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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Asim, Saba, and Brig Dr Ghulam Mustafa. "Breast Feeding Culture in Pakistan - A Critical Study." Scholars International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 5, no. 10 (October 9, 2022): 414–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijog.2022.v05i10.002.

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Purpose of current study is to investigate the different trends of breastfeeding in Pakistani culture. Pakistani culture has been divided into three types, rural culture, semi-rural and urban culture. Natures and habits of breastfeeding are changing in these cultures. Author has used quantitative data in this study. Questionnaire has been developed from previous approved studies and conducted a survey in Pakistani culture. Sample size is 90 mothers who are breastfeeding or well aware about the breastfeeding in Pakistan. This is a quantitative study that has found that mothers are trying to breast feed in urban, rural and semi-rural areas. Mothers are facing many issues regarding breastfeeding. These issues are linked with the social problems and most of the mothers have less knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding. It has found that general public is not feeling good to breastfeed at working place or public places. Current study has recommended some suggestion to the health organizations and Government to increase the breastfeeding trends in Pakistan. Current study will help the government and other health organizations to launch a campaign relevant to the breastfeeding that will increase this trend in Pakistan.
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2

Rashid, Shehryar, and Asjad Tariq Sheikh. "Farmers’ Perceptions of Agricultural Land Values in Rural Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 54, no. 4I-II (December 1, 2015): 809–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v54i4i-iipp.809-821.

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Pakistan’s agriculture sector is crucial because it is responsible for providing food, shelter, and clothing to a massive population of 180 million people which is growing at a rate of 2 percent per annum. Land is a valuable asset and a symbol of prestige for the rural population in Pakistan. According to the recent Pakistan Economic Survey of 2013- 14, the agriculture sector contributes around 21 percent to GDP and provides employment for around 45 percent of the work force, who are primarily based in rural areas. The total geographic area of Pakistan is approximately 79.6 million hectares. Around 27.7 percent of Pakistan’s land is currently under cultivation and the cultivatable waste lands offer good possibilities for crop production. The total cropped area of Pakistan increased from 21.82 million hectares in 1990-91 to 22.72 million hectares in 2010-11 [Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan (2010-11)] and the total population of Pakistan increased from 118 million to 175 million during the same time period. Similarly the tenancy status of land management and land ownership pattern has changed over time. For example, large landowners are shifting their preferences from managing their land on their own towards leasing or sharecropping the land to be managed by others [Agricultural Census (2010)].
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3

Gillani, Syeda Fizza. "Risk-sharing in Rural Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 35, no. 1 (March 1, 1996): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v35i1pp.23-48.

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Risk-sharing is a fundamental form of economic behaviour. It can occur through formal insurance markets, informal family arrangements, community support, legal institutions (such as bankruptcy), or government tax-transfer programmes. Whatever the mechanism used to share risk, the extent of risk mitigation can greatly influence the welfare of all members of society. Understanding the degree of risk-pooling in society is important for policy-makers, since insufficient risk pooling may provide a basis for government intervention. Alternatively, if risks are being pooled adequately without the help of the government, government risk-sharing may be redundant. This study explores the implications of the risk-sharing model, namely, that households which pool risks, either through formal markets or informal personal arrangements, experience correlated changes in their consumption through time. It conducts tests of within-village, across-village, within-district, and across-district risksharing using a new Pakistani panel data set—the Pakistan Food Security Management Survey—collected by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, D. C. Unlike studies for other Less Developed Countries (LDCs), these tests find very little or almost no evidence of risk-sharing among unrelated individuals within- and across-villages in the rural sector of Pakistan.
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4

Saeed, Ikram, Muhammad Zubair Anwar, and Khalid Mehmood Khokar. "Contribution of Onion Seed Production to Poverty Reduction: A Case Study of Malakand Division, Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 4II (December 1, 2001): 787–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i4iipp.787-810.

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According to the latest estimates, roughly one-third of the total population of the developing countries live in poverty, majority of which are rural inhabitants (as reported 35 percent of the Pakistani rural mass). In Pakistan, the income distribution has worsened in the rural areas while it has marginally improved in urban areas during the period 1979 through 1996-97 [Pakistan (2001)]. The rural poverty is continuously feeding unemployment through migration of unskilled people to the urban areas. Poverty reduction is a priority area for Pakistan. The government is taking measures for addressing problems of the poor who are the most vulnerable amongst the different socioeconomic groups. Poverty alleviation is the main focus of the government in addition to develop physical infrastructure in rural areas and remove income disparities between income groups and regions.
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5

Memon, Amjad Siraj. "Rural Surgery in Pakistan." World Journal of Surgery 30, no. 9 (June 13, 2006): 1628–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-005-0641-5.

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6

Hussain, Saman, and Rummana Zaheer. "Role Of Rural Women In Development And Export Earnings Of Pakistan's Dairy Industry." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 20, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v20i1.429.

