neo-liberal prescriptions were not having the expected benefits, especially for poor people, has resulted in some rethinking about how best to redirect the benefits of globalisation and economic reform towards the poor, and how to offset some of the losses. Thus ‘pro-poor growth strategies’, ‘making markets work for the poor’ and ‘growth for redistribution' have become well-worn slogans. However, the practical and policy measures required, whereby the benefits of an engagement with a globalised economy, investment by the private sector and liberalisation privatisation measures can result in poverty reduction, remain vague.A number of issues arise. For the sceptics, questions are raised about the degree to which the turn to a 'pro-poor' markets approach is simply rhetorical gloss, added to the discredited neo-liberal paradigm, or actually a genuinely new policy perspective in its own right. It is important to differentiate between broad economic policy reform objectives (which, with some nuances, remain largely in the standard neo-liberal form) and sectoral policies which contain explicitly pro-poor elements. While retaining the argument that market liberalisation and external investment are key, such policies may include some strategic elements of state- directed intervention which boost the access of the poor to new markets and investment opportunities. It is this stance, where the state intervenes to improve access and for particular groups of people, redressing to some extent the imbalances caused by the lack of level playing fields of existing markets, which potentially sets a pro-poor perspective apart.
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Shave, Samantha Anne. "Poor Law reform and policy innovation in rural southern England, c.1780-1850." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/173807/.
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Recent analysis in poor law history has uncovered the experiences of individual relief claimants and recipients, emphasising their role in the welfare process. The literature has, however, tended to draw a false dichotomy between understanding the experiences of the individual poor and understanding the administration of the poor laws. This thesis deploys a ‘policy process’ understanding of social policies, a concept developed in the social sciences, to understand the processes driving social policies under the poor laws. The thesis deploys a more holistic approach to understanding the poor laws, taking into account how those in positions of power, as well as welfare recipients, impacted upon social policies under the poor law. By applying this understanding to the literature, significant aspects of poor law history have been left under-researched. The adoption and implementation of enabling legislation in the final years of the old poor law, specifically Gilbert’s Act of 1782 and Sturges Bourne’s Act of 1819, have hitherto received little attention. Policy transfer under the old and New poor laws, an aspect that informed all stages of the policy process, has also been neglected. In addition, the ways in which welfare scandals during the early years of the New Poor Law influenced the development of social policies have not been treated to systematic analysis. This thesis tackles each of these lacunas in turn, using administrative records produced by the central welfare authorities and Parliament, and local administrative records from the rural south of England. It offers a more nuanced picture of poor law reform and policy innovation under the poor laws. Enabling legislation was adopted and dropped at different times, and it was implemented in different ways. Policy transfer was important in the administration of poor law policy throughout the period. Early welfare scandals arose in areas of policy strain and had influenced the development of national legislation. Cumulatively, the different foci demonstrate the multifarious ways in which policy was adopted, implemented and changed under the poor laws. They also highlight the importance of two groups in this process, key actors and stakeholders. Rather than viewing the experiences of relief claimants as separate to the administrative aspects of the poor laws, the ‘policy process’ approach allows us to view them as part of the same process. In turn, this offers new insights into how both relief claimants and relief administration impacted upon each other.
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Babalola, Kehinde Hassan. "Measuring tenure security of the rural poor using pro-poor land tools: A case study of Itaji-Ekiti, Ekiti State Nigeria." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29773.
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The sustainable development goals aim to improve the lives of rural dwellers by ensuring the security of tenure of the rural poor. This led researchers and nongovernmental organisations to investigate the security of tenure of the urban and rural poor in developing countries. To improve the security of tenure of the rural poor, many developing countries have initiated programmes that encompass reform of land tenure and land administration systems. To provide a solution to the insecurity of tenure, researchers and non-governmental organisations developed pro-poor land tools to address the gap created by the formal land administration system. To test the developed land tools, researchers apply them in selected case study areas. This study investigates and analyses the tenure security of the rural poor of Itaji-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. The New Continuum of Land Rights Model (NCLRM) and the Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM) were applied to land rights types found in the case study. Techniques, theories and tools used were based on a single case study methodology. The mixed methods approach was used to analyse and evaluate the tenure situation in Itaji-Ekiti. This yielded an in-depth understanding of the case. The research further examines critical areas of the Land Use Act of 1978 using the conceptual framework for understanding cadastral system development in customary land rights context. The mixed methodology approach was used in analysing the vital areas of the Act. Land professionals, civil servants and students were the target group that contributed to the study. The research findings showed that security of tenure is weak because every land rights types found in Itaji-Ekiti can be affected by conflicts with customary and informal tenure. The results of this research showed that the Land Use Act is effective in some areas and dysfunctional in others. This is attributed to the age of the Act and many sections of the Act that are not pro-poor. The implementation of the Act showed that it is effective in urban areas while it is not solving land-related problems in rural areas. The research further revealed that the use of case study methodology using mixed methods are suitable for measuring tenure security of the rural poor. The findings provide an understanding of the current land policy in Nigeria and as well as understanding land tenure insecurity in Itaji-Ekiti. The research also provides information for researchers in the field of cadastral system research on the use of propoor land tools as alternative approaches to recording land rights and measuring tenure security of the rural poor.
