Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rural Pakistan'
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1
Oppenheim, Willy. "Imagining 'demand' for girls' schooling in rural Pakistan." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6d27397d-b5f1-4a83-b423-382be42908f4.
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This study explores the normative frameworks through which selected parents, students, teachers, and education activists in three villages in rural Pakistan understand and articulate the value of girls' schooling. It argues that within the dominant analytical paradigms of human capital theory and neoliberalism, researchers and policymakers have tended to conceptualise 'demand' for schooling in terms that are narrowly focused upon measuring and boosting enrolment, and thus have failed to capture whether and how shifting enrolments correspond to shifting norms and to the broader imaginative regimes through which differently located actors experience and produce the gendered value of schooling. Typical analyses of 'demand' for girls' schooling have mostly focused upon what factors of schooling provision are most likely to increase parents' willingness to send their daughters to school, and thus inadvertently conflate 'demand' with 'supply' and reveal very little about whether or how such factors influence normative evaluations of girls' schooling by parents, children, teachers, and others across various contexts where enrolment is on the rise. This oversight hinders efforts at comparison that are critical for planning and interpreting transnational initiatives for achieving gender equality in and through schooling. To improve upon this trend, this study illustrates a) the normative evaluations that underpin selected instances of 'demand' for girls' schooling in three villages in rural Pakistan, and b) how these normative evaluations have changed over time and in relation to particular interventions. Using data from seventeen weeks of fieldwork spanning two villages in the southern Punjab and one in Gilgit-Baltistan, the study explores perspectives about the value of girls' schooling in relation to the key themes of marriage, employment, and purdah. By bringing this data into comparison with mainstream discouses about 'demand,' the study highlights the limitations of those discourses and charts a path for further comparative inquiry. Findings illustrate how normative perspectives about girls' schooling are differentially contested and transformed over time even as enrolment trends converge across contexts, and suggest that researchers and practitioners concerned with promoting gender equality in and through schooling should lend greater attention to the social interactions through which 'norm-making' occurs. This sort of attention to 'norm-making' can reveal new opportunities for intervention, but also, and perhaps more importantly, it inspires humility by demonstrating that all normative evaluations of schooling - whether emerging from education 'experts' or from farmers in rural villages - reflect socially and historically situated notions of personhood, none of which is more 'natural' than any other.
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Aleem, I. "Information, uncertainty and rural credit markets in Pakistan." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.482927.
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Shams, Khadija. "Income inequalities and well-being in rural Pakistan." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3261/.
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Income inequalities and subjective well-being have been increasingly identified in the literature as important measures of socio-economic cohesion. This is particularly relevant for developing economies that are typically characterised by strong population growth and relatively low incomes per head. Although in those economies a considerable share of resources is derived from rural areas, data availability for these regions is often an issue which precludes important insights into the overall socio-economic tissue of the developing world. This dissertation seeks to advance our knowledge on various aspects of inequalities and well-being with particular emphasis on rural Pakistan. At the core of the present monograph lie three chapters that deal with income inequality, subjective well-being as well as physical well-being (i.e. health). The empirical analysis is based on a unique survey dataset that covers the four provinces of rural Pakistan. The dissertation seeks to contribute to the existing literature in several dimensions. We decompose overall income inequality by its different types to disentangle which sources of income are inequality-increasing and which ones reduce socio-economic divergence. The empirical measurement and assessment of both subjective and physical well-being in rural Pakistan is a rather novel aspect. We introduce and examine different well-being measures as indicators of (subjective) poverty and find that well-being in rural areas is largely driven by financial factors. When it comes to health, however, overall results are less clear-cut. The thesis is therefore able to offer several policy recommendations for important socio-economic factors in rural Pakistan. On a more general note, some of the results discussed might also illuminate the policy debate in other geographic areas with similar characteristics.
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Rahman, Tariq. "Enabling Development: A Housing Scheme in Rural Pakistan." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20410.
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This thesis explores the development of a housing scheme in rural Pakistan. In the so-called ‘backward’ district of Bhakkar, five entrepreneurs formed a partnership in 2004 to build the area’s first privately developed housing scheme. As housing schemes are associated with development in Pakistan, they saw themselves as providing services that the state was expected, but failed, to deliver.
Departing from normative conceptions of the state, this case study demonstrates how state power functions in Pakistan. Though it is an entrepreneurial venture, the construction of the housing scheme is structured by a discourse of national development. Further, the project was made possible through the state’s integration of Bhakkar into global economic circuits. I argue that the Pakistani state’s power in this instance does not obtain from its felt presence in Bhakkar but rather from its assurance of access to various physical and digital networks through which it is reconfigured.
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Cheesman, David. "Landlord power and rural indebtedness in colonial Sind, 1865-1901 /." Richmond (GB) : Curzon, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36177575s.
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Kavesh, Muhammad Amjad. "Beyond Cage and Leash: Human-Animal Relations in Rural Pakistan." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/145355.
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This thesis is an ethnographic inquiry into human-animal
relations through an examination of three types of activities:
pigeon flying, cockfighting, and dogfighting. By explaining the
life trajectories of the animal keepers, their personal
experiences, and social stigmatisation, the thesis explores how
human-animal relationships are conceived, developed, and carried
out in South Punjab. As a multispecies ethnography, the thesis
illustrates diverse modalities of inter-species intimacy, the
social worlds of the animal keepers, and their symbolic
expectations from the animals. I contend that these three animal
activities are not unique and independent phenomena, but a lens
through which one can understand different value systems and
normative relations in rural Punjab.
Developing the concepts of anthropology of life and
more-than-human sociality, the thesis argues that those who
engage in these animal activities regard their animals as a key
for exploring, enhancing, and refining their own life needs and
ambitions. As such, each pigeon in the flock, and a rooster or a
canine, is considered an individual with a distinct personality,
needs, and attitude. Through a close examination of how these men
care for and conceive of their animals, I argue that this
more-than-human relationship enables them to cultivate the self,
gain pleasure, accumulate social capital, and engage in the
production of masculinity.