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Dairy industry of Pakistan encounters many improving measurements to ensure the acceptability of its products in international market. For the purpose Pakistan Dairy Development Council (PDDC) introduces many innovative measures. While discussing the implication of these measures the training and skills of labor force working in industry matters a lot. It is the feature of Pakistan's dairy industry that a prominent ratio of its labor force is from the always neglected strata of society, the rural women. Women play both the direct and indirect role in managing livestock in rural regions of Pakistan. While observing role of dairy industry in export earnings, the services of its major labor force (rural women) should not be neglected. This paper is an attempt to discuss the development and export earnings of Pakistan's dairy industry and correspondence potential role of rural women with special reference to food security and poverty eradication in country. It is the descriptive analysis of data from 1961 to 2018.
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7

Noareen, Shazia. "Conceptualizing Pakistani Women’s Emancipation during Musharraf Era (1999-2008)." Global Sociological Review VI, no. I (March 30, 2021): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2021(vi-i).19.

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The paper analysis and conceptualizing the status and emancipation of women in Pakistan during the Musharraf era. In Pakistan’s context, the position of women is a foundational gender disparity even though the reality is that it differs impressively across classes, zones and the rural/urban disparity because of uneven socio-economic growth and the influence of innate, primitive and entrepreneur societal arrangements on the women lives. The study concluded that Pakistani women nowadays, although they escalate a higher status than before. Moreover, women in Pakistan have attained high positions, including Prime Minister, Speaker of the National Assembly, Foreign Minister, and federal ministers also, judges and officers in the military.
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8

Abbas, Saleem, Firasat Jabeen, and Huma Tahir. "COVID-19 AND EDUCATION OF MASS COMMUNICATION:." Pakistan Journal of Women's Studies: Alam-e-Niswan 28, no. 2 (December 29, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46521/pjws.028.02.0092.

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The sudden closure of educational institutions in 2020 brought multiple financial and learning challenges for Pakistani female students. In our experience, not only formal and informal learning realms of female students have been affected in the post pandemic educational landscape, but a distinct gender and digital divide (GDD) is also noticeable between technology-equipped and deprived students. Considering the theoretical perspectives of digital divide, this paper will essentially explicate the chasms existing within female students of Mass Communication in Pakistan. Given Pakistan’s conservative and patriarchal culture, it is very important to study how female students of Mass Communication, from both urban and rural areas, responded to the change after the pandemic. Through in-depth interviews of twenty female students, we argue that the COVID-19 pandemic has aggravated already existing GDD in Pakistani educational landscape. Especially the first order GDD in education can be seen frequently in Pakistani rural locations. Moreover, economic limitations and socio-cultural norms also play an essential role in exacerbating second order GDD in the Mass Communication education. Thus, in this sense, the pandemic has brought a change that is charged with exclusion and disparity. Moreover, we argue that digital divide is a gendered concept for a periphery country such as Pakistan.
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9

Zia, Rukhsana. "Profile of the Rural Woman of Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 47–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.1998.v3.i1.a3.

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The majority of Pakistani womanhood belongs to the silent, invisible peasantry in the rural areas. Essentially belonging to an underdeveloped region, the rural female toils relentlessly from morning till night. Her status is highly complex. In certain roles she is exalted; on other counts her very being is negated, which, when translated to human development indicators, depicts the profile of a woman with a very disadvantaged status, in fact, one of the lowest in the world. This study collects and collates data to present the profile of the rural female of Pakistan. It clearly shows that without concrete moves to do so, the mere acceptance and recognition of her contribution to society would do much to elevate her status.
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10

Muir, James. "Rural health in northern Pakistan." Waterlines 5, no. 2 (October 1986): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.1986.042.

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11

Jokhio, A. H., and J. Kelly. "Obstetric fistulas in rural Pakistan." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 95, no. 3 (October 23, 2006): 288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2006.08.008.

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12

WOODS, A. "Nurse-midwifery in rural Pakistan." Journal of Nurse-Midwifery 36, no. 4 (July 1991): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-2182(91)90087-6.

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13

Malik, Sohail J. "Rural Poverty in Pakistan: Some Recent Evidence." Pakistan Development Review 31, no. 4II (December 1, 1992): 975–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i4iipp.975-995.