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Baloyi, Mafemani Phanuel. "Perceptions on the causes of poverty : field study at Mavambe Village." Thesis, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1101.
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Thesis (M.Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2013.The purpose of this study was to understand the perceptions on the causes of poverty amongst the people at Mavambe village. The need for this study was relevant and necessary because most studies conducted on poverty were done on a general scale without taking into account the views of the rural people, such as traditional, community leaders and also local women. Consideration towards the rural areas is very minimal when it comes to fighting poverty. According to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, (1996), everyone has the right to have access to adequate housing, and the right to access health care services, including productive health care, sufficient food and water, social security. South Africa has had almost eighteen years of democracy; however most of those constitutional rights have not been adequately attained. Yet the Constitution suggests that those rights are guaranteed and that the state must take reasonable steps, to achieve the progressive realization of those rights. The study was qualitative in design. Purposive sampling was used to select the respondents in line with qualitative studies. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with respondents The lack of houses, clean drinking water, adequate sanitation, and poor roads, in rural areas are major signs of poverty in rural areas. Because of lack of jobs and resources, majority people are in abject poverty. The study evaluated the scope and extent of poverty in the Mavambe village. The study further evaluated the perceptions of local, traditional and community leaders with regard to causes of poverty in the area. The study also solicited local people‟s perceptions and descriptions of poverty. The study highlights the multidimensionality of poverty. The study made the following key findings, there is lack of agricultural land and capital, the study recommends that every household should have little piece of land to grow crops and other productive uses and that those who want to do commercial farming should be assisted with capital. Another key finding is on income and social grant, the study recommends that the elderly and mothers who are not of school going age should be given social grant not school kids. The study also revealed that poor education system is a major cause of poverty and recommends that government must provide quality education, health, housing and sanitation. The study also revealed that there is lack of entrepreneurial development and thus recommends that entrepreneurial culture be natured as a viable option to deal with 6 issues of unemployment. The study also revealed that there is no infrastructure development in the rural areas and recommends that this should be given priority to change the economic set up of these areas. The study revealed that there is lack of values, respect and moral decay and recommends that families should cultivate and teach values to their children. The study concluded by providing recommendations on how poverty could be solved. These recommendations could also be of assistance for future policy development with regard to combating poverty.
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Kalaba, Felix Kanungwe. "The role of indigenous fruit trees in rural livehoods : a case of the Mwekera area, Copperbeld province, Zambia /." Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/649.
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Kinyanjui, Felistus Kinuna. "Causes of persistent rural poverty in Thika district of Kenya, c.1953-2000." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/898/.
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Lehlapa, Kgotsofalang. "Livelihood strategies in rural areas of Makhoaseng village." Thesis, Nelson Mandela University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/18156.
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Despite the establishment of local municipalities, rural villages are still under-developed. Under-development is an economic situation in which there are persistent discriminatory customary laws, high inequality, low levels of income and employment, low consumption, high dependence, weak community structures, little or no access to resources and inadequate services. Rural communities have not reached a satisfactory stage of economic development. This is due to the fact that these communities start from a low developmental base. They require assistance from government and other development agencies, such as Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in order to achieve economic stability and a sense that they are living a meaningful life. The fundamental purpose of this study is to gain better understanding of rural livelihoods, and unpack efficiency of policy interventions that assist people in rural areas to pursue livelihood strategies that could help them to reduce poverty. The study mainly used documents from Statistics South Africa and Integrated Development Plan (IDP) documents from Elundini Local Municipality that made it possible to access socio-economic information about the village. The study found that, education levels, hawkership, welfare grants, Expanded Public Works Programme, livestock production and migration are strategies that determine livelihood in Makhoaseng village. The socio-economic conditions such as low levels of education, age, lack of access to basic infrastructure have effect on poverty and kind of livelihoods pursuit in different households. These conditions hinder people in the village to meet their basic needs. On the hand, the agricultural sector has a potential to boost Local Economic Development (LED) in the village. Lack of financial and social support from the government and private sector causes deficiencies in agricultural sector. Moreover, the village has weak structures with strong patriarchal norms. This confirms the need for holistic support from the government because few private sectors are willing to invest in such village. The implications are that, without community interest in education, attainment of better educational qualifications, skills and jobs will remain a challenge in the village. Other sectors of the population such as women will remain disadvantaged if community structures do not abandon patriarchal norms. Rural people are not waiting for government or development agencies to come up with interventions but they are engaging in some economic activities such as hawkership and wool production that enable them to go out of poverty. The government must partner with Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) to support community economic initiatives. On-farm activities ought to be intensified by venturing into mutton and beef production in the village. Government and development agencies must support women hawkers by developing them as cooperatives and explore other economic opportunities such as stone brick making and thatch for roofing. Low levels of education worsen the low living standards and create high dependency in the village. These conditions force the majority of the households in the Makhoaseng village to pursue involuntary livelihood strategies, while very few pursue deliberate livelihood strategies.