The rural South Punjabi men indulge in and adopt these three
animal activities as their shauq. “Shauq” is the local term
commonly used to emphasise any activity that is routinely carried
out to fulfil a personal passion. The animal keepers’ shauq,
they maintain, enables them to find great joy, freedom,
fulfilment, and a sense of wellbeing to counteract the confines
of everyday social and familial obligations. While explaining the
different modalities of human-animal relationships, this thesis
interrogates the notion of shauq, as an ideology and a practice,
and one that transforms the men’s lives, re-defines their
social relationships, informs their symbolic practice, and shapes
their ideological orientation.
By discussing socio-cultural and symbolic implications of
human-animal relationships, the thesis raises multiple questions:
how do rural men develop a deep attachment to their animals? What
motivates the men to fly and fight their animals? How does such
inter-species attachment shape and influence the men’s social
relationships, including their ties with other enthusiasts,
community members, and their own family? Finally, I also explore
the symbolic meanings embedded in such activities, with regard to
questions of honour and the cultural politics of masculinity in
wider Pakistani society. The thesis is based on year-long
ethnographic fieldwork in South Punjab, and draws on participant
observation, interviews, and archival material to illuminate the
concept of shauq and the different modalities of such
human-animal relationship.
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MUNIR, MUDASSAR. "EVERYDAY IMAGES AND PRACTICES OF THE STATE IN RURAL PAKISTAN." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/878019.
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In my thesis project, I provide an analysis of the way the image and the perception of the state is formed in the context of everyday social and political life in rural Pakistan. I demonstrate how people in a rural locality understand the Pakistani state and its laws and how these understandings shape the way the people carry out everyday engagement with the state authorities. This research undertaking is guided by three principal questions: 1) what is the common conception of Pakistani state at the local level; 2) how do people interact and experience the state institutions at the micro level; 3) what role do different non-state actors who act as ‘intermediaries’ between their fellow villagers and the wider political world play in shaping local embodiment of the state and people’s experiences with it? My fieldwork in a village in Pakistani Punjab, which was reduced to six months from one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic, reveals that the images and perceptions of the Pakistani state are split between ‘sublime’ and ‘profane’ dimensions. On the one hand, the people imagine the state as a sublime entity that exists in far-off places. The state is somewhere else, geographically detached from their locality. It can only be seen on television sets, in major urban centers of the country, and it is a rich institute with enormous financial resources. On the other hand, the people also talk about the state as a profane entity associated with corruption, hierarchy, fraud, and lies. The state is where culture of corruption and mistreatment is deeply pervasive. Fearing of difficulties and complications, the state is something with which they want to have minimum interaction. They consider the state offices are full of lazy and biased employees who provide no service without sifarish (recommendation), taaluq wasta (relationship), or rishwat (bribery). I argue that the people at the local level attach sublime qualities to the national and provincial realm of the Pakistani state, while its local realm with which the people engage on everyday basis is seen as profane. My ethnographic material also illustrates that since everyday state administration is perceived to be riddled with corrupt practices and abuse of authority, this condition creates favorable atmosphere in rural Pakistan for different actors of patronage system to operate – where different political intermediaries assume leading role in variety of political spaces and social relations, acting as a conduit between the state and residents, as well as at times performing certain roles at the local level as they are free from the state's control or at other times acting as helping hand of the state.
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Mohmand, Shandana Khan. "Patrons, brothers and landlords : competing for the vote in rural Pakistan." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6956/.
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How do citizens vote in rural Pakistan, and how much agency do they have in relation to local landlords, patrons and kinship networks in making electoral decisions? I explore this question in this dissertation through an empirical investigation of the voting behaviour of Pakistan's rural majority in its most populous and politically important province, Punjab, using a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods and original data on the voting behaviour of about 2300 households in 38 villages. The results of this dissertation counter the notions that rural Punjabi voters are dependent and that national elections can be won on the basis of extended kinship networks. My data reveals that the dependence of rural voters that so captivates popular discourse about Pakistani politics describes only about 7 percent of voters, and that kinship networks function more as forums for local collective action than as extended political organisations. I found that a vast majority of rural Punjabi citizens vote as members of village-level vote blocs that are organised by the landed village elite. Nevertheless, most rural Punjabi voters do not participate in vote blocs because of socio-economic dependence. Instead, I found that they are benefitseeking political actors who organise within their kinship networks to strengthen their bargaining position and then give their collective votes to vote bloc leaders who act as broker-patrons and provide access to state officials and services. I also found that voting behaviour varies significantly across villages and across households within the same village. Most of the variation between villages is explained by differences in social structure and varying levels of historical and current land inequality, while the fact that households that lie within the same village behave differently from one another is explained mainly by their wealth and caste status.
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Channa, Anila. "Four essays on education, caste and collective action in rural Pakistan." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3305/.
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In this thesis, I use mixed methods to present four interdisciplinary essays on education, caste and collective action in rural Pakistan. In the first essay, I undertake a conceptual analysis of the nature of the Pakistani kinship group, locally referred to sometimes as biraderi (brotherhood), quom (tribe, sect, nation) or zaat (ancestry, caste). By systematically comparing the features of the kinship group with modern interpretations of caste, I argue that the Pakistani kinship group is much closer to a caste than is commonly acknowledged in a lot of the research. In the second essay, I document the extent of educational inequalities based on this kinship group, henceforth also referred to as caste. Using a unique dataset that I collected for approximately 2500 individuals from rural Pakistan, I show that low caste individuals on average are 7% less likely to be literate and 5% less likely to attend school than their high caste counterparts. Strikingly, these differences rise to over 20% for certain low caste groups. Even though caste-based inequalities are not statistically significant for the youngest cohort in my sample, my qualitative analysis of over 65 in-depth interviews with key informants confirms that caste remains not only a critical marker of identity, but also an important source of fragmentation in the country. In the third essay, I focus on the fragmentary nature of the kinship group and develop a theoretical framework in which caste fractionalization, land inequality and the imbalance in power between various castes – or what I refer to as caste power heterogeneity – jointly influence the level of collective activity for rural education provision. I test this framework using a blend of quantitative analysis of original data for over 2500 individuals, and qualitative comparative case studies of a total of eight rural communities in Pakistan. The analysis I present both confirms the interdependence of my three proposed dimensions of social heterogeneity, as well as highlights the salience of caste power heterogeneity in predicting the level of collective activity for education provision. In the final essay, I turn to studying the role of social capital in enhancing educational outcomes. I perform statistical analysis of data from over 350 households and combine it with a micro-level comparative case study of social capital and collective action surrounding education in two rural communities from Pakistan. My results in this final paper indicate that there are weak associations between my two parameters of interest. They also highlight the importance of understanding the downside of social capital, and of recognizing that rather than being driven by social capital alone, collective action is often embedded in a wider system of village politics and patronage.