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Pakistan's growth record over the past two and a half decades has been impressive. Real income per person has almost doubled. This growth has been spurred on by a vigorous manufacturing sector, sustained by an innovative agricultural sector, and aided in the 1970s by large-scale remittances from Pakistanis in the Middle East. This is no me~ record considering the high 3 percent per annum growth in population. Open unemployment has remained low. Furthermore, increasing real wagerates, brought on by the expanding domestic economy, the strong demand for agricultural labour following the green revolution in the earlier years, and migration of rural workers to the Middle East in the 1970s have managed to spread the gains from this growth. There is a consensus of opinion that this growth has translated into declining levels of poverty especially since the late 1970s [see, for example, de Kruijk and Leeuwen (1985); Malik (1988), Ahmad and Ludlow (1989) and Ercelawn (1989)]. Most studies on poverty in Pakistan are limited to estimating the head-count ratios for single years based on the available Household Income and Expenditure Surveys (HIES); the most recent studies use the 19S4-85 data set. The earlier studies were additioinally limited by the grouped nature of the published data from these surveys and by the somewhat arbitrary basis on which poverty lines were set. Only recently, with the easier access to the original household level data tapes and the improving quality of the data sets, has more detailed work been undertaken.
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14

Anwar, Talat, Sarfraz Khan Qureshi, and Hammad Ali. "Landlessness and Rural Poverty in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 43, no. 4II (December 1, 2004): 855–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i4iipp.855-874.

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Poverty imposes a repressive weight on Pakistan particularly in rural areas where almost one third of population and majority of the poor live. Although poverty has declined during the 1970s and 1980s, the absolute number of poor has increased substantially since the 1960s. Despite a number of policy initiatives and programmes undertaken for poverty alleviation by various governments, absolute poverty particularly in rural areas continued to rise in Pakistan during the 1990s. Much has been written about poverty in Pakistan so far. A number of attempts have been made by various authors/institutions to estimate the rural poverty in Pakistan in the 1990s. Discussions have remained limited to estimating the regional and provincial trends for rural poverty in Pakistan. Although landlessness and rural poverty in Pakistan received significant attention in the 1970 and 1980, discussions on this issue remained limited in the 1990s. Landlessness and rural poverty are closely linked since land is a principal asset in a rural economy like Pakistan. Landlessness to agricultural land is considered to be the most important contributor to rural poverty. A high concentration of landownership is a major constraint to agricultural growth and alleviation of poverty. There is a general perception that highly skewed distribution of land in Pakistan is one of the important causes of widespread poverty particularly in rural areas.
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15

Phull, Abdul Hameed, Nazar Hussain Phulpoto, Shoukat Ali Mahar, and Saifullah Memon. "Effects of Poverty on Education in Rural Pakistan." Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v8i2.2280.

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Purpose: The study's goal is to look into the impact of poverty on schooling in rural Pakistan. The purpose of the research is to see if pupils in Pakistan are truly affected by the country's economic situation and how much a standard of life can influence a student's education rural community. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research study used a cross-sectional survey design to scientifically analyze and identifies or discusses various dimension of poverty that impacts education. The data was obtained using a questionnaire from a sample of 650 respondents drawn from the area. Using regression analysis and other results performed through STATA and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS). Findings: In Pakistan, there is a long list of educational issues. We may not have the ability to change the system, but we do have the ability to change ourselves. As a result, many in positions of power are unconcerned about the government schools' weak educational system. Because parents' income is insufficient to sustain the entire family, Pakistan's rising poverty forces every member of the household to work. In this situation how can a poor man care about his children's education when he has nothing to eat. Implications/Originality/Value: Education, more than ever, is the key to escaping poverty, while poverty remains the most significant barrier to education.
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16

Gilani, Irum, Ziyad Afzal Kayani, and Sarmud Lateef Awan. "Association between Low Cognition and Low–income in Rural Pakistani Children." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 3507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2115113507.

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Objective: Numerous studies have concluded relationship of the childhood poverty to the impaired academic performance ultimately contributing to low wages and income in the adult life. Objective of this study was to assess the association between household income and the cognitive potential of children. Methodology: In this cross–sectional study, cognitive potential of 6 to 7 years old children (n=300) from a rural district of Pakistan was assessed through an indicator of the cognitive development called Intelligence Quotient (IQ) or Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) which was calculated by utilizing fourth edition of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI–IV). Data on the sociodemographic profile was collected through mother’s questionnaire. Results: Low cognitive potential or IQ of the rural Pakistani children was found to be associated with the low–income of the household. Conclusion: Early childhood development programmes in Pakistan ought to incorporate cognitive–stimulation strategies designed for the low–income children belonging to the rural place of residence in order to disrupt the transmission of poverty to the next generation. Keywords: poverty, rural, IQ, children, productivity, Pakistan, cognition, low–income, socioeconomic
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17

Amir, Syed M., Yonggong Liu, Ashfaq A. Shah, Umer Khayyam, and Zafar Mahmood. "Empirical study on influencing factors of biogas technology adoption in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan." Energy & Environment 31, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 308–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x19865536.