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Cahill, Kevin J. "Fertilizing the weeds the New Deal's rural poverty program in West Virginia /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1073.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 269 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 256-269).
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Riutta, Satu. "Empowering the Poor? Civic Education and Local Level Participation in Rural Tanzania and Zambia." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04242007-010341/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2007.Title from file title page. William Downs, committee chair; Michael Herb, Carrie Manning, committee members. Electronic text (465 p. : col. ill., col. maps) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Nov. 5, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 370-397).
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Quirós, Rosa M. (Rosa Maria). "Rural water supplies that work, endure, and reach the poor : lessons from Ceara, Brazil." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69359.
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Fenwick, C. "Identifying the water poor : an indicator approach to assessing water poverty in rural Mexico." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/708398/.
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Water scarcity is the focus of considerable research emphasizing the vulnerability of communities to physical water supply. Recent approaches to the determination of water scarcity that incorporate social, economic and political factors with physical measures of water availability include the Water Poverty Index (WPI). Through a rigorous analysis that aims to analyze and contrast the results of the WPI with those determined through extensive fieldwork and community consultation, this research aims to fulfil the following core objectives: 1. to determine the impact of scale on water poverty assessments; 2. to test the robustness of the WPI and validate its accuracy as a measurement of water poverty; 3. to assess the ability of the WPI to accurately reflect local perceptions of water poverty. Mexico has an astounding array of water challenges where even areas with a natural abundance of water face difficulties in the provision of water supply. Particularly compelling is the region of Los Altos. Situated within Mexico's most water-rich state, access to water is exceptionally constrained. This contrast of scale was the incentive for selecting the rural communities of Pozuelos and El Mash to examine water poverty in detail. A careful examination of water poverty was first undertaken at the state level. Next, water poverty was assessed in the community through an extensive field study, comprising a thorough assessment of infrastructure, water quality analyses, researcher observations, informal interviews and participatory focus groups. These data provided the basis for calculating the WPI at the community scale. Analyses were then undertaken focusing on statistical correlations using Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient informed by researcher observations, regression analyses and community perceptions. As the only indicator to assess the multiple dimensions of water poverty, the WPI, by definition, is the best tool available. However, the issue of scale continues to be challenging whilst predictions of water poverty are complex and marred by subjectivity. A lack of consensus surrounding appropriate variables is problematic and inhibits comparisons across localities. Community perceptions of water poverty at the community level differ from results obtained using the WPI further questioning its reliability. Notwithstanding, the WPI highlights the need for a multi-dimensional approach to the determination of water poverty by demonstrating the lack of relationship between water resources availability and overall water poverty across scales. However, this research has demonstrated the complex nature of the WPI rendering its application in practice quite difficult.
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McCook, Judy G., and Beth Bailey. "Should Our Approach for Reducing Poor Birth Outcomes Differ in Urban and Rural Populations?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7178.
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Norman, Gisela. "A Critical Review of the UNDP Guyana Hinterland Rural and Poor Communities (HRPC) Project." Thesis, KTH, Energisystemanalys, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-260060.