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Keiany, Mohsen. "Architecture, craft and religious symbolism in rural areas of Baluchistan in Pakistan." Thesis, Birmingham City University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518231.
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Qazi, Azra Nuruddin. "Household energy in rural Pakistan : a technical, environmental and socio-economic assessment." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292021.
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Hyat, Taimur. "Essays on consumption and asset mobility in rural Pakistan : a microeconometric approach." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391159.
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Khan, Maliha. "The political ecology of irrigation in upper Sindh people, water and land degradation /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.
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Bashir, Humaira. "Rural females’ perceptions on the attitudes and barriers to education : an ethnographic case study." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599892.
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Agha, Nadia. "Women bargaining with patriarchy in rural Pakistan : a case study of Khairpur, Sindh." Thesis, University of York, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10710/.
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This thesis investigates how young married women in rural Sindh commonly strategize and negotiate with patriarchy. I set out to elaborate the kinship system in the villages of Khairpur, Sindh in order to understand women's lives in different phases such as puberty, marriage, motherhood and when they become mothers-in-law. A theoretical framework informed by Deniz Kandiyoti's (1988) concept of ‘the patriarchal bargain’ supported by Sylvia Walby's (1990, 2011) notion of ‘private patriarchy’ or ‘private gender regime’ is utilized to explore women's bargaining strategies for survival. Between June and September of 2012, I conducted fieldwork in six different villages in Khairpur district using observation, interviews with women aged between 15-30 years and three focus group discussions. Based on women’s accounts and on observation of village life, I focus on the negative consequences of women’s location within consanguineous marriages, the gendered division of labour and the extended family system. Women’s situation is further exacerbated by low level of education and early marriages which burden their lives from a very young age. The study reveals the strong relationship between poverty and the perpetuation of patriarchy; all the cultural practices that contribute to women’s subordination are designed to counter social insecurity. The strategies that women employ for their survival centre on improving their esteem before their family members such as attention to household tasks, producing children, and doing craft work to generate extra money for the family's well-being. These conditions are usually seen as evidence of women’s subordination, but they are also actively adopted strategies for survival where accommodation to patriarchy is what wins them approval. I conclude that women’s life-long struggle is in fact a technique of negotiating with patriarchy, and, in so doing, they not only internalize the culture which rests on their subordination but also reproduce it in older age in exercising power by oppressing other junior women.
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Khan, Jehan Zaib Iqbal. "Expected Challenges in E-health Implementation : A case of rural Hospitals in Pakistan." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-75314.
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Shami, Mahvish. "The road to development : market access and varieties of clientelism in rural Punjab, Pakistan." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2010. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/261/.
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Rural economies in developing countries are often characterised by high levels of inequality, particularly so in their distribution of land. This can lead to the establishment of patron-client relationships between peasants and their landlords with far-reaching social, political, and economic implications for both parties. This thesis investigates whether, and how, clientelist networks change, when connecting isolated villages become connected to the outside economy. It does so from three different perspectives. Firstly, it highlights the ability of resource rich landlords to interlink different markets in the rural economy in an effort to maximise surplus extraction. Yet, when peasants are provided credible exit options, the change in relative bargaining powers alters the character of such interlinkages in favour of the peasants. Secondly, it explores how clientelism enables landlords to use peasant votes as bargaining chips with politicians to appropriate public resources for their own private benefit. Yet, when peasants are given outside options, the landlord has to provide them with public goods in order to maintain his economic and social standing in the village. Lastly, it analyses peasants’ difficulty in engaging in community driven projects when residing under a strong patron. Yet, when landlords have to compete with markets outside the village, they no longer have the incentive or ability to block peasant collective action for self provision. In all three areas, it is argued that the patrons’ ability to control peasant activities stems from the interaction of inequality with isolation, which provides them with monopoly/monopsony powers. Hence while policy solutions to exploitative forms of clientelism have typically focused on land redistribution, I argue that similar results are attainable by increasing peasants’ outside options. In order to test the validity of this hypothesis I make use of a natural experiment found in the construction of a motorway in rural Punjab, Pakistan. The research design compares connected villages dominated by large landlords to isolated ones and uses villages with relatively egalitarian distribution of land as a control group. Making use of field interviews and quantitative survey data the thesis finds that connectivity results in converging outcomes between connected villages dominated by large landlords and those with more egalitarian distribution of land. The results suggest that connecting villages previously isolated from the outside economy can go a long way to help the rural poor.
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Sikander, Khawaja Siham. "A Cluster Randomised Trial of a Psychosocial Intervention for Perinatal Deppression in Rural Pakistan." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503736.
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Makhdum, Muhammad Sohail Amjad [Verfasser]. "Microfinance and Rural Household Welfare in Pakistan : an Empirical Investigation / Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1096220911/34.
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Khan, Azfar F. "The impact of international labour migration on the rural 'Barani' areas of northern Pakistan." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303924.
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Khan, Rukhsana. "Prenatal maternal depression symptoms and dietary intake : a population based study in rural Pakistan." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2017. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3022892/.