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Climate change caused by global warming, and the growing scarcity of nonrenewable energy sources, have driven Pakistan to shift from a traditional energy consumption pattern to a renewable-energy-use pattern. The per capita energy consumption in rural Pakistan is very low, especially in rural areas heavily relying on traditional energy sources. This paper presents the extent of biogas technology adoption by Pakistani rural households and the factors affecting their decision to adopt the technology in three selected districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The data were collected by interviewing 480 respondents by using a pretested and designed questionnaire. The results show that the household adoption rate of biogas technologies is low. The factors affecting the adoption decision of households included household income, access to credit, cultivated land area, the number of cattle in the household, education, and family size. The study also found fundamental barriers to the household adoption of biogas technologies, such as a lack of proper technical services by implementing organizations and insufficient governmental support. The authors make recommendations based on the findings to increase the adoption rate of biogas technologies in rural Pakistan.
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18

Sawada, Yasuyuki. "Human Capital Investments in Pakistan: Implications of Micro Evidence from Rural Households." Pakistan Development Review 36, no. 4II (December 1, 1997): 695–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v36i4iipp.695-712.

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A number of cross-country studies suggest that the Pakistani aggregate human capital investments, measured by educational performance, are low relative to other countries of similar per capita income levels. This paper investigates the implications of micro evidence on schooling from rural Pakistan for an understanding of the cases of low human capital investments. The results of school-entrant and dropout regressions using household panel data indicate that the permanent and transitory income movements affect children’s schooling behaviour, indicating credit market imperfections. Hence, the human capital investments in rural Pakistan may be discouraged by poverty, combined with incompletely insured income volatility. Moreover, our analysis points out that there is a distinct gender difference in education.
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19

Jehangir Malik, Sohail. "Rethinking Development Strategy –The Importance of the Rural Non Farm Economy in Growth and Poverty Reduction in Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 13, Special Edition (September 1, 2008): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2008.v13.isp.a11.

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The structural transformation of Pakistan’s economy has not been accompanied by a concomitant decline in the proportion of labor employed in agriculture. While this transformation has resulted in a non-farm sector that is large and growing it has not lead to the rapid absorption of the pool of relatively low productivity labor away from the agriculture sector, as predicted by conventional development theory embodied in the models of the 1960s. Despite the obvious importance of the role of a vibrant rural non-farm economy (RNFE), and in particular, a vibrant non-farm services sector to address the challenges of poverty, food security, agricultural growth and rural development, this sector has received inadequate attention in the debate in Pakistan. Based on a review of literature and data from two large surveys – the Rural Investment Climate Survey of Pakistan 2005 and the Surveys of Domestic Commerce 2007 – this paper attempts to analyze the factors underlying the low level of development of the rural non farm economy and the potential role it can play in Pakistan’s economic development.
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20

Ahmar, Muhammad, Fahad Ali, Yuexiang Jiang, Mamdooh Alwetaishi, and Sherif S. M. Ghoneim. "Households’ Energy Choices in Rural Pakistan." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 3149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093149.

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In the wake of the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals—zero hunger and affordable modern/clean energy for all—many developing countries have taken serious steps in recent years to increase clean energy access for the rural population. The government of Pakistan has similarly made numerous efforts to promote the use of clean energy sources in the rural areas of the country. Therefore, this study examines rural households’ energy choices for cooking and lighting in Pakistan. In doing so, a comprehensive dataset is collected from three different districts of Pakistan between 2020 and 2021, and multivariate probit (MVP) model and Chi-square tests are employed. The Chi-square results indicate that the age, education level, and occupation of the household-head; household size and income; distance to market and wood source; and biogas system ownership are the significant factors affecting cooking choices. The MVP results show that an increase in education level, school-going children, access to credit facilities, and gender (female) are the key positive factors, whereas an increase in the distance to nearest market/road, household size, and age are the factors that negatively affect the likelihood of using clean energy sources for lighting. While comparing the propensity to use modern/clean energy fuels across the three districts, infrastructural development and literacy rate were found to be crucial factors.
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21

Ahmar, Muhammad, Fahad Ali, Yuexiang Jiang, Mamdooh Alwetaishi, and Sherif S. M. Ghoneim. "Households’ Energy Choices in Rural Pakistan." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 3149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093149.

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In the wake of the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals—zero hunger and affordable modern/clean energy for all—many developing countries have taken serious steps in recent years to increase clean energy access for the rural population. The government of Pakistan has similarly made numerous efforts to promote the use of clean energy sources in the rural areas of the country. Therefore, this study examines rural households’ energy choices for cooking and lighting in Pakistan. In doing so, a comprehensive dataset is collected from three different districts of Pakistan between 2020 and 2021, and multivariate probit (MVP) model and Chi-square tests are employed. The Chi-square results indicate that the age, education level, and occupation of the household-head; household size and income; distance to market and wood source; and biogas system ownership are the significant factors affecting cooking choices. The MVP results show that an increase in education level, school-going children, access to credit facilities, and gender (female) are the key positive factors, whereas an increase in the distance to nearest market/road, household size, and age are the factors that negatively affect the likelihood of using clean energy sources for lighting. While comparing the propensity to use modern/clean energy fuels across the three districts, infrastructural development and literacy rate were found to be crucial factors.
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22

Qureshi, Sarfraz Khan. "Credit for Rural Poor in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 34, no. 4II (December 1, 1995): 769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v34i4iipp.769-778.