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The Government of Guyana sees the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) diffusion as critical in quality of life improvement. Together with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) they are conducting a project to provide internet access to Hinterland, Rural and Poor Communities (HRPC) through Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs) powered by stand-alone hybrid energy systems including solar Photovoltaics (PV) and Li-Ion batteries. The project is facilitated by the UNDP Office of Information Management and Technology (OIMT), using the 7-step process (UNDP best practice for green energy related implementations). This report aims at improving the 7-step process by critically reviewing the UNDP Guyana HRPC project, drawing also on experience from previous projects. The results highlight deviations from the original process and the recommended actions are to create principles and guidelines to follow when such deviations happen. It is further recommended to expand the process, make it more flexible and applicable to different types of projects. Finally, knowledge sharing between United Nations (UN) organs and UNDP units could be highly beneficial when creating a more flexible process. Since the ICT diffusion is seen as critical in quality of life improvements, this report also aims to create a framework to evaluate what impact the project can have on the people. Intended outcomes of the project, issues and key priorities identified by the communities, lessons learnt from other projects and relevant concepts are the basis for the suggested Key Performance Indicators to monitor. By using formal data collection, with the expressed permission of the user, ICT activities can be measured and evaluated. Indicators on health, education, economic activities, business development etc. can be easily gathered this way. Complemented by surveys and/or interviews in line with the UNDP Sustainable Livelihood Framework for qualitative aspects and technical monitoring of the Solar PV system, this could enable sufficient information to assess the quality of life improvements and view the success of the implemented project.Guyanas regering ser spridningen av Informations- och kommunikationsteknik som en viktig del i arbetet mot en förbättrad levnadsstandard. Tillsammans med Förenta Nationernas utvecklingsprogram (UNDP) har regeringen startat upp ett projekt som ska förse Guyanas inland, landsbygdsområden och fattiga samhällen med internetanslutning. Detta görs genom Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs), kombinerad mottagare och sändare för datatrafik (vanligen en parabolantenn), vars eltillförsel kommer från fristående hybridenergisystem bestående av solceller samt Li-Ion batterier. Projektet verkställs av UNDPs byrå för information, management och teknologi (OIMT) som använder UNDPs bästa praxis för utförandet av energirelaterade projekt, 7-stegs processen. Syftet med denna rapport är att förbättra 7-stegs processen genom att kritiskt granska UNDP och Guyanas regerings gemensamma projekt. Resultaten påvisar åtskilliga avvikelser från den ursprungliga 7-stegs processen och de rekommenderade åtgärderna är att skapa grundprinciper samt riktlinjer att följa då ett projekt avviker på detta sätt. Det är vidare rekommenderat att expandera processen, göra den mer flexibel, för att smidigt kunna använda den för olika typer av projekt. Kunskapsdelning mellan FN organ samt enheter inom UNDP skulle vara högst fördelaktigt vid skapandet av en mer flexibel process. Då informations- och kommunikationsteknik ses som en viktig del i arbetet mot en förbättrad levnadsstandard är syftet med rapporten vidare att utvärdera vilken påverkan projektet har på invånarna i de berörda områdena. Föreslagna indikatorer för uppföljning av detta är grundade i de avsedda resultaten för projektet, samhällenas egna prioriteringsområden, lärdomar dragna från tidigare utförda projekt samt relevanta koncept. Genom datainsamling av internetbaserade aktiviteter, med explicit godkännande av användaren, kan indikatorer för hälsa, utbildning, ekonomiska aktiviteter, företagande osv. mätas och utvärderas. Kompletterat med intervjuer i linje med UNDPs ramar för hållbara levnadsvillkor (för att mäta de kvalitativa aspekterna av internetanslutningen) och med tekniska övervakningssystem av solcellernas prestanda bör det vara tillräckligt med information för att bedöma förbättringarna i levnadsstandard och projektets framgång
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Ward, Catherine Dale. "Livelihoods and natural resource use along the rural-urban continuum." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001669.
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Over the last century, developing countries have undergone rapid urbanisation resulting in marked social, economic and environmental changes. Africa is the least urbanised continent in the world but trends indicate that it is also the most rapidly urbanising region, accompanied by rising urban poverty. Urbanisation processes are often most pronounced in smaller urban centres since they experience the most severe pressures of population growth. Little is known about the role natural resources play along the rural-urban continuum and even less is known about the contribution of these resources within an urban context, particularly in small urban centres. In many sub-Saharan African cities, urban agriculture (the informal production of food in urban areas) has been used as a strategy to cope with increasing poverty levels but its role remains widely debated and uncertain. This thesis seeks to analyse the impacts of urbanisation on livelihoods and natural resource use, including home gardening and the collection of wild resources, in two South African towns and data was collected along the rural-urban continuum in Queenstown (Eastern Cape province) and Phalaborwa (Limpopo Province). Practices and contributions associated with agriculture and wild resource use were found to be significantly higher in Phalaborwa and this could be attributed to favourable environmental conditions and accessibility to wild resources due to the surrounding Mopani Bushveld. Rural households in Queenstown and Phalaborwa were more reliant on natural resources than their urban counterparts, but still diverse and incorporated a number of land-based and cash income generating strategies. Urban households tended to rely on one primary cash income strategy such as wage employment or state grants. However, natural resources did appear to play a subtle role in urban settings and particularly in the townships, where exclusion of natural resource contributions saw poverty levels increase up to 5%. Home gardening was practised by a wide range of people and not restricted to any one income group and, not surprisingly, wealthy cultivators who had access to resources such as land, water and fertilizer enjoyed increased benefits such as high produce yields. The results obtained suggest that rural-urban dynamics are complex and natural resource use in local livelihoods is contextualised within environmental settings, social preferences and historical contexts. Increasing pressures from the influx of people into small urban centres calls for a better understanding to how these processes are affecting livelihoods and natural resources to ensure sustainable management in the future.
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Bloom, Elizabeth A. Bloom Elizabeth A. "Down in the scrub club exploring the possibilities in ethnographic fiction /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.
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