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Background: High prevalence of depression among pregnant women has been observed in low and middle-income countries including Pakistan. Pregnancy is an important stressor for depression and depressed women tend to have poor dietary intake. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of prenatal depression and its risk factors, and explored the relationship of prenatal depression with dietary intake in a representative sample of women living in a rural setting of Pakistan. Methods: This study was conducted at the baseline of a large cluster randomised controlled trial. Five hundred pregnant women in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, living a in a rural area of district Rawalpindi Pakistan, were recruited for the baseline of the trial. Depression was assessed using “Patient Health Questionnaire” (PHQ9), with a cut-off score of 10, and the dietary intake assessment was carried out by“Food Frequency Questionnaire” and “24 Hour Dietary Recall”.Data on stressful life-events and perceived social support were captured through “Life Events Checklist” and “Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support”. All pregnant women who had PHQ-9 scores of 10 or more were invited to participate. Those women whose PHQ 9 was less than 10 were selected through simple random sampling and invited for baseline measurements after obtaining informed consent. Response rate was around 98%.Appropriate tests of significance were used for bivariate analysis. Final Generalized Linear Model with logit link function was obtained. Results: The prevalence of prenatal depression was found to be 27%.Depressed pregnant women belonged to 23-30 years age group, were less educated had,lived in joint family and had less perceived support from family and friends. Depressed women suffered from at least 3-4 stressful life events .Food variety scores were generated and dichotomized at median for dietary inadequacy. Mean intake of all the energy, macronutrients and micronutrients was significantly less among depressed (p < 0.001).Prenatal depression was significantly associated with dietary inadequacy (P < 0.05). In addition factors like life satisfaction, husband away from home in last six months (P < 0.05), physical IPV (P < 0.05) and stressful life events (P < 0.01) were also independently associated with dietary inadequacy. Conclusion: The current study to the best of my knowledge is the first study to investigate in a large rural community based sample of women the link between prenatal depression and dietary intake. Most of the depressed women did not eat sufficient items from various food groups to meet the recommended dietary allowance. Prenatal depression was independently associated with inadequate dietary intake. Risk factors for prenatal depression as well as dietary inadequacy were psychosocial in nature. There is a need to screen women at antenatal visit and provide nutritional counselling to improve dietary behaviors for better pregnancy outcomes.
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Malik, Shahnawaz. "A study of rural poverty in Pakistan with special reference to agricultural price policy." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.734188.
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Jaffery, Zafreen. "Making Education Accessible: A Dual Case Study of Instructional Practices, Management, and Equity in a Rural and an Urban NGO School in Pakistan." PDXScholar, 2012. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/409.
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Two- thirds of Pakistan's primary aged children are enrolled in school and less than one-third complete fifth grade. Decades after the inception of the goal of primary education for all of its children, the state is unable to fulfill its promise of providing access to universal primary education. The failure of the government to provide for a system that ensures equitable opportunities for all of its children has resulted in individuals, for-profit organizations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) intervening to fill the void. In particular, international donor agencies (IDAs) have come forward to provide financial aid and personnel support for primary education. There is currently a dearth of research on the work of NGO schools in Pakistan, which leaves many unanswered questions about the role of NGO schools. Therefore, in this study, I examine the efficacy of not-for-profit, private schools managed by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in providing quality education to primary school children in Pakistan. This study examined schools formed and supported by two NGOs in Pakistan and their impact on providing primary education. A dual case study approach involving a concentrated enquiry into two cases (a rural and an urban school) was used. The study focused on the following research question: How does an NGO school provide education to primary aged school children? Results corroborate previous key-findings that the NGO is the parent body which oversees management, provides training, mobilizes the community and generates the primary funds to run the schools. The study goes further to suggest that NGO leaders provide leverage and establish connections that are important for fund raising and creating opportunities for the schools to expand and work cost-efficiently. The rural NGO had created its own methodology for literacy instruction, which produced adult literate women who were then hired as primary teachers. In addition, it showed that the two schools use: (1) an eclectic approach to teaching which ranged from using public school's curriculum to local, contextually based materials to foreign British-based curriculum; (2) the shift in instructional strategies suggested movement from a behaviorist approach toward integrating constructivist methods of teaching; and (3) the flexibility in curriculum choices poses challenges as well as opportunities for growth for the teachers. These results help to frame future research by linking NGO school's instructional practices to those used in private and public school systems in Pakistan.
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Pirani, Amirali Karim. "Cultural influences on the choice of rural sanitation technology in Islamic Countries." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55650.
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Shahriar, Ambreen. "Making a better life : the stories of people from poor rural backgrounds in Sindh, Pakistan." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2013. http://research.gold.ac.uk/9459/.
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This study analyses the stories of young people, both male and female, from rural and economically weak backgrounds. Participants in the present study come from the province of Sindh, Pakistan, and Sindhi is their first language. The data consist of the narratives of their lives. They deal with their attitudes and behaviours, actions and struggles, hurdles and hardships, expectations and desires. The participants talked about their family, home, village, surroundings, socio-economic problems, etc. My participants struggled to make ends meet economically and worked hard to improve their social position and that of their families. This study tries to interpret the observations of the interviews in terms of the theories and categories of Pierre Bourdieu (cultural, social, and symbolic capital; habitus, field, symbolic violence, practice, etc) and treats them as evidence of these theories. Symbolic Interactionism was used to interpret small-world lives of one-to-one interaction of individuals with individuals and artefacts and their roles. Narrative Analysis was applied to stories taken from two interviews. I investigated how young people from poor rural backgrounds progressed towards a better standard of living. The socio-economic position of my participants in the social structures of their native villages hindered or facilitated their progress towards their goals. By interacting with people and artefacts in their environment, my participants managed to improve their standing in wider society. By getting an education, they found a way to cope with their day-to-day problems. But they were hindered in these attempts by the restrictions inherent in the existing social structures. This study found that my participants had to overcome obstacles which were so great that many other people from the same background never succeeded in doing so. This study is an attempt to look at their lives and the world at large through their eyes.
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Saleemi, Sundus [Verfasser]. "Empowerment of Girls and Women in Rural Pakistan : Migration, Decision-making and Consciousness / Sundus Saleemi." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1224270304/34.
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Ahmad, Tusawar Iftikhar. "The role of rural women in livestock management : socio-economic evidences from diverse geographical locations of Punjab (Pakistan)." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00933784.
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In rural Punjab of Pakistan, women from small farm families have a huge role to play in realizing the potential that the country has in livestock sector to flourish. The study presents the current socio-economic condition of women livestock raisers, the extent and nature of their participation in livestock management activities, the impact of women's participation on their families' welfare, and the factors affecting their participation in livestock management activities. The type and size of the family, respondent's age, distant location of the village from the city, and the overall developmental status of the district had their impact on different aspects of rural women's status. At each of the three geographical levels, women respondent's participation level in livestock management activities was multiple of that of their husbands' level. Cultural norms, gendered division of labor, availability of family labor, and the physical condition of the participant were found more operative in determining the nature and level of participation of the family labor in livestock management activities. Participation of the family labor, various aspects of women's status, livestock related factors, and economic factors were the main causes identified as the factors affecting women's participation in livestock management activities. Improving women's role in livestock management and production is essential in improving overall family's health, education, income, and food security. The results signify the need for geographical targeting and the importance of using a gendered approach in the agricultural development programs.