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Farmers, large and small, and the non-farm population in rural areas all suffer from the liquidity constraint. Credit is needed to acquire command over the use of working capital, fixed capital, and consumption goods. The Green Revolution technologies have increased the credit requirement for modern inputs and farm investment. A new expanded role of rural credit institutions has emerged in the wake of the technology revol~tion in rural areas. Two distinct approaches have been used to provide the financial services to the rural poor. The most widely favoured approach in the past was the use of subsidised interest rates with a portion of credit reserved for the poor. The low interest policy was based on the premise that it would induce farmers, large and small, to use modern' inputs on a larger scale. One of the adverse side-effect of this policy was the introduction of an element of financial unsustainability in the loan portfolios of the credit institutions. The recent view about the delivery of rural credit consists of using market interest rates and using a mixture of 'bottom-up initiatives' at the local level, using non-government groups and 'top-down initiatives' by the formal credit institutions in terms of the simplification of the procedures and decentralisation of the credit operation for credit supply to the rural poor. In this paper, an attempt is made to evaluate the efficacy of these two approaches in the case of Pakistan for delivering credit to the rural poor.
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23

Qayyum, Kanwal, and N. Rehan. "Sex-selective Abortion in Rural Pakistan." Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 22, no. 12 (January 10, 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2017/33824.

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24

Malik, M. Sadiq. "Rural Development and NGOs in Pakistan." Indian Journal of Public Administration 33, no. 3 (July 1987): 717–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556119870327.

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25

Lee, Marilyn B., Jocelyn Hezekiah, and Derek Watters. "Rural women and power in Pakistan." Health Care for Women International 16, no. 2 (March 1995): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07399339509516164.

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26

Kaplan, E. L. "Rheumatic heart disease in rural Pakistan." Heart 90, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2003.026013.

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27

Sohail, R., S. Lodhi, and F. Zaman. "Reproductive health profile in rural Pakistan." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 70 (2000): E29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(00)82430-3.

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28

Rahman, Mushtaqur. "Women and rural development in Pakistan." Journal of Rural Studies 3, no. 3 (January 1987): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(87)90073-8.

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29

Dixon, Robert K., and James A. Perry. "Upland Watershed Management in Rural Pakistan." Journal - American Water Works Association 78, no. 7 (July 1986): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1986.tb05781.x.

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30

Mahmood, Shahid, Ghaffar Ali, Rashid Menhas, and Muazzam Sabir. "Belt and road initiative as a catalyst of infrastructure development: Assessment of resident’s perception and attitude towards China-Pakistan Economic Corridor." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 20, 2022): e0271243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271243.

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The Chinese Government commenced the One Belt One Road (OBOR) project in 2013 for the multidimensional development to restore the historical Silk Road paradigms. The Economic Corridor provides networks and connections based on two geographical territories. The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is one of them, a chunk of the Silk Road Economic Belt’s economic corridors. CPEC would be an economic game-changer for Pakistan. It will generate businesses, minimize poverty, generate employment opportunities, and improve local communities’ health and education. However, it is more lucrative for the Chinese economy because CPEC is a safe, cheapest, and shortest route for importing energy rather than other routes. The present study investigates the social, infrastructural, and tourism effects of CPEC through the mediation role of rural development and knowledge sharing, including income, employment, business, land-use change variables, and CPEC adoptability for a local community in Pakistan. This study is based on four different regions of Gilgit Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, and Sindh in Pakistan. The study incorporates the collected data from the respondents living on the CPEC routes via face-to-face interviews from citizens (cities, villages, and towns). Besides, the study applied univariate and Structural Equation Model techniques to draw the results. The study results reveal that CPEC plays a significant role in Pakistan’s socio-economic and rural development. This mega project’s expectations might bring positive changes in infrastructure development, energy sector, and social development projects in Pakistan. The Results also indicated that CPEC would link rural areas to urban areas, which would offer development opportunities for rural regions to achieve sustainable development.
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31

Rashidin, Md Salamun, Sara Javed, Bin Liu, and Wang Jian. "Ramifications of Households’ Nonfarm Income on Agricultural Productivity: Evidence From a Rural Area of Pakistan." SAGE Open 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 215824402090209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020902091.

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Currently in Pakistan, the agricultural sector contributes up to 18.9% of the gross domestic product. As a result of modern science and technology development, the source of income for rural households is changing, and nonfarm income has become the main source. This study investigates the effects of nonfarm income on agricultural productivity in rural Pakistan. The current research data has been collected from the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2017–2018, a sample of rural and urban areas designed by Pakistan’s Federal Bureau of Statistics. In this study, Heckman’s two-step procedure is used to tackle the problems of endogeneity and selection bias. The first phase, probit regression, indicates that the accessibility of banks, motorable roads, forest, telecommunication substructure, montane grasslands, and shrublands zone affects nonfarm income. On the other hand, the second stage, ordinary least squares regression, found a negative impact of nonfarm income on per capita farm income. Furthermore, results reveal that nonfarm household income has a significant positive effect on agricultural productivity.
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32

Khan, Mahmood Hasan. "Participatory Rural Development in Pakistan: Experience of Rural Support Programmes." Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development 23, no. 2 (December 2013): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1018529120130209.