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Mughal, Muhammad Aurang Zeb. "Time, space and social change in rural Pakistan : an ethnographic study of Jhokwala Village, Lodhran District." Thesis, Durham University, 2014. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9492/.
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This thesis is a study of the social organisation of time and space in a Pakistani village. The fieldwork was carried out in Jhokwala Village, Lodhran District through 2010. A rapid population growth in the second half of the last century resulted in an inadequate supply of agricultural land, leading to a gradual shift from an agricultural to the market economy. Many farmers are abandoning agriculture and entering wage labour. This combined with urbanisation, more pervasive telecommunication services, the media, and technological changes has affected shifts in the ways of perceiving and managing time and space. In this thesis, I examine generational changes in the village. There have been generational shifts in the types of calendars and the contexts for which they are used. Household organisation and composition have also undergone dramatic change as a consequence of economic transformations. Fundamental economic changes have included a number of shifts in how people engage with information technologies, the media, and urbanisation. These have resulted in a transformation of the physical layout of the village along with changes in the design and structure of places such as the mosque and the house. Such changes in the physical environment have also triggered a shift in the sociospatial relationships, which has resulted in negotiation of some social boundaries between different gender and social classes. I examine the ways in which changes in the social organisation of time and space are indicative of the pace, direction and mechanism of social change.
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Khalid, Humala Shaheen. "Female teachers' and girls' access to primary schools in rural areas of Pakistan : a case study." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10020262/.
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This thesis examines girls' and female teachers' access to primary schools, focusing on female teachers' constraints while serving in rural areas. Boys' primary schools are not accessible to girls because of parental demands for female teachers. The conceptual framework has been developed using concepts from three major areas: the human capital concept of investment in education and significance of social rates of return for educating women; the perspectives of feminist theory on gender inequalities in education with regard to patriarchal structures in society; and the Women in Development (WID) approach advocating gender equity and recognition of women's economic contribution to their families and societies. Literature on the importance of female teachers in sex-segregated Muslim societies and girls' educational access is reviewed. Using Khan's (1993) classification of family, community and school factors, a model to classify female teachers' problems has been developed. The broad research questions are: a) what are the existing disparities in the provision of education facilities for girls and boys in urban and rural areas? b) what are the problems faced by female and male teachers working in primary schools of rural areas? c) what are the views of parents, teachers, administrators and policy makers on the education of girls and boys in rural areas? Both qualitative and quantitative approaches are employed. A documentary analysis of constitutional, education policy provisions and opportunities for girls' education is undertaken. Teachers, administrators and policy makers are interviewed. Parents participate in focus group discussions. Analysis shows that parents want to educate their daughters but the education of sons becomes more important because of the old-age benefits linked to a son's future income. Travelling to rural schools involves threats to the personal security of female teachers resulting in their frequent transfers. Girls' schools remain closed until new teachers are appointed. Long distances create problems of personal security for girls, female teachers and administrators, resulting in teachers' irregular attendance and poor supervision of girls' rural schools. The problem is further compounded by the unjustified favours of politicians and the monopoly of male staff in the District Education Offices.
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Arif, Nasiha. "A Phenomenological Investigation of the Experiences of Women with Blended Learning in Rural Areas of Pakistan." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1486462114875603.
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Shah, Tariq. "An exploration of attitudes towards the English curriculum in educational establishments in urban and rural Pakistan." Connect to e-thesis, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/269/.
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Thesis (M.Phil (R)) -- University of Glasgow, 2008.M.Phil(R) submitted to the Department of Curriculum Studies, Faculty of Education, University of Glasgow, 2008. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Pal, Mariam S. "An analysis of the role of women in economic development /." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66051.
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Waheed, Shahina [Verfasser], Frithjof [Akademischer Betreuer] Kuhnen, and Winfried [Akademischer Betreuer] Manig. "Household savings in rural Pakistan : Empirical and conceptual issues / Shahina Waheed. Gutachter: Winfried Manig. Betreuer: Frithjof Kuhnen." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2002. http://d-nb.info/104372091X/34.
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Jamshed, Ali [Verfasser], and Jörn [Akademischer Betreuer] Birkmann. "Assessing dynamics of rural-urban linkages and their influence on rural vulnerability to extreme flood events : case study of three rural farming communities in Punjab, Pakistan / Ali Jamshed ; Betreuer: Jörn Birkmann." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1234452820/34.
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González, Carreras Francisco Jose. "Does microfinance have an impact? : three quantitative approaches in rural areas of Bangladesh and Andhra Pradesh, India." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43098/.
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Microfinance has attracted, since its inception at the end of the seventies, the attention of many people and institutions, both at academic and donor levels. However, evidence is mixed so far and no definitive conclusion has yet emerged with respect to the positive effects of microfinance, in part because of the great differences among the different microfinance schemes but also because of methodological issues. This work aims to add some further evidence to the impact debate, with three studies in two different rural areas from Bangladesh and India. The first study is based on the second round of a survey in Bangladesh undertaken by the World Bank. A Propensity Score Matching approach was chosen to study the impact of borrowing on household income and expenditures per capita. In this case positive impact can only be seen in extraordinary expenditures, in particular in house extensions and investments in houses and land, but not in current expenditures or food expenditures. The second and third studies analyse a dataset collected in five districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. The former tries to answer the question of whether borrowing from Self- Help groups (SHGs) has any effect on income and income per capita at household level. Pooled ordinary least squares and difference in differences approaches are used to that end. A significant impact is found in this study on income and income per capita. In the last empirical work the main interest is focused on the distributional impact, on the understanding that anti-poverty measures should be focused on households at the bottom tail of income and income per capita distributions. Its analysis is based on quantile regression, with cross sectional and panel data approaches. Distributional impact shows, however, that the poorest might not be benefitting from these interventions as much as better-off or not-so-poor households.
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Lohano, Hari Ram. "Agricultural Growth and Poverty Dynamics in Rural Pakistan : A Longitudinal Survey in Sindh Province (1987/88 - 2004/05)." Thesis, University of Bath, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507773.
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Owais, Syed. "NGOs, democratisation and grassroots empowerment : a case study of Rural Development Organisation's approach to social change in Pakistan." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/96792/.
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This thesis contributes to existing knowledge on NGOs in the global South through examining the case study of RDO, an NGO in Pakistan, investigating the influence of historically structured formal and informal institutions and the politico-economic factors shaping its efforts for democratic and empowerment-oriented change in rural communities. It analyses RDO’s philosophy and practice regarding the formation of community organisations, which are intended to work democratically for their own development and to access government and other NGOs’ services. It does this by analysing 63 qualitative interviews, 20 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), organisational documents and observational data from 8-months fieldwork. It is argued that, rather than democratising and empowering community members, whose relationships with each other and with the state agencies have been historically patronage-based (Gough et al., 2004) and marked by inequalities based on ethnicity, gender, and class, RDO tends to deal with the communities in a patronage-based manner. This is due to its inability to allocate adequate time to communities to institutionalise democratic values in place of path dependent structures (Pierson, 2000) of inequality and practices of patron-clientelism. This, in turn, emanates from its shift away from the empowerment agenda and subscription to neoliberal mode of interventions. Additionally, the interventions by national and international NGOs, most of which have burgeoned in the wake of post-2000 political and natural disasters, have also socialised the rural communities to perceive NGOs as providers of welfare goods. This has made it harder for RDO to work according to its goals. Hence, instead of changing path dependent structures (Pierson, 2000) of inequality and patron-clientelism (Gough et al., 2004), RDO, like most NGOs in the global South, has largely become an agent of its perpetuation.
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Amir, Salma. "Microfinance and empowerment : understandings and experiences of rural women in north western Pakistan, including situations in natural disaster." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17580/.
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This research examines the relationship between microfinance, women’s empowerment and natural disasters in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), a northwestern province of Pakistan. It does so through female clients from non-disaster and post-disaster affected areas. This study’s central argument is that if, as advocates claim, microfinance enhances women’s economic and social empowerment and their well-being, then this empowerment should be visible in the social context and within the context of natural disaster. If women are assumed to be empowered through microfinance, then they should be able to address their vulnerability more effectively. This study applies a qualitative methodology that uses interviews, FGDs and oral histories as data generation tools. The study evinces a meagre increase in women’s savings and financial decision-making. However, it finds no visible change in ownership of major tangible assets. The study concludes that the effects of microfinance on women’s economic empowerment are not always positive when women transfer loans to others. It further shows an increase in women’s intangible assets such as self-confidence and knowledge, but a limited increase in women’s access and mobility to market related activities due to the prevailing patriarchal norms. This study finds no radical change neither in the gendered division of labour nor men’s abusive behaviour despite women’s economic contribution. This study highlights that women’s social capital enables them to gain recognition and acceptance from the community but also pressurise women for timely repayment. More importantly, the study’s original contribution to the existing literature lies in its findings that show that, although natural disasters may destroy women’s tangible assets, they did not completely undermine women’s intangible assets and strengths. However, despite reducing women’s post-disaster vulnerability, microfinance, in fact, exacerbated additional pressures of loan repayments and its policies hindered women from accessing new loans and savings while in possession of current loans.
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Fazle, Maula Pantyp Ramasoota. "Knowledge, attitude and motivation of lady health workers in maternal health care in the rural areas of Pakistan /." Abstract, 2003. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2546/4537462.pdf.
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Channa, Abdul Razaque. "Schooling Gender in Rural Pakistan: An Ethnographic study of the Primary School and its Role in Gender Construction." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110546.
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This thesis focuses on the contribution of schooling to gender
construction in rural Sindh Province. It focuses on the
Government Main Primary School Khuda Bukhsh Soomro. The school is
in Shahdadkot, a rural town in Sindh Province, Pakistan. In
principle, education is considered a means to provide knowledge
in terms of literacy, numeracy and civic awareness. I analyse
whether, in addition to the formal knowledge taught in the school
or produced in and through textbooks, the schooling enables
improved gender relations or merely strengthens the existing
gendered norms of society. I analyse how gender is constructed
amongst the students through disciplinary gaze and practices and
through their own agency in more informal ways.
Previous scholarly contributions regarding this topic are scarce.
The unique offering this thesis present is an in-depth
understanding of the construction of gender at the micro level of
rural Pakistani society. In this context, despite the idealism of
the Pakistan Constitution and government policies, textbooks and
teachers do little to promote critical thinking and there is
barely any space for questioning the dominant patriarchal
gendered knowledge system, thus ultimately strengthening the
already established gendered stereotypes. Although individual
expression and educational gender equality is encouraged at the
national policy level, rural schools in Pakistan essentially
leave untouched the foundational structures of gender. This
results in children largely seeing their future in terms of
traditional Pakistani values. The thesis questions why it has
proved so difficult to inculcate principles of gender equality
into rural society.
Theoretically, this thesis adds to the postmodern literature
specifically regarding the Foucauldian work on panopticism, gazes
and disciplinary practices. The gaze is generally focused on
vision; but the ethnographic evidence presented here suggests
that it also includes an aural dimension. Furthermore, my
findings suggest that individuals have particular degrees of
agency to negotiate gender identity and to make their voices
heard. The discontinuous gaze enables pockets of resistance among
boys and girls and alternative perspectives that create a hope
that despite the conservatism of rural Pakistani society,
schooling can encourage new options for both female and male
children in constructing more positive and equal gender
relations.
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Usman, Hussain Raza. "Randomized controlled trial of low cost interventions to reduce childhood immunization dropouts in Pakistan." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2008p/usman.pdf.
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Tabassum, Faiza. "Modelling growth trajectories of children : a longitudinal analysis of individual and household effects on children's nutritional status in rural Pakistan." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/345594/.