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Basit, Muhammad, Asif Sajjad, Zama Mahmood, Muhammad Sohail, and Saba Khan Khurshid. "Spatial assessment of transgender population: The deprived community on Pakistan." Arts and Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34154/10.34154/2020-assj-0202-01-12/euraass.

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Transgender are the most deprived gender in the world. Pakistan recognized transgender to be the third gender in 2009, and itis considered to be a milestone in South Asia. Moreover, Pakistani apex court ordered that transgender must be counted separately in the census of 2017, and separate column was made for the said purpose. The objective of the study is to explore transgender population in Pakistan and trend of transgender an urban and rural areas of Pakistan. Secondary data is derived from 2017 census;and it is further explained through maps using ARC-GIS 9.3 software, tables and figures. Total transgender population of Pakistan is 10418. Out of which 8.3% are living in KP, 0.25% is living in FATA, 64.39% are living in the Punjab, 24.25% are living in Sind, 1.04% is living in Baluchistan, and 1.27% in the federal capital territory. Maximum population of transgender is found in Punjab, and minimum is in FATA. Thetransgender population in urbanareas is (73.44%) while (26.56%) is in rural areas. Furthermore, this study might be of immense help to highlight and protect the rights of transgender, and to solve the problems being faced by them especially in Pakistan and generally in the world.
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Hussain, Huma Rani, and Majid Ali. "The Role of Organizational Trust an Empirical Estimation of Agriculture Transformation and Rural Development in Pakistan under SDGs." Journal of South Asian Studies 10, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/jsas.010.02.4236.

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Agriculture sector still support more than half population of the country. Contribution of agriculture is important for Pakistan’s development. Agriculture has been always the main sector of the economic growth of the Pakistan. This study has been conducted to investigate the role of agriculture sector in rural development of Pakistan. To achieve economic sustainability and growth, Pakistan planned to adopt 17 SDGs and under that SDG 2 promote agriculture sustainability. So, it is aimed to measure the progress of Pakistan on this defined indicator to analysis the impact of structural transformation on agriculture sustainability. Time series data has been taken from 1972-2017. ARDL method of estimation has been used for the fulfillment of the objective of the study. Agriculture productivity has been taken as the dependent variable and Employment in Agriculture, Agricultural land, Agricultural Machinery and Fertilizer Consumption are taken as independent variables. For the estimation double log equation has been used. To check the co integration among the dependent and independent variables ARDL bound test has been utilized. It has been observed that through the existing body of knowledge that agriculture machinery, agriculture land and fertilizer consumption in agriculture sector has positive effect in the rural sector. But it has been observed that employment in agriculture have not significant effect on the agriculture value added in Pakistan. It is necessary to enhance the agriculture sector for the rural development which ultimately boosts the economic growth.
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Malik, Asma Seemi. "RURAL URBAN MIGRATION." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 06 (June 10, 2015): 674–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.06.1230.

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Movement towards the urban centers of a country has been found to be acommon element in regards to the population dynamics. These dynamics however have asignificant economic, cultural, political and social impact on the lives of not only the migrantsbut also the place of destination. Through this research, it has been studied as to how therural urban movement in Pakistan impacts the social and cultural dimensions of the place ofdestination as well as those of the migrant. Furthermore, this research focused on findings themeasures taken by the government to curb the issues, however has found that the governmentof Pakistan is not taking any notice at all of the issues that exist. There is no long term vision orpolicy, a plan or implementation that would help in keeping the society and cultural of urbanand rural centers segregated.
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Xu, Li, Ying Wang, Yasir Solangi, Hashim Zameer, and Syed Shah. "Off-Grid Solar PV Power Generation System in Sindh, Pakistan: A Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis." Processes 7, no. 5 (May 22, 2019): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7050308.

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The off-grid solar photovoltaic (PV) system is a significant step towards electrification in the remote rural regions, and it is the most convenient and easy to install technology. However, the strategic problem is in identifying the potential of solar energy and the economic viability in particular regions. This study, therefore, addresses this problem by evaluating the solar energy potential and economic viability for the remote rural regions of the Sindh province, Pakistan. The results recommended that the rural regions of Sindh have suitable solar irradiance to generate electricity. An appropriate tilt angle has been computed for the selected rural regions, which significantly enhances the generation capacity of solar energy. Moreover, economic viability has been undertaken in this study and it was revealed that the off-grid solar PV power generation system provides electricity at the cost of Pakistani Rupees (PKR) 6.87/kWh and is regarded as much cheaper than conventional energy sources, i.e., around PKR 20.79/kWh. Besides, the off-grid solar PV power generation system could mitigate maximum CO2 annually on the condition that all of the selected remote rural regions adopt the off-grid solar PV system. Therefore, this study shall help the government to utilize the off-grid solar PV power generation system in the remote rural regions of Pakistan.
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Jacquet, Gabrielle A., Thomas Kirsch, Aqsa Durrani, Lauren Sauer, and Shannon Doocy. "Health Care Access and Utilization after the 2010 Pakistan Floods." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 31, no. 5 (August 30, 2016): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x16000716.