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This thesis explores the pathways through which individual and household factors are associated with temporal changes in child nutritional status. In this study the concept of nutrition deprivation is used in two ways: firstly as indicated by the child's anthropometric measures, and secondly in terms of food consumption. The thesis also explores how nutritional deprivation is linked with economic deprivation. The main objectives of the study are: to examine the physical growth trajectories of children, to investigate the household's economic and nutritional (food) deprivations, to explore the determinants of child malnutrition, and finally to investigate the relationship between temporal changes in the poverty status of households and temporal changes in child nutritional status. The study uses the Pakistan Panel Data collected by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) from 1986-89, covering four rural districts of Pakistan. The study employs a comprehensive child health framework to establish the mechanism of child nutritional status by linking the various factors at child, household and community levels. This framework specifies poverty as the root cause of malnutrition. The basic need absolute poverty approach is used to work out the incidence and the dynamic nature of poverty. Various statistical modelling techniques for analysing the longitudinal data are used in this study. For example, to study the height and weight growth traectories of children a growth curve modelling technique is employed, and to study the determinants of child malnutrition a three-level hierarchical linear model for longitudinal data is used. The predicted average growth velocities indicate a slower growth during first year of child's life in comparison with the usual growth velocities amongst the normal children. However, in a particular cohort of children some evidence of growth acceleration is found during the third year of a child's life after a growth deceleration during the second year. Child level factors, such as breastfeeding and the incidence of diarrhoea and morbidity, are found to explain most of the variability in child nutritional status. The results reveal dissimilarities in nutritional status between children in a household. The results also indicate associations between poverty and stunting while chronic poverty is found to be associated with wasting. The results indicate that caloric and protein consumption amongst the study households was notably high. However, food consumption patterns mostly revolve around the staple food, and even in the top expenditure quintile this pattern remains persistent.
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Mustafa, Mehran. "OPTIMAL SIZING OF GRID CONNECTED MICROGRID IN RURAL AREA OF PAKISTAN WITH WIND TURBINES AND ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2132.
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Pakistan has been riddled with energy shortage crisis. Long hours of load shedding have caused major economic setbacks in urban areas and rural areas do not even make the cut. Some rural parts, which are connected to the grid, suffer major load shedding and so economic growth is minimal. Most energy is directed towards industrial demand; hence the domestic demand suffers and causes long hours of load shedding. To aid this supply-demand gap, microgrids can be helpful in relieving some of the domestic load on the grid. A microgrid may be more economical only as a support for the main grid in an area, depending on its configuration. Since microgrids are generally composed of renewable energy sources like wind or solar or a combination of both, the supply from just these sources may result in high intermittency. To allow uniform supply, a backup energy source or energy storage is included with the renewable sources. Sizing a microgrid for the targeted region is critical. Some major sizing factors include the availability of renewable resource, load profile of the region, land availability, grid availability, etc. For this thesis, a region near Gharo, a town in Thatta District in Sindh, Pakistan, is selected to deploy the microgrid with a wind farm and battery energy storage system. The microgrid is connected to the main feeder, which supplies grid electricity to a small town of 30 small homes, a school and a small hospital. Hourly wind speed data and an annual load profile is used to calculate the most economic size of the microgrid, depending on the energy dispatch philosophy. To find the most economical solution, this thesis incorporates a stochastic technique, known as the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), which is a powerful intelligence evolution algorithm for solving optimization problems. Over the years, PSO has gained popularity due to its simple structure and high performance in solving linear or non-linear objective functions with any number of constraints. In this case, the objective function to be minimized is the net present cost of the microgrid, which comprises of annual capital cost, annual operation and maintenance cost, annual replacement cost of all equipment involved and the annual net cost of buying/selling electricity from/to the grid, respectively.
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Atif, Najia. "The acceptability of peer volunteers as delivery agents of a psychosocial intervention for perinatal depression in rural Pakistan : a qualitative study." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-acceptability-of-peer-volunteers-as-delivery-agents-of-a-psychosocial-intervention-for-perinatal-depression-in-rural-pakistan-a-qualitative-study(c12bc789-0908-4f11-814e-5145d0285208).html.
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Background: In Pakistan, the prevalence of perinatal depression is high and is associated with adverse outcomes in both the mothers and their infant. Although effective psychosocial interventions have been developed for such settings, the scarcity of trained mental health professionals means that the majority of such women do not receive any intervention. The aim of this study was to explore the acceptability of peer volunteers (PVs) - volunteer lay women from the community with shared socio-demographic and life experiences with the target population – as delivery agents of a psychosocial intervention for perinatal depression in a rural area of Pakistan. Methods: This qualitative study was embedded in the pilot phase of a cluster randomised control trial. Participants included the entire sample of the pilot study: mothers (n=21), PVs (n=8), primary health care staff (n=5), husbands (n=5) and mothers-in-law (n=10). Data were collected, from these key stakeholders, through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Data analysis was underpinned by Framework Analysis involving five key stages: familiarisation, development of thematic framework, indexing, charting and interpretation. Results: All stakeholders viewed the PVs as acceptable delivery agents of a psychosocial intervention for perinatal depression. The PV’s personal attributes such as being local, empathic, trustworthy, approachable and of good reputation within their communities contributed to their acceptability. Their linkage with the primary health care system was vital to their legitimacy and credibility. Factors such as appropriateness of the intervention, effective training and supervision, perception of personal gain from the programme, and endorsement from their families and the community were motivational for them. Likely barriers to their work were women’s lack of autonomy, cultural beliefs around the perinatal period, stigma of depression, lack of some mothers’ engagement and resistance from some families. Conclusion: PVs are a potential human resource for the delivery of a psychosocial intervention for perinatal depression in this rural area of Pakistan. The use of such delivery agents could be considered for other under-resourced settings globally, and for other mental health conditions.
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Ali, Akhter [Verfasser]. "Impact of land tenure arrangements, Bt cotton adoption and market participation on welfare of farm households in rural Pakistan / Akhter Ali." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1020001216/34.
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Ali, Liaqut. "How to make use of knowledge embedded in development practice by using ICT to sustain rural development? : Case Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro universitet, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-16387.
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Memon, Shumaila. "Reading attitudes in L1 and L2 among rural and urban learners in a Pakistani context." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/576434.