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AbstractIntroductionThe 2010 floods submerged more than one-fifth of Pakistan’s land area and affected more than 20 million people. Over 1.6 million homes were damaged or destroyed and 2,946 direct injuries and 1,985 deaths were reported. Infrastructure damage was widespread, including critical disruptions to the power and transportation networks.HypothesisDamage and loss of critical infrastructure will affect the population’s ability to seek and access adequate health care for years to come. This study sought to evaluate factors associated with access to health care in the aftermath of the 2010 Pakistan floods.MethodsA population-proportional, randomized cluster-sampling survey method with 80 clusters of 20 (1,600) households of the flood-affected population was used. Heads of households were surveyed approximately six months after flood onset. Multivariate analysis was used to determine significance.ResultsA total of 77.8% of households reported needing health services within the first month after the floods. Household characteristics, including rural residence location, large household size, and lower pre- and post-flood income, were significantly associated (P<.05) with inadequate access to health care after the disaster. Households with inadequate access to health care were more likely to have a death or injury in the household. Significantly higher odds of inadequate access to health care were observed in rural populations (adjusted OR 4.26; 95% CI, 1.89-9.61).ConclusionAdequate health care access after the 2010 Pakistani floods was associated with urban residence location, suggesting that locating health care providers in rural areas may be difficult. Access to health services also was associated with post-flood income level, suggesting health resources are not readily available to households suffering great income losses.JacquetGA, KirschT, DurraniA, SauerL, DoocyS. Health care access and utilization after the 2010 Pakistan floods. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(5):485–491.
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Luqman, Muhammad, Muhammad Umer Mehmood, Muhammad Farooq, Tariq Mehmood, Muhammad Waqar, Muhammad Yaseen, and Mukkram Ali Tahir. "Critical Analysis of Rural Development Initiatives in Pakistan." Journal of Economic Impact 3, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52223/jei30221038.

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Rural development agencies have been regarded as important performers in terms of influencing development policies and programmes in rural areas of the world. The main focus of these programmes is to uplift the living standard of the masses in rural areas through sustained growth in the rural economy. To improve the livelihoods of rural communities, the government has adopted various rural development programmes, but the majority of them left very little effect on the ground. Many of these programmes had been inspired by the western paradigm. Categorically the efforts to uplift the livelihood of rural population in the North-Western Pakistan, have gained little success. According to recent reports, about one third population of mountainous region is still facing the problem of food insecurity, poverty and hunger which results in economic and political instability. Considering this, the government has launched many rural development programmes but almost all of them were terminated after gaining little success. Although the overall approach was institutional in nature but it failed to promote institutional aspect of rural development. Leading constraints to the rural developmental strategies include shortage of funds, dominated status of bureaucracy and lack of coordination among the implementing agency and local community. Besides state owned programmes for rural development many non-government organizations (NGOs) are also involved on the theme of development that is participatory for the decades. Among those initiatives Agha Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP) remained quite successful in northern areas of Pakistan. However, rural development through participatory approach is still far behind the predicted results and these organizations are facing problems in delivering welfare services to the rural poor as they are being blame that they are working on western agenda.
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Gul, Warda. "Role of NGOs in Education from Pakistani Context." Journal on Innovation and Sustainability. RISUS ISSN 2179-3565 6, no. 2 (August 11, 2015): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.24212/2179-3565.2015v6i2p139-145.

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This paper presents a review of NGOs working for rural poverty alleviation in Pakistan and current situation of Pakistan particularly in rural context. The research has been conducted using qualitative method. The findings of research show that condition of poor has not been much improved across the country particularly in rural areas of Pakistan. The study is of good value as there are number of controversies among different stakeholders including government regarding NGOs while NGOs claim total success in their work areas particularly rural areas. The study will suggest further research on testing such claims made by NGOs.
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Arif, G. M., Hina Nazli, and Rashida Haq. "Rural Non-agriculture Employment and Poverty in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 4II (December 1, 2000): 1089–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i4iipp.1089-1110.