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This study investigated the relationship between reading attitudes in L1 and in L2 of learners in Pakistan. It also investigated the differences between reading attitudes of learners from different home backgrounds, rural and urban. The participants of the study had Sindhi as their L1 and English as their L2. They came from rural (n=186) and urban (n=202) parts of Sindh. The study employed a mixed methods approach. It collected data through a questionnaire, and semi-structured interviews. The questionnaire collected information on four reading attitude variables: self perception as a reader, utilitarian value for reading, personal involvement for reading and lack of reading anxiety both in Sindhi and in English. The fifth variable was learner’s rural/urban home background. My study partially confirms findings from previous studies indicating that reading attitudes in L1 and in L2 are related. Rural learners displayed a stronger relationship between reading attitudes in L1 and in L2, whereas urban learners displayed a weaker relationship. This finding was further confirmed when, through a multiple regression analysis, the contribution of each reading attitude was checked in terms of the coefficient values. A learner’s ‘rural/urban home background’ emerged as the strongest indicator of a learner’s reading attitudes than his/her reading attitudes in Sindhi. Thus, urban home background seems to add positively to reading attitudes in English. The findings show the importance of one’s educational background, home and society on the whole in the process of developing a learner’s attitudes towards reading in English. Furthermore, this study also demonstrated marked differences in the reading attitudes of both the groups in terms of their reading attitudes in L1 and in L2. The rural learners had better reading attitudes in L1 than their counterparts, whereas the urban learners had better reading attitudes in English than the rural learners. Such a finding again supports the role of society and social background in shaping learners’ reading attitudes in L1 or in L2.
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Ullah, Obaid. "The Effect of Remittances on Socio-Economic Condition and Decision Making Process of Rural Families : A Case Study of Peshawar Khyber Pukhunkhuwa Pakistan." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-28199.
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The objective of the study is to analyze the effect of remittances on socio-economic conditions of rural families in Peshawar, and how remittances change the decision-making process of families. This study examines the effects of remittances on local population in three towns of Peshawar, i.e. Hayatabad, Faqir-Abad and Gulberg-area. The study is basically conducted to see how remittances bring changes in the life of the recipients. The research is quantitative, data was collected through questionnaires. For the research, a sample of 300 respondents was selected from three towns in Peshawar District. The results of the research were interpreted through statistical tools, regression model. The Ordinary least square method (OLS) was used to find out the effect of remittances on health sector and investment made by respondents in the form of purchased property and investment made in establishing their own businesses. Along with that, the simple Logit Model was also used. The result is generalized on linear model with link logit and binomial response. Findings stated that the literacy level of the emigrant’s household positively impacted on children’s probability to move to private education. The results reveals that the recipient invest 4% of their income on investment as a form of business and purchasing property while educated people appears not to be interested in investing money in businesses as they want to continue their jobs. Respondent are not using a large portion of their remittances for health perhaps mostly people are entitled to free services from the government. Remittances changed their standard of living and socio economic affairs of the remittances receiving respondents. According to my demographic information about respondents life, the remittances mostly brings changes in the physical part of people life such as Private Education, Personal transport, new houses, investment in buying properties, more electric appliances, bank balance etc., but culturally people are still conservative and believe in cultural values that have been practices by local population for centuries. Following are some main recommendations that this research has identified, Foreign remittances are improving the socio-economic conditions and decision making of rural families, however, their consumption behavior is not inclined towards investment, they rather prefer to enjoy luxurious household’s equipment. Therefore, it is recommended that these families should utilize their resources in more efficient way, and should go for short and long term investment avenues. Government must design policies in order to educate these families and create awareness among them that will enable them to look for sustainable domestic income, which would help the families in the long run. These families follow the norms and traditions, and they prefer sending their children abroad for earning purposes, which in turn is comparatively less profitable idea as compared to sending these children for higher education purpose.
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Abidi, Syeda Raaeha Tuz Zahra. "Socio-cultural characteristics and policies vis-à-vis seismic risk reduction throught post-quake rural reconstruction : a case study of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00979304.
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This thesis is aimed at exploring the relation of socio-cultural characteristics and policies with post-quake reconstruction of rural areas of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. The primary concern of the study is limited to examine the traditional architectural practice ; dhajji-dewari and social composition of the community during and after reconstruction. It is analyzed that how the socio-cultural aspects of rural communities are affected by the policies, how policies are affected by the socio-cultural aspects of the community and how both of these can influence the final product. The thesis was rooted in the fact that 80% of the 600,000 damaged/destroyed buildings during 8th October, 2005 Kashmir earthquake were rural temporary (Katcha) houses. It was hence to be investigated that how far the Rural Housing Reconstruction Program (RHRP) has reduced (or increased) the vulnerability of the area for future. The impact of any policy launched during this program was not limited to few housing units rather more than 0.1 million dhajji houses could be affected through this. The rural Kashmir reconstruction was commenced with the in-hand knowledge of several previous post-quake reconstruction programs and was appreciated widely by experts. It was yet to be explored that which mistakes were committed/repeated by the stakeholders during policy making, delivery, implementation and post implementation phases. Covering the phases of policy making, delivery and implementation, the major findings of the thesis are categorized into three sections ; the sustainability generating aspects of reconstruction, vulnerability enhancing dimensions of reconstruction, and, those outcomes of reconstruction which are not yet categorized under "sustainability" or "vulnerability" by the experts focusing particularly rural Kashmir. Community satisfaction is given primary focus to rate different outcomes.The study concludes that ignoring socio-cultural aspects of the community during reconstruction may lead to vulnerability in post-reconstruction scenario. Considering the post implementation phase, the current trends are observed by examining under-construction houses. By pictorially presenting the architectural details of these houses it is examined that deviations from guidelines are in practice. People start forgetting the disaster impacts after few years and their immediate needs drive their decision priorities. It is suggested that after reconstruction program ends up, some authorities must be present in the reconstructed area to guide people for their current requirements and future needs and also to control the spread of non compliant construction.
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Young, Ruth. "Agriculture and pastoralism in the late Bronze and Iron Age, North West frontier province, Pakistan : an integrated study of the archaeological plant and animal remains from rural and urban sites, using modern ethnographic information to develop a model of economic organisation and contact /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39071852r.
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