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There is ample evidence that poverty, which declined rapidly in Pakistan in the 1980s, has returned in the 1990s [Amjad and Kemal (1997); Ali and Tahir (1999); Jafri (1999); Qureshi and Arif (2001)]. Consequently large number of Pakistanis, more than one-third of the total population, live currently far below what can reasonably be regarded as a decent standard of living. Poverty has generally been higher in rural areas than in urban areas. This gap could not be bridged overtime; still the greatest degree of poverty is found in the countryside. To address rural poverty, policy-makers have long been looking to the growth potential of the farm sector of the rural economy. Non-agricultural activities in rural areas have received little attention. This neglect, however, may be socially costly. It has been shown in several recent empirical studies that nonfarm activities occupy an important place in rural economies throughout the developing world [Hazell and Haggblade (1993); Adams and He (1995); Bakht (1996); Sen (1996); Lanjouw (1999)]. They expand quite rapidly in response to agriculture development, and therefore merit special attention in the design of strategies concerning poverty alleviation in rural areas.
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Ahmad, Rao Ishtiaq, and Shahnawaz Malik. "RURAL INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: A TIME-SERIES EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN (1981-2010)." Australian Journal of Business and Management Research 02, no. 01 (August 13, 2012): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.52283/nswrca.ajbmr.20120201a07.

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Main purpose of this study is to find out the role of rural infrastructural development on economic growth of Pakistan. It has been hypothesized that rural infrastructural development has significant positive role for enhancement of economic growth. For the purpose of investigation we utilize such a model which may reflect the steady-state equilibrium differences in a Barro-type framework consisting of Solow type sets of variables and allow conditional convergence. On the basis of time series data set of Pakistan from 1981 to 2010, we employ OLS methodology so as to measure the impact of rural infrastructural development on economic growth of Pakistan. In view of limitations regarding categorization of data on regional basis, we use developmental public expenditures in rural areas as a proxy for rural infrastructural development. After analysis, we are of the view that rural infrastructural development has a positive role for economic growth of Pakistan, however, its role has found to be less significant in comparison to capital and labour as determinants of economic growth.
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Batool, Saeeda. "RURAL EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME DIVERSIFICATION IN PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 56, no. 02 (July 1, 2019): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/19.7484.

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Rural households have different asset endowments and they either specialize in single activity or choose to earn both from farm and nonfarm activities. The study constructs Hirchman-Herfindahl Index to evaluate the household income diversification by employing survey data for rural household from Pakistan for the periods 2001-02 and 2010-11. The study estimated the determinants of household diversification by employing logit, linear and censored regression models. Our results showed that agricultural assets including landholding and livestock ownership negatively affect the income diversification. On the other hand, human capital development through education and female participation increased the household employment diversification. The households having access to transport and formal credit choose to diversify while the impact of access to road and information was found insignificant. The results also suggests the development of nonfarm sector by investing in commuting infrastructure and human capital to ensure sustainable incomes of rural households.
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43

Kazi, Shahnaz. "Rural Women, Poverty and Development in Pakistan." Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development 5, no. 1 (July 1995): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1018529119950105.

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44

Abdullah, Ahsan. "Digital Divide and Caste in Rural Pakistan." Information Society 31, no. 4 (June 15, 2015): 346–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2015.1040936.

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45

Kurosaki, Takashi. "Consumption vulnerability to risk in rural Pakistan." Journal of Development Studies 42, no. 1 (January 2006): 70–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380500356696.

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46

Alderman, Harold. "Saving and economic shocks in rural Pakistan." Journal of Development Economics 51, no. 2 (December 1996): 343–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3878(96)00419-1.

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47

Palmer, Colin. "Planning of rural development centres in Pakistan." International Journal of Project Management 3, no. 2 (May 1985): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(85)90025-0.

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Chaudhary, M. Ali, and Mohammad Ishfaq. "Credit worthiness of rural borrowers of Pakistan." Journal of Socio-Economics 32, no. 6 (December 2003): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2003.10.005.

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49

Mughal, Muhammad A. Z. "Rural urbanization, land, and agriculture in Pakistan." Asian Geographer 36, no. 1 (May 23, 2018): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10225706.2018.1476255.

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50

Thompson Chaudhry, Theresa, and Azam Amjad Chaudhry. "The Effects of Rising Food and Fuel Costs on Poverty in Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 13, Special Edition (September 1, 2008): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2008.v13.isp.a8.

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The dramatic increase in international food and fuel prices in recent times is a crucial issue for developing countries and the most vulnerable to these price shocks are the poorest segments of society. In countries like Pakistan, the discussion has focused on the impact of substantially higher food and fuel prices on poverty. This paper used PSLM and MICS household level data to analyze the impact of higher food and energy prices on the poverty head count and the poverty gap ratio in Pakistan. Simulated food and energy price shocks present some important results: First, the impact of food price increases on Pakistani poverty levels is substantially greater than the impact of energy price increases. Second, the impact of food price inflation on Pakistani poverty levels is significantly higher for rural populations as compared to urban populations. Finally, food price inflation can lead to significant increases in Pakistani poverty levels: For Pakistan as a whole, a 20% increase in food prices would lead to an 8% increase in the poverty head count.
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